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Costs and expenses by nature - Cost of goods sold and services (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Costs And Expenses By Nature      
Freight [1] $ 4,738 $ 4,575 $ 3,439
Materials and services [2] 3,632 2,907 2,782
Maintenance 3,105 2,812 2,529
Depreciation, depletion and amortization 3,049 2,857 2,961
Acquisition of products [2] 2,566 2,277 946
Personnel 1,817 1,703 1,624
Fuel oil and gas [3] 1,630 1,011 848
Royalties 1,268 1,370 845
Energy 719 639 673
Other 1,504 1,578 917
Total 24,028 21,729 17,564
Cost of goods sold 23,447 21,142 16,982
Cost of services rendered 581 587 582
Total $ 24,028 $ 21,729 $ 17,564
[1] In 2021, the increase, among other factors, is due to higher volumes sold in CFR sales and higher international freight reference price.
[2] In 2021, the increase, among other factors, is due to the significant increase in the iron ore reference price.
[3] In 2022, the increase, among other factors, is due to higher fuel prices and inflation of other inputs and services.