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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income before income taxes | U.S. and foreign income before taxes are set forth below:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
U.S. |  | $ | 726 |  |  | $ | 662 |  |  | $ | 366 |
Foreign |  | 1,113 |  |  | 1,612 |  |  | 979 |
|  | $ | 1,839 |  |  | $ | 2,274 |  |  | $ | 1,345 |
Details of income tax provision (benefit) | The details of our income tax provision (benefit) are set forth below:
|  |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Current: |  | Federal |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 126 |
|  | Foreign |  | 181 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 160 |
|  | State |  | 25 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 13 |
|  |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 299 |
Deferred: |  | Federal |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | 603 |  |  | $ | 19 |
|  | Foreign |  | 5 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 3 |
|  | State |  | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |
|  |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 634 |  |  | $ | 28 |
|  |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | 327 |
Effective income tax and tax rate reconciliation | The reconciliation of income taxes calculated at the U.S. federal statutory rate to our effective tax rate is set forth below:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
U.S. federal statutory rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
State income tax, net of federal tax |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 1.1 |
Statutory rate differential attributable to foreign operations |  | (12.3 | ) |  | (9.3 | ) |  | (10.5 | )
Adjustments to reserves and prior years |  | 2.8 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (0.8 | )
Share-based compensation |  | (2.5 | ) |  | (5.1 | ) |  | — |
Change in valuation allowances |  | 8.5 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (0.2 | )
Other, net |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Tax Act Enactment |  | (1.9 | ) |  | 19.1 |  |  | — |
Effective income tax rate |  | 16.2 | % |  | 41.1 | % |  | 24.3 | %
Details of deferred tax assets (liabilities) | The details of 2018 and 2017 deferred tax assets (liabilities) are set forth below:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Operating losses |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 216 |
Capital losses |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Tax credit carryforwards |  | 266 |  |  | 311 |
Employee benefits |  | 72 |  |  | 94 |
Share-based compensation |  | 62 |  |  | 58 |
Self-insured casualty claims |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Lease-related liabilities |  | 43 |  |  | 51 |
Various liabilities |  | 43 |  |  | 51 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 19 |  |  | 24 |
Deferred income and other |  | 53 |  |  | 31 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  | 748 |  |  | 847 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowances |  | (454 | ) |  | (421 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 426 |
Intangible assets, including goodwill |  | $ | (42 | ) |  | $ | (69 | )
Property, plant and equipment |  | (33 | ) |  | (18 | )
Deemed repatriation tax |  | — |  |  | (170 | )
Other |  | (31 | ) |  | (36 | )
Gross deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (106 | ) |  | $ | (293 | )
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 133 |
Reported in Consolidated Balance Sheets as: |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 139 |
Other liabilities and deferred credits |  | (7 | ) |  | (6 | )
|  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 133 |
Loss carryforwards, by year of expiration | The losses and tax credits will expire as follows:
|  | Year of Expiration |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2020-2023 |  | 2024-2037 |  | Indefinitely |  | Total
Foreign |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 416 |
U.S. state |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 941 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,019 |
U.S. federal |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 207 |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |
|  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 1,691 |
Unrecognized tax benefits reconciliation | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits follows:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning of Year |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 91 |
Additions on tax positions - current year |  | 19 |  |  | 3 |
Additions for tax positions - prior years |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Reductions for tax positions - prior years |  | (5 | ) |  | — |
Reductions for settlements |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Reductions due to statute expiration |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |
End of Year |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 100 |

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- Definition Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15A -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=SL6600010-109319 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (d) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 19 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32840-109319 + Details
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