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Financial and capital risk management - Sensitivity analysis of derivative financial instruments (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
Jun. 30, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Percentage of deterioration of risk variables 25.00%  
Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Percentage of deterioration of risk variables 50.00%  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities $ (368) $ (473)
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (368)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (900)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (1,433)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (368)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (396)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (425)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (368)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (402)  
CDI vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (437)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (134) (163)
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (134)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (236)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (338)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (134)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (137)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (140)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (134)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (145)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (155)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | TJLP interest rate decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (134)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | TJLP interest rate decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (141)  
TJLP vs. US$ fixed rate swap | TJLP interest rate decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (149)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities 62 (111)
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 62  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (246)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (553)  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 62  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 53  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 45  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 62  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 19  
R$ fixed rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (21)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (90) $ (173)
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (90)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (199)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (307)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (90)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (96)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (103)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (90)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (109)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (127)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | IPCA index decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (90)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (101)  
IPCA vs. US$ fixed rate swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (112)  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 49  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 46  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 44  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | IPCA index decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 49  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 47  
IPCA vs. CDI swap | IPCA index decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 45  
US$ floating rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 1  
US$ floating rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (4)  
US$ floating rate vs. US$ fixed rate swap | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (10)  
Protected item: Libor US$ indexed debt | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 4  
Protected item: Libor US$ indexed debt | US$ Libor decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 10  
NDF | R$ depreciation | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 122  
NDF | R$ depreciation | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (166)  
NDF | R$ depreciation | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (454)  
NDF | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 122  
NDF | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 116  
NDF | US$ interest rate inside Brazil decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 110  
NDF | Brazilian interest rate increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 122  
NDF | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 93  
NDF | Brazilian interest rate increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 66  
Protected item: R$ denominated debt linked to IPCA | IPCA index decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (47)  
Protected item: R$ denominated debt linked to IPCA | IPCA index decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (45)  
Fuel oil protection - Options | Price input decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 48  
Fuel oil protection - Options | Price input decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 18  
Fuel oil protection - Options | Price input decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 14  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to fuel oil prices | Price input decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 18  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to fuel oil prices | Price input decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 14  
Forward Freight Agreement | Freight price decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 15  
Forward Freight Agreement | Freight price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 5  
Forward Freight Agreement | Freight price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (4)  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to maritime freight prices | Freight price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (5)  
Protected item: Part of costs linked to maritime freight prices | Freight price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 4  
Protected item: Part of nickel revenues with fixed prices | Nickel price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
Protected item: Part of nickel revenues with fixed prices | Nickel price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (5)  
Nickel sales fixed price protection - Forwards | Nickel price decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 1  
Nickel sales fixed price protection - Forwards | Nickel price decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (2)  
Nickel sales fixed price protection - Forwards | Nickel price decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (5)  
Nickel Revenue Hedging Program - Option | Nickel price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (38)  
Nickel Revenue Hedging Program - Option | Nickel price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (160)  
Nickel Revenue Hedging Program - Option | Nickel price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (297)  
Protected item: Part of nickel future revenues | Nickel price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 160  
Protected item: Part of nickel future revenues | Nickel price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 297  
Palladium Revenue Hedging Program - Options | Palladium price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 4  
Palladium Revenue Hedging Program - Options | Palladium price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (23)  
Palladium Revenue Hedging Program - Options | Palladium price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (56)  
Protected item: Part of palladium future revenues | Palladium price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 23  
Protected item: Part of palladium future revenues | Palladium price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 56  
Thermal Coal Revenue Hedging Program - Option | Thermal coal price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (11)  
Thermal Coal Revenue Hedging Program - Option | Thermal coal price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (40)  
Thermal Coal Revenue Hedging Program - Option | Thermal coal price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (69)  
Thermal Coal Revenue Hedging Program Protected item: Part of thermal coal future revenue | Thermal coal price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 40  
Thermal Coal Revenue Hedging Program Protected item: Part of thermal coal future revenue | Thermal coal price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 69  
Option - SPCs | SPCs stock value decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 15  
Option - SPCs | SPCs stock value decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of assets 5  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (nickel) | Nickel price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (3)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (nickel) | Nickel price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (19)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (nickel) | Nickel price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (34)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (copper) | Copper price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (3)  
Embedded derivatives - Raw material purchase (copper) | Copper price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (6)  
Embedded derivatives - Gas purchase | Pellet price increase | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (4)  
Embedded derivatives - Gas purchase | Pellet price increase | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (8)  
Embedded derivatives - Gas purchase | Pellet price increase | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (13)  
Embedded derivatives - Guaranteed minimum return (VLI) | SPCs stock value decrease | Probable    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (5)  
Embedded derivatives - Guaranteed minimum return (VLI) | SPCs stock value decrease | Scenario I    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities (61)  
Embedded derivatives - Guaranteed minimum return (VLI) | SPCs stock value decrease | Scenario II    
Derivative financial instruments.    
Fair value of liabilities $ (287)