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Property, plant, and equipment (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2023
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year $ 48,396 $ 44,938
Additions (i) 5,922 6,442
Disposals and impairments (2,611) (220)
Assets retirement obligation (12) 324
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (2,813) (2,842)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (2,792)
Translation adjustment (8,814) 2,546
Balance at end of year 39,984 48,396
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 573  
Deconsolidation of VODC (657)  
Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 70,776 81,470
Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (30,792) (33,074)
Land and buildings [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 10,119 8,913
Disposals and impairments (28) (35)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (438) (462)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (670)
Translation adjustment (1,991) 578
Transfers 966 1,795
Balance at end of year 8,655 10,119
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 27  
Land and buildings [member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 15,266 17,381
Land and buildings [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (6,611) (7,262)
Facilities [Member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 9,239 8,042
Disposals and impairments (382) (11)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (547) (517)
Translation adjustment (1,945) 574
Transfers 1,642 1,151
Balance at end of year 8,085 9,239
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 87  
Deconsolidation of VODC (9)  
Facilities [Member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 13,539 14,858
Facilities [Member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (5,454) (5,619)
Machinery [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 4,450 4,984
Disposals and impairments (88) (15)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (691) (736)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (759)
Translation adjustment (736) 214
Transfers 872 762
Balance at end of year 4,038 4,450
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 329  
Deconsolidation of VODC (98)  
Machinery [member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 9,681 10,326
Machinery [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (5,643) (5,876)
Tangible exploration and evaluation assets [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 6,925 7,112
Disposals and impairments (1,636) (7)
Assets retirement obligation (12) 324
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (474) (446)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (791)
Translation adjustment (964) 286
Transfers 715 447
Balance at end of year 4,547 6,925
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 2  
Deconsolidation of VODC (9)  
Tangible exploration and evaluation assets [member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 12,715 15,663
Tangible exploration and evaluation assets [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (8,168) (8,738)
Railway Equipment [Member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 2,612 2,475
Disposals and impairments (8) (13)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (153) (168)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (41)
Translation adjustment (565) 187
Transfers 202 172
Balance at end of year 2,088 2,612
Railway Equipment [Member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 3,643 4,435
Railway Equipment [Member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (1,555) (1,823)
Right-of-use assets [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 1,359 1,455
Additions (i) 83 74
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (187) (190)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (8)
Translation adjustment   28
Balance at end of year 660 1,359
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 4  
Deconsolidation of VODC (525)  
Impairment (74)  
Right-of-use assets [member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 1,412 2,208
Right-of-use assets [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (752) (849)
Other property, plant and equipment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 2,484 2,632
Disposals and impairments (3) (8)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization (323) (323)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (2)
Translation adjustment (409) 138
Transfers 392 47
Balance at end of year 2,192 2,484
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 51  
Other property, plant and equipment [member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost 4,801 5,391
Other property, plant and equipment [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Accumulated depreciation (2,609) (2,907)
Construction in progress [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Balance at beginning of year 11,208 9,325
Additions (i) 5,839 6,368
Disposals and impairments (466) (131)
Transfer to asset held for sale   (521)
Translation adjustment (2,130) 541
Transfers (4,789) (4,374)
Balance at end of year 9,719 11,208
Acquisition of Alianca Energia 73  
Deconsolidation of VODC (16)  
Construction in progress [member] | Gross carrying amount [member]    
IfrsStatementLineItems [Line Items]    
Property, plant and equipment, cost $ 9,719 $ 11,208