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Share-Based Compensation | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation Under the terms of the Company’s stockholder-approved share-based plans, performance restricted stock units (“PRSUs”), incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock have been, and may be, issued to the Company’s officers, management-level employees and members of its Board of Directors. Stock options granted prior to 2018 generally vest at a rate of one-fourth on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date and have a maximum contractual term of seven years. Beginning in 2018, stock options granted generally vest at a rate of one-third on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date and have a maximum contractual term of ten years. Restricted stock granted to employees prior to 2018 generally vests four years after the grant date (cliff vesting) and is subject to accelerated vesting due to certain events, including doubling of the grant price of the Company’s common stock as of the close of business during any five consecutive trading days. Beginning in 2018, restricted stock granted to employees generally vests one-third on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date. Restricted stock granted to non-employee directors generally vests two years after the grant date (cliff vesting) and is subject to accelerated vesting due to certain events, including doubling of the grant price of the Company’s common stock as of the close of business during any five consecutive trading days. Total share-based compensation expense was as follows:
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| (In thousands)
Stock option expense | $ | 3,331 |  |  | $ | 3,214 |  |  | $ | 10,330 |  |  | $ | 9,594 |
Restricted stock expense | 4,537 |  |  | 3,995 |  |  | 12,665 |  |  | 11,112 |
PRSU expense | 2,957 |  |  | 6,349 |  |  | 6,883 |  |  | 8,298 |
Total pre-tax expense | $ | 10,825 |  |  | $ | 13,558 |  |  | $ | 29,878 |  |  | $ | 29,004 |
Pre-tax share-based compensation expense is included in the consolidated statement of income in either Cost of sales or Selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on where the recipient’s cash compensation is reported. The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The following weighted average assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes-Merton model to estimate the fair values of stock options granted during the periods indicated:
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2019
Expected volatility | 22.2 | % |  | 19.1 | %
Expected term (years) | 5.0 |  | 5.0
Risk-free interest rate | 0.52 | % |  | 2.25 | %
Expected dividend yield | 1.14 | % |  | 0.66 | %
Black-Scholes-Merton fair value per stock option granted | $ | 11.01 |  |  | $ | 16.85 |
Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock over the stock options’ expected term. The Company used historical exercise data to estimate the stock options’ expected term, which represents the period of time that the stock options granted are expected to be outstanding. Management anticipates that the future stock option holding periods will be similar to the historical stock option holding periods. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the expected term of the stock option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of grant. The expected dividend yield is calculated by dividing the Company’s annual dividend, based on the most recent quarterly dividend rate, by the Company’s closing common stock price on the grant date. Compensation expense recognized for all share-based awards is net of estimated forfeitures. The Company’s estimated forfeiture rates are based on its historical experience. The following is a summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information:
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
| (In thousands) |  |  |  | (Years) |  | (In millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 4,303 |  |  | $ | 62.50 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 963 |  |  | 63.37 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (697) |  |  | 53.71 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (114) |  |  | 71.27 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2020 | 4,455 |  |  | $ | 63.84 |  |  | 5.8 |  | $ | 158.4 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2020 | 2,540 |  |  | $ | 59.31 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 101.8 |
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $37.4 million. The total fair value of stock options vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $12.9 million. As of September 30, 2020, there was approximately $17.4 million of expected future pre-tax compensation expense related to the 1.9 million non-vested stock options outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately two years. The fair value of restricted shares under the Company’s restricted stock arrangement is determined by the product of the number of shares granted and the Company’s closing common stock price on the grant date. Upon the grant of restricted stock, the fair value of the restricted shares (unearned compensation) at the grant date is charged as a reduction of capital in excess of par value in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and is amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, which is the same as the calculated derived service period as determined on the grant date. The following is a summary of the Company’s non-vested restricted stock activity and related information:
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (In thousands) |  |
Non-vested restricted stock outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 561 |  |  | $ | 72.46 |
Granted | 242 |  |  | 63.79 |
Vested | (191) |  |  | 72.21 |
Forfeited | (36) |  |  | 75.28 |
Non-vested restricted stock outstanding at September 30, 2020 | 576 |  |  | $ | 68.72 |
The total fair value of restricted stock vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $13.8 million. As of September 30, 2020, there was approximately $24.6 million of expected future pre-tax compensation expense related to the 0.6 million non-vested restricted shares outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately two years. In March 2020, the Company granted PRSUs to officers and certain key management-level employees an aggregate target award of approximately 119,000 shares of its common stock. The PRSUs vest over a period up to three years from the grant date based on continuous service, with the number of shares earned (0% to 200% of the target award) depending upon the extent to which the Company achieves certain financial and market performance targets measured over the period from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Half of the PRSUs were valued in a manner similar to restricted stock as the financial targets are based on the Company’s operating results, which represents a performance condition. The grant date fair value of these PRSUs are recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period based on the probable number of awards to vest at each reporting date. The other half of the PRSUs were valued using a Monte Carlo model as the performance target is related to the Company’s total shareholder return compared to a group of peer companies, which represents a market condition. The Company recognizes the grant date fair value of these awards as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period. Total PRSUs outstanding at September 30, 2020 were approximately 264,000.

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