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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Jul. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income before taxes consisted of the following:
Year Ended July 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
U.S.$1,437,126 $1,241,177 $1,022,134 
International117,202 99,777 99,712 
Total income before taxes$1,554,328 $1,340,954 $1,121,846 

Income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations consisted of the following:
Year Ended July 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Federal:   
Current$243,253 $179,840 $135,216 
Deferred(4,642)14,115 (4,259)
 238,611 193,955 130,957 
State:   
Current47,507 33,078 34,302 
Deferred813 1,689 (3,489)
 48,320 34,767 30,813 
International:   
Current26,150 23,247 23,575 
Deferred3,506 (1,145)6 
 29,656 22,102 23,581 
Income tax expense$316,587 $250,824 $185,351 

A reconciliation of the expected U.S. statutory tax rate to the actual effective income tax rate is as follows:
Year Ended July 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit2.0 %1.3 %1.5 %
International rate differential(0.3)%(0.5)%(0.5)%
Compensation and fringe benefits (1)
(1.0)%(0.6)%(1.9)%
FDII and/or GILTI(2.8)%(2.8)%(3.1)%
Federal return to provision adjustment(0.1)%0.6 %(1.8)%
Federal amended return adjustment
— %(1.3)%— %
Other differences1.6 %1.0 %1.3 %
Effective tax rate20.4 %18.7 %16.5 %
(1)Included in the compensation and fringe benefits rate reconciliation is the impact of the Company’s adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. Under this standard, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to exercises of stock options are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur.
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets (liabilities) are presented below:
July 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Deferred tax assets:  
Allowance for credit loss$1,505 $1,210 
Accrued compensation and benefits17,008 16,965 
Operating lease liabilities22,891 24,379 
Accrued other2,212 5,053 
Deferred revenue5,349 4,560 
Losses carried forward41,589 29,936 
Federal tax benefit14,798 14,542 
Total gross deferred tax assets105,352 96,645 
Less: Valuation allowance(40,346)(29,171)
Net deferred tax assets65,006 67,474 
Deferred tax liabilities:  
Vehicle pooling costs(25,808)(23,655)
Property and equipment(70,086)(72,975)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(23,169)(24,369)
Other prepaids(2,548)(728)
Intangibles and goodwill(33,150)(25,431)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities(154,761)(147,158)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(89,755)$(79,684)

On December 22, 2017 legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”), was enacted. The Act contains Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions, which first impacted the Company in fiscal year 2019. The GILTI provisions effectively subject income earned by the Company's foreign subsidiaries to current U.S. tax at a rate of 10.5%, less foreign tax credits. Under U.S. GAAP, the Company can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences expected to impact GILTI in future years or provide for tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred as a period expense. The Company has elected to treat tax generated by GILTI provisions as a period expense. The Company has no GILTI inclusion for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023.

The Act also includes a favorable tax treatment for certain Foreign Derived Intangible Income (“FDII”), effective for the Company starting August 1, 2018. The Company’s estimate for FDII had a material impact to the effective income tax rate and income tax expense for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023.

The Company’s effective income tax rates were 20.4%, 18.7%, and 16.5% for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company’s U.S. federal statutory tax rate for fiscal years 2023, 2022, and 2021 was 21.0%. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2023 was favorably impacted by $1.5 million of discrete tax adjustments made in connection with finalizing the Company’s fiscal year 2022 tax return, and favorably impacted by a $42.6 million FDII deduction in the current year. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2022 was unfavorably impacted by $8.2 million of discrete tax adjustments made in connection with finalizing the Company’s fiscal year 2021 tax return, favorably impacted by $17.0 million of discrete tax items related to amending previously filed income tax returns, and favorably impacted by a $37.2 million FDII deduction. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2021 was favorably impacted by $19.8 million of discrete tax adjustments made in connection with finalizing the Company’s fiscal year 2020 tax return.

The effective tax rates were also impacted by the recognition of excess tax benefits from the exercise of employee stock-based compensation of $21.0 million, $14.4 million, and $29.8 million, for fiscal years ended July 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The Company’s ability to realize deferred tax assets is dependent on its ability to generate future taxable income. Accordingly, the Company has established a valuation allowance in taxable jurisdictions where the utilization of the tax assets is uncertain. Additional timing differences or future tax losses may occur which could warrant a need for establishing additional valuation allowances against certain deferred tax assets. During fiscal year 2023, the Company recorded a $11.1 million increase in valuation allowances primarily due to additional operating losses generated in foreign jurisdictions unlikely to be realized.

As of July 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had foreign operating losses of $41.6 million and $29.9 million (tax effected), respectively. The foreign operating losses, subject to certain limitations, usually can be carried forward indefinitely. However, these losses are subject to valuation allowance based on realizability. The valuation allowance for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023 and 2022 was $40.3 million and $29.2 million, respectively, which are primarily related to operating losses in certain foreign jurisdictions.

The following table summarizes the activities related to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions.
July 31,
(In thousands)202320222021
Beginning balance$55,754 $47,061 $36,123 
Increases related to current year tax positions10,006 14,809 13,122 
Prior year tax positions:   
Increases recognized during the period1,388 1,393 8,782 
Decreases recognized during the period(7,623)(2,163)(5,749)
Cash settlements during the period(403)(3,524)(3,261)
Lapse of statute of limitations(1,677)(1,822)(1,956)
Ending balance$57,445 $55,754 $47,061 

As of July 31, 2023 and 2022, if recognized, the portion of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions that would favorably affect the Company’s effective tax rate was $45.3 million and $44.2 million, respectively. It is possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in the next twelve months, due to tax legislation updates or future audit outcomes; however, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of July 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits of $11.7 million, $8.9 million and $7.2 million, respectively.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is currently under examination by certain taxing authorities in the U.S. for fiscal years between 2016 and 2021. At this time, the Company does not believe that the outcome of any examination will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial position.

The Act significantly lowered the additional federal income tax upon the repatriation of undistributed earnings generated by our foreign subsidiaries. As the Company determined these undistributed foreign earnings along with any additional outside basis differences were indefinitely reinvested as of July 31, 2023, no deferred tax was therefore provided.

The undistributed earnings, as of July 31, 2023, were estimated to be approximately $377.7 million. The Company believes it is not practicable to estimate the amount of deferred tax liability related to the entire outside basis differences due to the complexity of the calculation and the uncertainty regarding assumptions necessary to compute the tax. However, the Company would not anticipate any significant tax liability associated with the repatriation of the undistributed earnings.