Note 11 - Fair value measurements

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. However, the objective of a fair value measurement in both cases is the same — to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e. an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).

The fair value hierarchy establishes three levels to classify the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value.

Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 inputs are quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rate and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, forward pricing curves used to value currency and commodity contracts and volatility measurements used to value option contracts), or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data or other means.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs and the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.

There were no transfers between the levels of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis:


	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Aggregate
As at December 31, 2017	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	511.1	$	—	$	—	$	511.1
Receivables from provisional gold equivalent sales		—		11.3		—		11.3
Available-for-sale equity investments		168.1		—		—		168.1
Warrants		—		0.8		—		0.8
	$	679.2	$	12.1	$	—	$	691.3


	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Aggregate
As at December 31, 2016	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	253.0	$	—	$	—	$	253.0
Receivables from provisional gold equivalent sales		—		9.8		—		9.8
Available-for-sale equity investments		114.6		—		—		114.6
Warrants		—		0.9		—		0.9
	$	367.6	$	10.7	$	—	$	378.3

Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities

The fair values of the Company’s remaining financial assets and liabilities, which include receivables, loan receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate their carrying values due to their short-term nature and historically negligible credit losses and/or fair value of collateral.

The Company has not offset financial assets with financial liabilities.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis:


	Quoted Prices in				Significant
	Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs		Aggregate
As at December 31, 2017	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Fair Value
Royalty, stream and working interests	$	—	$	—	$	2.1	$	2.1
	$	—	$	—	$	2.1	$	2.1


	Quoted Prices in				Significant
	Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs		Aggregate
As at December 31, 2016	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Fair Value
Royalty, stream and working interests	$	—	$	—	$	2.1	$	2.1
	$	—	$	—	$	2.1	$	2.1

The valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value are as follows:

Cash and cash equivalents

The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, including interest bearing deposits, are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets.

Receivables

The fair values of receivables arising from gold and platinum group metal sales contracts that contain provisional pricing mechanisms are determined using the appropriate quoted forward prices from the exchange that is the principal active market for the particular metal. As such, these receivables are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Investments

The fair values of publicly-traded investments, including available-for-sale equity investments, are determined based on a market approach reflecting the closing prices of each particular security at the statement of financial position date. The closing prices are quoted market prices obtained from the exchange that is the principal active market for the particular security, and therefore are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair values of warrants are estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model which requires the use of inputs that are observable in the market. As such, these investments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Royalty, stream, and working interests and oil well equipment

The fair values of royalty, stream, and working interests and oil well equipment are determined primarily using a market approach using unobservable discounted future cash-flows and cash-flow and revenue multiples. As a result, the fair values are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.