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Costs and expenses by nature - Cost of goods sold and services (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020
Costs And Expenses By Nature |  |  |  |
Freight | [1] | $ 4,738 | $ 4,575 | $ 3,439
Materials and services | [2] | 3,632 | 2,907 | 2,782
Maintenance |  | 3,105 | 2,812 | 2,529
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  | 3,049 | 2,857 | 2,961
Acquisition of products | [2] | 2,566 | 2,277 | 946
Personnel |  | 1,817 | 1,703 | 1,624
Fuel oil and gas | [3] | 1,630 | 1,011 | 848
Royalties |  | 1,268 | 1,370 | 845
Energy |  | 719 | 639 | 673
Other |  | 1,504 | 1,578 | 917
Total |  | 24,028 | 21,729 | 17,564
Cost of goods sold |  | 23,447 | 21,142 | 16,982
Cost of services rendered |  | 581 | 587 | 582
Total |  | $ 24,028 | $ 21,729 | $ 17,564
[1] | In 2021, the increase, among other factors, is due to higher volumes sold in CFR sales and higher international freight reference price.
[2] | In 2021, the increase, among other factors, is due to the significant increase in the iron ore reference price.
[3] | In 2022, the increase, among other factors, is due to higher fuel prices and inflation of other inputs and services.

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- Definition The amount of all expenses directly or indirectly attributed to the goods or services sold. Attributed expenses include, but are not limited to, costs previously included in the measurement of inventory that has now been sold, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings and equipment used in the production process, unallocated production overheads, and abnormal amounts of production costs of inventories. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 99 -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_99&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 103 -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_103&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The amount of expense arising from the consumption of energy. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 112 -Subparagraph c -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_112_c&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The amount of expense arising from royalties. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 85 -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_85&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The amount of expense arising from services. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 85 -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_85&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The amount of expense arising from transportation services. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 112 -Subparagraph c -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=1&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_112_c&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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