10-K 1 a2018form10-kfrontpart.htm 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended November 30, 2018 or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to ________________

Commission file number: 001-9610 |  | Commission file number: 001-15136
Carnival Corporation | Carnival plc
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Republic of Panama | England and Wales
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
59-1562976 | 98-0357772
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3655 N.W. 87th Avenue Miami, Florida 33178-2428 | Carnival House, 100 Harbour Parade, Southampton SO15 1ST, United Kingdom
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code) | (Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(305) 599-2600 | 011 44 23 8065 5000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) | (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Title of each class
Common Stock ($0.01 par value) | Ordinary Shares each represented by American Depositary Shares ($1.66 par value), Special Voting Share, GBP 1.00 par value and Trust Shares of beneficial interest in the P&O Princess Special Voting Trust
Name of each exchange on which registered | Name of each exchange on which registered
New York Stock Exchange, Inc. |  | New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrants are well-known seasoned issuers, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrants are not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrants have submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrants were required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants’ knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrants are large accelerated filers, accelerated filers, non-accelerated filers, smaller reporting companies, or emerging growth companies. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filers | þ | Accelerated filers | ¨ | Non-accelerated filers | ¨ | Smaller reporting companies | ¨ | Emerging growth companies | ¨

If emerging growth companies, indicate by check mark if the registrants have elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrants are shell companies (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No þ

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold was $23.8 billion as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. |  | The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold was $11.5 billion as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.
At January 17, 2019, Carnival Corporation had outstanding 526,719,965 shares of its Common Stock, $0.01 par value. |  | At January 17, 2019, Carnival plc had outstanding 191,875,647 Ordinary Shares $1.66 par value, one Special Voting Share GBP 1.00 par value and 526,719,965 Trust Shares of beneficial interest in the P&O Princess Special Voting Trust.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the 2018 Annual Report and 2019 joint definitive Proxy Statement are incorporated by reference into Part II and Part III of this report.

CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED NOVEMBER 30, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 4
| A. Overview | 4
| I. Summary | 4
| II. Vision, Goals and Related Strategies | 4
| B. Global Cruise Industry | 6
| I. Overview | 6
| II. Favorable Characteristics of the Global Cruise Industry | 6
| III. Passenger Capacity and Cruise Guests Carried by Ocean Going Vessels | 8
| C. Our Global Cruise Business | 8
| I. Segment Information | 8
| II. Ships Under Contract for Construction | 9
| III. Cruise Brands | 10
| IV. Principal Source Geographic Areas | 15
| V. Cruise Programs | 15
| VI. Cruise Pricing and Payment Terms | 16
| VII. Seasonality | 16
| VIII. Onboard and Other Revenues | 17
| IX. Marketing Activities | 17
| X. Sales Relationships | 18
| XI. Sustainability | 18
| XII. Employees | 19
| XIII. Training | 20
| XIV. Information Technology | 20
| XV. Innovation | 20
| XVI. Supply Chain | 21
| XVII. Insurance | 21
| XVIII. Port Destinations and Private Islands | 22
| XIX. Governmental Regulations | 22
| XX. Taxation | 28
| XXI. Trademarks and Other Intellectual Property | 30
| XXII. Competition | 30
| D. Website Access to Carnival Corporation & plc SEC Reports | 30
| E. Industry and Market Data | 30
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 31
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 33

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Item 2. | Properties | 34
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 34
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 34
| Executive Officers of the Registrants | 35
PART II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrants’ Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 35
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 37
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 37
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 37
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 37
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 38
Item 9B. | Other Information | 38
PART III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 38
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 39
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 39
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 40
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 40
PART IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 40
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 46

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information described below and contained in the Registrants’ 2018 Annual Report to shareholders to be furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 14a-3(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this joint 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”).
Part and Item of the Form 10-K
Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrants’ Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Market Information, Holders and Performance Graph.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Portions of the Registrants’ 2019 joint definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, are incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K under the items described below.
Part and Item of the Form 10-K
Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
A. Overview

I. | Summary

Carnival Corporation was incorporated in Panama in 1972 and Carnival plc was incorporated in England and Wales in 2000. Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc operate a dual listed company (“DLC”), whereby the businesses of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc are combined through a number of contracts and through provisions in Carnival Corporation’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws and Carnival plc’s Articles of Association. The two companies operate as if they are a single economic enterprise with a single senior executive management team and identical Boards of Directors (“BODs”), but each has retained its separate legal identity. Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc are both public companies with separate stock exchange listings and their own shareholders. Together with their consolidated subsidiaries, Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc are referred to collectively in this Form 10-K as “Carnival Corporation & plc,” “our,” “us” and “we.”
We are the world’s largest leisure travel company and among the most profitable and financially strong in the cruise and vacation industries. We are also the largest cruise company, carrying nearly half of global cruise guests, and a leading provider of vacations to all major cruise destinations throughout the world. With operations in North America, Australia, Europe and Asia, we operate a portfolio of leading global, regional and national cruise brands that sell tailored cruise products, services and vacation experiences on 104 cruise ships to the world’s most desirable destinations.

II. | Vision, Goals and Related Strategies

Our vision is “Together we deliver unmatched joyful vacation experiences and breakthrough shareholder returns by exceeding guest expectations and leveraging our scale.” We believe our portfolio of brands is instrumental to achieving our vision and maintaining our cruise industry leadership positions. Our primary financial goals are to profitably grow our cruise business and increase our return on invested capital, while maintaining our strong investment grade credit ratings and balance sheet. Paramount to the success of our business is our commitment to health, environment, safety, security (“HESS”) and sustainability.
To reach our primary financial goals, we continue to implement initiatives to create additional demand for our brands in excess of measured capacity growth, ultimately leading to higher revenue yields. We will continue to identify opportunities to enhance our cruise products and services and optimize our cost structure while preserving the unique identities of our individual brands. We have made significant investments in performing customer segmentation analyses and data analytics to gain insight into our guests’ decision-making process and vacation needs enabling us to identify new marketing opportunities and further grow our share of their vacation spend. As we operate in the broader vacation market, we have implemented strategies to grow demand by increasing consumer awareness and consideration for cruise vacations on our portfolio of brands through our ongoing marketing, public relations and guest experience efforts.
We continue to identify and implement new strategies and tactics to strengthen our cruise ticket revenue management processes and systems across our portfolio of brands, such as optimizing our pricing methodologies and improving our pricing models, as evidenced by our new state-of-the-art revenue management system implemented across six brands in 2018. We also continue with initiatives to better coordinate and optimize our brands’ global itinerary strategies, maximizing guest satisfaction and profits. We have invested in new marketing technologies to further engage our guests by bringing to life the cruise experience.
We are building new, innovative, purpose-built ships that are larger, more fuel efficient, have an improved mix of guest accommodations and present a wider range of onboard amenities and features. These ships further enhance the attractiveness of a cruise vacation while achieving greater economies of scale and improving returns on invested capital. As of November 30, 2018, we have a total of 21 cruise ships scheduled to be delivered through 2025. Some of these ships will replace existing capacity as less efficient ships exit our fleet. Since 2006, we have sold 28 ships and our newbuild program has been designed to consider an expected acceleration in our fleet replacement cycle over time. Furthermore, we continue to make substantial investments in our existing ship enhancement programs to improve our onboard product offerings and enrich our guests’ vacation experiences.
We continue to grow our presence in established markets and increase our penetration in developing markets, such as Asia. We believe that our most significant long-term growth opportunity in Asia is in China, due to its large and growing middle-class
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population, expansion of its international tourism and the government’s plan to support the cruise industry. During 2019, we expect that 4.0% of our total capacity will be home ported in China.
With 104 ships and 12.4 million guests in 2018, we have the scale to optimize our structure by utilizing our combined purchasing volumes and common technologies as well as accelerating progress on our cross-brand initiatives aimed at cost containment. We have and continue to integrate certain back office functions to achieve the full benefits of our scale. Having global leaders in communications, innovation, maritime, procurement, revenue management and strategy supports collaboration and communication across our brands and helps coordinate our global efforts.
Our ability to generate significant operating cash flow allows us to internally fund our capital improvements, debt maturities and dividend payments. In 2018, we increased our quarterly dividend to $0.50 per share, representing over $1.4 billion in annual dividends, from $0.40 per share in 2017. Since resuming our stock repurchase program in late 2015, we repurchased approximately 87 million shares for $4.6 billion. Over the same time period, we have nearly doubled our quarterly dividend, distributing a total of $3.8 billion in dividends to our shareholders.
Our vision is based on four key pillars:

• | Health, environment, safety, security and sustainability

• | Guests

• | Employees

• | Shareholders and other stakeholders

Health, Environment, Safety, Security and Sustainability
Our commitment to the safety and comfort of our guests and crew is paramount to the success of our business. We are committed to operating a safe and reliable fleet and protecting the health, safety and security of our guests, employees and all others working on our behalf. We continue to focus on further enhancing the safety measures onboard all of our ships. We are dedicated to fully complying with, or exceeding, all legal and statutory requirements related to health, environment, safety, security and sustainability throughout our business.
We are committing resources across the entire corporation to further improve how we operate to protect and preserve our oceans and are implementing fleet-wide changes and enhancements to our environmental processes and procedures. We continue to increase the scope and frequency of our training and invest millions of dollars to upgrade our equipment to new ship standards to ensure compliance with all environmental regulations.
Guests
Our goal is to consistently exceed our guests’ expectations while providing them with a wide variety of exceptional vacation experiences. We believe that we can achieve this goal by continually focusing our efforts on helping our guests choose the cruise brand that will best meet their unique needs and desires, improving their overall vacation experiences and building state-of-the-art ships with innovative onboard offerings and providing unequaled service to our guests. We enhance our guest experience by offering high quality destinations around the world including a portfolio of private destinations that are uniquely tailored to our guests’ preferences.
Employees
Our goal is to recruit, develop and retain the finest employees. A team of highly motivated and engaged employees is key to delivering vacation experiences that exceed our guests’ expectations. Understanding the critical skills that are needed for outstanding performance is crucial in order to hire and train our officers, crew and shoreside personnel. We believe in listening to and acting upon our employees’ perspectives and ideas and use employee feedback tools to monitor and improve our progress in this area. We are a diverse organization and value and support our talented and diverse employee base. We are committed to employing people from around the world and hiring them based on the quality of their experience, skills, education and character, without regard for their identification with any group or classification of people.
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Shareholders and Other Stakeholders
We value the relationships we have with our shareholders and other stakeholders, including travel agents, trade associations, communities, regulatory bodies, media, creditors, insurers, shipbuilders, governments and suppliers. We believe that engaging stakeholders in a mutually beneficial manner is critical to our long-term success. As part of this effort, we believe we must continue to be an outstanding corporate citizen in the communities in which we operate. Our brands work to meet or exceed their economic, environmental, ethical and legal responsibilities.
Strong relationships with our travel agent partners are especially vital to our success. We continue to strengthen our relationship with the travel agent community by increasing our communication and outreach, implementing changes based on their feedback and improving our educational programs to assist agents in stimulating cruise demand.
B. Global Cruise Industry
I. Overview
Cruising offers a broad range of products and services to suit vacationing guests of many ages, backgrounds and interests. Cruise brands can be broadly classified as offering contemporary, premium and luxury cruise experiences. The contemporary experience typically includes cruises that last seven days or less and have a more casual ambiance. The premium experience typically includes cruises that last from seven to 14 days and appeal to those who are more affluent. Premium cruises emphasize quality, comfort, style and more destination-focused itineraries. The luxury experience is usually characterized by very high standards of accommodation and service, smaller vessel size and exotic itineraries to ports that are inaccessible to larger ships. We have product and service offerings in each of these three broad classifications.
II. Favorable Characteristics of the Global Cruise Industry
a. High Guest Satisfaction Rates
Cruise guests tend to rate their overall satisfaction with a cruise vacation higher than comparable land-based hotel and resort vacations. According to industry surveys, the cruise experience consistently exceeds expectations of repeat and first-time cruisers. Cruising continues to receive high guest satisfaction rates because of the unique vacation experiences it offers, including visiting multiple destinations without having to pack and unpack, all-inclusive product offerings and state-of-the-art cruise ships with entertainment, relaxation and fun, all at an outstanding value.
b. Positive Demand Trends
Social media has a powerful impact on consumer behavior. Technology allows people to instantly share travel experiences within their social networks. Seeing others embrace travel and experience the world in new ways inspires people to travel themselves. Consumers are looking to experiences and learning for personal fulfillment. Today’s travelers are looking for immersive, meaningful and memorable travel experiences. While it is useful for the cruise industry to consider travel markets across demographic groups, the ability to identify and address target markets based on “psychographics” or attitudes that cut across demographics is even more meaningful. We believe the cruise industry is well positioned to meet travelers’ desires and has the ability to tailor experiences for each guest based on their unique wants and needs, which should foster growth for the cruise industry.
From a demographic perspective, two age groups, the Baby Boomers and the Millennial generations, have in recent years experienced trends that positively affect demand for cruising. Cruising benefits from the aging of the Baby Boomer and Millennial generations. In North America alone, the number of Baby Boomers at retirement age increases from 48 million in 2015 to 56 million in 2020 and 74 million by 2030. The Baby Boomer generation likes to pursue an active lifestyle and has the desire and the means to travel and enjoys multi-generational cruising. The Millennial generation has surpassed the size of the Baby Boomer generation and represents the fastest growing demographic segment of the vacation industry. This group expresses a strong desire to travel and share new experiences, a mindset that should continue to foster growth for the industry. A recent study by the American Society of Travel Agents (“ASTA”) indicates that the Millennial generation is even more likely to cruise and more likely to enjoy cruises than the Baby Boomer generation.
These changes in consumer behavior and demographics, along with growing populations, increasing wealth in developing countries and increased spending by consumers on experience versus products, will continue to drive demand for travel and the
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global cruise industry. These groups of consumers are becoming eager to experience the world through travel, which provides significant growth opportunity for the cruise industry within and beyond the established markets.
c. Wide Appeal
Cruising appeals to a broad range of ages and income levels. Cruising provides something for every generation, from kids’ clubs to an array of onboard entertainment designed to appeal to teens and adults. Cruising also offers transportation to a variety of destinations and a diverse range of ship types and sizes, as well as price points, to attract guests with varying tastes and income levels. To encourage first-time and repeat cruisers and better compete with other vacation alternatives the cruise industry has in recent years refocused its marketing efforts, enhanced training of travel agents and collaborated with well-known brands and offers the following:

• Expanded entertainment options and shipboard activities | • Enhanced internet and communication capabilities
• Flexible dining options including open-seating dining | • Beverage package options
• Branded specialty restaurants, bars and cafés | • Money-back guarantees

d. Large Addressable Markets
The global cruise industry is a relatively small part of the wider global vacation industry, which includes a large variety of land-based vacation alternatives. Therefore, we believe there are large, addressable markets with low penetration rates. The penetration rates below were computed based on the 2017 global cruise guests carried from G.P. Wild (International Limited) (“G.P. Wild”), an independent cruise research company, as a percentage of total population:

• | 5.1% for Australia and New Zealand

• | 3.5% for the United States (“U.S.”) and Canada

• | 2.9% for the United Kingdom (“UK”)

• | 2.1% for Germany and Italy

We also believe Asia is a large addressable market, where economic growth has raised discretionary income levels, fueling an increasing demand for travel.
e. Exceptional Value Proposition
We believe the cost of a cruise vacation represents exceptional value in comparison to alternative land-based vacations. Cruising delivers unique benefits, such as transportation to various destinations while also providing accommodations, a diversity of food choices and a selection of daily entertainment options for one all-inclusive, competitive price. To make cruising even more cost effective and more easily accessible to vacationers, the cruise industry typically offers a number of drive-to home ports, which enables many cruise guests to reduce their overall vacation costs by eliminating or reducing air and other transportation costs.
f. Ship Mobility
The mobility of cruise ships enables cruise companies to move their vessels between regions in order to maximize profitability and to meet changing demand. For example, brands can change itineraries over time in order to cater to our guests’ tastes or as general economic or geopolitical conditions warrant. In addition, cruise companies have the flexibility to reposition capacity to areas with growing demand. We believe that this unique ability to move ships provides the cruise industry with a competitive advantage compared to other land-based vacation alternatives.
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III. Passenger Capacity and Cruise Guests Carried by Ocean Going Vessels

(in thousands) | Average Passenger Capacity (a) |  | Cruise Guests Carried
Year | Global Cruise Industry (b) |  | Carnival Corporation & plc |  | Global Cruise Industry (c) |  | Carnival Corporation & plc
2016 | 470 |  | 220 |  | 25,200 |  | 11,500
2017 | 490 |  | 230 |  | 26,700 |  | 12,100
2018 | 520 |  | 230 |  | 28,300 |  | 12,400

(a) | In accordance with cruise industry practice, passenger capacity is calculated based on the assumption of two passengers per cabin even though some cabins can accommodate three or more passengers.

(b) | Amounts were based on internal estimates using public industry data.

(c) | The global cruise guests carried for 2016 and 2017 were obtained from G.P. Wild, an independent cruise research company. The estimates for global cruise guests carried for 2018 are internally developed.

The global cruise industry and our compound annual passenger capacity growth rates are estimated to be 6.7% and 5.6%, respectively, from 2018 to 2022. Our estimates of future passenger capacity only include assumptions related to announced ship withdrawals and, accordingly, our estimates likely indicate a higher growth rate than will actually occur.
C. Our Global Cruise Business
I. Segment Information

| November 30, 2018
| Passenger Capacity |  | Percentage of Total Capacity |  | Number of Cruise Ships
North America and Australia ("NAA") Segment |  |  |  |  |
Carnival Cruise Line | 70,430 |  | 30 | % |  | 26
Princess Cruises | 45,240 |  | 19 |  |  | 17
Holland America Line | 26,480 |  | 11 |  |  | 15
P&O Cruises (Australia) | 7,790 |  | 3 |  |  | 5
Seabourn | 2,570 |  | 1 |  |  | 5
| 152,510 |  | 64 |  |  | 68
Europe and Asia (“EA”) Segment |  |  |  |  |
Costa Cruises ("Costa") | 34,620 |  | 15 |  |  | 14
AIDA Cruises ("AIDA") | 25,290 |  | 11 |  |  | 12
P&O Cruises (UK) | 17,660 |  | 7 |  |  | 7
Cunard | 6,830 |  | 3 |  |  | 3
| 84,400 |  | 36 |  |  | 36
| 236,910 |  | 100 | % |  | 104

We also have a Cruise Support segment that includes our portfolio of leading port destinations and other services, all of which are operated for the benefit of our cruise brands.
In addition to our cruise operations, we own Holland America Princess Alaska Tours, the leading tour company in Alaska and the Canadian Yukon, which complements our Alaska cruise operations. Our tour company owns and operates hotels, lodges, glass-domed railcars and motorcoaches. This tour company and cruise ships, which we charter-out under long-term leases, comprise our Tour and Other segment.
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II. Ships Under Contract for Construction
As of November 30, 2018, we have a total of 21 cruise ships scheduled to be delivered through 2025. Our ship construction contracts are with Fincantieri and MARIOTTI in Italy, Meyer Werft in Germany and Meyer Turku in Finland.

| Scheduled Delivery Date |  | Passenger Capacity
Carnival Cruise Line |  |  |
Carnival Panorama | October 2019 |  | 3,990 |
Mardi Gras | August 2020 |  | 5,280 |
Newbuild | October 2022 |  | 5,280 |
Princess Cruises |  |  |
Sky Princess | October 2019 |  | 3,660 |
Enchanted Princess | June 2020 |  | 3,660 |
Newbuild | October 2021 |  | 3,660 |
Newbuild | November 2023 |  | 4,310 |
Newbuild | May 2025 |  | 4,310 |
Holland America Line |  |  |
Newbuild | May 2021 |  | 2,670 |
Seabourn |  |  |
Newbuild | June 2021 |  | 260 |
Newbuild | May 2022 |  | 260 |
Costa |  |  |
Costa Venezia (intended for Asia) | February 2019 |  | 4,200 |
Costa Smeralda | October 2019 |  | 5,220 |
Newbuild (intended for Asia) | September 2020 |  | 4,260 |
Newbuild | May 2021 |  | 5,320 |
AIDA |  |  |
AIDAnova | December 2018 |  | 5,230 |
Newbuild | May 2021 |  | 5,410 |
Newbuild | May 2023 |  | 5,410 |
P&O Cruises (UK) |  |  |
Iona | May 2020 |  | 5,200 |
Newbuild | May 2022 |  | 5,280 |
Cunard |  |  |
Newbuild | April 2022 |  | 3,000 |

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III. Cruise Brands
Carnival Cruise Line is “The World’s Most Popular Cruise Line®” and provides multi-generational family entertainment at exceptional value to its guests. It is a place where guests can be their most playful selves and choose their fun, a choice that anyone can make at any time which makes that moment better for everyone. Carnival Cruise Line ships are designed to inspire the experience of bringing people together, with limitless opportunities for guests to create their own fun. Carnival Cruise Line ships sail from 17 convenient U.S. home ports, more than any other line. Its cruise ships are within a 5-hour drive for more than half of all Americans and provide opportunities to experience various destinations and itineraries. Carnival Cruise Line annually carries more than 5 million guests, including 800,000 children.
Carnival Cruise Line’s Carnival Horizon entered service in April 2018. This ship features new enhancements that include Dr. Seuss WaterWorks where Dr. Seuss characters transform the water park experience. Carnival Horizon is also home to Guy’s Pig & Anchor Bar-B-Que Smokehouse|Brewhouse as well as Bonsai Teppanyaki, the cruise line’s teppanyaki dining option where guests can experience Carnival-style fun. Carnival Panorama will enter service in December 2019 and will be the first new ship Carnival Cruise Line will home port on the west coast of the United States in 20 years when it arrives in Long Beach, California. Carnival Panorama will be followed by two 5,280-passenger capacity ships in 2020 and 2022. Both ships will feature Carnival Corporation’s exclusive green cruising design which will be powered by Liquefied Natural Gas (“LNG”) and will be the first LNG-powered cruise ships in North America.
Carnival Cruise Line continues to enhance its existing fleet by adding a variety of exciting new features. It is in the final stages of an extensive fleet enhancement program delivering branded accommodations, dining and entertainment options across its fleet and providing guests a high standard of excellence across any ship, any home port and any itinerary. Carnival Cruise Line also completed the fleet wide roll out of its innovative and highly-rated mobile Hub App. The popular Hub App facilitates onboard revenue purchases, like shore excursions and specialty dining, and communications to enable guests to maximize their fun. The app also includes an innovative Chat feature in addition to fast access to everything happening onboard.
Carnival Cruise Line operates three to 24-day voyages and offers year-round sailings from the United States to the Caribbean and the Mexican Riviera and from Australia to the South Pacific and New Zealand, as well as seasonal sailings to Alaska, Hawaii, Canada and Bermuda. In addition, Carnival Cruise Line continues to increase the number of cruises to Cuba.
Princess Cruises is a leading premium cruise line and each moment on Princess Cruises is one of wonderful discovery where guests can relax and explore. The choices are endless - from invigorating activities to more relaxing pursuits - and enable guests to share special moments with family and friends while enjoying unique travel experiences that create inspiring memories.
Princess Cruises’ Sky Princess will debut in October 2019. The 3,660-passenger capacity ship will feature expansive Sky Suites and signature Princess Cruises elements from the relaxing Sanctuary to the expansive three-deck Piazza-style Atrium. Enchanted Princess, a sister ship of Sky Princess, will debut in 2020 followed by another ship in 2021. Additionally, Princess Cruises has two 4,310-passenger capacity ships slated to be delivered in 2023 and 2025, which will be their first ships to be powered by LNG.
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The Princess Cruises Come Back New™ value proposition features an array of offerings. Designed for fresh cuisine is featured across the variety of dining options, including the award-winning restaurant, SHARE, by international chef and television personality Curtis Stone, as well as other specialty dining restaurants from multiple Michelin star chefs. Interactive onboard activities and shore excursions designed in collaboration with Discovery, Animal Planet, and local experts in key regional destinations provide guests with authentic and exclusive experiences onboard and ashore. In addition, Camp Discovery, the newly-redesigned youth and teen centers onboard select ships, offers the line’s youngest guests the opportunity to connect, play and learn. Original productions shows created exclusively for Princess Cruises by Grammy® and Academy® award-winning composer, Stephen Schwartz, include The Secret Silk, Born to Dance, and Magic to Do. With guests’ overall wellness in mind, Princess Cruises has collaborated with leading experts in both the science and beauty of sleep to develop the award-winning Princess Luxury Bed, a multi-year project culminating in 2019. Princess Cruises’ guest experience platform OceanMedallion™, onboard Caribbean Princess, elevates service through enhanced guest experiences before and during cruise vacations. In addition, MedallionNet™ offers fast and reliable Wi-Fi connectivity.
Princess Cruises offers guests the opportunity to cover the globe with sailings to six continents that call at more than 380 destinations including Princess Cays, an exclusive island destination in The Bahamas, offering recently enhanced excursions, retail, bar and marina areas. Princess Cruises offers award-winning itineraries ranging in length from three to 111 days, including world cruises. Princess Cruises sails to nearly every corner of the world, including Alaska, Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, Mexico, the Panama Canal, South America and more.
For more than 145 years, Holland America Line has delivered a distinctively classic, European style of cruising throughout its fleet of mid-sized premium ships. Guests enjoy immersive travel through engaging experiences onboard and in-depth cultural experiences as part of their exploration of fascinating destinations around the world. Holland America Line believes travel has the power to change the world and has defined their higher purpose to help make the world a better place through opening minds, building connections and inspiring shared humanity.
Nieuw Statendam, a sister ship of Koningsdam, will enter service in December 2018, with another sister ship scheduled for delivery in 2021. Nieuw Statendam, a 2,670-passenger capacity ship, features all of the hallmarks of its class including grand, light-filled spaces as well as visual drama and sumptuous interiors inspired by the fluid curves of musical instruments. Nieuw Statendam showcases a spectacular two-story World stage theater featuring a 270-degree high definition screen and also features innovative specialty restaurants from Rudi’s Sel de Mer to the Grand Dutch Café. Guests can explore and experience America’s Test Kitchen’s show, hands-on workshops and BBC Earth Experiences presentations. Guests also enjoy authentic music experiences at sea with some of the world’s most well-regarded entertainment brands creating exclusive programming for Lincoln Center Stage, B.B. King’s Blues Club, Billboard Onboard and the Rolling Stone Rock Room. Holland America Line’s partnership with O, The Oprah Magazine, has added inspirational programming, theme cruises and Oprah Winfrey serving as godmother to Nieuw Statendam.
Holland America Line has enhanced its onboard products, including locally cultivated items in culinary and retail designed to elevate the guests’ experience of the region they are cruising. Explorations Central™ is the immersive onboard programming designed to make guests’ destination experience even more engaging and meaningful. Holland America Line’s revamped retail experience features custom personalized jewelry by Sophia Fiori, new art collections by emerging artists featuring unique destination centric pieces, a new Fujifilm photo digital creative studio space and an expanded logo-wear collection.
Holland America Line offers cruises to more than 400 ports, including Half Moon Cay, a private island destination in The Bahamas, providing guests with unparalleled natural beauty of a protected preserve, miles of pristine, white-sand beach, where guests can stay busy all day or simply luxuriate in tranquil solitude. From shorter getaways to 113-day itineraries, the cruises visit all seven continents. Holland America Line offers popular sailings to the Caribbean, Alaska, Mexico, Canada & New England, Bermuda, Europe and the Panama Canal as well as more exotic sailings including Antarctica explorations, South America circumnavigations, Cuba cruises, Australia & New Zealand and Asia voyages, and four annual Grand Voyages.
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P&O Cruises (Australia) invites guests to embark on a journey to a place that’s unlike any other. Each day onboard a P&O Cruises (Australia) cruise packs a new adventure with something for the young and young at heart. Kick off the shoes for a game of barefoot bowls or get the heart racing on the adrenaline-fueled zip line on top deck. When the sun goes down the fun continues across a wide range of entertainment venues featuring live music, top local comedy acts and original stage shows, along with bustling bars and themed parties onboard every cruise. With P&O Cruises (Australia) you can choose to do everything, or nothing at all.
P&O Cruises (Australia)’s Pacific Adventure will enter service in October 2020. The 2,640-passenger capacity ship will offer something for everyone, including an expanded range of cabin options such as 5-passenger family cabins, a private onboard beach club and an adults only Oasis pool area spread across multiple decks. Pacific Adventure will sail year-round from Sydney to the South Pacific and offer a diverse mix of shorter duration cruises from three to four days and cruises of 13 days and longer. The longer duration itineraries will feature an enrichment program with talks and seminars from notable Australian guest presenters and a gala Masquerade Ball. Pacific Adventure will also offer a selection of Main Event cruises taking guests to iconic festivals and events such as the Melbourne Cup horse race.
Proud to be a local favorite, the fleet includes dining options from local, award-winning chefs including Luke Mangan and Johnny Di Francesco. P&O Cruises (Australia) continues to innovate and enhance their onboard product offering. Pacific Explorer hosted the inaugural largest comedy festival at sea, The Big Laugh, in August 2018. P&O Cruises (Australia) will also introduce themed 1980’s and Country Music festival cruises on select sailings.
P&O Cruises (Australia) offers cruises generally ranging from three to 18 days to destinations around Australia, New Zealand, Asia and the South Pacific.
Seabourn represents the pinnacle of small-ship, ultra-luxury style of travel. Cruising on a Seabourn ship is unlike any other form of travel. The experience is luxurious and elegant, while also relaxed and casual. Guests who sail with Seabourn enjoy impeccable personalized service, immersive destinations and rare exclusive experiences unmatched by any other ship or destination. Seabourn offers the youngest ultra-luxury fleet of intimate all-suite ships.
Seabourn Ovation, sister ship to the renowned Seabourn Encore, entered service in May 2018, and is the second ship designed for the line by hospitality design icon, Adam D. Tihany. The ship features all oceanfront suites with private verandas and an al fresco dining venue, Earth & Ocean at the Patio™. Seabourn has two new ultra-luxury expedition ships set to join the fleet in 2021 and 2022. Onboard crew will include expedition teams comprised of experienced wilderness experts, scientists and historians who will provide insights into the history, ecology and culture of the destinations visited.
To enhance the guest experience, Seabourn has entered into several select partnerships to offer a number of innovative programs. These programs include An Evening with Tim Rice, an evening entertainment experience created exclusively for the line; performances by Japanese jazz piano artist, Keiko Matsui; and Unique Spa and Wellness Centers offering holistic health and well-being programs in partnership with Dr. Weil. Exclusive to Seabourn, The Grill by Thomas Keller, reminiscent of the classic American restaurant from the 50’s and 60’s, is a unique culinary concept focusing on updated versions of iconic dishes. Ventures by Seabourn provides travelers with exciting, adventurous optional activities that are expertly planned, professionally operated and escorted by skilled expert guides. Ventures enables guests to experience nature up close in a way that is unique and exciting.
Seabourn ships sail to all seven continents and take guests to places beyond the reach of larger ships. Seabourn itineraries generally range from seven days to over 100 days, including the Transatlantic crossing. The World of Seabourn includes
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destinations such as Alaska; Antarctica & Patagonia; Arabia, Africa & India; Asia; Australia & South Pacific; Canada & New England; the Caribbean; Cuba; the Mediterranean; Northern Europe; Pacific Coastal; Panama Canal and South America.
Costa delivers Italy’s finest at sea primarily serving guests from Continental Europe and Asia. Costa brings a modern Italian lifestyle to its ships and provides guests with a true European experience that embodies a uniquely Italian passion for life through warm hospitality, entertainment and gastronomy that makes Costa different from any other cruise experience.
Costa Smeralda, is scheduled to enter the fleet in October 2019 and her sister ship in 2021. Both ships will be fueled by LNG. The ship will feature the triple-deck Colosseo, located in the heart of the ship, showcasing a new story daily on the bright screens and on the dome from dawn to sunset. An onboard museum, Costa Design Museum, will be curated by Matteo Vercelloni and will be dedicated to the excellence of Italian design and feature many of the names that have contributed to the ship's construction and success.
Costa Venezia will join the fleet in February 2019 and is the first Costa ship built for the Chinese market. Costa Venezia brings to life the passions of Venetian and Italian culture through such spectacles as the Carnival of Venice and the city's famed gondolas. Guests will also experience the delights of fine Italian dining, luxury Italian shopping and world-class Italian entertainment while enjoying home comforts such as a range of Chinese cuisines and Chinese-style karaoke bars. A sister ship also designed for the Chinese market will be delivered in late 2020.
Costa’s guests can experience a variety of activities making vacations onboard its ships even more exclusive and unforgettable, including dining options created by Michelin-starred chef Bruno Barbieri, as well as enriched entertainment including The Voice of the Sea and Peppa Pig-branded kids games and educational activities. Enhancing the authentic Italian experience for the Chinese market, Costa kicked-off its official partnership with Juventus Football Club onboard all ships deployed in China, offering in-depth interactions for fans and activities for guests of all ages. Partnerships have also been developed with Tencent (WeChat) and Alibaba providing local payment methods and other onboard functionalities to Chinese guests.
Costa sails worldwide with cruises generally ranging from four to 20 days and also offers longer exotic sailings up to 30 days as well as world tours. Costa offers a wide range of sailings in the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, the Caribbean, Dubai and UAE, the Indian Ocean, South America, the Transatlantic and the Far East.
AIDA is the leading and most recognized brand in the German cruise market. Its guests enjoy the German inspired active, premium modern lifestyle cruise experience. AIDA provides a cruising wellness holiday in modern comfort where guests feel at home and enjoy consistently excellent service accompanied by the AIDA smile.
AIDAnova will enter the fleet in December 2018 and her sister ships will join the fleet in 2021 and 2023. This new generation of ship combines innovative design with state-of-the-art technology. Some of the many successful features on AIDAprima such as the Brewerie, Theatrium, Beach Club and the Four Elements activity area have been further enhanced. AIDAnova’s Theatrium features a 360-degree stage with 11 LED walls, seven different laser shows and the LED Tube. AIDA is the first cruise company to launch a new generation of ships fueled entirely by LNG.
Guests onboard the entire AIDA fleet experienced Oktoberfest on the high seas as part of the AIDA Oktoberfest Special 2018. The AIDA Selection, a program where guests can experience exploratory cruises to new regions and exclusive destinations, will welcome AIDAmira, previously Costa neoRiviera, in 2019 with a new itinerary to South Africa and Namibia. To enhance the digital experience and guest satisfaction, AIDA provides mobile apps to attend to the guests before, during and after the cruise.
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The apps include a microblogging service, inspired with user generated content and provide onboard program and restaurant information as well as a chat feature for onboard messaging.
AIDA visits over 230 ports with cruises generally ranging from three to 23 days and also offers a world cruise departing from Hamburg. AIDA sails to many exciting destinations, including North America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, Baltic Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea and Dubai.
P&O Cruises (UK) is Britain’s favorite cruise line, welcoming guests to experience the good life and enjoy a blend of discovery, relaxation and exceptional service catered towards British tastes. P&O Cruises (UK)’s fleet of premium ships combine genuine service, a sense of occasion and attention to detail, ensuring guests have the holiday of a lifetime, every time.
In 2020, P&O Cruises (UK) will launch Iona, a new LNG-powered, 5,200-passenger capacity ship, which will be the largest ship built to serve the UK market. Iona will feature enhancements to already successful brand signature venues from the existing fleet, as well as features newly developed for Iona. These include a breathtaking three deck atrium in the heart of the ship as well as SkyDome, an exclusively designed glass dome by award-winning British engineer Eckersley O’Callaghan. This will be a world’s first at sea and offer a unique space for both relaxing in all weathers and providing entertainment, featuring aerial performers and a wealth of live acts. P&O Cruises (UK) will introduce a sister ship in 2022.
P&O Cruises (UK) continues to enhance its entertainment line-up, launching Astonishing on Azura, Britannia and Ventura. This revolutionary guest-interactive magic and illusion show was produced through a partnership with BAFTA-winning presenter Stephen Mulhern, performer Jonathan Wilkes and the mind-blowing trickery of master illusionist Guy Barrett. P&O Cruises (UK) also continued partnering with some of the UK’s most popular and recognized entertainers and primetime TV shows.
P&O Cruises (UK) visits over 200 destinations worldwide and offers itineraries generally ranging from two to 17 days and also an annual world cruise. P&O Cruises (UK) sails to Australia & New Zealand, Baltic, the British Isles, Canada, Spain, Portugal & the Canary Islands, the Caribbean, Central America, Dubai & the Arabian Gulf, the Far East & Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, Scandinavia, South America, the South Pacific, the United States and Western Europe.
Over its 178 year history, the iconic Cunard fleet has perfected the timeless art of luxury ocean travel. While onboard, Cunard guests experience unique signature moments, from Cunard’s white gloved afternoon tea service to spectacular gala evening balls to its renowned Insights Speaker program. Guest expectations are exceeded through Cunard’s exemplary White Star Service®, a legacy from the White Star Line. From the moment a guest steps onboard, every detail of their cruise is curated to ensure an enjoyable, memorable and luxurious experience. Cunard’s flagship, Queen Mary 2, is unique in being today’s only true ocean liner, regularly carrying guests on the most iconic of voyages, the Transatlantic Crossing between New York and the United Kingdom.
A new 3,000-passenger capacity ship is to join Queen Mary 2, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth as the fourth member of the fleet in 2022. She will be the first new Cunard ship in 12 years, making it the first time since 2000 that Cunard will have four ships in simultaneous service. Sharing the iconic livery and red funnel, guests will experience today’s distinct Cunard signatures as well as new brand experiences currently in design.
Cunard offers unparalleled experiences enhanced by recent ship refits. New to Queen Victoria are Britannia Club accommodation and dining, where guests can enjoy a spacious balcony stateroom and their own dedicated intimate restaurant.
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Queen Mary 2’s transformation included a redesign of her Grand Lobby and new furnishings throughout. Enhancements to Queen Elizabeth ranged from a redesigned retail operation to refreshed outdoor spaces and a new spa and beauty salon concept.
A Cunard cruise is the ultimate luxury way to travel, with cruises generally ranging from seven to 14 days as well as a series of longer voyages, including Round the World Voyages. Cunard sails to destinations in Africa, Australia & South Pacific, Canada, the Caribbean, the Atlantic Islands, the British Isles, the Canary Islands, Central America, the Far East, the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, South America, the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, Scandinavia & Iceland and the United States.
IV. Principal Source Geographic Areas

| Carnival Corporation & plc Cruise Guests Carried |  |
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Brands Mainly Serving
United States and Canada | 6,790 |  | 6,440 |  | 6,100 |  | Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Holland America Line, Seabourn and Cunard
Continental Europe | 2,340 |  | 2,290 |  | 2,170 |  | Costa and AIDA
Asia | 1,140 |  | 1,240 |  | 1,130 |  | Princess Cruises and Costa
Australia and New Zealand | 1,020 |  | 1,060 |  | 1,010 |  | Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises and P&O Cruises (Australia)
United Kingdom | 810 |  | 800 |  | 840 |  | P&O Cruises (UK) and Cunard
Other | 310 |  | 270 |  | 270 |  |
Total | 12,410 |  | 12,100 |  | 11,520 |  |

V. Cruise Programs

|  | Carnival Corporation & plc Percentage of Passenger Capacity by Itinerary
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Caribbean |  | 32 | % |  | 33 | % |  | 32 | %
Europe without Mediterranean |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 13 |
Mediterranean |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Australia and New Zealand |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Alaska |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
China |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |
Other |  | 25 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |
|  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

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VI. Cruise Pricing and Payment Terms
Each of our cruise brands publishes prices for the upcoming seasons primarily through the internet, although published materials such as brochures and direct mailings are also used. Our brands have multiple pricing levels that vary by source market, category of guest accommodation, ship, season, duration and itinerary. Cruise prices frequently change in a dynamic pricing environment and are impacted by a number of factors, including the number of available cabins for sale in the marketplace and the level of guest demand. Some cruise prices are increased due to higher demand. We offer a variety of special promotions, including early booking, past guest recognition and travel agent programs. We continue to identify and implement new strategies and tactics to strengthen our cruise ticket revenue management processes and systems across our portfolio of brands, such as optimizing our pricing methodologies and improving our pricing models, as evidenced by our new state-of-the-art revenue management system implemented across six brands in 2018. We also continue with initiatives to better coordinate and optimize our brands’ global itinerary strategies, maximizing guest satisfaction and profits. We have invested in new marketing technologies to further engage our guests by bringing to life the cruise experience.
Our bookings are generally taken several months in advance of the cruise departure date. Typically, the longer the cruise itinerary the further in advance the bookings are made. This lead time allows us to manage our prices in relation to demand for available cabins through the use of advanced revenue management capabilities and other initiatives, with the typical strategy of marketing our ships to fill them while achieving the highest possible overall net revenue yields.
The cruise ticket price typically includes the following:
• Accommodations
• Most meals, including snacks at numerous venues
• Access to amenities such as swimming pools, water slides, water parks, whirlpools, a health club, and sun decks
• Child care and supervised youth programs
• Entertainment, such as theatrical and comedy shows, live music and nightclubs
• Visits to multiple destinations
At times, we offer value added packages to induce ticket sales to guests and groups and to encourage advance purchase of certain onboard items. These packages are bundled with cruise tickets and sold to guests for a single price rather than as a separate package and include:

• Alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverage packages | • Internet packages
• Shore excursions | • Photo packages
• Air packages | • Onboard spending credits
• Specialty restaurants | • Gratuities

Our brands’ payment terms generally require that a guest pay a deposit to confirm their reservation and then pay the balance due before the departure date. Our guests are subject to a cancellation fee if they cancel their cruise within a pre-defined period before sailing, unless they purchase a vacation protection package for the ability to obtain a refund.
As a convenience to our guests, we sell air transportation to and from airports near the home ports of our ships. In 2018, approximately 10% of our guests purchased scheduled or chartered air transportation from us. We also offer ground transfers from and to the airport near the ship’s home port as part of our transfer programs.
VII. Seasonality
Our passenger ticket revenues are seasonal. Historically, demand for cruises has been greatest during our third quarter, which includes the Northern Hemisphere summer months. This higher demand during the third quarter results in higher ticket prices and occupancy levels and, accordingly, the largest share of our operating income is earned during this period. The seasonality of our results also increases due to ships being taken out-of-service for maintenance, which we schedule during non-peak demand periods. In addition, substantially all of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours’ revenue and net income is generated from May through September in conjunction with Alaska’s cruise season.
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VIII. Onboard and Other Revenues
Onboard and other activities are provided either directly by us or by independent concessionaires, from which we receive either a percentage of their revenues or a fee. In 2018, we earned 25% of our revenues from onboard and other revenue activities and services not included in the cruise ticket price including the following:

• Substantially all liquor and some non-alcoholic beverage sales | • Internet and communication services
• Casino gaming | • Full service spas
• Shore excursions | • Specialty restaurants
• Gift shop sales | • Art sales
• Photo sales | • Laundry and dry cleaning services

We enhance our guests’ onboard experiences and increase our onboard revenues by offering value added packages and tailoring our onboard offers with our guest preferences. We are also implementing initiatives to strengthen our onboard revenue by improving our onboard retail offerings. We use various marketing and promotional tools and are supported by point-of-sale systems permitting “cashless” transactions for the sale of these onboard and other products and services. As a convenience to our guests, all our brands allow their guests to pre-book, and in most cases, pre-pay certain of their onboard and other revenue-producing activities in advance of the cruise.
We offer a variety of shore excursions at each ship’s ports-of-call that include beach experiences, general sightseeing, cultural tours, adventure outings and local boat rides. We typically utilize local operators who provide shore excursions with guides who speak the same languages as most of our shore excursion guests. For our sailings to destinations in Alaska, shore excursions are operated by our wholly-owned company, Holland America Princess Alaska Tours, or provided by local independent operators. We also offer revenue-producing activities on the private islands and port destinations that we operate that include beach bars and restaurants, water sports, cabana rentals, chair lifts and surf rider attractions.
Our casinos are all owned and operated directly by us and are equipped according to the unique requirements of our brands and their guests. We offer a wide variety of slot machines and a diverse mix of traditional and specialty table games, as well as other innovative games all designed to meet the desires of our guests. We have also developed marketing and promotional arrangements with land-based casino companies in order to increase the number of casino players onboard several of our brands. The casinos are generally open when our ships are at sea in international waters.
IX. Marketing Activities
Guest feedback and research support the development of our overall marketing and business strategies to drive demand for cruises and increase the number of first-time cruisers. Our goal is to increase the portion of consumer’s vacations targeted on cruises and grow “share of suitcase TM” for cruising on our brands. We measure and evaluate key drivers of guest loyalty and their satisfaction with our products and services that provide valuable insights about guests’ cruise experiences. We closely monitor our net promoter scores, which reflect the likelihood that our guests will recommend our brands’ cruise products and services to friends and family. We also regularly initiate customer research studies among guests, travel agent partners, tour operators and others for input on business decisions that enhance our cruise products and services for our guests.
We continue to improve the coordination of our marketing strategies across brands, which enables us to drive demand for cruising while generating significant efficiencies in media costs. We continue to perform psychographic segmentation studies that allow us to better understand our guests’ needs, wants and expectations. The results of these studies shape how we communicate and market, as well as refine the booking process, overall onboard experience and post-cruise interactions. Our ability to identify the psychographic segments is a powerful differentiator, which allows us to guide guests to the right experiences with the appropriate brands and build advocates for life. In addition, we have tools and are implementing data analytic solutions that identify new market growth opportunities to expand our customer base.
We have implemented strategies to generate new demand by targeting new cruisers who typically vacation at land-based destinations. Our multiple brand marketing initiatives continue to drive increased consideration with print, TV, digital, social and field marketing elements, keeping a strong commitment and continuous investment to improve the digital journey with the goal of inspiring consumers to purchase a cruise vacation with us. We continue our efforts to expand our original media content portfolio, which features three award winning TV shows and three digital shows, all featured on our own digital channel, OceanView TM, as well as our new partnership with Univision, which developed the first OCEAN TM prime-time series. Our programs airing on major networks, cable and digital video on-demand platforms, have reached over 400 million views to date. The shows create compelling experiential content that engages all audiences while inspiring them to travel the world. The
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expansion of our TV lineup across networks allows us to increase consideration and educate consumers about the cruise experience by showcasing our portfolio of brands in iconic global destinations.
Our brands have comprehensive marketing and advertising programs across diverse mediums to promote their products and services to vacationers and our travel agent partners. Each brand’s marketing activities are generally designed to reach a local region in the local language. We continue to expand our marketing efforts to attract new guests online by leveraging the reach and impact of digital marketing and social media. We have also invested in new marketing technologies to deliver more engaging and personalized communications. This helps us cultivate guests as advocates of our brands, ships, itineraries and onboard products and services. We also have blogs hosted by ship captains, cruise and entertainment directors, executive pursers and special guests.
Substantially all of our cruise brands offer past guest recognition programs that reward repeat guests with special incentives such as reduced fares, gifts, onboard activity discounts, complimentary laundry and internet services, expedited ship embarkation and disembarkation and special onboard activities.
X. Sales Relationships
We sell the majority of our cruises through travel agents and tour operators that serve our guests in their local regions. Our individual cruise brands’ relationships with their travel agents are generally independent of each of our other brands. Our travel agents relationships are generally not exclusive and travel agents generally receive a base commission, plus the potential of additional commissions, including complimentary tour conductor cabins, based on the achievement of pre-defined sales volumes.
Travel agent partners are an integral part of our long-term cruise distribution network and are critical to our success. We utilize local sales teams to motivate travel agents to support our products and services with competitive sales and pricing policies and joint marketing and advertising programs. During fiscal 2018, no controlled group of travel agencies accounted for 10% or more of our revenues. We also employ a wide variety of educational programs, including websites, seminars and videos, to train agents on our cruise brands and their products and services.
All of our brands have internet booking engines to allow travel agents to book our cruises. We also support travel agent booking capabilities through global distribution systems. All of our cruise brands have their own consumer websites that provide access to information about their products and services to users and enable their guests to quickly and easily book cruises and other products and services online. These sites interface with brands’ social networks, blogs and other social media sites, which allow them to develop greater contact and interaction with their guests before, during and after their cruise. We also employ vacation planners who support our sales initiatives by offering our guests one-on-one cruise planning expertise and other services.
We are a customer service driven company and continue to invest in our service organization to assist travel agents and guests before, during and after their cruise. We believe that our support systems and infrastructure are among the strongest in the vacation industry. Our investment in customer service includes the development of employees, processes and systems. We continually improve our systems within the reservations and customer relationship management functions, emphasizing the continuing support and training of the travel agency community.
XI. Sustainability
Our reputation and success depend on having sustainable and transparent operations. Our commitment and actions to keep our guests and crew members safe and comfortable, protect the environment, develop and provide opportunities for our workforce, strengthen stakeholder relations and enhance both the communities where we work as well as the port communities that our ships visit are vital to our success as a business enterprise and reflective of our core values. We strive to be a company that people want to work for and to be an exemplary global corporate citizen.
We voluntarily publish Sustainability Reports that address governance, stakeholder engagement, environmental, labor, human rights, society, product responsibility, economic and other sustainability-related issues and performance indicators. These reports, which are not incorporated in this document but can be viewed at www.carnivalcorp.com, www.carnivalplc.com and www.carnivalsustainability.com, were developed in accordance with the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines established by the Global Reporting Initiative, the global standard for reporting on environmental, social and governance policies, practices and performance. We have been publishing Sustainability Reports since 2011.
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In order to support our environmental strategy, our environmental management system is certified in accordance with ISO 14001. We have also developed a set of 2020 sustainability goals reinforcing our commitment to the environment, our guests, our employees and the communities in which we operate. Our ten goals listed below are aimed at reducing our environmental footprint while enhancing the health, safety and security of our guests and crew members and ensuring sustainable business practices across our brands and business partners:
Environmental Goals

• | Reduce intensity of carbon dioxide equivalent (“CO 2 e”) emissions from operations by 25% by 2020 relative to our 2005 baseline

• | Continue to improve the quality of our emissions into the air by developing, deploying and operating advanced air quality systems across our fleet

• | Increase usage of ship-to-shore power connection capabilities

• | Increase Advanced Waste Water Purification System coverage of our fleet capacity by 10 percentage points by 2020 relative to our 2014 baseline

• | Continue to improve our shipboard operations’ water use efficiency by 5% by 2020 relative to our 2010 baseline

• | Continue to reduce waste generated by our shipboard operations by 5% by 2020 relative to our 2016 baseline

Health, Safety and Security Goals

• | Continue to build on our commitment to protect the health, safety and security of guests, employees and all others working on our behalf

Sustainable Workforce and Community Goals

• | Continue to build a diverse and inclusive workforce and provide all employees with a positive work environment and opportunities to build a rewarding career to further drive employee engagement

• | Further develop and implement vendor assurance procedures ensuring compliance with Carnival Corporation & plc’s Business Partner Code of Conduct and Ethics

• | Continue to work on initiatives and partnerships that support and sponsor a broad range of organizations for the benefit of the communities where we operate

Reflecting on our commitment to sustainability and to play a leading role in matters of environmental protection in the cruise industry, we are expanding our investment in the use of low carbon fuels, in particular, LNG. We have 11 next-generation LNG cruise ships on order, including AIDAnova, entering the fleet in December 2018, the first cruise ship in the industry to be powered at sea by LNG. Pioneering a new era in the use of low carbon fuels, these new ships will have the ability to use LNG to generate 100 percent of their power both in port and on the open sea - an innovation that will reduce emissions to help protect the environment.
In addition, we continue our partnership with The Nature Conservancy, one of the world’s leading conservation organizations. They are leveraging our partnership in their efforts to restore coral reefs, protect marine ecosystems and promote natural habitats for marine environments to help reduce the impact of storms and rising sea levels in coastal communities.
XII. Employees
Our shipboard and shoreside employees are sourced from over 100 countries. Excluding employees on leave, we employ an average of 88,000 shipboard employees onboard the 104 ships we operate, which includes crew members and officers. Our shoreside operations have an average of 12,000 full-time and 2,000 part-time/seasonal employees, including seasonal employees of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours which significantly increases its work force during the late spring and summer months in connection with the Alaskan cruise season. We have entered into agreements with unions covering certain employees on our ships and in our shoreside hotel and transportation operations. The percentages of our shipboard and shoreside employees that are represented by collective bargaining agreements are 58% and 23%, respectively. We consider our employee and union relationships to be strong.
We source our shipboard officers primarily from Italy, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Norway. The remaining crew positions are sourced from around the world, with the largest contingent from the Philippines, Indonesia and India. We utilize a limited number of manning agencies to help locate and hire most of our shipboard employees.
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XIII. Training
Our cruise brands are committed to providing appropriate hotel and marine-related training to ensure that our shipboard crew, including officers, have the knowledge and skills to properly perform their jobs. We provide a diverse range of shoreside and shipboard training for our hotel staff before and after they join our ships to further enhance their skills. Specifically, we provide bar, entertainment, guest service, housekeeping, leadership, management and restaurant training. Depending on the brand, we will also provide our hotel staff with in-depth English, German and Italian language training. All our hotel staff also undergo extensive safety training and, depending on their position, will pursue advanced safety certifications. We partner closely with manning agencies to help provide this training in Manila, Philippines; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Mumbai, India.
Our goal is to be a leader in delivering high quality professional maritime training. In 2016, we expanded our training operations with the opening of the Arison Maritime Center. The centerpiece of the campus is the Center for Simulator Maritime Training (“CSMART”). The CSMART Academy features the most advanced bridge and engine room simulator technology and equipment available with the capacity to provide annual professional training for all our bridge and engineering officers. CSMART participants receive a maritime training experience that fosters critical thinking, problem solving, ethical decision making and skill development. In 2017, CSMART launched an environmental officer training program and began offering additional environmental courses for bridge and engineering officers to further enhance our training on social responsibility and environmental protection. During 2018, we provided training to nearly 6,800 bridge and engineering officers at CSMART.
XIV. Information Technology
With the increasing size and sophistication of cruise ships, the technologies employed to create guest experiences and operate ships have grown ever more complex and integrated. Our global information technology model is designed to contribute to exceeding expectations of our guests, crew, shoreside employees and other stakeholders. This model is focused on supporting exceptional guest experiences while increasingly leveraging common technologies to drive process efficiency and effectiveness across our portfolio of brands. In order to achieve our goals, we are focusing on applications, connectivity, cybersecurity, privacy, infrastructure and innovation. In response to the increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks, we are striving to provide protection of guest, employee, company and other data and develop best practices that focus on people, process and technology to combat threats and malicious activity. In addition, we have established a committee to further our focus on minimization, protection, and proper handling of private data.
All of our brands are actively collaborating on our global information technology solutions, standards and processes across our shoreside and shipboard environment. By aligning technology planning, infrastructure, security, privacy and applications, we continue to maximize the business value of our information technology investments by eliminating redundancies and driving synergies across the brands while identifying and leveraging best practices and establishing common standards.
XV. Innovation
We have successfully delivered innovation to our guests for more than four decades. Our continuous innovation with ship design allows our guests to enjoy carefully crafted experiences while effortlessly en-route to their next port-of-call. Our leading port development has opened new locations and experiences to our guests.
Our innovation pursuit is focused on creating amazing guest experiences and leveraging our enterprise scale. This focus has driven the creation of our newly developed “Experience Platform”. The guest centric experience platform leverages multiple proprietary technologies that work together to power guest experiences.

• | OceanMedallion TM - a revolutionary wearable device that enables a highly personalized vacation experience that works in conjunction with a portfolio of digital experiences all focused on simplifying guest access to experiences and facilitating a more immersive vacation

• | xiOT TM - an invisible network of interactive intelligent sensors and embedded devices mounted throughout the ship, home ports and destinations that uses a guest-centric, Internet of Things approach to enable a seamless guest experience

In 2018, we opened the third of three state-of-the-art Fleet Operations Centers (“FOC”) with advanced ship to shore communications technology. We continue to develop, implement and utilize cutting-edge proprietary technology at these centers to enhance our ability to monitor ship nautical and technical performance in real time, including fuel consumption,
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engine performance and air emissions. The centers allow for improved communications between the ship and shore, and immediate support to our ships for route planning, maritime safety and risk management.
In 2018, we completed the roll-out of our state-of-the-art revenue management system across six brands. Additionally, we introduced several new mobile applications, including Carnival Cruise Line’s Hub App, Costa’s MyCosta and AIDA’s myAIDA. AIDA also completed the fleet-wide roll out of Seamless check-in, enabling an embarkation process of just thirty seconds per guest.
XVI. Supply Chain
We incur expenses for goods and services to deliver exceptional cruise experiences to our guests. In addition, we incur significant capital expenditures for materials to support the refurbishment and enhancements of our vessels as well as to build new ships. We approach our spend strategically and look for suppliers who demonstrate the ability to help us leverage our scale in terms of cost, quality, service and innovation. We are focused on the creation of strategic partnerships and will streamline our supplier base, where it is prudent. Our largest capital investments are for the construction of new ships. We have agreements in place for the construction of 21 cruise ships with four shipyards.
XVII. Insurance

a. | General

We maintain insurance to cover a number of risks associated with owning and operating our vessels and other non-ship related risks. All such insurance policies are subject to coverage limits, exclusions and deductible levels. Insurance premiums are dependent on our own loss experience and the general premium requirements of our insurers. We maintain certain levels of deductibles for substantially all the below-mentioned coverages. We may increase our deductibles to mitigate future premium increases. We do not carry coverage related to loss of earnings or revenues from our ships or other operations.

b. | Protection and Indemnity (“P&I”) Coverages

Liabilities, costs and expenses for illness and injury to crew, guest injury, pollution and other third party claims in connection with our cruise activities are covered by our P&I clubs, which are mutual indemnity associations owned by ship owners.
We are members of three P&I clubs, Gard, Steamship Mutual and UK Club, which are part of a worldwide group of 13 P&I clubs, known as the International Group of P&I Clubs (the “IG”). The IG insures directly, and through broad and established reinsurance markets, a large portion of the world’s shipping fleets. Coverage is subject to the P&I clubs’ rules and the limits of coverage are determined by the IG.

c. | Hull and Machinery Insurance

We maintain insurance on the hull and machinery of each of our ships for reasonable amounts as determined by management. The coverage for hull and machinery is provided by large and well-established international marine insurers. Insurers make it a condition for insurance coverage that a ship be certified as “in class” by a classification society that is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies (“IACS”). All of our ships are routinely inspected and certified to be in class by an IACS member.

d. | War Risk Insurance

We maintain war risk insurance for legal liability to crew, guests and other third parties as well as loss or damage to our vessels arising from war or war-like actions, including terrorist incidents. Items excluded from this coverage are claims arising from chemical, nuclear and biological attacks. Our primary war risk insurance coverage is provided by international marine insurers and our excess war risk insurance is provided by our three P&I clubs. Under the terms of our war risk insurance coverage, which are typical for war risk policies in the marine industry, insurers can give us seven days’ notice that the insurance policies will be cancelled. However, the policies can be reinstated at different premium rates. This gives insurers the ability to increase our premiums following events that they determine have increased their risk.
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e. | Other Insurance

We maintain property insurance covering our shoreside assets and casualty insurance covering liabilities to third parties arising from our hotel and transportation business, shore excursion operations and shoreside operations, including our port and related commercial facilities. We also maintain worker’s compensation, director’s and officer’s liability and other insurance coverages.
XVIII. Port Destinations and Private Islands
In select geographies around the world we operate a portfolio of leading port destinations and private islands to grow demand and create relative scarcity. This enables us to offer exceptional guest experiences by creating a wide variety of high quality destinations around the world that are uniquely tailored to our guests’ preferences. In addition, to secure preferential berth access to third party ports, we coordinate across brands to negotiate berthing agreements and to secure preferred access through shared agreements and commitments.
XIX. Governmental Regulations
a. Maritime Regulations
1. General
Our ships are regulated by numerous international, national, state and local laws, regulations, treaties and other legal requirements that govern health, environmental, safety and security matters in relation to our guests, crew and ships. These requirements change regularly, sometimes on a daily basis, depending on the itineraries of our ships and the ports and countries visited. If we violate or fail to comply with any of these laws, regulations, treaties and other requirements we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators. We are committed to complying with, or exceeding, all relevant maritime requirements.
The primary regulatory bodies that establish maritime laws and requirements applicable to our ships include:
The International Maritime Organization (“IMO”): All of our ships, and the maritime industry as a whole, are subject to the maritime safety, security and environmental regulations established by the IMO, a specialized agency of the United Nations. The IMO’s principal sets of requirements are mandated through its International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (“SOLAS”) and its International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (“MARPOL”).
Flag States: Our ships are registered, or flagged, in The Bahamas, Bermuda, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Panama and the UK, which are also referred to as Flag States. Our ships are regulated by these Flag States through international conventions that govern health, environmental, safety and security matters in relation to our guests, crew and ships. Representatives of each Flag State conduct periodic inspections, surveys and audits to verify compliance with these requirements.
Ship classification societies: Class certification is one of the necessary documents required for our cruise ships to be flagged in a specific country, obtain liability insurance and legally operate as passenger cruise ships. Our ships are subject to periodic class surveys, including dry-dock inspections, by ship classification societies to verify that our ships have been maintained in accordance with the rules of the classification societies and that recommended repairs have been satisfactorily completed. Dry-dock frequency is a statutory requirement mandated by SOLAS. Our ships dry-dock once or twice every five years, depending on the age of the ship.
National, regional, state and local authorities: We are subject to the decrees, directives, regulations and requirements of the European Union (“EU”), the U.S., U.S. states and hundreds of other international ports that our ships visit every year.
Port regulatory authorities (Port State Control): Our ships are also subject to inspection by the port regulatory authorities, which are also referred to as Port State Control, in the various countries that they visit. Such inspections include verification of compliance with the maritime safety, security, environmental, customs, immigration, health and labor requirements applicable to each port, as well as with regional, national and international requirements. Many countries have joined together to form regional port regulatory authorities.
As members of the Cruise Line International Association (“CLIA”), we helped to develop and have implemented policies that are intended to enhance shipboard safety throughout the cruise industry. In some cases this calls for implementing best
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practices, which are in excess of existing legal requirements. Further details on these and other policies can be found on www.cruising.org.
Our BODs have HESS Committees, which were comprised of four independent directors during 2018. The principal function of the HESS Committees is to assist the boards in fulfilling their responsibility to supervise and monitor our health, environment, safety, security and sustainability related policies, programs and initiatives at sea and ashore and compliance with related legal and regulatory requirements. The HESS Committees and our management team review all significant relevant risks or exposures and associated mitigating actions.
We are committed to implementing appropriate measures to manage identified risks effectively. We have a Chief Maritime Officer to oversee our global maritime operations, including maritime quality assurance and policy, maritime affairs, environmental compliance, shipbuilding, ship refits and research and development. To ensure that we are compliant with legal and regulatory requirements and that these areas of our business operate in an efficient manner we:

• | Provide regular health, environmental, safety and security support, training, guidance and information to guests, employees and others working on our behalf

• | Develop and implement effective and verifiable management systems to fulfill our health, environmental, safety, security and sustainability commitments

• | Perform regular shoreside and shipboard audits and take appropriate action when deficiencies are identified

• | Report and investigate all health, environmental, safety and security incidents and take appropriate action to prevent recurrence

• | Identify those employees responsible for managing health, safety, environment, security and sustainability programs and ensure that there are clear lines of accountability

• | Identify the aspects of our business that impact the environment and continue to take appropriate action to minimize that impact

2. Maritime Safety Regulations
The IMO has adopted safety standards as part of SOLAS. To help ensure guest and crew safety, SOLAS establishes requirements for the following:

• Vessel design and structural features | • Life-saving and other equipment
• Construction and materials | • Fire protection and detection
• Refurbishment standards | • Safe management and operation
• Radio communications | • Musters

All of our crew undergo regular safety training that meets or exceeds all international maritime regulations, including SOLAS requirements which are periodically revised.
SOLAS requires implementation of the International Safety Management Code (“ISM Code”), which provides an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention. The ISM Code is mandatory for passenger vessel operators. Under the ISM Code, vessel operators are required to:

• | Develop a Safety Management System (“SMS”) that includes, among other things, the adoption of safety and environmental protection policies setting forth instructions and procedures for operating vessels safely and describing procedures for responding to emergencies and protecting the environment

• | Obtain a Document of Compliance (“DOC”) for the vessel operator, as well as a Safety Management Certificate (“SMC”) for each vessel they operate. These documents are issued by the vessel’s Flag State and evidence compliance with the SMS

• | Verify or renew DOCs and SMCs periodically in accordance with the ISM Code

We have implemented and continue to enhance policies and procedures that demonstrate our commitment to the safety of our guests and crew. These policies and procedures include the following:

• | Training of our bridge, engineering and environmental officers in maritime related best practices at our new CSMART Academy, the Center for Simulator Maritime Training located within our Arison Maritime Center in Almere, Netherlands

• | Further standardization of our detailed bridge and engine resource management procedures on all of our ships

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• | Expansion of our existing oversight function to monitor bridge and engine room operations through state of the art fleet operations centers in Miami, Seattle and Hamburg

• | Identifying and standardizing best-practice policies and procedures in health, environment, safety and security disciplines across the entire organization including on all our ships

• | Further enhancement of our processes for auditing our HESS performance throughout our operations

3. Maritime Security Regulations
Our ships are subject to numerous security requirements. These requirements include the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, which is part of SOLAS, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, which addresses U.S. port and waterway security and the U.S. Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act of 2010, which applies to all of our ships that embark or disembark passengers in the U.S. These regulations include requirements as to the following:

• | Implementation of specific security measures, including onboard installation of a ship security alert system

• | Assessment of vessel security

• | Efforts to identify and deter security threats

• | Training, drills and exercises

• | Security plans that may include guest, vehicle and baggage screening procedures, security patrols, establishment of restricted areas, personnel identification procedures, access control measures and installation of surveillance equipment

• | Establishment of procedures and policies for reporting and managing allegations of crimes

4. Maritime Environmental Regulations
We are subject to numerous international, national, state and local environmental laws, regulations and treaties that govern air emissions, waste discharges, water management and disposal, and the storage, handling, use and disposal of hazardous substances such as chemicals, solvents and paints.
As a means of managing and improving our environmental performance and compliance, we adhere to standards set by ISO, an international standard-setting body, which produces worldwide industrial and commercial standards. The environmental management system of our company and ships is certified in accordance with ISO 14001, the environmental management standard that was developed to help organizations manage the environmental impacts of their processes, products and services. ISO 14001 defines an approach to setting and achieving environmental objectives and targets, within a structured management framework.
i. International Regulations
The principal international convention governing marine pollution prevention and response is MARPOL.
a. Preventing and Minimizing Pollution
MARPOL includes four annexes containing requirements designed to prevent and minimize both accidental and operational pollution by oil, sewage, garbage and air emissions and sets forth specific requirements related to vessel operations, equipment, recordkeeping and reporting that are designed to prevent and minimize pollution. All of our ships must carry an International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate, an International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate, an International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate and a Garbage Management Plan. The ship’s Flag State issues these certificates, which evidence their compliance with the MARPOL regulations regarding prevention of pollution by oil, sewage, garbage and air emissions. Certain jurisdictions have not adopted all of these MARPOL annexes but have established various national, regional or local laws and regulations that apply to these areas.
As noted above, MARPOL governs the prevention of pollution by oil from operational measures, as well as from accidental discharges. MARPOL requires that discharges of machinery space bilge water pass through pollution prevention equipment that separates oil from the water and monitors the discharged water to ensure that the effluent does not exceed 15 parts per million oil content and we have voluntarily committed to upgrade the oil separation equipment to the latest MARPOL standards onboard all of our ships by early 2019. Our ships must have oily water separators with oil content monitors installed and must maintain a record of certain engine room operations in an Oil Record Book. In addition, we have voluntarily installed redundant systems on all of our ships that monitor processed bilge water through discharge to ensure that it contains no more than 15 parts
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per million oil content. This system provides additional controls to prevent improper bilge water discharges. MARPOL also requires that our ships have Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plans.
MARPOL also governs the discharge of sewage from ships and contains regulations regarding the ships’ equipment and systems for the control of sewage discharge, the provision of facilities at ports and terminals for the reception of sewage and requirements for survey and certification.
MARPOL also governs the discharge of garbage from ships and requires the implementation of Garbage Management Plan and the maintenance of a Garbage Record Book.
Furthermore, MARPOL addresses air emissions from vessels, establishes requirements for the prevention of air pollution from ships to reduce emissions of sulfur (“SOx”), nitrogen (“NOx”) and particulate matter. It also contains restrictions on the use of ozone depleting substances (“ODS”) and requires the recording of ODS use, equipment containing ODS and the emission of ODS.
b. Sulfur Emissions
MARPOL also addresses air emissions from vessels in both auxiliary and main propulsion diesel engines on ships and further specifies requirements for Emission Control Areas (“ECAs”) with stricter limitations on sulfur emissions in these areas. Since 2015, ships operating in a number of regions throughout the world have been required to use fuel with a sulfur content of no more than 0.1% or 0.5% (depending on the ECA), or to use alternative emission reduction methods, such as advanced air quality systems. Additional local and regional ECAs have come into force since 2015.
The International Maritime Organization’s Marine Environment Protection Committee has agreed to implement a global 0.5% sulfur cap for marine fuel beginning in 2020. The EU Parliament and Council have also set a 2020 implementation date for their 0.5% sulfur content fuel requirement (the “EU Sulfur Directive”). The options to comply with both the global 0.5% sulfur cap and the EU Sulfur Directive include the use of low sulfur fuel, installation of advanced air quality systems, or the use of alternative fuels, which may increase our fuel costs.
We have been installing advanced air quality systems on our ships. These efforts are mitigating much of the impact from the ECA requirements. Given the installation schedule, we expect to use a greater percentage of low sulfur fuel in 2020, which may increase our fuel costs.
c. Other Ship Emission Abatement Methods
In the long-term, the cost impacts of meeting progressively lower sulfur emission requirements may be further mitigated by the favorable impact of future changes in the supply and demand balance for marine and other types of fuel, future developments of and investments in improved sulfur emission abatement technologies, the use of alternative lower cost and lower emission fuels and our continued efforts to improve the overall fuel efficiency across our fleet. Since 2007, we have achieved approximately 30% cumulative reduction in unit fuel consumption by focusing on more efficient itineraries, a wide variety of ships’ system hardware and software, energy-efficiency upgrades (including hull coatings, air conditioning and engine performance improvement), creating collaborative energy-savings groups across operating lines and ship’s staff energy use awareness and training.
As part of our emission abatement program, we have continued our work with several local port authorities to utilize cruise ship shore power connections and have equipped 47 ships with the capability to utilize shore power technology. This technology enables our ships to use power from the local electricity provider rather than running their engines while in port to power their onboard services, thus reducing our ship air emissions.
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Similarly, in an effort to extend our commitment to sustainability and to play a leading role in matters of environmental protection in the cruise industry, we are expanding our investment in the use of low carbon fuels, in particular, LNG:

• | AIDAprima and AIDAperla are the first cruise ships in the world that regularly use dual-fuel engines for an energy supply with LNG while in ports on Northern European and other itineraries

• | AIDAnova will be the first cruise ship in the world with the ability to use LNG to generate 100 percent of its power both in port and on the open sea. We have 11 next generation LNG cruise ships on order, including AIDAnova, entering the fleet in December 2018. These innovative ships will reduce exhaust emissions to help protect the environment

d. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (“GHG”)
In 2013, the IMO approved measures to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions of GHGs from international shipping by adopting technical and operational measures for all ships. The technical measures apply to the design of new vessels, and the operational reduction measures apply to all vessels. Operational reduction measures have been implemented through a variety of means, including a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, improved voyage planning and more frequent propeller and hull cleanings. We have established objectives within the ISO 14001 environmental management system for each of our brands to further reduce fuel consumption rates and the resulting GHG emissions.
In 2016, the IMO approved the implementation of a mandatory data collection system for fuel oil consumption. This amendment will require ships of 5,000 gross tons and above to provide fuel oil consumption data to their respective flag State at the end of each calendar year, formally beginning in 2019. Flag States will then validate the data and transfer it to an IMO database. The IMO will produce an annual report with anonymous data. In early 2018, the IMO also committed to several shipping industry GHG emission reduction goals with 2030 and 2050 target dates.
e. Ballast Water
In 2017, MARPOL began to govern the discharge of ballast water from ships through the MARPOL Ballast Water Management Convention. However, amendments were made to the regulation that effectively extend the implementation date for existing ships by two years. Ballast water is seawater used to stabilize ships at sea and maintain safe operating conditions throughout a voyage. Ballast can carry a multitude of marine species. The Convention is designed to regulate the treatment of ballast water prior to discharging overboard in order to avoid the transfer of marine species to new environments.
ii. U.S. Federal and State Regulations
The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships authorizes the implementation of several MARPOL Annexes in the U.S. and imposes numerous requirements on our ships, as discussed above. Administrative, civil and criminal penalties may be assessed for violations.
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA 90”) established a comprehensive federal liability regime, as well as prevention and response requirements, relating to discharges of oil in U.S. waters. The major requirements include demonstrating financial responsibility up to the liability limits and having oil spill response plans in place. We have Certificates of Financial Responsibility that demonstrate our ability to meet the maximum amount of OPA 90 related liability that our ships could be subject to for removal costs and damages, such as from an oil spill or a release of a hazardous substance. Under OPA 90, owners or operators of vessels operating in U.S. waters must file Vessel Response Plans with the U.S. Coast Guard and must operate in compliance with these plans. As OPA 90 expressly allows coastal states to impose liabilities and requirements beyond those imposed under federal law, many U.S. states have enacted laws more stringent than OPA 90. Some of these state laws impose unlimited liability for oil spills and contain more stringent financial responsibility and contingency planning requirements.
The Clean Water Act (“CWA”) provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) with the authority to regulate commercial vessels’ incidental discharges of ballast water, bilge water, gray water, anti-fouling paints and other substances during normal operations within the U.S. three mile territorial sea and inland waters. Pursuant to the CWA authority, the U.S. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System was designed to minimize pollution within U.S. territorial waters. For our affected ships, all of the requirements are laid out in EPA’s Vessel General Permit (“VGP”) for discharges incidental to the normal operations of vessels. The VGP establishes effluent limits for 27 specific discharges incidental to the normal operation of a vessel. In addition to these discharge and vessel specific requirements, the VGP includes requirements for inspections,
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monitoring, reporting and record-keeping. The United States government recently passed the Vessel Incidental Discharge Act (VIDA), an act that will clarify and streamline discharge requirements for the waste streams covered by the VGP and added a new Clean Water Act Section called “Uniform National Standards for Discharges Incidental to Normal Operation of Vessels.” VIDA will eventually eliminate the VGP; however, while the standards and regulations are being developed, the 2013 VGP has been administratively extended. There is uncertainty over what to expect with VIDA, including the limits to which VIDA will apply and the mechanism through which state-specific standards would be implemented.
We are subject to the requirements of the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act for the transportation and disposal of both hazardous and non-hazardous solid wastes that are generated by our ships. In general, vessel owners are required to determine if their wastes are hazardous, comply with certain standards for the proper management of hazardous wastes and use hazardous waste manifests for shipments to approved disposal facilities.
The U.S. National Invasive Species Act (“NISA”) was enacted in response to growing reports of harmful organisms being released into U.S. waters through ballast water taken on by vessels in foreign waters. The U.S. Coast Guard adopted regulations under NISA that impose mandatory ballast water management practices for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks entering U.S. waters. These requirements can be met by performing mid-ocean ballast exchange, by retaining ballast water onboard the vessel or by using environmentally sound ballast water treatment methods approved by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Most U.S. states that border navigable waterways or sea coasts have also enacted environmental regulations that impose strict liability for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance.
The state of Alaska has enacted legislation that prohibits certain discharges in designated Alaskan waters and sets effluent limits on others. Further, the state requires that certain discharges be reported and monitored to verify compliance with the standards established by the legislation. Environmental regimes in Alaska are more stringent than the U.S. federal requirements with regard to discharges from vessels. The legislation also provides that repeat violators of the regulations could be prohibited from operating in Alaskan waters. The state of California also has environmental requirements significantly more stringent than federal requirements for water discharges and air emissions.
iii. EU Regulations
The EU has adopted a broad range of substantial environmental measures aimed at improving the quality of the environment for European citizens. To support the implementation and enforcement of European environmental legislation, the EU has adopted directives on environmental liability and enforcement and a recommendation providing for minimum criteria for environmental inspections.
The European Commission’s (“EC”) strategy is to reduce atmospheric emissions from ships. The EC strategy seeks to implement SOx Emission Control Areas set out in MARPOL, as discussed above.
The EC has also implemented regulations aimed at reducing GHG emissions from maritime shipping through a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (“MRV”) regulation, which began collecting emissions data in 2018 from ships over 5,000 gross tons to monitor and report their carbon emissions on all voyages to, from and between European Union ports.
5. Maritime Health Regulations
We are committed to providing a healthy environment for all of our guests and crew. We collaborate with public health inspection programs throughout the world, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the U.S. (“CDC”) and the SHIPSAN Project in the EU to ensure that development of these programs leads to enhanced health and hygiene onboard our ships. Through our collaborative efforts, we work with the authorities to develop and revise guidelines, review plans and conduct on-site inspections for all newbuilds and significant ship renovations. In addition, we continue to maintain our ships by meeting, and often exceeding, applicable public health guidelines and requirements, complying with inspections, reporting communicable illnesses and conducting regular crew training and guest education programs.
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6. Maritime Labor Regulations
The International Labor Organization develops and oversees international labor standards and includes a broad range of requirements, such as the definition of a seafarer, minimum age of seafarers, medical certificates, recruitment practices, training, repatriation, food, recreational facilities, health and welfare, hours of work and rest, accommodations, wages and entitlements.
The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, as amended, establishes additional minimum standards relating to training, including security training, certification and watchkeeping for our seafarers.
b. Consumer Financial Responsibility Regulations
In most major countries where we source our guests, we are required to establish financial responsibility, such as obtaining a guarantee from financially stable financial institutions and insurance companies, to satisfy liability in cases of our non-performance of obligations to our guests. The amount of financial responsibility varies by jurisdiction based on the amount mandated by the applicable local regulatory agencies or association.
In Australia and most of Europe, we may be obligated to honor our guests’ cruise payments made by them to their travel agents and tour operators regardless of whether we receive these payments.
XX. Taxation
A summary of our principal taxes and exemptions in the jurisdictions where our significant operations are located is as follows:

a. | U.S. Income Tax

We are primarily foreign corporations engaged in the business of operating cruise ships in international transportation. We also own and operate, among other businesses, the U.S. hotel and transportation business of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours through U.S. corporations.
Our North American cruise ship businesses and certain ship-owning subsidiaries are engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. Depending on its itinerary, any particular ship may generate income from sources within the U.S. We believe that our U.S. source income and the income of our ship-owning subsidiaries, to the extent derived from, or incidental to, the international operation of a ship or ships, is currently exempt from U.S. federal income and branch profit taxes.
Our domestic U.S. operations, principally the hotel and transportation business of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours, are subject to federal and state income taxation in the U.S.

1. | Application of Section 883 of the Internal Revenue Code

In general, under Section 883 of the Internal Revenue Code, certain non-U.S. corporations (such as our North American cruise ship businesses) are not subject to U.S. federal income tax or branch profits tax on U.S. source income derived from, or incidental to, the international operation of a ship or ships. Applicable U.S. Treasury regulations provide in general that a foreign corporation will qualify for the benefits of Section 883 if, in relevant part, (i) the foreign country in which the foreign corporation is organized grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the U.S. in respect of each category of shipping income for which an exemption is being claimed under Section 883 (an “equivalent exemption jurisdiction”) and (ii) the foreign corporation meets a defined publicly-traded corporation stock ownership test (the “publicly-traded test”). Subsidiaries of foreign corporations that are organized in an equivalent exemption jurisdiction and meet the publicly-traded test also benefit from Section 883. We believe that Panama is an equivalent exemption jurisdiction and that Carnival Corporation currently satisfies the publicly-traded test under the regulations. Accordingly, substantially all of Carnival Corporation’s income is exempt from U.S. federal income and branch profit taxes.
Regulations under Section 883 list certain activities that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) does not consider to be incidental to the international operation of ships and, therefore, the income attributable to such activities, to the extent such income is U.S. source, does not qualify for the Section 883 exemption. Among the activities identified as not incidental are income from the sale of air transportation, transfers, shore excursions and pre- and post-cruise land packages to the extent earned from sources within the U.S.
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2. | Exemption Under Applicable Income Tax Treaties

We believe that the U.S. source transportation income earned by Carnival plc and its subsidiaries currently qualifies for exemption from U.S. federal income tax under applicable bilateral U.S. income tax treaties.

3. | U.S. State Income Tax

Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc and certain of their subsidiaries are subject to various U.S. state income taxes generally imposed on each state’s portion of the U.S. source income subject to U.S. federal income taxes. However, the state of Alaska imposes an income tax on its allocated portion of the total income of our companies doing business in Alaska and certain of their subsidiaries.

b. | UK and Australian Income Tax

Cunard, P&O Cruises (UK) and P&O Cruises (Australia) are divisions of Carnival plc and have elected to enter the UK tonnage tax under a rolling ten-year term and, accordingly, reapply every year. Companies to which the tonnage tax regime applies pay corporation taxes on profits calculated by reference to the net tonnage of qualifying ships. UK corporation tax is not chargeable under the normal UK tax rules on these brands’ relevant shipping income. Relevant shipping income includes income from the operation of qualifying ships and from shipping related activities.
For a company to be eligible for the regime, it must be subject to UK corporation tax and, among other matters, operate qualifying ships that are strategically and commercially managed in the UK. Companies within UK tonnage tax are also subject to a seafarer training requirement.
Our UK non-shipping activities that do not qualify under the UK tonnage tax regime remain subject to normal UK corporation tax. Dividends received from subsidiaries of Carnival plc doing business outside the UK are generally exempt from UK corporation tax.
P&O Cruises (Australia) and all of the other cruise ships operated internationally by Carnival plc for the cruise segment of the Australian vacation region are exempt from Australian corporation tax by virtue of the UK/Australian income tax treaty.

c. | Italian and German Income Tax

In early 2015, Costa and AIDA re-elected to enter the Italian tonnage tax regime through 2024 and can reapply for an additional ten-year period beginning in early 2025. Companies to which the tonnage tax regime applies pay corporation taxes on shipping profits calculated by reference to the net tonnage of qualifying ships.
Most of Costa’s and AIDA’s earnings that are not eligible for taxation under the Italian tonnage tax regime will be taxed at an effective tax rate of 4.8%.
Substantially all of AIDA’s earnings are exempt from German income taxes by virtue of the Germany/Italy income tax treaty.

d. | Asian Countries Income and Other Taxes

Substantially all of our brands’ income from their international operations in Asian countries is exempt from income tax by virtue of relevant income tax treaties. In addition, the income is exempt from indirect taxes in China under relevant income tax treaties and other circulars.

e. | Other

In addition to or in place of income taxes, virtually all jurisdictions where our ships call impose taxes, fees and other charges based on guest counts, ship tonnage, passenger capacity or some other measure.
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XXI. Trademarks and Other Intellectual Property
We own, use and/or have registered or licensed numerous trademarks, patents and patent pending designs and technology, copyrights and domain names, which have considerable value and some of which are widely recognized throughout the world. These intangible assets enable us to distinguish our cruise products and services, ships and programs from those of our competitors. We own or license the trademarks for the trade names of our cruise brands, each of which we believe is a widely-recognized brand in the cruise industry, as well as our ship names and a wide variety of cruise products and services.
XXII. Competition
We compete with land-based vacation alternatives throughout the world, such as hotels, resorts (including all-inclusive resorts), theme parks, organized tours, casinos, vacation ownership properties, and other internet-based alternative lodging sites. Based on the most recent G.P. Wild Cruise Industry Statistical Review, we, along with our principal cruise competitors Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings, Ltd. and MSC Cruises, carry approximately 84% of all global cruise guests.
D. Website Access to Carnival Corporation & plc SEC Reports
We use our websites as channels of distribution of company information. Our Form 10-K, joint Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, joint Current Reports on Form 8-K, joint Proxy Statement related to our annual shareholders meeting, Section 16 filings and all amendments to those reports are available free of charge at www.carnivalcorp.com and www.carnivalplc.com and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed or furnished these reports with the SEC. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information when you enroll your email address by visiting the Investor Services section of our websites. The content of any website referred to in this document is not incorporated by reference into this document.
E. Industry and Market Data
This document includes market share and industry data and forecasts that we obtained from industry publications, third-party surveys and internal company surveys. Industry publications, including those from CLIA, G.P. Wild, and surveys and forecasts, including those from ASTA, generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. CLIA is a non-profit marketing and training organization formed in 1975 to promote cruising and offer support and training for the travel agent community in North America. CLIA participates in the regulatory and policy development process while supporting measures that foster a safe, secure and healthy cruise ship environment. In addition, CLIA facilitates strategic relationships between cruise industry suppliers and organizations, cruise lines, ports and shipyards and provides a forum for interaction with governmental agencies. All CLIA information, obtained from the CLIA website www.cruising.org, relates to the CLIA member cruise lines. In 2018, CLIA represents over 50 cruise brands that operate more than 95% of cruise industry capacity. G.P Wild is an authoritative source of cruise industry statistics and publishes a number of reports and industry reviews. All G.P. Wild information is obtained from their annual Cruise Industry Statistical Review. All other references to third party information are publicly available at nominal or no cost. We use the most currently available industry and market data to support statements as to our market positions. Although we believe that the industry publications and third-party sources are reliable, we have not independently verified any of the data. Similarly, while we believe our internal estimates with respect to our industry are reliable, they have not been verified by any independent sources. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding any industry data presented herein, our estimates, in particular as they relate to market share and our general expectations, involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors and Exhibit 13, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in this Form 10-K.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
You should carefully consider the specific risk factors set forth below and the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this document, as these are important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from our expected or historical results. Some of the statements in this item and elsewhere in this document are “forward-looking statements.” For a discussion of those statements and of other factors to consider see the “Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results” section below.
The ordering and lettering of the risk factors set forth below is not intended to reflect any Company indication of priority or likelihood.
a. Adverse world events impacting the ability or desire of people to travel may lead to a decline in demand for cruises
We may be impacted by the public’s concerns regarding the safety and security of travel, including government travel advisories and travel restrictions, political instability and civil unrest, and other general concerns. Additionally, we may be impacted by heightened regulations around customs and border control, travel bans to and from certain geographical areas, government policies increasing the difficulty of travel and limitations on issuing international travel visas. We may also be impacted by adverse changes in the perceived or actual economic climate, such as global or regional recessions, higher unemployment and underemployment rates and declines in income levels. In 2019, uncertainties resulting from the UK’s expected exit from the European Union may impact our business.
b. Incidents concerning our ships, guests or the cruise vacation industry as well as adverse weather conditions and other natural disasters may impact the satisfaction of our guests and crew and lead to reputational damage
Our operations involve the risk of incidents and media coverage thereof. Such incidents include, but are not limited to, the improper operation or maintenance of ships, motorcoaches and trains; guest and crew illnesses; mechanical failures, fires and collisions; repair delays, groundings and navigational errors; oil spills and other maritime and environmental issues as well as other incidents at sea or while in port or on land which may cause guest and crew discomfort, injury, or death. Although our commitment to the safety and comfort of our guests and crew is paramount to the success of our business, our ships have been involved in accidents and other incidents in the past and we may experience similar or other incidents in the future.
Our cruise ships, hotels, land tours, port and related commercial facilities and shore excursions may be impacted by adverse weather patterns or other natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, fires, tornados, tsunamis, typhoons and volcanic eruptions. It is possible that we could be forced to alter itineraries or cancel a cruise or a series of cruises or tours due to these or other types of disruptions. In addition, these and any other events which impact the travel industry more generally may negatively impact our guests’ or crew’s ability or desire to travel to or from our ships and/or interrupt the supply of critical goods and services.
c. Changes in and non-compliance with laws and regulations under which we operate, such as those relating to health, environment, safety and security, data privacy and protection, anti-corruption, economic sanctions, trade protection and tax may lead to litigation, enforcement actions, fines, penalties, and reputational damage
We are subject to numerous international, national, state and local laws, regulations, treaties and other legal requirements that govern health, environmental, safety and security matters in relation to our guests, crew and ships. These requirements change regularly, sometimes on a daily basis, depending on the itineraries of our ships and the ports and countries visited. If we violate or fail to comply with any of these laws, regulations, treaties and other requirements we could be, and have previously been, fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.
We are subject to laws and requirements related to the treatment and protection of sensitive data in the jurisdictions where we operate. Various governments, agencies and regulatory organizations have enacted or are considering new rules and regulations. In the course of doing business, we collect guest, employee, company and other third-party data, including personally identifiable information and other sensitive data.
Our operations subject us to potential liability under anti-corruption laws and regulations. We may also be affected by economic sanctions, trade protection laws, policies and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment.
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We are also subject to compliance with tax laws, regulations and treaties in the jurisdictions in which we are incorporated or operate. These tax laws, regulations and treaties are subject to change at any time, which may result in substantially higher tax liabilities. Additionally, the relevant authorities’ interpretation of tax laws, regulations and treaties could differ materially from ours.

d. | Breaches in data security and lapses in data privacy as well as disruptions and other damages to our principal offices, information technology operations and system networks and failure to keep pace with developments in technology may adversely impact our business operations, the satisfaction of our guests and crew and lead to reputational damage

We may be impacted by breaches in data security and lapses in data privacy, which occur from time to time. These can vary in scope and intent from economically driven attacks to malicious attacks targeting our key operating systems with the intent to disrupt or compromise our shoreside and shipboard operations. Like many companies, we have been and continue to be subject to unauthorized access or use of digital systems and networks through human error or for purposes of misappropriating assets or obtaining sensitive financial, medical or other personal or business information.
Our principal offices, information technology operations and system networks may be impacted by actual or threatened natural disasters (for example, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, fires, tornados, tsunamis, typhoons and volcanic eruptions) or other disruptive events. Our maritime and/or shoreside operations, including our ability to manage our inventory of cabins held for sale and set pricing, control costs, and serve our guests, depends on the reliability of our information technology operations and system networks as well as our ability to refine and update to more advanced systems and technologies.

e. | Ability to recruit, develop and retain qualified shipboard personnel who live away from home for extended periods of time may adversely impact our business operations, guest services and satisfaction

We hire a significant number of qualified shipboard personnel each year and, thus, our ability to adequately recruit, develop and retain these individuals is critical to our success. Incidents involving cruise ships and the related adverse media publicity, adverse economic conditions that negatively affect our profitability and increasing demand as a result of our and the industry’s projected growth could negatively impact our ability to recruit, develop and retain sufficient qualified shipboard personnel.

f. | Increases in fuel prices and availability of fuel supply may adversely impact our scheduled itineraries and costs

We may be impacted by economic, market and political conditions around the world, such as fuel demand, regulatory requirements, supply disruptions and related infrastructure needs, which make it difficult to predict the future price and availability of fuel. Future increases in the global price of fuel would increase the cost of our cruise ship operations as well as some of our other expenses, such as crew travel, freight and commodity prices. Increases in airfares, which could result from increases in the price of fuel, would increase our guests’ overall vacation costs as many of our guests depend on airlines to transport them to or from the airports near the ports where our cruises embark and disembark.
Additionally, certain of our ships are designed to use LNG as a fuel source. At this time, the marine LNG distribution infrastructure is in the early stages of development with a limited number of suppliers and purchasing is usually made through long-term contracts. We may experience difficulties in operating and maintaining new LNG-based engine technology.

g. | Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may adversely impact our financial results

We earn revenues, pay expenses, purchase and own assets and incur liabilities in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Additionally, our shipbuilding contracts are typically denominated in euros. Movements in foreign currency exchange rates will affect our financial results.

h. | Overcapacity and competition in the cruise and land-based vacation industry may lead to a decline in our cruise sales and pricing

We may be impacted by increases in capacity in the cruise and land-based vacation industry, which may result in capacity growth beyond demand, either globally or for a region or for a particular itinerary. We face competition from other cruise brands on the basis of overall experience, destinations, types and sizes of ships and cabins, travel agent preferences and value. In addition, we compete with land-based vacation alternatives throughout the world on the basis of overall experience, destinations and value.
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i. | Geographic regions in which we try to expand our business may be slow to develop or ultimately not develop how we expect

As we continue to expand our global presence, it requires, among other things, significant levels of management resources, capital and other investments. For example, we may be required to localize our cruise products and services to conform to local cultures, standards, policies and regulations. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to replicate our successful core business models and we may not be able to recover our investments in these markets. In addition, we cannot be certain that these markets, such as China, will ultimately develop as we expect.

j. | Inability to implement our shipbuilding programs and ship repairs, maintenance and refurbishments may adversely impact our business operations and the satisfaction of our guests

We may be impacted by unforeseen events, such as work stoppages, insolvencies, “force majeure” events or other financial difficulties experienced by shipyards, their subcontractors and our suppliers. This may result in less shipyard availability resulting in delays or preventing the delivery of our ships under construction and/or the completion of the repair, maintenance, or refurbishment of our existing ships. This may lead to potential delays or cancellations of cruises. In addition, the prices of various commodities that are used in the construction of ships and for repair, maintenance and refurbishment of existing ships, such as steel, are subject to volatility.
Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results
Some of the statements, estimates or projections contained in this document are “forward-looking statements” that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions with respect to us, including some statements concerning future results, outlooks, plans, goals and other events which have not yet occurred. These statements are intended to qualify for the safe harbors from liability provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could be deemed forward-looking. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. We have tried, whenever possible, to identify these statements by using words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “depends,” “expect,” “goal,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “project,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “target,” “indicate,” “outlook,” and similar expressions of future intent or the negative of such terms.
Forward-looking statements include those statements that relate to our outlook and financial position including, but not limited to, statements regarding:

• Net revenue yields | • Net cruise costs, excluding fuel per available lower berth day
• Booking levels | • Estimates of ship depreciable lives and residual values
• Pricing and occupancy | • Goodwill, ship and trademark fair values
• Interest, tax and fuel expenses | • Liquidity
• Currency exchange rates | • Adjusted earnings per share

Certain of the risks we are exposed to are identified in this Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” This item contains important cautionary statements and a discussion of the known factors that we consider could materially affect the accuracy of our forward-looking statements and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial position. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks. There may be additional risks that we consider immaterial or which are unknown.
Forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual results. Subject to any continuing obligations under applicable law or any relevant stock exchange rules, we expressly disclaim any obligation to disseminate, after the date of this document, any updates or revisions to any such forward-looking statements to reflect any change in expectations or events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
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Item 2. Properties.
As of November 30, 2018, the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc headquarters and our larger shoreside locations are as follows:

Location |  | Square Footage (in thousands) |  | Own/Lease |  | Principal Operations
Miami, FL, U.S.A. |  | 463/61 |  | Own/Lease |  | Carnival Corporation and Carnival Cruise Line
Genoa, Italy |  | 246/66 |  | Own/Lease |  | Costa and AIDA
Santa Clarita, CA, U.S.A. |  | 311 |  | Lease |  | Princess Cruises, Holland America Line and Seabourn
Almere, Netherlands |  | 253 |  | Own |  | Arison Maritime Center
Rostock, Germany |  | 224 |  | Own |  | Costa and AIDA
Seattle, WA, U.S.A. |  | 175 |  | Lease |  | Princess Cruises, Holland America Line and Seabourn
Southampton, England |  | 150 |  | Lease |  | Carnival plc, P&O Cruises (UK) and Cunard
Hamburg, Germany |  | 146 |  | Lease |  | Costa and AIDA
Sydney, NSW, Australia |  | 37 |  | Lease |  | Princess Cruises and P&O Cruises (Australia)
Shanghai, China |  | 32 |  | Lease |  | Costa

Information about our cruise ships, including the number each of our cruise brands operate, as well as information regarding our cruise ships under construction may be found under Part I. Item 1. Business. C. “Our Global Cruise Business.” In addition, we own, lease or have controlling interests in port destinations, private islands, hotels, and lodges.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
As previously disclosed, on May 15, 2018, the Marseilles, France Public Prosecutor alleged that Carnival plc and the captain of P&O Cruises’ Azura breached the French Environmental Code governing the sulfur content of fuel used during the vessel’s passage through French territorial waters on March 28 and 29, 2018. On November 26, 2018, the Tribunal de Grande Instance imposed a fine, costs and damages against Carnival plc and the captain for an aggregate of €118,000. We believe that we have a meritorious defense to this claim and are appealing this judgment. We also believe that the ultimate outcome of the proceedings will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
As previously disclosed, on August 24, 2018, a proposed class-action lawsuit was filed by James Wolfe and others against Carnival Corporation relating to the marketing and sales of Carnival Cruise Line’s Vacation Protection product. On January 3, 2019, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida granted Carnival Corporation’s motion to stay proceedings and compel arbitration. We believe we have meritorious defenses to the claim and that any liability which may arise as a result of this action will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
As previously disclosed, on August 28, 2018, P&O Cruises (Australia) notified the Maritime Accident Investigation Branch and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority of an inadvertent discharge of liquid food waste mixed into grey water off of Pacific Explorer while it was inside the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park on August 26, 2018. We believe the ultimate outcome of any investigation and any penalty will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
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Executive Officers of the Registrants
The table below sets forth the name, age, years of service and title of each of our executive officers. Titles listed relate to positions within Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc unless otherwise noted.

| Age |  | Years of Service (a) |  | Title
Micky Arison | 69 |  | 47 |  | Chairman of the Boards of Directors
David Bernstein | 61 |  | 20 |  | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
Arnold W. Donald | 64 |  | 18 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer and Director
Stein Kruse | 60 |  | 19 |  | Group Chief Executive Officer of Holland America Group and Carnival UK
Arnaldo Perez | 58 |  | 26 |  | General Counsel and Secretary
Michael Thamm | 55 |  | 25 |  | Group Chief Executive Officer of Costa Group and Carnival Asia

(a) | Years of service with us or Carnival plc predecessor companies.

Business Experience of Executive Officers
Micky Arison has been Chairman of the Boards of Directors since 1990 and a Director since 1987. He was Chief Executive Officer from 1979 to 2013.
David Bernstein has been Chief Financial Officer since 2007 and Chief Accounting Officer since 2016. From 2003 to 2007, he was Treasurer.
Arnold W. Donald has been President and Chief Executive Officer since 2013. He has been a Director since 2001.
Stein Kruse has been the Group Chief Executive Officer of Holland America Group and Carnival UK since 2017. He was Chief Executive Officer of Holland America Group from 2013 to 2017. From 2004 to 2013, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of Holland America Line.
Arnaldo Perez has been General Counsel and Secretary since 1995.
Michael Thamm has been Group Chief Executive Officer of Costa Group since 2012 and of Carnival Asia since 2017.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrants’ Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
A. Market Information
The information required by Item 201(a) of Regulation S-K, Market Information, is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
B. Holders
The information required by Item 201(b) of Regulation S-K, Holders, is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
C. Dividends
All dividends for both Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc are declared in U.S. dollars. If declared, holders of Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc American Depository Shares receive a dividend payable in U.S. dollars. The dividends payable for Carnival plc ordinary shares are payable in sterling, unless the shareholders elect to receive the dividends in U.S. dollars. Dividends payable in sterling will be converted from U.S. dollars into sterling at the U.S. dollar to sterling
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exchange rate quoted by the Bank of England in London at 12:00 p.m. on the next combined U.S. and UK business day that follows the quarter end.
The payment and amount of any future dividend is within the discretion of the Boards of Directors. Our dividends were and will be based on a number of factors, including our earnings, liquidity position, financial condition, booking trends, capital requirements, credit ratings and the availability and cost of obtaining new debt. We cannot be certain that Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc will continue their dividend in the future, and if so, the amount and timing of such future dividends are not determinable and may be different than prior declarations.
D. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is incorporated by reference to Part III. Item 12 of this Form 10-K.
E. Performance Graph
The information required by Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, Performance Graph, is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
F. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities
I. Repurchase Program
Under a share repurchase program effective 2004, we are authorized to repurchase Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc ordinary shares (the “Repurchase Program”). Effective April 10 and August 27, 2018, the company approved modifications of the general authorization under the Repurchase Program, which replenished the remaining authorized repurchases at the time of the approvals to $1.0 billion. The Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be discontinued by our Boards of Directors at any time.
During the three months ended November 30, 2018, repurchases of Carnival Corporation common stock pursuant to the Repurchase Program were as follows:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares of Carnival Corporation Common Stock Purchased (in millions) |  | Average Price Paid per Share of Carnival Corporation Common Stock |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Repurchase Program (in millions)
September 1, 2018 through September 30, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 919 |
October 1, 2018 through October 31, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | 55.20 |  |  | $ | 767 |
November 1, 2018 through November 30, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 726 |
|  | — |  |  | $ | 55.20 |  |  |

During the three months ended November 30, 2018, repurchases of Carnival plc ordinary shares pursuant to the Repurchase Program were as follows:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares of Carnival plc Purchased (in millions) |  | Average Price Paid per Share of Carnival plc |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Repurchase Program (in millions)
September 1, 2018 through September 30, 2018 |  | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 62.13 |  |  | $ | 919 |
October 1, 2018 through October 31, 2018 |  | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 56.69 |  |  | $ | 767 |
November 1, 2018 through November 30, 2018 |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 58.08 |  |  | $ | 726 |
|  | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 58.24 |  |  |

No shares of Carnival Corporation common stock or Carnival plc ordinary shares were purchased outside of publicly announced plans or programs.
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II. Stock Swap Programs
In addition to the Repurchase Program, we have programs that allow us to obtain an economic benefit when either Carnival Corporation common stock is trading at a premium to the price of Carnival plc ordinary shares or Carnival plc ordinary shares are trading at a premium to Carnival Corporation common stock (the “Stock Swap Programs”). For example:

• | In the event Carnival Corporation common stock trades at a premium to Carnival plc ordinary shares, we may elect to sell shares of Carnival Corporation common stock, at prevailing market prices in ordinary brokers’ transactions and repurchase an equivalent number of Carnival plc ordinary shares in the UK market.

• | In the event Carnival plc ordinary shares trade at a premium to Carnival Corporation common stock, we may elect to sell ordinary shares of Carnival plc, at prevailing market prices in ordinary brokers’ transactions and repurchase an equivalent number of shares of Carnival Corporation common stock in the U.S. market.

Under the Stock Swap Programs effective 2008, the Boards of Directors have made the following authorizations:

• | In January 2017, to sell up to 22.0 million of Carnival Corporation common stock in the U.S. market and repurchase up to 22.0 million of Carnival plc ordinary shares in the UK market.

• | In 2016, to sell up to 26.9 million of existing shares of Carnival plc in the UK market and repurchase up to 26.9 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock in the U.S. market.

Any sales of Carnival Corporation shares and Carnival plc ordinary shares have been or will be registered under the Securities Act of 1933. During the three months ended November 30, 2018, no Carnival Corporation common stock or Carnival plc ordinary shares were sold or repurchased under the Stock Swap Programs.
III. Carnival plc Shareholder Approvals
Carnival plc ordinary share repurchases under both the Repurchase Program and the Stock Swap Programs require annual shareholder approval. The existing shareholder approval is limited to a maximum of 20.9 million ordinary shares and is valid until the earlier of the conclusion of the Carnival plc 2019 annual general meeting or October 11, 2019.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The information required by Item 6. Selected Financial Data, is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The information required by Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
The information required by Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, is shown in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The financial statements, together with the report thereon of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, dated January 28, 2019, and the Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) are shown in Exhibit 13 and are incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
A. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer have evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures and have concluded, as of November 30, 2018, that they are effective as described above.
B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(f). Our management, with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework (the “COSO Framework”). Based on this evaluation under the COSO Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of November 30, 2018.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements incorporated in this Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of November 30, 2018 as stated in their report, which is shown in Exhibit 13 and is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.
C. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended November 30, 2018 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our President and Chief Executive Officer and senior financial officers, including the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer and other persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applies to all our other employees and to our directors as well. This Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website, which is located at www.carnivalcorp.com and www.carnivalplc.com. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of the Form 8-K regarding any amendments to, or waivers from, provisions of this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by posting such information on our website, at the addresses specified above.
The additional information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc joint definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the 2018 fiscal year, except that the information concerning the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc executive officers called for by Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K is included in Part I of this Form 10-K.
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Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc joint definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the 2018 fiscal year.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
A. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
I. Carnival Corporation
Set forth below is a table that summarizes compensation plans (including individual compensation arrangements) under which Carnival Corporation equity securities are authorized for issuance as of November 30, 2018.

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of warrants and rights (in millions) |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (1)) (in millions) |
|  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 2.0 |  | (a) | - |  | 8.6 |  | (b)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | - |  | — |  |
|  | 2.0 |  |  | - |  | 8.6 |  |

(a) | Represents 2.0 million of restricted share units outstanding under the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan.

(b) | Includes Carnival Corporation common stock available for issuance as of November 30, 2018 as follows: 2.0 million under the Carnival Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan, which includes 43,376 shares subject to purchase during the current purchase period and 6.6 million under the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan.

II. Carnival plc
Set forth below is a table that summarizes compensation plans (including individual compensation arrangements) under which Carnival plc equity securities are authorized for issuance as of November 30, 2018.

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of warrants and rights (in millions) |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding warrants and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (1)) (in millions)
|  | (1) |  |  |  |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 0.6 |  | (a) | - |  | 6.9 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | - |  | — |
|  | 0.6 |  |  | - |  | 6.9 |

(a) | Represents 0.6 million restricted share units outstanding under the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan.

The additional information required by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc joint definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the 2018 fiscal year.
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Items 13 and 14. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence and Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by Items 13 and 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc joint definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the 2018 fiscal year.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) (1) Financial Statements
The financial statements shown in Exhibit 13 are incorporated herein by reference into this Form 10-K.
(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instruction or are inapplicable and, therefore, have been omitted.
(3) Exhibits
The exhibits listed below on the Index to Exhibits are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Form 10-K.
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INDEX TO EXHIBITS |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
Articles of incorporation and by-laws |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3.1 | Third Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Carnival Corporation. | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | 4/17/03 |  |
3.2 | Third Amended and Restated By-Laws of Carnival Corporation. | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | 4/20/09 |  |
3.3 | Articles of Association of Carnival plc. | 8-K |  | 3.3 |  | 4/20/09 |  |
Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indenture |  |  |  |  |  |
4.1 | Agreement of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc, dated January 18, 2019 to furnish certain debt instruments to the Securities and Exchange Commission. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
4.2 | Carnival Corporation Deed, dated April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess Cruises plc for the benefit of the P&O Princess Cruises Shareholders. | 10-Q |  | 4.1 |  | 10/15/03 |  |
4.3 | Equalization and Governance Agreement, dated April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess Cruises plc. | 10-Q |  | 4.2 |  | 10/15/03 |  |
4.4 | Carnival Corporation Deed of Guarantee, dated as of April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. | S-4 |  | 4.3 |  | 5/30/03 |  |
4.5 | Carnival plc Deed of Guarantee, dated as of April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. | S-3 & F-3 |  | 4.10 |  | 6/19/03 |  |
4.6 | Specimen Carnival Corporation Common Stock Certificate. | S-3 & F-3 |  | 4.16 |  | 6/19/03 |  |
4.7 | Pairing Agreement, dated as of April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation, The Law Debenture Trust Corporation (Cayman) Limited, as trustee, and Computershare Investor Services (formerly SunTrust Bank), as transfer agent. | 8-K |  | 4.1 |  | 4/17/03 |  |
4.8 | Voting Trust Deed, dated as of April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation and The Law Debenture Trust Corporation (Cayman) Limited, as trustee. | 8-K |  | 4.2 |  | 4/17/03 |  |
4.9 | SVE Special Voting Deed, dated as of April 17, 2003, between Carnival Corporation, DLS SVC Limited, P&O Princess Cruises plc, The Law Debenture Trust Corporation (Cayman) Limited, as trustee, and The Law Debenture Trust Corporation, P.L.C. | 8-K |  | 4.3 |  | 4/17/03 |  |

41

INDEX TO EXHIBITS |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
4.10 | Form of Amended and Restated Deposit Agreement and holders from time to time of receipts issued thereunder. | Post Amend- ment to Form F-6 |  | 99-a |  | 4/15/03 |  |
4.11 | Specimen Carnival plc Ordinary Share Certificate. | S-3 |  | 4.1 |  | 7/2/09 |  |
Material contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10.1* | Carnival Corporation Nonqualified Retirement Plan for Highly Compensated Employees. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 9/28/07 |  |
10.2 | Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated June 16, 2014 in respect of the Multicurrency Revolving Facilities Agreement dated May 18, 2011, among Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and certain of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc subsidiaries, Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Limited as facilities agent and a syndicate of financial institutions. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 10/3/14 |  |
10.3* | Form of Appointment Letter for Non-Executive Directors. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 6/27/08 |  |
10.4* | Form of Appointment Letter for Executive Directors. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 6/27/08 |  |
10.5 | Succession Agreement, dated as of May 28, 2002, to Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 14, 1991, between Carnival Corporation and Ted Arison (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Carnival Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended May 31, 2002). | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 7/12/02 |  |
10.6* | Amended and Restated Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-K |  | 10.23 |  | 1/30/17 |  |
10.7* | Employment Agreement dated as of October 14, 2013 between Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Arnold W. Donald. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 10/3/14 |  |
10.8* | Amended and Restated Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-K |  | 10.39 |  | 1/30/17 |  |
10.9* | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 7/1/15 |  |
10.10* | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 7/1/15 |  |
10.11* | Carnival Corporation & plc Management Incentive Plan (adopted in 2015). | 10-Q |  | 10.3 |  | 7/1/15 |  |

42

INDEX TO EXHIBITS |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
10.12* | Amendment to Facilities Agreement dated May 18, 2016 among Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and certain of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc subsidiaries, Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Limited, as facilities agent, and KfW IPEX-Bank GmbH, Bayerische Landesbank, New York Branch and DZ BANK AG, Deutsche Zentral Genossenschaftsbank, Frankfurt am Main, New York Branch, as new lenders. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 7/1/16 |  |
10.13* | Form of Executive Restricted Share Unit Award Certificate for the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.3 |  | 7/1/16 |  |
10.14* | Form of Executive Restricted Stock Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.4 |  | 7/1/16 |  |
10.15* | Amendment dated October 18, 2016 to Employment Agreement dated October 14, 2016 between Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Arnold W. Donald. | 8-K |  | 99.1 |  | 10/21/16 |  |
10.16* | Form of Management Incentive Plan Tied Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 3/30/17 |  |
10.17* | Form of Management Incentive Plan Tied Restricted Share Unit Agreement for the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 3/30/17 |  |
10.18* | Form of Shareholder Equity Alignment Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.3 |  | 3/30/17 |  |
10.19* | Employment Contract dated April 21, 2017 between Carnival plc and Michael Olaf Thamm. | 8-K |  | 10.1 |  | 4/27/17 |  |
10.20* | Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 6/30/17 |  |
10.21* | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Share Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.3 |  | 6/30/17 |  |
10.22* | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Share Unit Agreement for the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.4 |  | 6/30/17 |  |
10.23* | Form of Management Incentive Plan Tied Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 3/22/18 |  |

43

INDEX TO EXHIBITS |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
10.24* | Form of Management Incentive Plan Tied Restricted Share Unit Agreement for the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 3/22/18 |  |
10.25* | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.3 |  | 3/22/18 |  |
10.26* | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Share Unit Agreement for the Carnival plc 2014 Employee Share Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.4 |  | 3/22/18 |  |
10.27* | Form of Shareholder Equity Alignment Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.1 |  | 6/25/18 |  |
10.28* | Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement for the Carnival Corporation 2011 Stock Plan. | 10-Q |  | 10.2 |  | 6/25/18 |  |
Annual report to security holders |  |  |  |  |  |  |
13 | Portions of the 2018 Annual Report. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
Subsidiaries of the registrants |  |  |  |  |  |  |
21 | Subsidiaries of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
Consents of experts and counsel |  |  |  |  |  |  |
23 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
Power of attorney |  |  |  |  |
24 | Power of Attorney given by certain Directors of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc to Arnold W. Donald, David Bernstein and Arnaldo Perez authorizing such persons to sign this 2018 joint Annual Report on Form 10-K and any future amendments on their behalf. |  |  |  |  | X
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certifications |  |  |  |  |
31.1 | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer of Carnival Corporation pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer of Carnival Corporation pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X

44

INDEX TO EXHIBITS |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Filed Herewith
31.3 | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer of Carnival plc pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
31.4 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer of Carnival plc pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
Section 1350 certifications |  |  |  |  |
32.1** | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer of Carnival Corporation pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
32.2** | Certification of Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer of Carnival Corporation pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
32.3** | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer of Carnival plc pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
32.4** | Certification of Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer of Carnival plc pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  | X
Interactive data file |  |  |  |  |
101 | The consolidated financial statements from Carnival Corporation & plc’s Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018, as filed with the SEC on January 28, 2019 formatted in XBRL, are as follows: |  |  |  |  |
| (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended November 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016; |  |  |  |  | X
| (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended November 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016; |  |  |  |  | X
| (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at November 30, 2018 and 2017; |  |  |  |  | X
| (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended November 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016; |  |  |  |  | X
| (v) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended November 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and |  |  |  |  | X
| (vi) the notes to the consolidated financial statements, tagged in summary and detail. |  |  |  |  | X

*Indicates a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.
**These items are furnished and not filed.
45

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.
46

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each of the registrants has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CARNIVAL CORPORATION | CARNIVAL PLC
/s/ Arnold W. Donald | /s/ Arnold W. Donald
President and Chief Executive Officer and | President and Chief Executive Officer and
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of each of the registrants and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

CARNIVAL CORPORATION | CARNIVAL PLC
/s/ Arnold W. Donald | /s/ Arnold W. Donald
President and Chief Executive Officer and | President and Chief Executive Officer and
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/ David Bernstein | /s/ David Bernstein
David Bernstein | David Bernstein
Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer | Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Micky Arison | /s/*Micky Arison
Micky Arison | Micky Arison
Chairman of the Board of | Chairman of the Board of
Directors | Directors
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Sir Jonathon Band | /s/*Sir Jonathon Band
Sir Jonathon Band | Sir Jonathon Band
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Jason Glen Cahilly | /s/*Jason Glen Cahilly
Jason Glen Cahilly | Jason Glen Cahilly
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Helen Deeble | /s/*Helen Deeble
Helen Deeble | Helen Deeble
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019

47

/s/*Richard J. Glasier | /s/*Richard J. Glasier
Richard J. Glasier | Richard J. Glasier
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Debra Kelly-Ennis | /s/*Debra Kelly-Ennis
Debra Kelly-Ennis | Debra Kelly-Ennis
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Katie Lahey | /s/*Katie Lahey
Katie Lahey | Katie Lahey
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Sir John Parker | /s/*Sir John Parker
Sir John Parker | Sir John Parker
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Stuart Subotnick | /s/*Stuart Subotnick
Stuart Subotnick | Stuart Subotnick
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Laura Weil | /s/*Laura Weil
Laura Weil | Laura Weil
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
/s/*Randall J. Weisenburger | /s/*Randall J. Weisenburger
Randall J. Weisenburger | Randall J. Weisenburger
Director | Director
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019
*By: /s/ Arnaldo Perez | *By: /s/ Arnaldo Perez
Arnaldo Perez | Arnaldo Perez
(Attorney-in-fact) | (Attorney-in-fact)
January 28, 2019 | January 28, 2019

48