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Fair Value Measurements, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | 9 Months Ended
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Aug. 31, 2011
Fair Value Measurements, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | NOTE 7 – Fair Value Measurements, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Fair Value Measurements U.S. accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
• |  | Level 1 measurements are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.
• |  | Level 2 measurements are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or market data other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities.
• |  | Level 3 measurements are based on unobservable data that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, our own assumptions are set to reflect those that we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The fair value measurement of a financial asset or financial liability must reflect the nonperformance risk of the counterparty and us. Therefore, the impact of our counterparty’s creditworthiness was considered when in an asset position, and our creditworthiness was considered when in a liability position in the fair value measurement of our financial instruments. Creditworthiness did not have a material impact on the fair values of our financial instruments at August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010. Both the counterparties and we are expected to continue to perform under the contractual terms of the instruments. Financial Instruments that are not Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The estimated carrying and fair values of our financial instrument assets and (liabilities) that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
|  | August 31, 2011 |  |  | November 30, 2010 |
|  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
Cash and cash equivalents (a) |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 404 |  |  | $ | 404 |
Long-term other assets (b) |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 178 |
Fixed rate debt (c) |  | $ | (6,600 | ) |  | $ | (6,986 | ) |  | $ | (6,689 | ) |  | $ | (7,076 | )
Floating rate debt (c) |  | $ | (3,222 | ) |  | $ | (3,110 | ) |  | $ | (2,669 | ) |  | $ | (2,630 | )
Other |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | (7 | )
(a) | Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash on hand and time deposits and, due to their short maturities, the carrying values approximate their fair values.
(b) | At August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, substantially all of our long-term other assets were comprised of notes and other receivables. The fair values of notes and other receivables were based on estimated future cash flows discounted at appropriate market interest rates.
(c) | The net difference between the fair value of our fixed rate debt and its carrying value was due to the market interest rates in existence at August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010 being lower than the fixed interest rates on these debt obligations, including the impact of changes in our credit ratings, if any. The net difference between the fair value of our floating rate debt and its carrying value was due to the market interest rates in existence at August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010 being higher than the floating interest rates on these debt obligations, including the impact of changes in our credit ratings, if any. The fair values of our publicly-traded notes were based on their quoted market prices in active markets. The fair values of our other debt were estimated based on appropriate market interest rates being applied to this debt.
Financial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The estimated fair value and basis of valuation of our financial instrument assets and (liabilities) that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
|  | August 31, 2011 |  |  | November 30, 2010 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |
Cash equivalents (a) |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | - |
Marketable securities held in rabbi trusts (b) |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ship foreign currency options (c) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8 |
Net investment hedges (d) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 12 |
Interest rate swaps (e) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
(a) | Cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds.
(b) | Level 1 and 2 marketable securities are held in rabbi trusts and are primarily comprised of frequently-priced mutual funds invested in common stocks and other investments, respectively. Their use is restricted to funding certain deferred compensation and non-qualified U.S. pension plans.
(c) | At November 30, 2010, we had foreign currency options totaling $785 million that were designated as foreign currency cash flow hedges for certain of our euro-denominated shipbuilding contracts. These foreign currency options matured through May 2011.
(d) | At August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, we have foreign currency forwards totaling $247 million and $352 million, respectively, that are designated as hedges of our net investments in foreign operations, which have a euro-denominated functional currency and were principally entered into to convert U.S. dollar-denominated debt into euro debt. These foreign currency forwards mature through July 2017.
(e) | We have both U.S. dollar and sterling interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges whereby we receive fixed interest rate payments in exchange for making floating interest rate payments. At August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, these interest rate swap agreements effectively changed $528 million and $512 million, respectively, of fixed rate debt to U.S. dollar LIBOR or GBP LIBOR-based floating rate debt. These interest rate swaps mature through June 2012. In addition, we have euro interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges whereby we receive floating interest rate payments in exchange for making fixed interest rate payments. At August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, these interest rate swap agreements effectively changed $349 million and $333 million, respectively, of EURIBOR-based floating rate euro debt to fixed rate debt. These interest rate swaps mature through February 2022.
We measure our derivatives using valuations that are calibrated to the initial trade prices. Subsequent valuations are based on observable inputs and other variables included in the valuation models such as interest rate yield curves, forward currency exchange rates, credit spreads, maturity dates, volatilities and netting arrangements. We use the income approach to value the derivatives, using observable market data for all significant inputs and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount, assuming that participants are motivated, but not compelled to transact. Nonfinancial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis The carrying amount of our goodwill has been allocated to our North America and EAA cruise brands as follows (in millions):
|  | North America Cruise Brands |  |  | EAA Cruise Brands |  |  | Total |
Balance at November 30, 2010 |  | $ | 1,898 |  |  | $ | 1,422 |  |  | $ | 3,320 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 110 |
Balance at August 31, 2011 |  | $ | 1,898 |  |  | $ | 1,532 |  |  | $ | 3,430 |
As of July 31, 2011, we performed our annual goodwill impairment reviews by comparing the estimated fair value of the cruise brand to the carrying value of the net assets allocated to that cruise brand. All of our cruise brands carry goodwill, except for Seabourn. No goodwill was considered to be impaired because the estimated fair value of each cruise brand exceeded its respective carrying value and, accordingly, we did not proceed to step two of the impairment analysis. In determining the estimated cruise brand fair values, we considered both their (a) discounted future cash flow analysis and (b) market multiples of comparable publicly-traded companies. The principal assumptions used in our cash flow analysis related to forecasting future operating results, including net revenue yields, net cruise costs including fuel prices, capacity changes, including the expected deployment of vessels into, or out of, the cruise brand, weighted-average cost of capital for comparable publicly-traded companies, adjusted for the risk attributable to the cruise brand including the geographic region in which it operates, that ranged from 10% to 13%, and terminal values, which are all considered level 3 inputs. We believe the estimated fair value for each of our cruise brands that carry goodwill significantly exceeds the carrying value of their allocated net assets, except for Ibero. At July 31, 2011, Ibero’s estimated fair value only exceeded its carrying value by 2%, or $12 million. We performed a sensitivity analysis to identify the magnitude of the changes to Ibero’s principal discounted cash flow assumptions that would eliminate this excess. Based on this analysis, relatively minor changes to these assumptions would lead to an Ibero impairment. Given the continuing weakness of the Spanish economy and its impact on the vacation industry, it is possible that Ibero’s goodwill, which was $167 million at July 31, 2011, could become impaired in the future if the Spanish vacation industry does not recover enough to enable Ibero to increase its cruise pricing. The recoverability of Ibero’s goodwill is not without doubt because it is difficult to predict the timing of the resurgence of the Spanish economy and its vacation industry. The carrying amount of our intangible assets not subject to amortization, which represents trademarks, has been allocated to our North America and EAA cruise brands as follows (in millions):
|  | North America Cruise Brands |  |  | EAA Cruise Brands |  |  | Total |
Balance at November 30, 2010 |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 384 |  |  | $ | 1,311 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 30 |
Balance at August 31, 2011 |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 1,341 |
As of July 31, 2011, we also performed our annual trademark impairment reviews by comparing the estimated fair values of our trademarks to their carrying values. The cruise brands that have trademark amounts recorded are AIDA, Ibero, P&O Cruises (Australia), P&O Cruises (UK) and Princess. The estimated fair value for each of our trademarks significantly exceeded its respective carrying value and, therefore, none of our trademarks were impaired. We estimated fair values based upon a discounted future cash flow analysis, which estimated the amount of royalties that we are relieved from having to pay for use of the associated trademarks, based upon forecasted cruise revenues and royalty rates that a market participant would forecast. The royalty rates are estimated primarily using comparable royalty agreements for similar industries. The determination of our cruise brand and trademark fair values include numerous assumptions, which are subject to various risks and uncertainties. We believe that we have made reasonable estimates and judgments in determining whether our goodwill and trademarks have been impaired. However, if there is a material change in assumptions used in our determination of fair values or if there is a material change in the conditions or circumstances influencing fair values, then we may need to recognize a material impairment charge. At August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, our intangible assets subject to amortization are immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities We utilize derivative and nonderivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency forwards, options and swaps, foreign currency debt obligations and foreign currency cash balances, to manage our exposure to fluctuations in certain foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rate swaps to manage our interest rate exposure in order to achieve a desired proportion of fixed and floating rate debt. Our policy is to not use any financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. All derivatives are recorded at fair value, and the changes in fair value are immediately included in earnings if the derivatives do not qualify as effective hedges. If a derivative is designated as a fair value hedge, then changes in the fair value of the derivative are offset against the changes in the fair value of the underlying hedged item. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, then the effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings or the forecasted transaction is no longer probable. If a derivative or a nonderivative financial instrument is designated as a hedge of our net investment in a foreign operation, then changes in the fair value of the financial instrument are recognized as a component of AOCI to offset a portion of the change in the translated value of the net investment being hedged, until the investment is sold or liquidated. We formally document hedging relationships for all derivative and nonderivative hedges and the underlying hedged items, as well as our risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transactions. We classify the fair values of all our derivative contracts and the fair values of our hedged firm commitments as either current or long-term, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets and accrued and other liabilities, depending on whether the maturity date of the derivative contract is within or beyond one year from the balance sheet date. The cash flows from derivatives treated as hedges are classified in our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the same category as the item being hedged. The effective portions of our net foreign currency derivative (losses) and gains on cash flow hedges recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in the three and nine months ended August 31, 2011 and 2010 totaled $(9) million ($6 million in 2010) and $73 million ($(94) million in 2010), respectively. The effective portions of our net foreign currency derivative gains and (losses) on net investment hedges recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in the three and nine months ended August 31, 2011 and 2010 totaled $1 million ($(1) million in 2010) and $(22) million ($84 million in 2010), respectively. There are no amounts excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, and there are no credit risk related contingent features in our derivative agreements. The amount of estimated cash flow hedges’ unrealized gains and losses that are expected to be reclassified to earnings in the next twelve months is not significant. We have not provided additional disclosures of the impact that derivative instruments and hedging activities have on our consolidated financial statements as of August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010 and for the three and nine months ended August 31, 2011 and 2010 where such impacts are not significant. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risks Overall Strategy We manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates through our normal operating and financing activities, including netting certain exposures to take advantage of any natural offsets and, when considered appropriate, through the use of derivative and nonderivative financial instruments. Our primary focus is to manage the economic risks faced by our operations, which are the ultimate foreign currency exchange risks that would be realized by us if we exchanged one currency for another, and not accounting risks. Accordingly, we do not currently hedge accounting risks with derivative financial instruments. The financial impacts of the hedging instruments we do employ generally offset the changes in the underlying exposures being hedged. Operational and Investment Currency Risks The growth of our European and Australian cruise brands subjects us to an increasing level of foreign currency translation risk related to the euro, sterling and Australian dollar because these brands generate significant revenues and incur significant expenses in euro, sterling or the Australian dollar. Accordingly, exchange rate fluctuations of the euro, sterling and Australian dollar against the U.S. dollar will affect our reported financial results since the reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. Any weakening of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies has the financial statement effect of increasing the U.S. dollar values reported for cruise revenues and cruise expenses in our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar has the opposite effect. Most of our brands have non-functional currency risk related to their international sales operations, which has become an increasingly larger part of most of their businesses over time, and primarily includes the euro, sterling and Australian, Canadian and U.S. dollars. In addition, all of our brands have non-functional currency expenses for a portion of their operating expenses. Accordingly, these brands’ revenues and expenses in non-functional currencies create some degree of natural offset in our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income for transactional currency gains and losses due to currency exchange movements. We consider our investments in foreign operations to be denominated in relatively stable currencies and of a long-term nature. We partially address our net investment currency exposures by denominating a portion of our debt and other obligations, including the effect of foreign currency forwards, in our foreign operations’ functional currencies, generally the euro or sterling. As of August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, we have designated $3.5 billion and $3.0 billion of our euro and sterling debt and other obligations, respectively, which debt matures through 2021, as nonderivative hedges of our net investments in foreign operations. Accordingly, we have included $(59) million and $183 million of cumulative foreign currency transaction (losses) and gains in the cumulative translation adjustment component of AOCI at August 31, 2011 and November 30, 2010, respectively, which offsets a portion of the gains and losses recorded in AOCI upon translating our foreign operations’ net assets into U.S. dollars. During the three and nine months ended August 31, 2011 and 2010, we recognized foreign currency transaction (losses) and gains of $(23) million ($(86) million in 2010) and $(242) million ($342 million in 2010), respectively, in the cumulative translation adjustment component of AOCI. Newbuild Currency Risks At August 31, 2011, 32% of our newbuild passenger capacity under euro-denominated contracts are exposed to currency risk, which is comprised of two Princess and one P&O Cruises (UK) newbuilds expected to be delivered in May 2013, May 2014 and February 2015. In the past, we have used foreign currency derivative contracts and nonderivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk for some of these types of ship construction contracts. At August 31, 2011, none of our newbuild passenger capacity under contract that is exposed to currency risk is hedged. At August 31, 2011, 68% of our newbuild passenger capacity under contract is for our European and North American cruise brands that do not have significant currency risk because all of these ships are contracted for in euros or U.S. dollars, which are the functional currencies of these brands, or the non-functional currency new ship progress payments have already been made. The newbuild passenger capacity includes two AIDA ships, which are subject to customary closing conditions, including execution of shipbuilding contracts and financing. Our decisions regarding whether or not to hedge a non-functional currency ship commitment for our cruise brands are made on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the amount and duration of the exposure, market volatility, exchange rate correlation, economic trends, our overall expected net cash flows by currency and other offsetting risks. Our shipbuilding contracts are typically denominated in euros. The cost of shipbuilding orders that we may place in the future for our cruise brands that is denominated in a currency that is different than their functional currency is expected to be affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Given the movement in the U.S. dollar and sterling relative to the euro over the past several years, the U.S. dollar and sterling cost to order new cruise ships has been volatile. If the U.S. dollar or sterling declines against the euro, this may affect our desire to order future new cruise ships for U.S. dollar or sterling functional currency brands. Interest Rate Risks We manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates through our investment and debt portfolio management strategies. These strategies include purchasing high quality short-term investments with floating interest rates, and evaluating our debt portfolio to make periodic adjustments to the mix of fixed and floating rate debt through the use of interest rate swaps and the issuance of new debt or the early retirement of existing debt. At August 31, 2011, 65% and 35% (69% and 31% at November 30, 2010) of our debt bore fixed and floating interest rates, respectively, including the effect of interest rate swaps. Fuel Price Risks We do not use financial instruments to hedge our exposure to fuel price risks. Concentrations of Credit Risk As part of our ongoing control procedures, we monitor concentrations of credit risk associated with financial and other institutions with which we conduct significant business. Our maximum exposure under foreign currency derivative contracts and interest rate swap agreements that are in-the-money is the replacement cost, which includes the value of the contracts, in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to the contracts, all of which are currently our lending banks. We seek to minimize credit risk exposure, including counterparty nonperformance primarily associated with our cash equivalents, investments, committed financing facilities, contingent obligations, derivative instruments, insurance contracts and new ship progress payment guarantees, by normally conducting business with large, well-established financial institutions and insurance companies, and by diversifying our counterparties. In addition, we have guidelines regarding credit ratings and investment maturities that we follow to help safeguard liquidity and minimize risk. We normally do require collateral and/or guarantees to support notes receivable on significant asset sales, long-term ship charters and new ship progress payments to shipyards. We currently believe the risk of nonperformance by any of our significant counterparties is remote. We also monitor the creditworthiness of travel agencies and tour operators in Europe and credit card providers to which we extend credit in the normal course of our business. Concentrations of credit risk associated with these receivables are considered minimal, primarily due to their short maturities and the large number of unrelated accounts within our customer base. We have experienced only minimal credit losses on our trade receivables. We do not normally require collateral or other security to support normal credit sales. Finally, if the shipyard with which we have contracts to build our ships is unable to perform, we will be required to perform for any foreign currency derivatives that we may enter into related to these shipbuilding contracts. Accordingly, if the shipyard is unable to perform, we may have to discontinue accounting for these derivatives as hedges. However, based on the shipyards we typically contract with, we believe that the risk of shipyard nonperformance will be remote.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6925170&loc=d3e19296-110258 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) -Number 159 -Paragraph 17-22, 27, 28 -LegacyDoc This reference is SUPERSEDED by the Accounting Standards Codification effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. 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