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Financial and capital risk management - Effects of derivatives on the income statement, cash flow and other comprehensive income (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2021
Jun. 30, 2020
Jun. 30, 2021
Jun. 30, 2020
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement $ 856 $ (86) $ 417 $ (1,470)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) 60 (114) (139) 159
Net investments hedge        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain recognized in other comprehensive income 202 (119) 42 (639)
Thermal Coal Cash flow hedge        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain recognized in other comprehensive income (7)   (7)  
Cash flow hedge (Nickel and Palladium)        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain recognized in other comprehensive income (28) (49) (19) 15
Others        
Financial instruments classification        
Financial settlement inflows (outflows)   2 1 67
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Foreign exchange and interest rate risk        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 788 (230) 306 (1,321)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) (11) (25) (224) (70)
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Foreign exchange and interest rate risk | CDI & TJLP vs. US$ fixed and floating rate swap        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 326 (185) 52 (865)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) (9) (33) (99) (51)
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Foreign exchange and interest rate risk | IPCA swap        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 54 (24) 69 (256)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows)     (18)  
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Foreign exchange and interest rate risk | Eurobonds Swap        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement   7 (28) (27)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows)     (29) (6)
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Foreign exchange and interest rate risk | Pre-dollar swap and forward (NDF)        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 411 (28) 206 (173)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) (2) 8 (77) (13)
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Foreign exchange and interest rate risk | Libor swap        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement (3)   7  
Financial settlement inflows (outflows)     (1)  
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Commodities price risk        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 64 99 106 (247)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) 71 (91) 84 162
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Commodities price risk | Base metals products        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement     (2) (1)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) (1) 38 (8) 292
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Commodities price risk | Gasoil Brent and Freight        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 64 99 108 (246)
Financial settlement inflows (outflows) 72 (129) 92 (130)
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Others        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 4 45 5 98
Derivatives not designated as hedge | Others | Others        
Financial instruments classification        
Gain (loss) recognized in the income statement 4 45 5 98
Financial settlement inflows (outflows)   $ 2 1 $ 67
Vale S.A. International | Designated hedge        
Financial instruments classification        
Financial instruments designated as hedging instruments, at fair value $ 2,331   $ 2,331