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Costs and expenses by nature - Cost of goods sold and services (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Notes and other explanatory information [abstract]        
Materials and services $ 1,007 $ 855 $ 1,816 $ 1,534
Freight 999 1,175 1,681 2,002
Maintenance 954 806 1,766 1,433
Depreciation, depletion and amortization 737 777 1,350 1,422
Acquisition of products 547 674 1,082 1,135
Personnel 466 457 923 838
Fuel oil and gas 425 353 810 637
Royalties 320 279 552 488
Energy 185 180 352 332
Others 300 394 557 751
Total 5,940 5,950 10,889 10,572
Cost of goods sold 5,805 5,800 10,632 10,289
Cost of services rendered 135 150 257 283
Total $ 5,940 $ 5,950 $ 10,889 $ 10,572