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Costs and expenses by nature - Cost of goods sold and services (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Costs and expenses by nature      
Personnel $ 1,703 $ 1,624 $ 1,923
Materials and services 2,907 2,782 2,814
Fuel oil and gas 1,011 848 1,240
Maintenance 2,812 2,529 2,554
Royalties 1,370 845 791
Energy 639 673 824
Acquisition of products 2,277 946 608
Depreciation, depletion and amortization 2,857 2,961 3,162
Freight 4,575 3,439 4,023
Others 1,578 917 1,373
Total 21,729 17,564 19,312
Cost of goods sold 21,142 16,982 18,623
Cost of services rendered 587 582 689
Total $ 21,729 $ 17,564 $ 19,312