EX-13 8 a2020ex-13.htm EX-13
Table of Conten t s
Exhibit 13
CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
EXHIBIT 13 TO FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED NOVEMBER 30, 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOM E (L OSS) | 2
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOM E (LOSS) | 3
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS | 4
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS | 5
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 6
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 7
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM | 40
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 44
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA | 63
COMMON STOCK AND ORDINARY SHARES | 65
STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPHS | 66
SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) | 68

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Table of Conten t s
CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)
(in millions, except per share data)

| Years Ended November 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Passenger ticket | $ | 3,684 |  |  | $ | 14,104 |  |  | $ | 13,930 |
Onboard and other | 1,910 |  |  | 6,721 |  |  | 4,950 |
| 5,595 |  |  | 20,825 |  |  | 18,881 |
Operating Costs and Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Commissions, transportation and other | 1,139 |  |  | 2,720 |  |  | 2,590 |
Onboard and other | 605 |  |  | 2,101 |  |  | 638 |
Payroll and related | 1,780 |  |  | 2,249 |  |  | 2,190 |
Fuel | 823 |  |  | 1,562 |  |  | 1,619 |
Food | 413 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 1,066 |
Ship and other impairments | 1,967 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 16 |
Other operating | 1,518 |  |  | 3,167 |  |  | 2,971 |
| 8,245 |  |  | 12,909 |  |  | 11,089 |
Selling and administrative | 1,878 |  |  | 2,480 |  |  | 2,450 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,241 |  |  | 2,160 |  |  | 2,017 |
Goodwill impairments | 2,096 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 14,460 |  |  | 17,549 |  |  | 15,556 |
Operating Income (Loss) | (8,865) |  |  | 3,276 |  |  | 3,325 |
Nonoperating Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 18 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 14 |
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | (895) |  |  | (206) |  |  | (194) |
Gains on fuel derivatives, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Other income (expense), net | (511) |  |  | (32) |  |  | 3 |
| (1,388) |  |  | (215) |  |  | (118) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes | (10,253) |  |  | 3,060 |  |  | 3,207 |
Income Tax Benefit (Expense), Net | 17 |  |  | (71) |  |  | (54) |
Net Income (Loss) | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |
Earnings Per Share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.34 |  |  | $ | 4.45 |
Diluted | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.32 |  |  | $ | 4.44 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Conten t s
CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in millions)

| Years Ended November 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net Income (Loss) | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |
Items Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment | 578 |  |  | (86) |  |  | (199) |
Other | 51 |  |  | (31) |  |  | 32 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 630 |  |  | (117) |  |  | (167) |
Total Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | (9,606) |  |  | $ | 2,873 |  |  | $ | 2,986 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Conten t s
CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions, except par values)

| November 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9,513 |  |  | $ | 518 |
Trade and other receivables, net | 273 |  |  | 444 |
Inventories | 335 |  |  | 427 |
Prepaid expenses and other | 443 |  |  | 671 |
Total current assets | 10,563 |  |  | 2,059 |
Property and Equipment, Net | 38,073 |  |  | 38,131 |
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets (a) | 1,370 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 807 |  |  | 2,912 |
Other Intangibles | 1,186 |  |  | 1,174 |
Other Assets | 1,594 |  |  | 783 |
| $ | 53,593 |  |  | $ | 45,058 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Short-term borrowings | $ | 3,084 |  |  | $ | 231 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 1,742 |  |  | 1,596 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities (a) | 151 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable | 624 |  |  | 756 |
Accrued liabilities and other | 1,144 |  |  | 1,809 |
Customer deposits | 1,940 |  |  | 4,735 |
Total current liabilities | 8,686 |  |  | 9,127 |
Long-Term Debt | 22,130 |  |  | 9,675 |
Long-Term Operating Lease Liabilities (a) | 1,273 |  |  | — |
Other Long-Term Liabilities | 949 |  |  | 890 |
Commitments and Contingencies |  |  |
Shareholders' Equity |  |  |
Common stock of Carnival Corporation, $0.01 par value; 1,960 shares authorized; 1,060 shares at 2020 and 657 shares at 2019 issued | 11 |  |  | 7 |
Ordinary shares of Carnival plc, $1.66 par value; 217 shares at 2020 and 2019 issued | 361 |  |  | 358 |
Additional paid-in capital | 13,948 |  |  | 8,807 |
Retained earnings | 16,075 |  |  | 26,653 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) | (1,436) |  |  | (2,066) |
Treasury stock, 130 shares at 2020 and 2019 of Carnival Corporation and 60 shares at 2020 and 2019 of Carnival plc, at cost | (8,404) |  |  | (8,394) |
Total shareholders' equity | 20,555 |  |  | 25,365 |
| $ | 53,593 |  |  | $ | 45,058 |

(a) We adopted the provisions of Leases on December 1, 2019.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Conten t s
CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)

| Years Ended November 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,241 |  |  | 2,160 |  |  | 2,017 |
Impairments | 4,063 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 16 |
Gains on fuel derivatives, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (59) |
Loss on repurchases of Convertible Notes | 464 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation | 105 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 65 |
Noncash lease expense | 172 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
(Gain) loss on ship sales and other, net | 78 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (6) |
| (3,114) |  |  | 5,265 |  |  | 5,186 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | 125 |  |  | (114) |  |  | (58) |
Inventories | 77 |  |  | 79 |  |  | (67) |
Prepaid expenses and other | (209) |  |  | (254) |  |  | 74 |
Accounts payable | (165) |  |  | 34 |  |  | (24) |
Accrued liabilities and other | (311) |  |  | 80 |  |  | (100) |
Customer deposits | (2,703) |  |  | 387 |  |  | 539 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | (6,301) |  |  | 5,475 |  |  | 5,549 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (3,620) |  |  | (5,429) |  |  | (3,749) |
Proceeds from sales of ships | 334 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 389 |
Purchase of minority interest | (81) |  |  | — |  |  | (135) |
Derivative settlements and other, net | 127 |  |  | 126 |  |  | (19) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (3,240) |  |  | (5,277) |  |  | (3,514) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from (repayments of) short-term borrowings, net | 2,852 |  |  | (605) |  |  | 417 |
Principal repayments of long-term debt | (1,621) |  |  | (1,651) |  |  | (1,556) |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 15,020 |  |  | 3,674 |  |  | 2,542 |
Dividends paid | (689) |  |  | (1,387) |  |  | (1,355) |
Purchases of treasury stock | (12) |  |  | (603) |  |  | (1,468) |
Issuance of common stock, net | 3,249 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Other, net | (150) |  |  | (86) |  |  | (42) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 18,650 |  |  | (655) |  |  | (1,460) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 53 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (1) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 9,161 |  |  | (465) |  |  | 574 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 530 |  |  | 996 |  |  | 422 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 9,692 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 996 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in millions)

| Common stock |  | Ordinary shares |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | AOCI |  | Treasury stock |  | Total shareholders’ equity
At November 30, 2017 | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 8,690 |  |  | $ | 23,292 |  |  | $ | (1,782) |  |  | $ | (6,349) |  |  | $ | 24,216 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,152 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (167) |  |  | — |  |  | (167) |
Cash dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,378) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,378) |
Purchases of treasury stock under the Repurchase Program and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,446) |  |  | (1,380) |
At November 30, 2018 | 7 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 8,756 |  |  | 25,066 |  |  | (1,949) |  |  | (7,795) |  |  | 24,443 |
Change in accounting principle (a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,990 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,990 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (117) |  |  | — |  |  | (117) |
Cash dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,379) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,379) |
Purchases of treasury stock under the Repurchase Program and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (599) |  |  | (548) |
At November 30, 2019 | 7 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 8,807 |  |  | 26,653 |  |  | (2,066) |  |  | (8,394) |  |  | 25,365 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,236) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,236) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 630 |  |  | — |  |  | 630 |
Cash dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (342) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (342) |
Issuance of common stock | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,247 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,249 |
Issuance and repurchase of Convertible Notes (net settled through a registered direct offering) | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,798 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,799 |
Purchases of treasury stock under the Repurchase Program and other | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | 89 |
At November 30, 2020 | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 13,948 |  |  | $ | 16,075 |  |  | $ | (1,436) |  |  | $ | (8,404) |  |  | $ | 20,555 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
(a) We adopted the provisions of Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Derivatives and Hedging on December 1, 2018.
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CARNIVAL CORPORATION & PLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 – General
Description of Business
Carnival Corporation was incorporated in Panama in 1974 and Carnival plc was incorporated in England and Wales in 2000. Together with their consolidated subsidiaries, they are referred to collectively in these consolidated financial statements and elsewhere in this 2020 Annual Report as “Carnival Corporation & plc,” “our,” “us” and “we.” The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc and their respective subsidiaries.
We are a leisure travel company with a portfolio of nine of the world’s leading cruise lines. With operations in North America, Australia, Europe and Asia, our portfolio features – Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Holland America Line, P&O Cruises (Australia), Seabourn, Costa Cruises, AIDA Cruises, P&O Cruises (UK) and Cunard.
DLC Arrangement
Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc operate a dual listed company (“DLC”) arrangement, whereby the businesses of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc are combined through a number of contracts and provisions in Carnival Corporation’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws and Carnival plc’s Articles of Association. The two companies operate as a single economic enterprise with a single senior executive management team and identical Boards of Directors, but each has retained its separate legal identity. Each company’s shares are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) for Carnival Corporation and the London Stock Exchange for Carnival plc. The Carnival plc American Depositary Shares are traded on the NYSE.
The constitutional documents of each company provide that, on most matters, the holders of the common equity of both companies effectively vote as a single body. The Equalization and Governance Agreement between Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc provides for the equalization of dividends and liquidation distributions based on an equalization ratio and contains provisions relating to the governance of the DLC arrangement. Because the equalization ratio is 1 to 1, one share of Carnival Corporation common stock and one Carnival plc ordinary share are generally entitled to the same distributions.
Under deeds of guarantee executed in connection with the DLC arrangement, as well as stand-alone guarantees executed since that time, each of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc have effectively cross guaranteed all indebtedness and certain other monetary obligations of each other. Once the written demand is made, the holders of indebtedness or other obligations may immediately commence an action against the relevant guarantor.
Under the terms of the DLC arrangement, Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc are permitted to transfer assets between the companies, make loans to or investments in each other and otherwise enter into intercompany transactions. In addition, the cash flows and assets of one company are required to be used to pay the obligations of the other company, if necessary.
Given the DLC arrangement, we believe that providing separate financial statements for each of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc would not present a true and fair view of the economic realities of their operations. Accordingly, separate financial statements for Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc have not been presented.
Liquidity and Management’s Plans
In the face of the global impact of COVID-19, we paused our guest cruise operations in mid-March 2020. In September 2020 we began the resumption of limited guest operations as part of our phased-in return to service. As of January 14, 2021, none of our ships were operating with guests onboard. Significant events affecting travel, including COVID-19 and our pause in guest cruise operations, have had an impact on booking patterns. The full extent of the impact will be determined by our gradual return to service and the length of time COVID-19 influences travel decisions. We believe that the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on our operations and global bookings have had, and will continue to have, a material negative impact on our financial results and liquidity.
The estimation of our future liquidity requirements includes numerous assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. The principal assumptions used to estimate our future liquidity requirements consist of:
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•Expected continued gradual resumption of guest cruise operations
•Expected lower than comparable historical occupancy levels during the resumption of guest cruise operations
•Expected incremental expenses for the resumption of guest cruise operations, for the maintenance of additional public health protocols and procedures for additional regulations
In addition, we make certain assumptions about new ship deliveries, improvements and disposals, and consider the future export credit financings that are associated with the ship deliveries.
We are preparing to execute on the necessary steps to comply with the various heightened governmental regulations required to return to guest cruise operations. We are working with a number of world-leading public health, epidemiological and policy experts to support our ongoing efforts with enhanced protocols and procedures for the return of cruise vacations. These advisors will continue to provide guidance based on the latest scientific evidence and best practices for protection and mitigation. We also believe that there have been positive developments around the availability and widespread distribution and use of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines, which we believe will be important to achieving historical occupancy levels over time.
We cannot make assurances that our assumptions used to estimate our liquidity requirements may not change because we have never previously experienced a complete cessation of our guest cruise operations, and as a consequence, our ability to be predictive is uncertain. In addition, the magnitude, duration and speed of the global pandemic are uncertain. We have made reasonable estimates and judgments of the impact of COVID-19 within our consolidated financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods. We expect a net loss on both a U.S. GAAP and adjusted basis for 2021. We have taken and continue to take actions to improve our liquidity, including capital expenditure and operating expense reductions, amending credit agreements, accelerating the removal of certain ships from our fleet, suspending dividend payments on, and the repurchase of, common stock of Carnival Corporation and ordinary shares of Carnival plc and pursuing various capital market transactions.
Based on these actions and assumptions regarding the impact of COVID-19, and considering our available liquidity including cash and cash equivalents of $9.5 billion at November 30, 2020, we have concluded that we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our obligations for at least the next twelve months. Beginning on February 28, 2022, one month beyond the twelve month assessment period, additional financial covenant amendments for our export credit facilities has been requested and will be needed in order to maintain covenant compliance.
NOTE 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
We consolidate entities over which we have control, as typically evidenced by a voting control of greater than 50% or for which we are the primary beneficiary, whereby we have the power to direct the most significant activities and the obligation to absorb significant losses or receive significant benefits from the entity. We do not separately present our noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements since the amounts are immaterial. For affiliates we do not control but where significant influence over financial and operating policies exists, as typically evidenced by a voting control of 20% to 50%, the investment is accounted for using the equity method.
For 2019 and 2018, we reclassified $390 million and $272 million from tour and other revenues to onboard and other revenues as well as $268 million and $180 million from tour and other costs and expenses to other operating cost and expenses in order to conform to the current year presentation.
Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in our consolidated financial statements. The full extent to which the effects of COVID-19 will directly or indirectly impact our business, operations, results of operations and financial condition, including our valuation of goodwill and trademarks, impairment of ships, collectability of trade and notes receivables as well as provisions for pending litigation, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain. We believe that we have made reasonable estimates and judgments within our financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods. Actual results may differ from the estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements. All material intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
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Cash and cash equivalents include investments with maturities of three months or less at acquisition, which are stated at cost and present insignificant risk of changes in value.
Inventories
Inventories consist substantially of food, beverages, hotel supplies, fuel and retail merchandise, which are all carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted-average or first-in, first-out methods.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment charges. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over our estimates of useful lives and residual values, as a percentage of original cost, as follows:

| Years |  | Residual Values
Ships | 30 |  | 15%
Ship improvements | 3-30 |  | 0%
Buildings and improvements | 10-40 |  | 0% or 10%
Computer hardware and software | 2-12 |  | 0% or 10%
Transportation equipment and other | 3-20 |  | 0% or 10%
Leasehold improvements, including port facilities | Shorter of the remaining lease term or related asset life (3-30) |  | 0%

The cost of ships under construction include progress payments for the construction of new ships, as well as design and engineering fees, capitalized interest, construction oversight costs and various owner supplied items. We account for ship improvement costs, including replacements of certain significant components and parts, by capitalizing those costs we believe add value to our ships and have a useful life greater than one year and depreciating those improvements over their estimated remaining useful life. We have a capital program for the improvement of our ships and for asset replacements in order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of our operations; to comply with, or exceed, all relevant legal and statutory requirements related to health, environment, safety, security and sustainability; and to gain strategic benefits or provide improved product innovations to our guests.
We capitalize interest as part of the cost of capital projects during their construction period. The specifically identified or estimated cost and accumulated depreciation of previously capitalized ship components are written-off upon retirement, which may result in a loss on disposal that is also included in other operating expenses. Liquidated damages received from shipyards as a result of late ship delivery are recorded as reductions to the cost basis of the ship.
The costs of repairs and maintenance, including minor improvement costs and expenses related to dry-docks, are charged to expense as incurred and included in other operating expenses. Dry-dock expenses primarily represent planned major maintenance activities that are incurred when a ship is taken out-of-service for scheduled maintenance.
We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Upon the occurrence of a triggering event, the assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of our asset from the asset’s estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If these estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess, if any, of the asset’s carrying value over its estimated fair value. The lowest level for which we maintain identifiable cash flows that are independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities is at the individual ship level. A significant amount of judgment is required in estimating the future cash flows and fair values of our cruise ships.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business acquisition. We review our goodwill for impairment as of July 31 every year, or more frequently if events or circumstances dictate. All of our goodwill has been allocated to our reporting units. The impairment review for goodwill allows us to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the more detailed quantitative goodwill impairment test. We would perform the quantitative test if our qualitative assessment determined it is more-likely-than-not that a reporting unit’s estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed
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directly to the quantitative test for any reporting unit. When performing the quantitative test, if the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no further analysis is required. However, if the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, goodwill is written down based on the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
Trademarks represent substantially all of our other intangibles. Trademarks are estimated to have an indefinite useful life and are not amortizable but are reviewed for impairment at least annually and as events or circumstances dictate. The impairment review for trademarks also allows us to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a more detailed quantitative trademark impairment test. We would perform the quantitative test if our qualitative assessment determined it was more-likely-than-not that the trademarks are impaired. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative test. Our trademarks would be considered impaired if their carrying value exceeds their estimated fair value.
A significant amount of judgment is required in estimating the fair values of our reporting units.
Derivatives and Other Financial Instruments
We utilize derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency forwards, options and swaps, foreign currency debt obligations and foreign currency cash balances, to manage our exposure to fluctuations in certain foreign currency exchange rates. We use interest rate swaps primarily to manage our interest rate exposure to achieve a desired proportion of fixed and floating rate debt. Our policy is to not use financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes.
All derivatives are recorded at fair value. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, then the change in the fair value of the derivative is recognized as a component of AOCI until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings or the forecasted transaction is no longer probable. If a derivative or a non-derivative financial instrument is designated as a hedge of our net investment in a foreign operation, then changes in the effective portion of the fair value of the financial instrument are recognized as a component of AOCI to offset the change in the translated value of the designated portion of net investment being hedged until the investment is sold or substantially liquidated, while the impact attributable to components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness is recorded in interest expense, net of capitalized interest, on a systematic and rational basis. For derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, the change in fair value is recognized in earnings.
We classify the fair value of all our derivative contracts as either current or long-term, depending on the maturity date of the derivative contract. The cash flows from derivatives treated as cash flow hedges are classified in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the same category as the item being hedged. Our cash flows related to fuel derivatives are classified within investing activities.
Derivative valuations are based on observable inputs such as interest rates and commodity price curves, forward currency exchange rates, credit spreads, maturity dates, volatilities, and cross currency basis spreads. We use the income approach to value derivatives for foreign currency options and forwards, interest rate swaps and cross currency swaps using observable market data for all significant inputs and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount, assuming that participants are motivated but not compelled to transact.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
Each foreign entity determines its functional currency by reference to its primary economic environment. We translate the assets and liabilities of our foreign entities that have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses of these foreign entities are translated at weighted-average exchange rates for the period. Equity is translated at historical rates and the resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component of AOCI, which is a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Therefore, the U.S. dollar value of the non-equity translated items in our consolidated financial statements will fluctuate from period to period, depending on the changing value of the U.S. dollar versus these currencies.
We execute transactions in a number of different currencies. At the date that the transaction is recognized, each asset, liability, revenue, expense, gain or loss arising from the transaction is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the recording entity using the exchange rate in effect at that date. At each balance sheet date, recorded monetary balances denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are adjusted using the exchange rate at the balance sheet date, with gains or losses recorded in other income or other expense, unless such monetary balances have been designated as hedges of net investments in our foreign entities. The net gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions were not material in 2020, 2019 and
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2018. In addition, the unrealized gains or losses on our long-term intercompany receivables and payables which are denominated in a non-functional currency and which are not expected to be repaid in the foreseeable future are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments included as a component of AOCI.
Revenue and Expense Recognition
Guest cruise deposits are initially included in customer deposit liabilities when received. Customer deposits are subsequently recognized as cruise revenues, together with revenues from onboard and other activities, and all associated direct costs and expenses of a voyage are recognized as cruise costs and expenses, upon completion of voyages, with durations of ten nights or less and on a pro rata basis for voyages in excess of ten nights. The impact of recognizing these shorter duration cruise revenues and costs and expenses on a completed voyage basis versus on a pro rata basis is not material. Certain of our product offerings are bundled and we allocate the value of the bundled services and goods between passenger ticket revenues and onboard and other revenues based upon the estimated standalone selling prices of those goods and services. Guest cancellation fees, when applicable, are recognized in passenger ticket revenues at the time of cancellation.
Our sales to guests of air and other transportation to and from airports near the home ports of our ships are included in passenger ticket revenues, and the related costs of purchasing these services are included in transportation costs. The proceeds that we collect from the sales of third-party shore excursions are included in onboard and other revenues and the related costs are included in onboard and other costs. The amounts collected on behalf of our onboard concessionaires, net of the amounts remitted to them, are included in onboard and other revenues as concession revenues. All of these amounts are recognized on a completed voyage or pro rata basis as discussed above.
Passenger ticket revenues include fees, taxes and charges collected by us from our guests. A portion of these fees, taxes and charges vary with guest head counts and are directly imposed on a revenue-producing arrangement. This portion of the fees, taxes and charges is expensed in commissions, transportation and other costs when the corresponding revenues are
recognized. These fees, taxes and charges included in commissions, transportation and other costs were $215 million in 2020, $659 million in 2019 and $615 million in 2018. The remaining portion of fees, taxes and charges are expensed in other operating expenses when the corresponding revenues are recognized.
Revenues and expenses from our hotel and transportation operations, which are included in our Tour and Other segment, are recognized at the time the services are performed.
Customer Deposits
Our payment terms generally require an initial deposit to confirm a reservation, with the balance due prior to the voyage. Cash received from guests in advance of the cruise is recorded in customer deposits and in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These amounts include refundable deposits. We have provided, and expect to continue to provide, flexibility to guests with bookings on sailings cancelled due to the pause in cruise operations by allowing guests to receive enhanced future cruise credits ("FCC") or to elect to receive refunds in cash. We have paid and expect to continue to pay cash refunds of customer deposits with respect to a portion of these cancelled cruises. The amount of cash refunds to be paid may depend on the level of guest acceptance of FCCs and future cruise cancellations. We record a liability for these FCCs only to the extent we have received cash from guests with bookings on cancelled sailings. We had customer deposits of $2.2 billion and $4.9 billion as of November 30, 2020 and 2019. The current portion of our customer deposits was $1.9 billion and $4.7 billion as of November 30, 2020 and 2019. These amounts include deposits related to cancelled cruises prior to the election of a cash refund by guests. Refunds payable to guests who have elected cash refunds are recorded in accounts payable. Due to the uncertainty associated with the duration and extent of COVID-19, we are unable to estimate the amount of the November 30, 2020 customer deposits that will be recognized in earnings compared to amounts that will be refunded to customers or issued as a credit for future travel. During 2020 and 2019, we recognized revenues of $3.2 billion and $4.3 billion related to our customer deposits as of November 30, 2019 and December 1, 2018. Historically, our customer deposits balance changes due to the seasonal nature of cash collections, the recognition of revenue, refunds of customer deposits and foreign currency translation.
Contract Receivables
Although we generally require full payment from our customers prior to or concurrently with their cruise, we grant credit terms to a relatively small portion of our revenue source. We also have receivables from credit card merchants for cruise ticket purchases and onboard revenue. These receivables are included within trade and other receivables, net.
Contract Assets
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Contract assets are amounts paid prior to the start of a voyage, which we record as an asset within prepaid expenses and other and which are subsequently recognized as commissions, transportation and other at the time of revenue recognition or at the time of voyage cancellation. We have contract assets of an immaterial amount and $154 million as of November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019.
Insurance
We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance to cover a number of risks including illness and injury to crew, guest injuries, pollution, other third-party claims in connection with our cruise activities, damage to hull and machinery for each of our ships, war risks, workers’ compensation, directors’ and officers’ liability, property damage and general liability for shoreside third-party claims. We recognize insurance recoverables from third-party insurers up to the amount of recorded losses at the time the recovery is probable and upon settlement for amounts in excess of the recorded losses. All of our insurance policies are subject to coverage limits, exclusions and deductible levels. The liabilities associated with crew illnesses and crew and guest injury claims, including all legal costs, are estimated based on the specific merits of the individual claims or actuarially estimated based on historical claims experience, loss development factors and other assumptions.
Selling and Administrative Expenses
Selling expenses include a broad range of advertising, marketing and promotional expenses. Advertising is charged to expense as incurred, except for media production costs, which are expensed upon the first airing of the advertisement. Selling expenses totaled $348 million in 2020, $728 million in 2019 and $673 million in 2018. Administrative expenses represent the costs of our shoreside support, reservations and other administrative functions, and include salaries and related benefits, professional fees and building occupancy costs, which are typically expensed as incurred.
Share-Based Compensation
We recognize compensation expense for all share-based compensation awards using the fair value method. For time-based share awards, we recognize compensation cost ratably using the straight-line attribution method over the expected vesting period or to the retirement eligibility date, if earlier than the vesting period. For performance-based share awards, we estimate compensation cost based on the probability of the performance condition being achieved and recognize expense ratably using the straight-line attribution method over the expected vesting period. If all or a portion of the performance condition is not expected to be met, the appropriate amount of previously recognized compensation expense is reversed and future compensation expense is adjusted accordingly. For market-based share awards, we recognize compensation cost ratably using the straight-line attribution method over the expected vesting period. If the target market conditions are not expected to be met, compensation expense will still be recognized. We account for forfeitures as they occur.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares and common stock equivalents outstanding during each period. For earnings per share purposes, Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc ordinary shares are considered a single class of shares since they have equivalent rights.
Accounting Pronouncements
On December 1, 2019, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued guidance, Leases, using the modified retrospective approach, which allows entities to either apply the new lease standard to the beginning of the earliest period presented or only to the consolidated financial statements in the period of adoption without restating prior periods. We have elected to apply the new guidance at the date of adoption without restating prior periods.
We have implemented changes to our internal controls to address the collection, recording, and accounting for leases in accordance with the new guidance. Upon adoption of the new guidance, the most material impact was the recognition of $1.4 billion of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities relating to operating leases, reported within operating lease right-of-use assets and long-term operating lease liabilities, with the current portion of the liability reported within current portion of operating lease liabilities, in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 1, 2019. There was no cumulative effect of applying the new standard and accordingly there was no adjustment to our retained earnings upon adoption. This guidance had an immaterial impact on our Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss), Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and the compliance with debt-covenants under our current agreements.
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The FASB issued amended guidance, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General, which clarifies disclosure requirements for entities that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. This guidance eliminates requirements for certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial. Additionally, this guidance requires explanations of the reasons for material gains and losses related to changes in the defined benefit obligation for the period and any other material change in the benefit obligation or plan assets not otherwise apparent in disclosures. On November 30, 2020, we adopted this guidance using the retrospective method for each period presented. As a result, we are not required to present the amount in accumulated other comprehensive income that is expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year.
The FASB issued amended guidance, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software, which requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred. The expense related to deferred implementation costs is required to be presented in the same line item within the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) as the related hosting fees. Additionally, the payments for deferred implementation costs are required to be presented in the same line item in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as payments for the related hosting fees. This guidance is required to be adopted by us in the first quarter of 2021 and we have elected to apply the guidance using a prospective approach. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
The FASB issued amended guidance, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which requires an entity to present the net amount expected to be collected for certain financial assets, including trade receivables. On initial recognition and at each reporting period, this guidance will require an entity to recognize an allowance that reflects the entity's current estimate of credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the financial instrument. This guidance is required to be adopted by us in the first quarter of 2021 and will be applied prospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
The FASB issued guidance, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Option s and Derivative and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments. This guidance eliminates certain models that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features, in certain cases. Additionally, among other changes, the guidance eliminates certain of the conditions for equity classification for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance also requires entities to use the if-converted method for all convertible instruments in the diluted earnings per share calculation and include the effect of share settlement for instruments that may be settled in cash or shares, except for certain liability-classified share-based payment awards. This guidance is required to be adopted by us in the first quarter of 2023 and must be applied using either a modified or full retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 3 – Property and Equipment

| November 30,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019
Ships and ship improvements | $ | 49,803 |  |  | $ | 50,446 |
Ships under construction | 1,354 |  |  | 2,492 |
Other property and equipment | 3,992 |  |  | 3,843 |
Total property and equipment | 55,148 |  |  | 56,781 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (17,075) |  |  | (18,650) |
| $ | 38,073 |  |  | $ | 38,131 |

Capitalized interest amounted to $66 million in 2020, $39 million in 2019 and $36 million in 2018.
Sales of Ships
We have sold 12 NAA segment ships and five EA segment ships, which represents a passenger-capacity reduction of 20,510 for our NAA segment and 9,740 for our EA segment. In addition, we expect to sell two NAA segment ships which represents a passenger-capacity reduction of 2,100.
Refer to Note 10 - “Fair Value Measurements, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities and Financial Risks, Nonfinancial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis, Impairment of Ships” for additional discussion.
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NOTE 4 – Other Assets
We have a minority interest in Grand Bahama Shipyard Ltd. (“Grand Bahama”), a ship repair and maintenance facility. Grand Bahama provided services to us of $38 million in 2020, $62 million in 2019 and $89 million in 2018. As of November 30, 2020, our investment in Grand Bahama was $55 million, consisting of $13 million in equity and a loan of $42 million. As of November 30, 2019, our investment in Grand Bahama was $54 million, consisting of $15 million in equity and a loan of $39 million.
We have a minority interest in the White Pass & Yukon Route (“White Pass”) that includes port, railroad and retail operations in Skagway, Alaska. Due to the impact of COVID-19 on the Alaska season, White Pass provided no services to us in 2020, and $22 million in 2019. As of November 30, 2020, our investment in White Pass was $94 million, consisting of $75 million in equity and a loan of $19 million. As of November 30, 2019, our investment in White Pass was $102 million, consisting of $84 million in equity and a loan of $18 million.
We have a minority interest in CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping Limited (“CSSC-Carnival”), a China-based cruise company which will operate its own fleet designed to serve the Chinese market. As of November 30, 2020 and 2019, our investment in CSSC-Carnival was $140 million and $48 million. In December 2019, we sold to CSSC-Carnival a controlling interest in an entity with full ownership of two EA segment ships and recognized a related gain of $107 million, included in other operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). As of November 30, 2020, our investment in the minority interest of this entity was $283 million.
NOTE 5 – Debt

|  |  | November 30,
(in millions) | Maturity |  | Rate (a) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Secured Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes | Apr 2023 |  | 11.5% |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Notes | Feb 2026 |  | 10.5% |  | 775 |  |  | — |
EUR Notes | Feb 2026 |  | 10.1% |  | 508 |  |  | — |
Notes (c) | Jun 2027 |  | 7.9% |  | 192 |  |  | 192 |
Notes | Aug 2027 |  | 9.9% |  | 900 |  |  | — |
Bank Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR fixed rate (c) | Jul 2024 - May 2025 |  | 5.5 - 6.2% |  | 136 |  |  | 154 |
Floating rate | Jun 2025 |  | LIBOR + 7.5% |  | 1,855 |  |  | — |
EUR floating rate (c) | Jun 2025 - Oct 2026 |  | EURIBOR + 2.7 - 7.5% |  | 1,026 |  |  | 77 |
Total Secured Debt |  |  |  |  | 9,393 |  |  | 423 |
Unsecured Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolver |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility (expires Aug 2024) | (b) |  | LIBOR + 0.6% |  | 3,083 |  |  | — |
Notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes | Oct 2020 |  | 4.0% |  | — |  |  | 700 |
EUR Notes | Feb 2021 |  | 1.6% |  | 429 |  |  | 550 |
EUR Notes | Nov 2022 |  | 1.9% |  | 658 |  |  | 605 |
Convertible Notes | Apr 2023 |  | 5.8% |  | 537 |  |  | — |
Notes | Oct 2023 |  | 7.2% |  | 125 |  |  | 125 |
Notes | Mar 2026 |  | 7.6% |  | 1,450 |  |  | — |
EUR Notes | Mar 2026 |  | 7.6% |  | 598 |  |  | — |
Notes | Jan 2028 |  | 6.7% |  | 200 |  |  | 200 |
EUR Notes | Oct 2029 |  | 1.0% |  | 718 |  |  | 660 |
Bank Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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EUR fixed rate | Mar 2021 - Sep 2021 |  | 0.3 - 3.9% |  | 32 |  |  | 221 |
EUR floating rate | Mar 2021 - Apr 2023 |  | EURIBOR + 0.3 - 4.8% |  | 1,860 |  |  | 1,596 |
Floating rate | Jul 2024 - Sep 2024 |  | LIBOR + 3.8% |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
GBP floating rate | Aug 2021 - Feb 2025 |  | GBP LIBOR + 0.8 - 0.9% |  | 881 |  |  | 854 |
Export Credit Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR floating rate | Mar 2021 - Oct 2032 |  | EURIBOR + 0.2 - 1.5% |  | 1,891 |  |  | 963 |
EUR fixed rate | Feb 2031 - Sep 2032 |  | 1.1% |  | 1,159 |  |  | 545 |
Fixed rate | Aug 2027 - Oct 2031 |  | 2.4 - 3.4% |  | 3,131 |  |  | 3,485 |
Floating rate | Feb 2022 - Dec 2031 |  | LIBOR + 0.5 - 1.5% |  | 1,138 |  |  | 174 |
Commercial Paper |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR floating rate commercial paper | — |  | —% |  | — |  |  | 231 |
Total Unsecured Debt |  |  |  |  | 18,188 |  |  | 11,211 |
Total Debt |  |  |  |  | 27,581 |  |  | 11,634 |
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  | (624) |  |  | (131) |
Total Debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  | 26,957 |  |  | 11,503 |
Less: short-term borrowings |  |  |  |  | (3,084) |  |  | (231) |
Less: current portion of long-term debt |  |  |  |  | (1,742) |  |  | (1,596) |
Long-Term Debt |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,130 |  |  | $ | 9,675 |

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The scheduled maturities of our debt are as follows:

| November 30, 2020 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |
(in millions) | Rate (a) |  | 1Q | 2Q | 3Q | 4Q | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Thereafter
Secured Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes | 11.5% |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,000 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Notes | 10.5% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 775 |
EUR Notes | 10.1% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 508 |
Notes (c) | 7.9% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 192 |
Notes | 9.9% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 900 |
Bank Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR fixed rate (c) | 5.5 - 6.2% |  | 8 |  | 8 |  | 8 |  | 8 |  | 32 |  | 32 |  | 32 |  | 8 |  | — |
Floating rate | LIBOR + 7.5% |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 19 |  | 19 |  | 19 |  | 1,781 |  | — |
EUR floating rate (c) | EURIBOR + 2.7 - 7.5% |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 22 |  | 22 |  | 22 |  | 928 |  | 12 |
Total Secured Debt |  |  | 15 |  | 21 |  | 15 |  | 21 |  | 72 |  | 4,072 |  | 72 |  | 2,717 |  | 2,387 |
Unsecured Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolver |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Facility (expires Aug 2024) | LIBOR + 0.6% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,083 |  | — |  | — |
Notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR Notes | 1.6% |  | 429 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
EUR Notes | 1.9% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 658 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Convertible Notes | 5.8% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 537 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Notes | 7.2% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 125 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Notes | 7.6% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,450 |
EUR Notes | 7.6% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 598 |
Notes | 6.7% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 200 |
EUR Notes | 1.0% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 718 |
Bank Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR fixed rate | 0.3 - 3.9% |  | — |  | 17 |  | — |  | 15 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
EUR floating rate | EURIBOR + 0.3 - 4.8% |  | — |  | 179 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,053 |  | 628 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Floating rate | LIBOR + 3.8% |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 300 |  | — |  | — |
GBP floating rate | GBP LIBOR + 0.8 - 0.9% |  | 40 |  | — |  | 375 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 93 |  | 373 |  | — |
Export Credit Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR floating rate | EURIBOR + 0.2 - 1.5% |  | — |  | 24 |  | 49 |  | 124 |  | 333 |  | 306 |  | 277 |  | 200 |  | 629 |
EUR fixed rate | 1.1% |  | — |  | — |  | 26 |  | 26 |  | 103 |  | 103 |  | 103 |  | 103 |  | 644 |
Fixed rate | 2.4 - 3.4% |  | — |  | 74 |  | 36 |  | 98 |  | 291 |  | 332 |  | 332 |  | 332 |  | 1,576 |
Floating rate | LIBOR + 0.5 - 1.5% |  | 16 |  | 35 |  | 68 |  | 41 |  | 194 |  | 152 |  | 152 |  | 92 |  | 446 |
Total Unsecured Debt |  |  | 485 |  | 330 |  | 553 |  | 304 |  | 2,631 |  | 2,183 |  | 4,340 |  | 1,100 |  | 6,261 |
Total Debt |  |  | $ | 500 |  | $ | 351 |  | $ | 568 |  | $ | 325 |  | $ | 2,703 |  | $ | 6,255 |  | $ | 4,412 |  | $ | 3,818 |  | $ | 8,648 |

(a)Certain of the EURIBOR and LIBOR based loans have 0% or 1% floors, respectively.
(b)As of November 30, 2020, we had a $3.1 billion ($1.7 billion, €1.0 billion and £150 million) multi-currency revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility”) that was drawn in March 2020 for an initial term of six months. The maturities for these borrowings were extended in September 2020 for an additional six months through March 2021. We may re-borrow such amounts through August 2024 subject to satisfaction of the conditions in the facility. The Revolving Facility also includes an emissions linked margin adjustment whereby, after the initial applicable margin is set per the margin pricing grid, the margin may be adjusted based on performance in achieving certain agreed annual carbon emissions goals. We are required to pay a commitment fee on any undrawn portion.
(c)In 2019, these notes and bank loans were unsecured.
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The above debt tables do not include the impact of our interest rate swaps. The interest rates on some of our debt, and in the case of our Revolving Facility, fluctuate based on the applicable rating of senior unsecured long-term securities of Carnival Corporation or Carnival plc. For the year ended November 30, 2020, we had borrowings of $525 million and repayments of $526 million of commercial paper with original maturities greater than three months. For the year ended November 30, 2019, we did not have borrowings or repayments of commercial paper with original maturities greater than three months. For the year ended November 30, 2018, we had borrowings of $2 million and repayments of $2 million of commercial paper with original maturities greater than three months.
Debt is recorded at initial fair value, which normally reflects the proceeds received by us, net of debt issuance costs, and is subsequently stated at amortized cost. Debt issuance costs are generally amortized to interest expense using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method, over the term of the debt. Debt issue discounts and premiums are generally amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the debt.
Covenant Compliance
Many of our debt agreements contain one or more financial covenants that require us to:
•Maintain minimum debt service coverage (EBITDA to consolidated net interest charges for the most recently ended four fiscal quarters) of not less than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of each fiscal quarter (the “Financial Covenant”)
•Maintain minimum shareholders’ equity of $5.0 billion
•Limit our debt to capital percentage to 65% at the end of each fiscal quarter (the “Debt to Capital Covenant”)
•Limit the amounts of our secured assets as well as secured and other indebtedness
As of November 30, 2020, we had entered into supplemental agreements to amend our agreements with respect to the Financial Covenant to:
•Waive compliance for all of our export credit facilities through November 30, 2021 or December 31, 2021, as applicable, with aggregate indebtedness of $7.3 billion as of November 30, 2020. We will be required to comply beginning with the next testing date of February 28, 2022.
•Waive compliance through November 30, 2021 for certain of our bank loans with aggregate indebtedness of $2.1 billion as of November 30, 2020. The amendments were subsequently extended through November 30, 2022, with the applicable covenant threshold reduced beginning from the February 28, 2023 testing date before reverting to 3.0 to 1.0 from the February 28, 2024 testing date onwards.
•Waive compliance for the remaining applicable bank loans with aggregate indebtedness of $479 million as of November 30, 2020, through their respective maturity dates.
At November 30, 2020, we were in compliance with the applicable debt covenants.
In December 2020, we entered into an amendment agreement to our Revolving Facility. The amendment increased the maximum percentage for our Debt to Capital Covenant from the testing date on November 30, 2021 through the testing date on February 28, 2024, introduced a new minimum liquidity covenant (from the testing date of February 28, 2021 to November 30, 2022), introduced the Financial Covenant (from the testing date of February 28, 2023 for the remainder of the term of the Revolving Facility), and introduced certain other restrictive covenants through November 30, 2024. The amendment also restricts the granting of guarantees and security interests for certain of our outstanding debt through November 30, 2024. In January 2021, we entered into amendments which resulted in similar changes to agreements governing our bank loans.
Generally, if an event of default under any debt agreement occurs, then, pursuant to cross default acceleration clauses, substantially all of our outstanding debt and derivative contract payables could become due, and all debt and derivative contracts could be terminated. Any financial covenant amendment may lead to increased costs, increased interest rates, additional restrictive covenants and other available lender protections that would be applicable.
Credit Ratings Update
Since March 2020, Moody’s and S&P Global have downgraded our credit ratings to be non investment grade.
Newbuild Ship Financing
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We have unsecured long-term unfunded export credit ship financings. These facilities, if drawn at the time of ship delivery, are generally repayable semi-annually over 12 years. We have the option to cancel each one at specified dates prior to the underlying ship’s delivery date.
2023 First Lien Notes
In April 2020, we issued $4.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 11.5% first-priority senior secured notes due in 2023 (the “2023 First Lien Notes”). The 2023 First Lien Notes mature on April 1, 2023 unless earlier redeemed or repurchased. Our obligations under the 2023 First Lien Notes are guaranteed by Carnival plc and certain of our subsidiaries that own or operate our vessels and material intellectual property, and are secured by collateral, which includes vessels and material intellectual property with a net book value of $27.8 billion as of November 30, 2020 and certain other assets. Upon the occurrence of certain change of control events, we are required to offer to repurchase the 2023 First Lien Notes at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the purchase date.
The indenture governing the 2023 First Lien Notes contains covenants that limit our ability to, among other things: (i) incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred shares; (ii) make dividend payments on or make other distributions in respect of our capital stock or make other restricted payments; (iii) make certain investments; (iv) sell certain assets; (v) create liens on assets; (vi) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets; and (vii) enter into certain transactions with our affiliates. These covenants are subject to a number of important limitations and exceptions.
Convertible Notes
In April 2020, we issued $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.75% convertible senior notes due 2023 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes mature on April 1, 2023, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by us or earlier converted in accordance with their terms prior to the maturity date. The Convertible Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Carnival plc, Carnival Finance, LLC and our subsidiaries that guarantee the 2023 First Lien Notes.
The Convertible Notes are convertible by holders, subject to the conditions described below, into cash, shares of Carnival Corporation common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election. The Convertible Notes have an initial conversion rate of 100 shares of Carnival Corporation common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes, equivalent to an initial conversion price of $10 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price is subject to certain anti-dilutive adjustments and may also increase if the Convertible Notes are converted in connection with a tax redemption or certain corporate events.
The Convertible Notes are convertible at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding January 1, 2023, only under the following circumstances:
•during any fiscal quarter (and only during such fiscal quarter) if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
•prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding any tax redemption date; or
•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.
On or after January 1, 2023, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time.
If we undergo certain corporate events (each, a “fundamental change”), subject to certain conditions, holders may require us to
repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the
Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the fundamental change repurchase date.
We may redeem the Convertible Notes, in whole but not in part, at any time on or prior to December 31, 2022 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date, if we or any guarantor would have to pay any additional amounts on the Convertible Notes due to a change in tax laws, regulations or rulings or a change in the official application, administration or interpretation thereof.
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As of November 30, 2020, a condition allowing holders of the Convertible Notes to convert has been met and therefore the notes are convertible. The holders are entitled to convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at any time during the three months starting on December 1, 2020 and ending on February 28, 2021, at the conversion rate of 100 shares of Carnival Corporation common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes.
In August 2020, we completed registered direct offering of 99.2 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock at a price of $14.02 per share to a limited number of holders of the Convertible Notes (the “August Registered Direct Offering”). We used the proceeds of the stock offerings to repurchase from such holders $886 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes in privately negotiated transactions.
In November 2020, we completed two registered direct offerings of 57.4 million shares and 10.4 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock at a price of $18.05 and $17.59 per share, respectively, to a limited number of holders of the Convertible Notes (the “November Registered Direct Offerings”). We used the proceeds from the stock offering to repurchase from such holders $590 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes in privately negotiated transactions.
We recognized a $464 million extinguishment loss as a result of the August and November Registered Direct Offerings in other income (expense), net.
We account for the Convertible Notes as separate liability and equity components. We determined the car rying amount of the liability component as the present value of its cash flows.
The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was $286 million on the date of issuance and was calculated by deducting the carrying value of the liability component from the initial proceeds from the Convertible Notes. The excess of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes over the carrying amount of the liability component represents a debt discount that is amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Notes under the effective interest rate method using an effective interest rate of 12.9%. The carrying amount of the equity component was reduced to zero in conjunction with the partial repurchase of Convertible Notes in August 2020 because at the time of repurchase, the fair value of the equity component for the portion of the Convertible Notes that was repurchased, exceeded the total amount of the equity component recorded at the time the Convertible Notes were issued.
The net carrying value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes was as follows:

(in millions) |  | November 30, 2020
Principal |  | $ | 537 |
Less: Unamortized debt discount and transaction costs |  | (76) |
|  | $ | 461 |

The interest expense recognized related to the Convertible Notes was as follows:

(in millions) |  | Year Ended November 30, 2020
Contractual interest expense |  | $ | 58 |
Amortization of debt discount and transaction costs |  | $ | 50 |
|  | $ | 109 |

We had no Convertible Notes in 2019.
2025 Secured Term Loan
In June 2020, we borrowed an aggregate principal amount of $2.8 billion in two tranches ($1.9 billion and €800 million), under a first-priority senior secured term loan facility that matures on June 30, 2025 (the "2025 Secured Term Loan"). The U.S. dollar tranche bears interest at a rate per annum equal to adjusted LIBOR (with a 1% floor) plus 7.5%. The euro tranche bears interest at a rate per annum equal to EURIBOR (with a 0% floor) plus 7.5%. The 2025 Secured Term Loan is g uaranteed by Carnival plc and the same subsidiaries that currently guarantee, and are secured on a first-priority basis by substantially the same collateral that currently secures, the 2023 First Lien Notes, the 2026 Second Lien Notes and the 2027 Second Lien Notes. The
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2025 Secured Term Loan contains covenants that are substantially similar to the covenants in the indenture governing the 2023 First Lien Notes. These covenants are subject to a number of important limitations and exceptions.
2026 Second Lien Notes
In July 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $1.3 billion in two tranches ($775 million and €425 million), under second-priority senior secured notes that mature on February 1, 2026 (the "2026 Second Lien Notes"). The U.S. dollar tranche bears interest at a rate of 10.5% per year. The euro tranche bears interest at a rate of 10.1% per year. The 2026 Second Lien Notes are guaranteed by Carnival plc and the same subsidiaries that currently guarantee, and are secured on a second-priority basis by substantially the same collateral that currently secures, the 2023 First Lien Notes, the 2025 Secured Term Loan and the 2027 Second Lien Notes. The indenture governing the 2026 Second Lien Notes contains covenants that are substantially similar to the covenants in the indenture governing the 2023 First Lien Notes and the 2027 Second Lien Notes. These covenants are subject to a number of important limitations and exceptions.
2027 Second Lien Notes
In August 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $900 million of second-priority senior secured notes that mature on August 1, 2027 (the "2027 Secon d Lien Notes"). The 2027 Second Lien Notes bear interest at a rate of 9.9% per year. The 2027 Second Lien Notes are guaranteed by Carnival plc and the same subsidiaries that currently guarantee, and are secured on a second-priority basis by substantially the same collateral that currently secures, the 2023 First Lien Notes, the 2025 Secured Term Loan and the 2026 Second Lien Notes. The indenture governing the 2027 Second Lien Notes contains covenants that are substantially similar to the covenants in the indenture governing the 2023 First Lien Notes and the 2026 Second Lien Notes. These covenants are subject to a number of important limitations and exceptions.
2026 Senior Unsecured Notes
In November 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion in two tranches $1.5 billion and €500 million) under senior unsecured notes that mature on March 1, 2026 (the “2026 Senior Unsecured Notes”). The U.S dollar tranche bears interest at a rate of 7.6% per year. The euro tranche bears interest at a rate of 7.6% per year. The 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes are guaranteed by Carnival plc and the same subsidiaries that currently guarantee the 2023 First Lien Notes, 2026 Second Lien Notes and the 2027 Second Lien Notes and are unsecured. The 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes contains covenants that are substantially similar to the covenants in the indentures governing the 2023 First Lien Notes, 2026 Second Lien Notes and the 2027 Second Lien Notes. These covenants are subject to a number of important limitations and exceptions.
Modifications and Other
Certain export credit agencies have offered 12-month debt amortization and a financial covenant holiday (“D ebt Holiday”). In 2020, we have entered into supplemental agreements or side letters for Debt Holiday amendments to defer certain principal repayments otherwise due through March 31, 2021, except for one export credit facility with a deferral period through April 30, 2021, through the creation of separate tranches of loans with repayments made over the following four years.
During the year-ended November 30, 2020, we recognized a gain on early extinguishment of debt of $5 million that is included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
NOTE 6 – Commitments

| Fiscal |  |  |  |
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
New ship growth capital | $ | 3,201 |  |  | $ | 4,692 |  |  | $ | 3,273 |  |  | $ | 793 |  |  | $ | 1,076 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,036 |
Other long-term commitments | 219 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 478 |
| $ | 3,421 |  |  | $ | 4,790 |  |  | $ | 3,327 |  |  | $ | 845 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 13,515 |

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NOTE 7 – Contingencies
Litigation
We are routinely involved in legal proceedings, claims, disputes, regulatory matters and governmental inspections or investigations arising in the ordinary course of or incidental to our business, including those noted below. Additionally, as a result of the impact of COVID-19, litigation claims, enforcement actions, regulatory actions and investigations, including, but not limited to, those arising from personal injury and loss of life, have been and may, in the future, be asserted against us. We expect many of these claims and actions, or any settlement of these claims and actions, to be covered by insurance and historically the maximum amount of our liability, net of any insurance recoverables, has been limited to our self-insurance retention levels.
We record provisions in the consolidated financial statements for pending litigation when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
Legal proceedings and government investigations are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings or other events could occur. Unfavorable resolutions could involve substantial monetary damages. In addition, in matters for which conduct remedies are sought, unfavorable resolutions could include an injunction or other order prohibiting us from selling one or more products at all or in particular ways, precluding particular business practices or requiring other remedies. An unfavorable outcome might result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
As previously disclosed, on May 2, 2019, two lawsuits were filed against Carnival Corporation in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida under Title III of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, also known as the Helms-Burton Act, claiming ownership of commercial waterfront real property we own and use at the Havana docks and seeking damages, including treble damages. On July 9, 2020, the court granted our motion for judgment on the pleadings in the action filed by Javier Garcia Bengochea, and dismissed the plaintiff’s action with prejudice. On August 6, 2020, Bengochea filed a notice of appeal. On September 14, 2020, the court denied our motion to dismiss the amended action filed by Havana Docks Corporation. We filed an answer to the amended complaint on September 25, 2020. The plaintiff filed a second amended complaint on October 27, 2020, and we filed an answer on November 10, 2020. We continue to believe we have a meritorious defense to these actions and we believe that any liability which may arise as a result of these actions will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Contingent Obligations – Indemnifications
Some of the debt contracts we enter into include indemnification provisions obligating us to make payments to the counterparty if certain events occur. These contingencies generally relate to changes in taxes or changes in laws which increase the lender’s costs. There are no stated or notional amounts included in the indemnification clauses, and we are not able to estimate the maximum potential amount of future payments, if any, under these indemnification clauses.
Other Contingencies
We have agreements with a number of credit card processors that transact customer deposits related to our cruise vacations. Certain of these agreements allow the credit card processors to request under certain circumstances that we provide a reserve fund in cash. Although the agreements vary, these requirements may generally be satisfied either through a withheld percentage of customer payments or providing cash funds directly to the card processor. As of November 30, 2020, we had $377 million of customer deposits withheld to satisfy these requirements. We expect the funds withheld under these agreements will be approximately $60 million per month up to a maximum of $600 million. Additionally, during 2020, we placed $166 million of cash collateral in escrow and provided $46 million in reserve funds, these amounts are included within other assets.
COVID-19 Actions
We have been named in a number of actions related to COVID-19. The following purported class actions have been brought by former guests from Ruby Princess, Diamond Princess, Grand Princess, Coral Princess, Costa Luminosa or Zaandam. These actions seek compensation based on a variety of tort claims, including, but not limited to, negligence and failure to warn, physical injuries and severe emotional distress associated with being exposed and/or contracting COVID-19 onboard. Below are material updates to the previously disclosed class actions and individual actions.
Previously Disclosed Class Actions
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As previously disclosed, on April 7, 2020, Paul Turner, a former guest from Costa Luminosa, filed a purported class action against Costa Crociere, S.p.A. (“Costa”) and Costa Cruise Line, Inc. in the U.S. District Court of the Southern District of Florida. On September 10, 2020, the court granted Costa’s motion to dismiss based upon forum non conveniens, and directed that the action be filed in Italy. The plaintiff has appealed the order, and the appeal is pending in the Court of Appeals for the 11 th Circuit.
As previously disclosed, on April 8, 2020, numerous former guests from Grand Princess filed a purported class action against Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc and two of our subsidiaries, Princess Cruise Lines, Ltd. (“Princess Cruises”) and Fairline Shipping International Corporation, Ltd. The plaintiffs ultimately removed Fairline Shipping from the case. On September 22, 2020, the court granted our motions to dismiss the plaintiffs’ second amended complaint in part. The court granted our motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ negligence-based claims without prejudice and with leave to amend and granted our motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief without prejudice. The court denied our motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress. On October 2, 2020, the plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint. On October 20, 2020, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification, and the plaintiffs filed a petition for leave to appeal this ruling to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on November 3, 2020. The petition for leave to appeal is pending. On November 25, 2020, the court granted in part and denied in part our motion to dismiss, allowing the negligence claims of those individual plaintiffs who claim to have contracted COVID-19 or to have experienced COVID-19 symptoms to proceed against Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Princess Cruises and dismissing the claims of those plaintiffs who did not allege contracting COVID-19 with prejudice. The court also dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief with prejudice. On December 9, 2020, we filed an answer to the plaintiffs’ third amended complaint. On December 28, 2020, the parties filed a request for private mediation.
As previously disclosed, on May 27, 2020, Service Lamp Corporation Profit Sharing Plan filed a purported class action against Carnival Corporation, Arnold W. Donald and David Bernstein on behalf of all purchasers of Carnival Corporation securities between January 28 and May 1, 2020. As previously disclosed, on June 3, 2020, John P. Elmensdorp filed a purported class action against the same defendants, and included Micky Arison as a defendant. This action is on behalf of all purchasers of Carnival Corporation securities between September 26, 2019 and April 30, 2020. These actions allege that the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 by making misrepresentations and omissions related to Carnival Corporation’s COVID-19 knowledge and response, and seek to recover unspecified damages and equitable relief for the alleged misstatements and omissions. On July 21, 2020, Abraham Atachbarian filed a purported class action against the same defendants as the Elmensdorp action. The Atachbarian action is on behalf of all purchasers of Carnival Corporation options between January 27 and May 1, 2020 and allege the same set of factual theories presented in the class actions described above. These three cases have been consolidated with a new lead plaintiff, the New England Carpenters Pension and Guaranteed Annuity Fund and the Massachusetts Laborers’ Pension and Annuity Fund, and a consolidated class action complaint was filed on December 15, 2020, which also removed Micky Arison and David Bernstein as defendants. A motion to dismiss was filed on January 18, 2021.
As previously disclosed, on June 4, 2020, another group of former guests from Grand Princess filed a purported class action against Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc, and Princess Cruises in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, seeking compensation based on largely the same factual theories presented in the class action described above. The action asserts claims for negligence, gross negligence, negligent infliction of emotional distress and intentional infliction of emotional distress. On November 23, 2020, a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s amended action was filed and the briefing is now complete.
As previously disclosed, on June 4, 2020, numerous former guests from Ruby Princess filed a purported class action against Princess Cruises. Princess Cruises filed a motion to dismiss, in response to which the plaintiffs amended their action to remove their class action allegations and seek recovery on behalf of two guests who allege that they contracted COVID-19 while on Ruby Princess. Princess Cruises filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On October 12, 2020, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint, to which Princess Cruises filed an answer on October 26, 2020.
As previously disclosed, on June 24, 2020, Leonard C. Lindsay and Carl E.W. Zehner, former guests from Zaandam, filed a purported class action against Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Holland America Line N.V. On September 11, 2020, the plaintiffs filed an amended class action on behalf of all persons in the U.S. who were guests from Zaandam who embarked on March 8, 2020. Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Holland America Line N.V have filed a motion to dismiss on November 20, 2020. On December 11, 2020, plaintiffs filed their response, to which we filed our reply on December 24, 2020.
As previously disclosed, on July 13, 2020, Kathleen O’Neill, a former guest from Coral Princess filed a purported class action in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against Princess Cruises, Carnival Corporation, and Carnival plc. We have filed a motion to dismiss. This case is currently stayed and is pending resolution of the appeal by the plaintiffs in the Grand Princess class action of the court’s denial of the plaintiffs’ motion for class certification, Archer et al v. Carnival Corporation and plc et al.
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As previously disclosed, on July 13, 2020, another group of former guests from Grand Princess filed a purported class action in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against Princess Cruises, Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. On November 23, 2020, a motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s amended action was filed and the briefing is now complete.
As previously disclosed, on July 23, 2020, Susan Karpik, a former guest from Ruby Princess filed a purported class action against Carnival plc and Princess Cruises in the Federal Court of Australia On December 14, 2020, we filed an interlocutory appeal.
We believe that all the claims asserted in the above class actions are without merit and are taking proper actions to defend against them.
Individual Actions
Since March 9, 2020, more than 100 former U.S. guests who sailed onboard various vessels, including, but not limited to, Diamond Princess, Grand Princess, Ruby Princess, Coral Princess or Zaandam, filed individual actions against Princess Cruises and, in some actions, also against Carnival Corporation and/or Carnival plc, Costa and Holland America Line, including actions previously disclosed. Both the previously disclosed and newly filed actions include tort claims based on a variety of theories, including negligence and failure to warn. The plaintiffs in these actions allege a variety of injuries: some plaintiffs allege only emotional distress, while others allege injuries arising from testing positive for COVID-19. A smaller number of actions include wrongful death claims.
Previously Disclosed Individual Actions
Princess Cruises has filed motions to dismiss in all other matters in which a responsive pleading has been due. Several courts have granted the various motions to dismiss, with leave for the plaintiffs to amend.
As previously disclosed, between April 7 and July 7, 2020, former U.S. guests from Costa Luminosa filed individual actions against Costa in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida or the Circuit Court in and for the 11th Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County. These actions have been voluntarily dismissed with and without prejudice, respectively. The action brought in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida may be pursued in Italy.
As previously disclosed, on June 30, 2020, Kenneth and Nora Hook, former guests from Zaandam, filed an action against Holland America Line N.V. The court denied the plaintiff’s motion for an expedited trial date and Holland America’s motion to dismiss. The case is currently scheduled for a bench trial on November 15, 2021.
As previously disclosed, on July 16, 2020, Toyling Maa, individually and as personal representative of the estate of Wilson Maa, a former guest from Coral Princess, and the estate of Wilson Maa, filed an action in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Princess Cruises seeking compensation for damages for Ms. Maa allegedly contracting COVID-19 and alleging wrongful death as a result of Mr. Maa contracting COVID-19. The action asserts claims for negligence. On September 21, 2020, the court denied the plaintiffs’ motion to remand and granted defendants’ motion to dismiss without prejudice and with leave to amend. On November 30, 2020, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint and the defendants filed a motion to dismiss on December 14, 2020.
As previously disclosed, on July 23, 2020, an action was filed on behalf of the estate of Carl Weidner, a former guest from Grand Princess, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Princess Cruises seeking compensation based on a claim alleging wrongful death as a result of contracting COVID-19. The action asserts claims for negligence. The action also alleges that the forum selection clause in the guest’s ticket contract that specifies venue in the Central District of California is unenforceable. Carnival Corporation, Carnival plc and Princess Cruises filed a motion to dismiss and a motion to transfer venue to the Central District of California on October 5, 2020. On January 8, 2021, the court granted the motion to transfer the case to the Central District of California.
Newly Filed Individual Actions
Costa has been named in several individual actions filed in France, Italy and Brazil. These actions are in their preliminary stages and potential damages are not yet known. We believe, however, that the claims asserted in these actions are without merit and are taking proper actions to defend against them.
All the above individual actions seek monetary and punitive damages but do not specify exact amounts. We are taking proper actions to defend against them.
Governmental Inquiries and Investigations
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Federal and non-U.S. governmental agencies and officials are investigating or otherwise seeking information, testimony and/or documents, regarding COVID-19 incidents and related matters. We are investigating these matters internally and are cooperating with all requests. The investigations could result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties in the future.
NOTE 8 – Taxation
A summary of our principal taxes and exemptions in the jurisdictions where our significant operations are located is as follows:
U.S. Income Tax
We are primarily foreign corporations engaged in the business of operating cruise ships in international transportation. We also own and operate, among other businesses, the U.S. hotel and transportation business of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours through U.S. corporations.
Our North American cruise ship businesses and certain ship-owning subsidiaries are engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. Depending on its itinerary, any particular ship may generate income from sources within the U.S. We believe that our U.S. source income and the income of our ship-owning subsidiaries, to the extent derived from, or incidental to, the international operation of a ship or ships, is currently exempt from U.S. federal income and branch profit taxes.
Our domestic U.S. operations, principally the hotel and transportation business of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours, are subject to federal and state income taxation in the U.S.
In general, under Section 883 of the Internal Revenue Code, certain non-U.S. corporations (such as our North American cruise ship businesses) are not subject to U.S. federal income tax or branch profits tax on U.S. source income derived from, or incidental to, the international operation of a ship or ships. Applicable U.S. Treasury regulations provide in general that a foreign corporation will qualify for the benefits of Section 883 if, in relevant part, (i) the foreign country in which the foreign corporation is organized grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the U.S. in respect of each category of shipping income for which an exemption is being claimed under Section 883 (an “equivalent exemption jurisdiction”) and (ii) the foreign corporation meets a defined publicly-traded corporation stock ownership test (the “publicly-traded test”). Subsidiaries of foreign corporations that are organized in an equivalent exemption jurisdiction and meet the publicly-traded test also benefit from Section 883. We believe that Panama is an equivalent exemption jurisdiction and that Carnival Corporation currently satisfies the publicly-traded test under the regulations. Accordingly, substantially all of Carnival Corporation’s income is exempt from U.S. federal income and branch profit taxes.
Regulations under Section 883 list certain activities that the IRS does not consider to be incidental to the international operation of ships and, therefore, the income attributable to such activities, to the extent such income is U.S. source, does not qualify for the Section 883 exemption. Among the activities identified as not incidental are income from the sale of air transportation, transfers, shore excursions and pre- and post-cruise land packages to the extent earned from sources within the U.S.
We believe that the U.S. source transportation income earned by Carnival plc and its subsidiaries currently qualifies for exemption from U.S. federal income tax under applicable bilateral U.S. income tax treaties.
Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc and certain of their subsidiaries are subject to various U.S. state income taxes generally imposed on each state’s portion of the U.S. source income subject to U.S. federal income taxes. However, the state of Alaska imposes an income tax on its allocated portion of the total income of our companies doing business in Alaska and certain of their subsidiaries.
UK and Australian Income Tax
Cunard, P&O Cruises (UK) and P&O Cruises (Australia) are divisions of Carnival plc and have elected to enter the UK tonnage tax under a rolling ten-year term and, accordingly, reapply every year. Companies to which the tonnage tax regime applies pay corporation taxes on profits calculated by reference to the net tonnage of qualifying ships. UK corporation tax is not chargeable under the normal UK tax rules on these brands’ relevant shipping income. Relevant shipping income includes income from the operation of qualifying ships and from shipping related activities.
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For a company to be eligible for the regime, it must be subject to UK corporation tax and, among other matters, operate qualifying ships that are strategically and commercially managed in the UK. Companies within UK tonnage tax are also subject to a seafarer training requirement.
Our UK non-shipping activities that do not qualify under the UK tonnage tax regime remain subject to normal UK corporation tax.
P&O Cruises (Australia) and all of the other cruise ships operated internationally by Carnival plc for the cruise segment of the Australian vacation region are exempt from Australian corporation tax by virtue of the UK/Australian income tax treaty.
Italian and German Income Tax
In 2015, Costa and AIDA re-elected to enter the Italian tonnage tax regime through 2024 and can reapply for an additional ten-year period beginning in early 2025. Companies to which the tonnage tax regime applies pay corporation taxes on shipping profits calculated by reference to the net tonnage of qualifying ships.
Most of Costa’s and AIDA’s earnings that are not eligible for taxation under the Italian tonnage tax regime will be taxed at an effective tax rate of 4.8% in 2020 and 2019.
Substantially all of AIDA’s earnings are exempt from German income taxes by virtue of the Germany/Italy income tax treaty.
Asian Countries Income Taxes
Substantially all of our brands’ income from their international operations in Asian countries is exempt from income tax by virtue of relevant income tax treaties.
Other
We recognize income tax provisions for uncertain tax positions, based solely on their technical merits, when it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant tax authority. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Based on all known facts and circumstances and current tax law, we believe that the total amount of our uncertain income tax position liabilities and related accrued interest are not material to our financial position. All interest expense related to income tax liabilities is included in income tax expense.
In addition to or in place of income taxes, virtually all jurisdictions where our ships call impose taxes, fees and other charges based on guest counts, ship tonnage, passenger capacity or some other measure, and these taxes, fees and other charges are included in commissions, transportation and other costs and other operating expenses.
NOTE 9 – Shareholders’ Equity
Share Repurchase Program
Under a share repurchase program effective 2004, we had been authorized to repurchase Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc ordinary shares (the “Repurchase Program”). On June 15, 2020, to enhance our liquidity and comply with restrictions in our recent financing transactions, the Boards of Directors terminated the Repurchase Program.

| Carnival Corporation |  | Carnival plc
(in millions) | Number of Shares Repurchased |  | Dollar Amount Paid for Shares Repurchased |  | Number of Shares Repurchased |  | Dollar Amount Paid for Shares Repurchased
2020 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 10 |
2019 | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 569 |
2018 | 7.8 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | 16.3 |  |  | $ | 985 |

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

| AOCI
| November 30,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments, net | $ | (1,382) |  |  | $ | (1,961) |
Unrecognized pension expenses | (95) |  |  | (88) |
Net losses on cash flow derivative hedges | 41 |  |  | (18) |
| $ | (1,436) |  |  | $ | (2,066) |

During 2020, 2019 and 2018, there were $3 million, $5 million and $5 million of unrecognized pension expenses that were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss and were included within payroll and related expenses and selling and administrative expenses.
Dividends
To enhance our liquidity, as well as comply with the dividend restrictions contained in our debt agreements, we suspended the payment of dividends on the common stock of Carnival Corporation and the ordinary shares of Carnival plc. We declared quarterly cash dividends on all of our common stock and ordinary shares as follows:

| Quarters Ended
(in millions, except per share data) | February 28 |  | May 31 |  | August 31 |  | November 30
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Dividends declared | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
Dividends declared | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | 346 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
Dividends declared | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 349 |

Carnival Corporation’s Articles of Incorporation authorize its Board of Directors, at its discretion, to issue up to 40 million shares of preferred stock. At November 30, 2020 and 2019, no Carnival Corporation preferred stock or Carnival plc preference shares had been issued.
Public Equity Offerings
In April 2020, we completed a public offering of 71.9 million shares of Carnival Corporation’s common stock at a price per share of $8.00, resulting in net proceeds of $556 million.
In October 2020, we completed our $1.0 billion “at-the-market” (“ATM”) equity offering program that was announced on September 15, 2020, pursuant to which we sold 67.1 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock.
In November 2020, we completed our $1.5 billion ATM equity offering program that was announced on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which we sold 94.5 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock.
NOTE 10 – Fair Value Measurements, Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities and Financial Risks
Fair Value Measurements
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Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and is measured using inputs in one of the following three categories:
•Level 1 measurements are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation of these items does not entail a significant amount of judgment.
•Level 2 measurements are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or market data other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities.
•Level 3 measurements are based on unobservable data that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Considerable judgment may be required in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, certain estimates of fair value presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current or future market exchange.
Financial Instruments that are not Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

| November 30, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
(in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term other assets (a) | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 149 |
Total | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 149 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate debt (b) | $ | 15,547 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,258 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,438 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,782 |  |  | $ | — |
Floating rate debt (b) | 12,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,412 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,195 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,248 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 27,581 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,670 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,634 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,030 |  |  | $ | — |

(a)Long-term other assets are comprised of notes receivable, which at November 30, 2019, included loans on ship sales. The fair values of our Level 2 notes receivable were based on estimated future cash flows discounted at appropriate market interest rates. The fair values of our Level 3 notes receivable were estimated using risk-adjusted discount rates.
(b)The debt amounts above do not include the impact of interest rate swaps or debt issuance costs. The fair values of our publicly-traded notes were based on their unadjusted quoted market prices in markets that are not sufficiently active to be Level 1 and, accordingly, are considered Level 2. The fair values of our other debt were estimated based on current market interest rates being applied to this debt.
Financial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

| November 30, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9,513 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative financial instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 9,692 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |

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Nonfinancial Instruments that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Valuation of Goodwill and Trademarks
As a result of the effect of COVID-19 on our expected future operating cash flows, we performed interim discounted cash flow analyses for certain reporting units with goodwill as of February 29, 2020 and for all reporting units with goodwill or trademarks as of May 31, 2020 (i.e. prior to our annual test date of July 31, 2020). Consequently, we determined that the estimated fair values of two of our North America & Australia (“NAA”) segment reporting units and two of our Europe & Asia (“EA”) segment reporting units no longer exceeded their carrying values. We recognized goodwill impairment charges of $2.1 billion and have no remaining goodwill for those reporting units. As of July 31, 2020, we performed our annual goodwill and trademark impairment reviews and we determined there was no incremental impairment for goodwill or trademarks at our annual test date. As a result of the extended pause in operations, we performed an additional quantitative goodwill impairment review for all remaining reporting units as of November 30, 2020 and we determined there was no incremental impairment for goodwill.
As of July 31, 2019 and 2018, we performed our annual goodwill and trademark impairment reviews and we determined there was no impairment for goodwill or trademarks.
As of November 30, 2019, we performed an additional goodwill impairment review for our Costa reporting unit, $435 million of goodwill recorded, and we determined there was no impairment for goodwill.
The determination of the fair value of our reporting units’ and trademarks includes numerous assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Our pause in guest cruise operations and the possibility of further extensions created some uncertainty in forecasting the operating results and future cash flows used in our impairment analyses. The principal assumptions, all of which are considered Level 3 inputs, used in our cash flow analyses consisted of:
•The timing of our return to service, changes in market conditions and port or other restrictions
•Forecasted revenues net of our most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues including credit and debit card fees
•The allocation of new ships and the timing of the transfer or sale of ships amongst brands, as well as the estimated proceeds from ship sales
•Weighted-average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to the geographic regions in which these cruise brands operate
We believe that we have made reasonable estimates and judgments. A change in the principal assumptions, which influences the determination of fair value, may result in a need to recognize an additional impairment charge. Refer to Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Preparation of Financial Statements” for additional discussion.

| Goodwill
(in millions) | NAA Segment |  | EA Segment |  | Total
At November 30, 2018 | $ | 1,898 |  |  | $ | 1,027 |  |  | $ | 2,925 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | (13) |  |  | (13) |
At November 30, 2019 | 1,898 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 2,912 |
Impairment charges | (1,319) |  |  | (777) |  |  | (2,096) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |
At November 30, 2020 | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 807 |

| Trademarks
(in millions) | NAA Segment |  | EA Segment |  | Total
At November 30, 2018 | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 1,169 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
At November 30, 2019 | 927 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 1,167 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
At November 30, 2020 | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 1,180 |

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Impairments of Ships
We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate potential impairment. As a result of the effect of COVID-19 on our expected future operating cash flows and our decisions to dispose of certain ships, we determined certain impairment triggers had occurred. Accordingly, we performed undiscounted cash flow analyses on certain ships in our fleet throughout 2020. Based on these undiscounted cash flow analyses, we determined that certain ships, specifically those being disposed of, had net carrying values that exceeded their estimated undiscounted future cash flows. We determined the fair values of these ships based on their estimated selling value. We then compared these estimated fair values to the net carrying values and, as a result, we recognized ship impairment charges of $1.5 billion and $0.3 billion in our NAA and EA segments, respectively, during 2020. We did not recognize ship impairment charges during 2019 and 2018. The principal assumptions, all of which are considered level 3 inputs, used in our cash flow analyses consisted of:
•Timing of the respective ship’s return to service, changes in market conditions and port or other restrictions
•Forecasted ship revenues net of our most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees
•Timing of the sale of ships and estimated proceeds
Refer to Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Preparation of Financial Statements” for additional discussion.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

|  |  | November 30,
(in millions) | Balance Sheet Location |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Derivative assets |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swaps (a) | Prepaid expenses and other |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32 |
| Other assets |  | — |  |  | 25
Total derivative assets |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swaps (a) | Accrued liabilities and other |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
| Other long-term liabilities |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Foreign currency zero cost collars (b) | Accrued liabilities and other |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Interest rate swaps (c) | Accrued liabilities and other |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |
| Other long-term liabilities |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |
Total derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 25 |

(a)At November 30, 2020, we had no cross currency swaps. At November 30, 2019, we had cross currency swaps totaling $1.9 billion that are designated as hedges of our net investments in foreign operations with a euro-denominated functional currency.
(b)At November 30, 2020, we had foreign currency derivatives consisting of foreign currency zero cost collars that are designated as foreign currency cash flow hedges for a portion of our euro-denominated shipbuilding payments. See “Newbuild Currency Risks” below for additional information regarding these derivatives.
(c)We have interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges whereby we receive floating interest rate payments in exchange for making fixed interest rate payments. These interest rate swap agreements effectively changed $248 million at November 30, 2020 and $300 million at November 30, 2019 of EURIBOR-based floating rate euro debt to fixed rate euro debt. At November 30, 2020, these interest rate swaps settle through 2025.
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Our derivative contracts include rights of offset with our counterparties. We have elected to net certain of our derivative assets and liabilities within counterparties.

| November 30, 2020
(in millions) | Gross Amounts |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Total Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amounts not Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts
Assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |
| November 30, 2019
(in millions) | Gross Amounts |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Total Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amounts not Offset in the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts
Assets | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 54 |
Liabilities | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 21 |

The effect of our derivatives qualifying and designated as hedging instruments recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and in income was as follows:

| November 30,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Gains (losses) recognized in AOCI: |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swaps – net investment hedges - included component | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Cross currency swaps – net investment hedges - excluded component | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency zero cost collars – cash flow hedges | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (12) |
Foreign currency forwards - cash flow hedges | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps – cash flow hedges | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI – cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps – Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | (10) |
Foreign currency zero cost collars - Depreciation and amortization | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Gains (losses) recognized on derivative instruments (amount excluded from effectiveness testing – net investment hedges) |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swaps – Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |

The amount of estimated cash flow hedges’ unrealized gains and losses that are expected to be reclassified to earnings in the next twelve months is not material.
Financial Risk
Fuel Price Risks
We manage our exposure to fuel price risk by managing our consumption of fuel. Substantially all of our exposure to market risk for changes in fuel prices relates to the consumption of fuel on our ships. We manage fuel consumption through ship maintenance practices, modifying our itineraries and implementing innovative technologies.

(in millions) | November 30, 2018
Unrealized gains on fuel derivatives, net | $ | 94 |
Realized losses on fuel derivatives, net | (35) |
Gains (losses) on fuel derivatives, net | $ | 59 |

There were no unrealized or realized gains or losses on fuel derivatives for the period ended November 30, 2020 and 2019.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risks
Overall Strategy
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We manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates through our normal operating and financing activities, including netting certain exposures to take advantage of any natural offsets and, when considered appropriate, through the use of derivative and non-derivative financial instruments. Our primary focus is to monitor our exposure to, and manage, the economic foreign currency exchange risks faced by our operations and realized if we exchange one currency for another. We currently only hedge certain of our ship commitments and net investments in foreign operations. The financial impacts of the hedging instruments we do employ generally offset the changes in the underlying exposures being hedged.
Operational Currency Risks
Our operations primarily utilize the U.S. dollar, Australian dollar, euro or sterling as their functional currencies. Our operations also have revenue and expenses denominated in non-functional currencies. Movements in foreign currency exchange rates will affect our financial statements.
Investment Currency Risks
We consider our investments in foreign operations to be denominated in stable currencies and of a long-term nature. We partially mitigate the currency exposure of our investments in foreign operations by designating a portion of our foreign currency debt and derivatives as hedges of these investments. As of November 30, 2020, we have designated $881 million of our sterling-denominated debt as non-derivative hedges of our net investments in foreign operations. In 2020, we recognized $27 million of losses on these non-derivative net investment hedges in the cumulative translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income (loss). We also have $9.0 billion of euro-denominated debt, which provides an economic offset for our operations with euro functional currency.
Newbuild Currency Risks
Our shipbuilding contracts are typically denominated in euros. Our decision to hedge a non-functional currency ship commitment for our cruise brands is made on a case-by-case basis, considering the amount and duration of the exposure, market volatility, economic trends, our overall expected net cash flows by currency and other offsetting risks. We use foreign currency derivative contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk for some of our ship construction payments. At November 30, 2020, for the following newbuild, we had foreign currency contracts for a portion of our euro-denominated shipyard payments. These contracts are designated as cash flow hedges.

Foreign currency zero cost collars |  | Entered Into |  | Matures In |  | Weighted-Average Floor Rate |  | Weighted- Average Ceiling Rate
Mardi Gras |  | 2020 |  | December 2020 |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 1.28 |

If the spot rate is between the ceiling and floor rates on the date of maturity, then we would not owe or receive any payments under the zero cost collars.
At November 30, 2020, our remaining newbuild currency exchange rate risk primarily relates to euro-denominated newbuild contract payments to non-euro functional currency brands, which represent a total unhedged commitment of $6.9 billion for newbuilds scheduled to be delivered from 2020 through 2025.
The cost of shipbuilding orders that we may place in the future that is denominated in a different currency than our cruise brands’ will be affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. These foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations may affect our decision to order new cruise ships.
Interest Rate Risks
We manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates through our debt portfolio management and investment strategies. We evaluate our debt portfolio to determine whether to make periodic adjustments to the mix of fixed and floating rate debt through the use of interest rate swaps, issuance of new debt, amendment of existing debt, early retirement of existing debt or through the completion of various other capital transactions.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
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As part of our ongoing control procedures, we monitor concentrations of credit risk associated with financial and other institutions with which we conduct significant business. We seek to manage these credit risk exposures, including counterparty nonperformance primarily associated with our cash equivalents, investments, notes receivables, future financing facilities, contingent obligations, derivative instruments, insurance contracts, long-term ship charters and new ship progress payment guarantees, by:
•Conducting business with well-established financial institutions, insurance companies and export credit agencies
•Diversifying our counterparties
•Having guidelines regarding credit ratings and investment maturities that we follow to help safeguard liquidity and minimize risk
•Generally requiring collateral and/or guarantees to support notes receivable on significant asset sales, long-term ship charters and new ship progress payments to shipyards
At November 30, 2020, our exposures under derivative instruments were not material. We also monitor the creditworthiness of travel agencies and tour operators in Asia, Australia and Europe, which includes charter-hire agreements in Asia and credit and debit card providers to which we extend credit in the normal course of our business. Concentrations of credit risk associated with trade receivables and other receivables, charter-hire agreements and contingent obligations are not considered to be material, principally due to the large number of unrelated accounts, the nature of these contingent obligations and their short maturities. Normally, we have not required collateral or other security to support normal credit sales. Historically, we have not experienced significant credit losses, including counterparty nonperformance, however, because of the impact COVID-19 is having on economies, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, an increase in credit losses.
Our credit exposure also includes contingent obligations related to cash payments received directly by travel agents and tour operators for cash collected by them on cruise sales in Australia and most of Europe where we are obligated to honor our guests’ cruise payments made by them to their travel agents and tour operators regardless of whether we have received these payments.
NOTE 11 – Leases
Substantially all of our leases for which we are the lessee are operating leases of port facilities and real estate and are included within operating lease right-of-use assets, long-term operating lease liabilities and current portion of operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of November 30, 2020.
We have port facilities and real estate lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and in such cases, we account for the components as a single lease component.
We do not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for any leases with an original term of less than one year. For some of our port facilities and real estate lease agreements, we have the option to extend our current lease term by 1 to 10 years. Generally, we do not include renewal options as a component of our present value calculation as we are not reasonably certain that we will exercise the options.
As most of our leases do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, we estimate the incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") to determine the present value of lease payments. We apply judgment in estimating the IBR including considering the term of the lease, the currency in which the lease is denominated, and the impact of collateral and our credit risk on the rate. For leases that were in place upon adoption of Leases, we used the remaining lease term as of December 1, 2019 in determining the IBR. For the initial measurement of the lease liabilities for leases commencing after the adoption, the IBR at the lease commencement date was applied.
We amortize our lease assets on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The components of expense were as follows:

(in millions) |  | Year Ended November 30, 2020
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 203 |
Variable lease expense (a) (b) |  | $ | (61) |

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(a)Variable lease expense represents costs associated with our multi-year preferential berthing agreements which vary based on the number of passengers. These costs are recorded within commission, transportation and other in our Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). Variable and short-term lease costs related to operating leases, other than the port facilities, were not material to our consolidated financial statements.
(b)Several of our preferential berthing agreements have force majeure provisions. We have treated the concessions granted under such provisions as variable payment adjustments. If our interpretation of the force majeure provisions is disputed, we could be required to record and make additional guarantee payments.
We have multiple agreements, with a total undiscounted minimum commitment of approximately $439 million, that have been executed but the lease term has not commenced as of November 30, 2020. These are substantially all related to our rights to use certain port facilities. The leases are expected to commence between 2021 and 2022.
During 2020, we obtained $144 million of right-of-use assets in exchange for new operating lease liabilities. The cash outflow for leases was materially consistent with the lease expense recognized during 2020.
Weighted average of the remaining lease terms and weighted average discount rates are as follows:

|  | November 30, 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases (in years) |  | 13
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases |  | 3.4 | %

As of November 30, 2020, maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:

(in millions) Year |  |
2021 |  | $ | 204 |
2022 |  | 176 |
2023 |  | 159 |
2024 |  | 147 |
2025 |  | 143 |
Thereafter |  | 936 |
Total lease payments |  | 1,765 |
Less: Present value discount |  | (341) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,424 |

Under ASC 840, Leases, future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases of port facilities and other assets as of November 30, 2019 were as follows:

(in millions) Year |  |
2020 |  | $ | 219 |
2021 |  | 196 |
2022 |  | 161 |
2023 |  | 173 |
2024 |  | 167 |
Thereafter |  | 1,408 |
|  | $ | 2,324 |

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For time charter arrangements where we are the lessor and for transactions with cruise guests related to the use of cabins, we do not separate lease and non-lease components. As the non-lease components are the predominant components in the agreements, we account for these transactions under the Revenue Recognition guidance.
NOTE 12 – Segment Information
Our operating segments are reported on the same basis as the internally reported information that is provided to our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc. The CODM assesses performance and makes decisions to allocate resources for Carnival Corporation & plc based upon review of the results across all of our segments. Our four reportable segments are comprised of (1) NAA cruise operations, (2) EA cruise operations, (3) Cruise Support and (4) Tour and Other.
The operating segments within each of our NAA and EA reportable segments have been aggregated based on the similarity of their economic and other characteristics. Our Cruise Support segment includes our portfolio of leading port destinations and other services, all of which are operated for the benefit of our cruise brands. Our Tour and Other segment represents the hotel and transportation operations of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours and other operations.

| As of and for the years ended November 30, |
(in millions) | Revenues |  | Operating costs and expenses |  | Selling and administrative |  | Depreciation and amortization |  | Operating income (loss) |  | Capital expenditures |  | Total assets |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NAA | $ | 3,627 |  |  | $ | 5,623 |  |  | $ | 1,066 |  |  | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | (5,794) |  | (a) | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 25,257 |  |
EA | 1,790 |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 672 |  |  | (2,729) |  | (b) | 2,036 |  |  | 16,505 |  |
Cruise Support | 68 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 262 |  |  | 128 |  |  | (313) |  |  | 144 |  |  | 11,135 |  |
Tour and Other | 110 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 28 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 696 |  |
| $ | 5,595 |  |  | $ | 8,245 |  |  | $ | 1,878 |  |  | $ | 2,241 |  |  | $ | (8,865) |  |  | $ | 3,620 |  |  | $ | 53,593 |  |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NAA | $ | 13,612 |  |  | $ | 8,370 |  |  | $ | 1,427 |  |  | $ | 1,364 |  |  | $ | 2,451 |  |  | $ | 2,781 |  |  | $ | 27,102 |  |
EA | 6,650 |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | 744 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 1,115 |  |  | 2,462 |  |  | 15,473 |  |
Cruise Support | 173 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 115 |  |  | (347) |  |  | 143 |  |  | 1,861 |  |
Tour and Other | 390 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 623 |  |
| $ | 20,825 |  |  | $ | 12,909 |  |  | $ | 2,480 |  |  | $ | 2,160 |  |  | $ | 3,276 |  |  | $ | 5,429 |  |  | $ | 45,058 |  |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NAA | $ | 12,236 |  |  | $ | 7,180 |  |  | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 1,264 |  |  | $ | 2,389 |  |  | $ | 2,614 |  |  | $ | 25,613 |  |
EA | 6,243 |  |  | 3,676 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 611 |  |  | 1,205 |  |  | 945 |  |  | 13,825 |  |
Cruise Support | 129 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 103 |  |  | (296) |  |  | 38 |  |  | 2,303 |  |
Tour and Other | 272 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 660 |  |
| $ | 18,881 |  |  | $ | 11,089 |  |  | $ | 2,450 |  |  | $ | 2,017 |  |  | $ | 3,325 |  |  | $ | 3,749 |  |  | $ | 42,401 |  |

(a) Includes $1.3 billion of goodwill impairment charges.
(b) Includes $777 million of goodwill impairment charges.
Revenues by geographic areas, which are based on where our guests are sourced, were as follows:

| Years Ended November 30,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
North America | $ | 3,084 |  |  | $ | 11,502 |  |  | $ | 10,066 |
Europe | 1,643 |  |  | 6,318 |  |  | 5,957 |
Australia and Asia | 687 |  |  | 2,632 |  |  | 2,530 |
Other | 180 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 327 |
| $ | 5,595 |  |  | $ | 20,825 |  |  | $ | 18,881 |

Substantially all of our long-lived assets consist of our ships and move between geographic areas.
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NOTE 13 – Compensation Plans and Post-Employment Benefits
Equity Plans
We issue our share-based compensation awards, which at November 30, 2020 included time-based share awards (restricted stock awards and restricted stock units), performance-based share awards and market-based share awards (collectively “equity awards”), under the Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc stock plans. Equity awards are principally granted to management level employees and members of our Boards of Directors. The plans are administered by the Compensation Committee which is made up of independent directors who determine which employees are eligible to participate, the monetary value or number of shares for which equity awards are to be granted and the amounts that may be exercised or sold within a specified term. We had an aggregate of 11.1 million shares available for future grant at November 30, 2020. We fulfill our equity award obligations using shares purchased in the open market or with unissued or treasury shares. Our equity awards generally vest over a three-year period, subject to earlier vesting under certain conditions.

| Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at November 30, 2017 | 2,949,968 |  |  | $ | 51.82 |
Granted | 951,906 |  |  | $ | 66.68 |
Vested | (1,419,218) |  |  | $ | 45.45 |
Forfeited | (202,139) |  |  | $ | 56.57 |
Outstanding at November 30, 2018 | 2,280,517 |  |  | $ | 61.57 |
Granted | 1,357,177 |  |  | $ | 52.17 |
Vested | (960,693) |  |  | $ | 53.49 |
Forfeited | (185,625) |  |  | $ | 56.13 |
Outstanding at November 30, 2019 | 2,491,376 |  |  | $ | 59.97 |
Granted | 9,971,331 |  |  | $ | 20.72 |
Vested | (1,641,570) |  |  | $ | 30.68 |
Forfeited | (480,361) |  |  | $ | 50.96 |
Outstanding at November 30, 2020 | 10,340,776 |  |  | $ | 26.61 |

As of November 30, 2020, there was $129 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to equity awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.
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Single-employer Defined Benefit Pension Plans
We maintain several single-employer defined benefit pension plans, which cover certain of our shipboard and shoreside employees. The U.S. and UK shoreside employee plans are closed to new membership and are funded at or above the level required by U.S. or UK regulations. The remaining defined benefit plans are primarily unfunded. These plans provide pension benefits primarily based on employee compensation and years of service.

|  | UK Plan (a) |  | All Other Plans
(in millions) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Change in projected benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation as of December 1 |  | $ | 299 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 213 |
Past service cost |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |
Interest cost |  | 5 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |
Benefits paid |  | (16) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (18) |
Actuarial (gain) loss on plans’ liabilities |  | 14 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 34 |
Plan curtailments, settlements and other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |
Projected benefit obligation as of November 30 |  | 303 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 254 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets as of December 1 |  | 312 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Return on plans’ assets |  | 23 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Employer contributions |  | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 18 |
Benefits paid |  | (16) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (19) |
Plan settlements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Administrative expenses |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets as of November 30 |  | 325 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 18 |
Funded status as of November 30 |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (263) |  |  | $ | (236) |

(a) The P&O Princess Cruises (UK) Pension Scheme (“UK Plan”)
The amounts recognized the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these plans were as follows:

|  | UK Plan |  | All Other Plans
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
(in millions) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Other assets |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Accrued liabilities and other |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 25 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 210 |

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $584 million and $531 million at November 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Amounts for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of fair value of plan assets are as follows:
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|  | November 30,
(in millions) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | 254 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 247 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 18 |

The net benefit cost recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) were as follows:

|  | UK Plan |  | All Other Plans
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
(in millions) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Service cost |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Interest cost |  | 5 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 6 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (8) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net loss (gain) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Settlement loss recognized |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 29 |

The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Weighted average assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligation are as follows:

|  | UK Plan |  | All Other Plans
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Discount rate |  | 1.6 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.9 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 3.0 | %

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension income are as follows:

|  | UK Plan |  | All Other Plans
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Discount rate |  | 1.9 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 3.5 | % |  | 3.3 | %
Expected return on assets |  | 3.0 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  | 2.9 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.0 | %

The discount rate used to determine the UK Plan’s projected benefit obligation was determined as the single equivalent rate based on applying a yield curve determined from AA credit rated bonds at the balance sheet date to the cash flows making up the pension plan’s obligations. The discount rate used to determine the UK Plan’s future net periodic benefit cost was determined as the equivalent rate based on applying each individual spot rate from a yield curve determined from AA credit rated bonds at the balance sheet date for each year’s cash flow. The UK Plan’s expected long-term return on plan assets is consistent with the long-term investment return target provided to the UK Plan’s fiduciary manager (U.K. government fixed interest bonds (gilts) plus 1.0% to 1.8% per annum as of November 30, 2020).
Amounts recognized in AOCI are as follows:
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|  | UK Plan |  | All Other Plans
|  | November 30, |  | November 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Actuarial losses (gains) recognized in the current year |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 33 |
Amortization and settlements included in net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (3) |

We anticipate making contributions of $27 million to the plans during 2021. Estimated future benefit payments to be made during each of the next five fiscal years and in the aggregate during the succeeding five fiscal years are as follows:

(in millions) |  | UK Plan |  | All Other Plans
2021 |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 27 |
2022 |  | 6 |  |  | 25 |
2023 |  | 7 |  |  | 26 |
2024 |  | 7 |  |  | 27 |
2025 |  | 7 |  |  | 29 |
2026-2030 |  | 38 |  |  | 143 |
|  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 277 |

Our investment strategy for our pension plan assets is to maintain a diversified portfolio of asset classes to produce a sufficient level of diversification and investment return over the long term. The investment policy for each plan specifies the type of investment vehicles appropriate for the plan, asset allocation guidelines, criteria for selection of investment managers and procedures to monitor overall investment performance, as well as investment manager performance. As of November 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, the All Other Plans were all unfunded.
The fair values of the plan assets of the UK Plan by investment class are as follows:

|  | As of November 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019
Equities |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 153 |
U.K. government fixed interest bonds (gilts) |  | 270 |  |  | 159 |

Multiemployer Defined Benefit Pension Plans
We participate in two multiemployer defined benefit pension plans in the UK, the British Merchant Navy Officers Pension Fund (registration number 10005645) (“MNOPF”), which is divided into two sections, the “New Section” and the “Old Section” and the British Merchant Navy Ratings Pension Fund (registration number 10005646) (“MNRPF”). Collectively, we refer to these as “the multiemployer plans.” The multiemployer plans are maintained for the benefit of the employees of the participating employers who make contributions to the plans. The risks of participating in these multiemployer plans are different from single-employer plans, including:
•Contributions made by employers, including us, may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers
•If any of the participating employers were to withdraw from the multiemployer plans or fail to make their required contributions, any unfunded obligations would be the responsibility of the remaining participating employers.
We are contractually obligated to make all required contributions as determined by the plans’ trustees. All of our multiemployer plans are closed to new membership and future benefit accrual. The MNOPF Old Section is fully funded.
We expense our portion of the MNOPF New Section deficit as amounts are invoiced by, and become due and payable to, the trustees. We accrue and expense our portion of the MNRPF deficit based on our estimated probable obligation from the most
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recent actuarial review. Total expense for the multiemployer plans, was $2 million in 2020, $6 million in 2019 and $8 million in 2018.
Based on the most recent valuation at March 31, 2018 of the MNOPF New Section, it was determined that this plan was 98% funded. In 2020, 2019 and 2018, our contributions to the MNOPF New Section did not exceed 5% of total contributions to the fund. Based on the most recent valuation at March 31, 2017 of the MNRPF, it was determined that this plan was 84% funded. In 2020, 2019 and 2018 our contributions to the MNRPF did not exceed 5% of total contributions to the fund. It is possible that we will be required to fund and expense additional amounts for the multiemployer plans in the future; however, such amounts are not expected to be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Defined Contribution Plans
We have several defined contribution plans available to most of our employees. We contribute to these plans based on employee contributions, salary levels and length of service. Total expense for these plans was $24 million in 2020, $41 million in 2019 and $39 million in 2018.
NOTE 14 – Earnings Per Share

| Years Ended November 30,
(in millions, except per share data) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income (loss) for basic and diluted earnings per share | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 775 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 709 |
Dilutive effect of equity plans | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 775 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 710 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.34 |  |  | $ | 4.45 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.32 |  |  | $ | 4.44 |

Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted earnings per share computations were as follows:

(in millions) | November 30, 2020
Equity awards | 1 |
Convertible Notes | 103 |
Total antidilutive securities | 104 |

There were no antidilutive shares excluded from our 2019 and 2018 diluted earnings per share computations.
NOTE 15 – Supplemental Cash Flow Information

| November 30,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash and cash equivalents (Consolidated Balance Sheets) | $ | 9,513 |  |  | $ | 518 |
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other and other assets | 179 |  |  | 13 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows) | $ | 9,692 |  |  | $ | 530 |

Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest, was $610 million in 2020, $171 million in 2019 and $182 million in 2018. In addition, cash paid for income taxes, net was not material in 2020, $46 million in 2019 and $58 million in 2018.
In connection with the repurchase of the Convertible Notes as part of the August and November Registered Direct Offerings, as an administrative convenience, we permitted the purchasers of 151.2 million of Carnival Corporation common stock to offset the purchase price payable to us against our obligation to pay the purchase price for $1.3 billion aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes held by them, which is reflected as a non-cash transaction for the year ended November 30, 2020.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Boards of Directors and Shareholders of Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Carnival Corporation & plc (comprising Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc and their respective subsidiaries, the “Company”) as of November 30, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended November 30, 2020, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of November 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of November 30, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended November 30, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of November 30, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Notes 1 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2020.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Emphasis of Matter
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on the Company’s operations and global bookings have had, and will continue to have, a material negative impact on the Company’s financial results and liquidity. Further, beginning on February 28, 2022, additional financial covenant amendments for the Company’s export credit facilities have been requested and will be needed in order to maintain covenant compliance. Management’s evaluation of these events and conditions and management’s plans to mitigate these matters are also described in Note 1.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
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A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Goodwill Interim Impairment Assessment – Certain Reporting Units Within the North America & Australia (“NAA”) and Europe & Asia (“EA”) Reportable Segments
As described in Notes 2 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $807 million as of November 30, 2020. The goodwill associated with the NAA and EA reportable segments as of November 30, 2020 was $579 million and $228 million, respectively. Management reviews goodwill for impairment as of July 31 every year, or more frequently if events or circumstances dictate. The impairment review for goodwill allows management to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the more detailed quantitative goodwill impairment test. Management performs the quantitative test if the qualitative assessment determined it is more-likely-than-not that a reporting unit’s estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount, or management may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative test for any reporting unit. When performing the quantitative test, if the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no further analysis is required. However, if the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, goodwill is written down based on the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. As a result of the effect of COVID-19 on management’s expected future operating cash flows, management performed interim discounted cash flow analyses for certain reporting units with goodwill as of February 29, 2020 and for all reporting units with goodwill as of May 31, 2020 (i.e., prior to the Company’s annual test date of July 31, 2020). Consequently, management determined that the estimated fair values of two of the Company’s NAA segment reporting units and two of the Company’s EA segment reporting units no longer exceeded their carrying values. Management recognized goodwill impairment charges of $1,319 million and $777 million within the NAA and EA reportable segments, respectively and the Company has no remaining goodwill for those reporting units. As of July 31, 2020, management performed the annual goodwill impairment review and determined there was no incremental impairment for goodwill at the annual test date. As a result of the extended pause in operations, management performed an additional quantitative goodwill impairment review for all remaining reporting units as of November 30, 2020 and determined there was no incremental impairment for goodwill. The determination of the fair value of the Company’s reporting units includes numerous assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. The principal assumptions used in management’s cash flow analyses consisted of the timing of the Company’s return to service; changes in market conditions; and port or other restrictions; forecasted revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees; the allocation of new ships; the timing of the transfer or sale of ships amongst brands; and the estimated proceeds from ship sales; and the weighted-average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to the geographic regions in which these cruise brands operate.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill interim impairment assessment for certain reporting units within the NAA and EA reportable segments at May 31, 2020 is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management in determining the fair value of the reporting units; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to forecasted revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other
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transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees; the timing of the transfer or sale of ships amongst brands; and the weighted-average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to the geographic regions in which these cruise brands operate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessments, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s reporting units. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for determining the fair value estimates of certain reporting units within the NAA and EA reportable segments related to the interim impairment assessment; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow analyses; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the analyses; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to forecasted revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees; the timing of the transfer or sale of ships amongst brands; and the weighted-average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to the geographic regions in which these cruise brands operate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to forecasted revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees and the timing of the transfer or sale of ships amongst brands involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the discounted cash flow analyses and the weighted-average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to the geographic regions in which these cruise brands operate.
Certain Ship Impairment Assessments
As described in Notes 2, 3, and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated ship and ship improvements balance was $49.8 billion as of November 30, 2020. Management reviews their long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate potential impairment. As a result of the effect of COVID-19 on the Company’s expected future operating cash flows and management’s decision to dispose of certain ships, management determined certain impairment triggers occurred. Accordingly, management performed undiscounted cash flow analyses on certain ships in the Company’s fleet throughout 2020. Based on these undiscounted cash flow analyses, management determined that certain ships, specifically those being disposed, had net carrying values that exceeded their estimated undiscounted future cash flows. Management determined the fair values of these ships based on their estimated selling value. Management then compared these estimated fair values to the net carrying values and, as a result, recognized ship impairment charges of $1.5 billion and $0.3 billion within the NAA and EA segments during 2020. The principal assumptions used in management’s undiscounted cash flow analyses consisted of the timing of the respective ship’s return to service; changes in market conditions; and port or other restrictions; forecasted ship revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees; and the timing of the sale of ships and estimated proceeds.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to certain ship impairment assessments is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management in developing the undiscounted cash flow analyses for the ships with triggering events; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to forecasted ship revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees and the timing of the sale of ships and estimated proceeds.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s ship impairment assessments, including controls over the analysis of the Company’s ships that were subject to undiscounted cash flow impairment analyses. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the undiscounted cash flow estimates for ships with triggering events; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the undiscounted cash flow methods; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the estimates; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to forecasted ship revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees and the timing of the sale of ships and estimated proceeds. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the forecasted ship revenues net of the most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees and the timing of the sale of ships and
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estimated proceeds involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Company; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.
Liquidity - Impact of COVID-19
As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, in the face of the global pandemic, management paused its guest cruise operations in mid-March 2020. In September 2020, the Company resumed limited guest operations as part of its phased return to service. Management believes that the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on their operations have had, and will continue to have, a material negative impact on their financial results and liquidity. Management has taken and continues to take actions to improve the Company’s liquidity, including capital expenditure and operating expense reductions, amending credit agreements, accelerating the removal of certain ships from the Company’s fleet, suspending dividend payments on, and the repurchase of, common stock of Carnival Corporation and ordinary shares of Carnival plc and pursuing various capital market transactions. Based on these actions and considering the Company’s available liquidity including cash and cash equivalents of $9.5 billion at November 30, 2020, management concluded there is sufficient liquidity to satisfy the Company’s obligations for at least the next twelve months. The principal assumptions used in management’s cash flow analyses used to estimate future liquidity requirements consisted of the expected continued gradual resumption of guest cruise operations; the expected lower than comparable historical occupancy levels; the expected incremental expenses for the resumption of guest cruise operations for the maintenance of additional public health protocols and complying with additional regulations.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s liquidity is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when evaluating the uncertainty related to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s financial results and liquidity, which impacts the Company’s forecasted financial results and estimated liquidity requirements to satisfy obligations; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s liquidity assessment to satisfy obligations for at least the next twelve months.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s assessment of the Company’s liquidity. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for forecasting financial results and liquidity within one year after the date the financial statements are issued and (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the forecast; and (iii) evaluation of management’s liquidity assessment and their disclosure in the consolidated financial statements regarding having sufficient liquidity to satisfy its obligations for at least the next twelve months.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Miami, Florida
January 26, 2021
We have served as the Company’s auditors since 2003. Prior to that, we served as Carnival Corporation’s auditors since at least 1986. We have not been able to determine the specific year we began serving as auditor of Carnival Corporation.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results
Some of the statements, estimates or projections contained in this document are “forward-looking statements” that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions with respect to us, including some statements concerning future results, operations, outlooks, plans, goals, reputation, cash flows, liquidity and other events which have not yet occurred. These statements are intended to qualify for the safe harbors from liability provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could be deemed forward-looking. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. We have tried, whenever possible, to identify these statements by using words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “depends,” “expect,” “goal,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “project,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “target,” “indicate,” “outlook,” and similar expressions of future intent or the negative of such terms.
Forward-looking statements include those statements that relate to our outlook and financial position including, but not limited to, statements regarding:

•Pricing | •Estimates of ship depreciable lives and residual values
•Booking levels | •Goodwill, ship and trademark fair values
•Occupancy | •Liquidity and credit ratings
•Interest, tax and fuel expenses | •Adjusted earnings per share
•Currency exchange rates | •Impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus global pandemic on our financial condition and results of operations

Because forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are many factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward looking statements. This note contains important cautionary statements of the known factors that we consider could materially affect the accuracy of our forward-looking statements and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial position. Additionally, many of these risks and uncertainties are currently amplified by and will continue to be amplified by, or in the future may be amplified by, the COVID-19 outbreak. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks. There may be additional risks that we consider immaterial or which are unknown. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
•COVID-19 has had, and is expected to continue to have, a significant impact on our financial condition and operations, which impacts our ability to obtain acceptable financing to fund resulting reductions in cash from operations. The current, and uncertain future, impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, including its effect on the ability or desire of people to travel (including on cruises), is expected to continue to impact our results, operations, outlooks, plans, goals, reputation, litigation, cash flows, liquidity, and stock price.
•As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, we may be out of compliance with one or more maintenance covenants in certain of our debt facilities, for which we currently have amendments for the period through November 30, 2021 with the next testing date of February 28, 2022.
•World events impacting the ability or desire of people to travel have and may continue to lead to a decline in demand for cruises.
•Incidents concerning our ships, guests or the cruise vacation industry as well as adverse weather conditions and other natural disasters have in the past and may, in the future, impact the satisfaction of our guests and crew and lead to reputational damage.
•Changes in and non-compliance with laws and regulations under which we operate, such as those relating to health, environment, safety and security, data privacy and protection, anti-corruption, economic sanctions, trade protection and tax have in the past and may, in the future, lead to litigation, enforcement actions, fines, penalties, and reputational damage.
•Breaches in data security and lapses in data privacy as well as disruptions and other damages to our principal offices, information technology operations and system networks, including the recent ransomware incidents, and failure to keep pace with developments in technology may adversely impact our business operations, the satisfaction of our guests and crew and may lead to reputational damage.
•Ability to recruit, develop and retain qualified shipboard personnel who live away from home for extended periods of time may adversely impact our business operations, guest services and satisfaction.
•Increases in fuel prices, changes in the types of fuel consumed and availability of fuel supply may adversely impact our scheduled itineraries and costs.
•Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may adversely impact our financial results.
•Overcapacity and competition in the cruise and land-based vacation industry may lead to a decline in our cruise sales,
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pricing and destination options.
•Inability to implement our shipbuilding programs and ship repairs, maintenance and refurbishments may adversely impact our business operations and the satisfaction of our guests.
The ordering of the risk factors set forth above is not intended to reflect our indication of priority or likelihood.
Forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual results. Subject to any continuing obligations under applicable law or any relevant stock exchange rules, we expressly disclaim any obligation to disseminate, after the date of this document, any updates or revisions to any such forward-looking statements to reflect any change in expectations or events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based.
2020 Executive Overview
2020 was an unprecedented year with significant impacts on our business from the effects of COVID-19. In response to the global pandemic, we paused our guest cruise operations in mid-March 2020. We returned over 260,000 guests home, repatriated 90,000 crew members, processed billions of dollars of guest refunds and cruise credits, accelerated the exit of 19 vessels, negotiated the delay of 16 ships on order, moved our entire fleet into full pause status, developed new cruise protocols and are putting them to test as we resume limited cruise operations in both Italy and Germany. Additionally, we extended debt maturities and secured financial covenant amendments, while completing various financing transactions for a cumulative $19 billion of new capital. We ended the year with $9.5 billion in cash and believe we have the liquidity in place to sustain ourselves throughout 2021.
We executed a rationalization of our fleet reducing capacity by 13 percent. As a result, we expect to be less reliant on new guests due to our recurring base of repeat guests, which will be spread over a smaller fleet. Our capacity reduction is also expected to deliver a structurally lower cost base. As the 19 ships leaving the fleet are smaller and less efficient ships, we expect to benefit by a reduction in unit costs and a reduction in unit fuel consumption when we resume guest cruise operations. Our efforts to right size our shore side operations may reduce our costs further, as well as our continued focus on finding efficiencies across our ship operations. Over time, we believe we may achieve an additional structural benefit to unit costs as we deliver new, larger and more efficient ships. This includes the deliveries of Princess Cruises’ Enchanted Princess and P&O UK’s Iona in 2020 and the upcoming deliveries of Costa Firenze, Mardi Gras and Rotterdam in 2021. As a result of these and other actions, we expect to emerge from the pause a more efficient company.
We continue to work diligently to resume operations in the U.S., including ongoing discussions with the CDC. We are also working towards resuming operations in many other parts of the world, including Asia, Australia and the UK and we are working hard to do so in a way that serves the best interests of public health. Currently, the company is unable to predict when the entire fleet will return to normal operations. The pause in guest operations continues to have a material negative impact on all aspects of the company's business, including the company’s liquidity, financial position and results of operations. We expect a net loss on both a U.S. GAAP and adjusted basis for the full year ending November 30, 2021.
Our highest responsibility and top priorities are to be in compliance everywhere we operate in the world, to protect the environment and the health, safety and well-being of our guests, the people in the communities we touch and our shipboard and shoreside employees.
We have continued to make advancements in our sustainability efforts, reducing food waste and accelerating the reduction in single use plastics amongst others. We have dealt with many types of viruses previously, and already have effective protocols in place onboard our ships including screening measures, medical centers and enhanced sanitation procedures which prevent and reduce spread once brought onboard from land. We have been working with leading medical and science experts around the globe, to develop new and enhanced protocols and procedures based on the best available science to specifically address the risks associated with COVID-19. We expect these protocols to continue to evolve as society’s understanding of COVID-19 strengthens. We intend to initially resume operations with a small percentage of the fleet. For our initial voyages, we have chosen to sail with low occupancy levels, enabling us to gain experience with our enhanced safety protocols.
Maintaining a strong balance sheet has historically been a key strength for our company. While we raised capital mainly through debt, we strengthened our capital structure through equity, raising $3.0 billion during 2020 and strengthened our balance sheet through the early conversion of convertible debt. All of these efforts are in line with our primary financial objective going forward, to maximize cash generation. As we return to full operations, our cash flow will be the primary driver in our efforts to return to investment grade credit over time, creating greater shareholder value. With the aggressive actions we have taken, managing the balance sheet and reducing capacity, we believe we are positioned to capitalize on pent up demand and to emerge a more efficient company.
New Accounting Pronouncements
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Refer to our consolidated financial statements for further information on Accounting Pronouncements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our critical accounting estimates are those we believe require our most significant judgments about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. A discussion of our critical accounting estimates, the underlying judgments and uncertainties used to make them and the likelihood that materially different estimates would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions is as follows:
Liquidity and COVID-19
We make several critical accounting estimates with respect to our liquidity.
The effects of COVID-19 have had a significant impact on our operations and liquidity. Significant events affecting travel, including COVID-19 and our pause in guest cruise operations, have had an impact on booking patterns. The full extent of the impact will be determined by our gradual return to service and the length of time COVID-19 influences travel decisions. We believe that the ongoing effects of COVID-19 on our operations and global bookings will continue to have a material negative impact on our financial results and liquidity.
The estimation of our future liquidity requirements includes numerous assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. The principal assumptions used to estimate our future liquidity requirements consist of:
•Expected continued gradual resumption of guest cruise operations
•Expected lower than comparable historical occupancy levels during the resumption of guest cruise operations
•Expected incremental expenses for the resumption of guest cruise operations, for the maintenance of additional public health protocols and procedures for additional regulations
We cannot make assurances that our assumptions used to estimate liquidity requirements may not change because we have never previously experienced a complete cessation of guest cruise operations, and as a consequence, our ability to be predictive is uncertain. In addition, the magnitude, duration and speed of the global pandemic are uncertain. We have made reasonable estimates and judgments of the impact of COVID-19 within our financial statements and there may be changes to those estimates in future periods. We have taken and will continue to take actions to improve liquidity, including capital expenditure and operating expense reductions, amending credit agreements, accelerating the removal of certain ships from the fleet, suspending dividend payments on, and the repurchase of, common stock of Carnival Corporation and ordinary shares of Carnival plc and pursuing various capital transactions.
Ship Accounting
We make several critical accounting estimates with respect to our ship accounting.
We account for ship improvement costs, including replacements of certain significant components and parts, by capitalizing those costs we believe add value to our ships and have a useful life greater than one year and depreciating those improvements over their estimated remaining useful life. The costs of repairs and maintenance, including minor improvement costs and expenses related to dry-docks, are charged to expense as incurred. If we change our assumptions in making our determinations as to whether improvements to a ship add value, the amounts we expense each year as repair and maintenance expense could increase, which would be partially offset by a decrease in depreciation expense, resulting from a reduction in capitalized costs.
In order to compute our ships’ depreciation expense, we apply judgment to determine their useful lives as well as their residual values. We estimate the useful life of our ships and ship improvements based on the expected period over which the assets will be of economic benefit to us, including the impact of marketing and technical obsolescence, competition, physical deterioration, historical useful lives of similarly-built ships, regulatory constraints and maintenance requirements. In addition, we consider estimates of the weighted-average useful lives of the ships’ major component systems, such as the hull, cabins, main electric, superstructure and engines. Taking all of this into consideration, we have estimated our new ships’ useful lives at 30 years.
We determine the residual value of our ships based on our long-term estimates of their resale value at the end of their useful life to us but before the end of their physical and economic lives to others, historical resale values of our and other cruise ships and viability of the secondary cruise ship market. We have estimated our residual values at 15% of our original ship cost.
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Given the large size and complexity of our ships, ship accounting estimates require considerable judgment and are inherently uncertain. We do not have cost segregation studies performed to specifically componentize our ships. In addition, since we do not separately componentize our ships, we do not identify and track depreciation of original ship components. Therefore, we typically have to estimate the net book value of components that are retired, based primarily upon their replacement cost, their age and their original estimated useful lives.
If materially different conditions existed, or if we materially changed our assumptions of ship useful lives and residual values, our depreciation expense, loss on retirement of ship components and net book value of our ships would be materially different. Our 2020 ship depreciation expense would have increased by approximately $46 million assuming we had reduced our estimated 30-year ship useful life estimate by one year at the time we took delivery or acquired each of our ships. In addition, our 2020 ship depreciation expense would have increased by approximately $232 million assuming we had estimated our ships to have no residual value.
We believe that the estimates we made for ship accounting purposes are reasonable and our methods are consistently applied in all material respects and result in depreciation expense that is based on a rational and systematic method to equitably allocate the costs of our ships to the periods during which we use them.
Valuation of Ships
Impairment reviews of our ships require us to make significant estimates.
We evaluate ship asset impairments at the individual ship level which is the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. We review our ships for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a ship may not be recoverable. If estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying value of a ship, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent its carrying value exceeds fair value.
The estimation of a ship’s fair value includes numerous assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. The principal assumptions used in our ship impairment reviews consist of:
•Timing of the respective ship’s return to service, changes in market conditions and port or other restrictions
•Forecasted ship revenues net of our most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues, including credit and debit card fees
•Timing of the sale of ships and estimated proceeds
Refer to our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of our property and equipment policy, ship impairment reviews and ship impairment charges recognized during 2020.
We believe that we have made reasonable estimates and judgments.
Valuation of Goodwill
Impairment reviews of our goodwill require us to make significant estimates.
We review our goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level as of July 31 every year, or more frequently if events or circumstances dictate. If the estimated fair value of any of our reporting units is less than the reporting unit’s carrying value, goodwill is written down based on the difference between the reporting unit’s carrying amount and its estimated fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
The estimation of our reporting unit fair value includes numerous assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Our pause in guest cruise operations and the possibility of further extensions created some uncertainty in forecasting the operating results and future cash flows used in our impairment analyses. The principal assumptions used in our goodwill impairment reviews consist of:
•The timing of our return to service, changes in market conditions and port or other restrictions
•Forecasted revenues net of our most significant variable costs, which are travel agent commissions, costs of air and other transportation, and certain other costs that are directly associated with onboard and other revenues including credit and debit card fees
•The allocation of new ships and the timing of the transfer or sale of ships amongst brands, as well as the estimated proceeds from ship sales
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•Weighted-average cost of capital of market participants, adjusted for the risk attributable to the geographic regions in which these cruise brands operate
Refer to our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of our goodwill accounting policy, impairment reviews and goodwill impairment charges recognized during 2020.
We believe that we have made reasonable estimates and judgments.
Contingencies
We periodically assess the potential liabilities related to any lawsuits or claims brought against us, as well as for other known unasserted claims, including environmental, legal, regulatory and guest and crew matters. While it is typically very difficult to determine the timing and ultimate outcome of these matters, we use our best judgment to determine the appropriate amounts to record in our consolidated financial statements.
We accrue a liability and establish a reserve when we believe a loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In assessing probable losses, we make estimates of the amount of probable insurance recoveries, if any, which are recorded as assets where appropriate. Such accruals and reserves are typically based on developments to date, management’s estimates of the outcomes of these matters, our experience in contesting, litigating and settling other similar matters, historical claims experience, actuarially determined estimates of liabilities and any related insurance coverage.
Given the inherent uncertainty related to the eventual outcome of these matters and potential insurance recoveries, it is possible that all or some of these matters may be resolved for amounts materially different from any provisions or disclosures that we may have made. In addition, as new information becomes available, we may need to reassess the amount of asset or liability that needs to be accrued related to our contingencies. All such changes in our estimates could materially impact our results of operations and financial position.
Refer to our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of contingencies.
Results of Operations
We have historically earned substantially all of our cruise revenues from the following:
•Sales of passenger cruise tickets and, in some cases, the sale of air and other transportation to and from airports near our ships’ home ports and cancellation fees. We also collect fees, taxes and other charges from our guests. The cruise ticket price typically includes the following:
Accommodations
Most meals, including snacks at numerous venues
Access to amenities such as swimming pools, water slides, water parks, whirlpools, a health club and sun decks
Supervised youth programs
Entertainment, such as theatrical and comedy shows, live music and nightclubs
Visits to multiple destinations
•Sales of onboard goods and services not included in the cruise ticket price. This generally includes the following:

• Beverage sales | • Internet and communication services
• Casino gaming | • Full service spas
• Shore excursions | • Specialty restaurants
• Retail sales | • Art sales
• Photo sales | • Laundry and dry cleaning services

These goods and services are provided either directly by us or by independent concessionaires, from which we receive either a percentage of their revenues or a fee. Concession revenues do not have direct expenses because the costs and services incurred for concession revenues are borne by our concessionaires.
We earn our tour and other revenues from our hotel and transportation operations, long-term leasing of ships and other revenues.
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We incur cruise operating costs and expenses for the following:
•The costs of passenger cruise bookings, which include travel agent commissions, cost of air and other transportation, port fees, taxes, and charges that directly vary with guest head counts and credit and debit card fees
•Onboard and other cruise costs, which include the costs of beverage sales, costs of shore excursions, costs of retail sales, communication costs, credit and debit card fees, other onboard costs, costs of cruise vacation protection programs and pre- and post-cruise land packages
•Payroll and related costs, which include the costs of officers and crew in bridge, engineering and hotel operations. Substantially all costs associated with our shoreside personnel are included in selling and administrative expenses
•Fuel costs, which include fuel delivery costs
•Food costs, which include both our guest and crew food costs
•Other ship operating expenses, which include port costs that do not vary with guest head counts; repairs and maintenance, including minor improvements and dry-dock expenses; hotel costs; entertainment; gains and losses on ship sales; ship impairments; freight and logistics; insurance premiums and all other ship operating expenses
We incur tour and other costs and expenses for our hotel and transportation operations, long-term leasing of ships and other expenses.
Statistical Information

| Years Ended November 30,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
ALBDs (in thousands) (b) (c) | (a) |  | 87,424 |  |  | 83,872 |
Occupancy percentage (d) | (a) |  | 106.8 | % |  | 106.9 | %
Passengers carried (in thousands) | (a) |  | 12,866 |  |  | 12,407 |
Fuel consumption in metric tons (in thousands) | 1,915 |  |  | 3,312 |  |  | 3,296 |
Fuel cost per metric ton consumed | $ | 430 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 491 |
Currencies (USD to 1) |  |  |  |  |
AUD | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
CAD | $ | 0.74 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |
EUR | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 1.18 |
GBP | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 1.34 |
RMB | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |

We paused our guest operations in mid-March 2020 and have been in a pause for a majority of the fiscal year. The pause in guest operation had a material negative impact on all aspects of our business, including the above statistical information.
Notes to Statistical Information
(a)Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, current year data is not meaningful and is not included in the table.
(b)ALBD is a standard measure of passenger capacity for the period that we use to approximate rate and capacity variances, based on consistently applied formulas that we use to perform analyses to determine the main non-capacity driven factors that cause our cruise revenues and expenses to vary. ALBDs assume that each cabin we offer for sale accommodates two passengers and is computed by multiplying passenger capacity by revenue-producing ship operating days in the period.
(c) In 2019 compared to 2018, we had a 4.2% capacity increase in ALBDs comprised of a 1.8% capacity increase in our NAA segment and an 8.6% capacity increase in our EA segment.
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Our NAA segment’s capacity increase was caused by:
•Partial period impact from one Carnival Cruise Line 3,960-passenger capacity ship that entered into service in April 2018
•Partial period impact from one Seabourn 600-passenger capacity ship that entered into service in May 2018
•Partial period impact from one Holland America Line 2,670-passenger capacity ship that entered into service in December 2018
•Partial period impact from one Princess Cruises 3,660-passenger capacity ship that entered into service in October 2019
These increases were partially offset by:
•Partial period impact from one P&O Cruises (Australia) 1,680-passenger capacity ship removed in March 2019
•Partial period impact from one P&O Cruises (Australia) 1,260-passenger capacity ship removed in April 2019
•Partial period impact from one Holland America Line 840-passenger capacity ship removed in July 2019
Our EA segment’s capacity increase was caused by:
•Partial period impact from one AIDA 5,230-passenger capacity ship that entered into service in December 2018
•Partial period impact from one Costa 4,200-passenger capacity ship that entered into service in March 2019
These increases were partially offset by:
•Partial period impact from one P&O Cruises (UK) 700-passenger capacity ship removed from service in March 2018
•Partial period impact from one Costa 1,300-passenger capacity ship removed from service in April 2018.
•Partial period impact from one P&O Cruises (UK) 1,880-passenger capacity ship removed from service in August 2019
(d) In accordance with cruise industry practice, occupancy is calculated using a denominator of ALBDs, which assumes two passengers per cabin even though some cabins can accommodate three or more passengers. Percentages in excess of 100% indicate that on average more than two passengers occupied some cabins.
2020 Compared to 2019
Results of Operations
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Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Years Ended November 30, |  |  |  | % increase (decrease)
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger ticket | $ | 3,684 |  |  | $ | 14,104 |  |  | $ | (10,420) |  |  | (74) | %
Onboard and other | 1,910 |  |  | 6,721 |  |  | (4,810) |  |  | (72) | %
| 5,595 |  |  | 20,825 |  |  | (15,230) |  |  | (73) | %
Operating Costs and Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions, transportation and other | 1,139 |  |  | 2,720 |  |  | (1,582) |  |  | (58) | %
Onboard and other | 605 |  |  | 2,101 |  |  | (1,496) |  |  | (71) | %
Payroll and related | 1,780 |  |  | 2,249 |  |  | (469) |  |  | (21) | %
Fuel | 823 |  |  | 1,562 |  |  | (739) |  |  | (47) | %
Food | 413 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | (671) |  |  | (62) | %
Ship and other impairments | 1,967 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 1,941 |  |  | 7542 | %
Other operating | 1,518 |  |  | 3,167 |  |  | (1,649) |  |  | (52) | %
| 8,245 |  |  | 12,909 |  |  | (4,664) |  |  | (36) | %
Selling and administrative | 1,878 |  |  | 2,480 |  |  | (601) |  |  | (24) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 2,241 |  |  | 2,160 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 4 | %
Goodwill impairment | 2,096 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,096 |  |  | 100 | %
| 14,460 |  |  | 17,549 |  |  | (3,089) |  |  | (18) | %
Operating Income (Loss) | $ | (8,865) |  |  | $ | 3,276 |  |  | $ | (12,141) |  |  | (371) | %

NAA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Years Ended November 30, |  |  |  | % increase (decrease)
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger ticket | $ | 2,334 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | (6,658) |  |  | (74) | %
Onboard and other | 1,293 |  |  | 4,620 |  |  | (3,327) |  |  | (72) | %
| 3,627 |  |  | 13,612 |  |  | (9,985) |  |  | (73) | %
Operating Costs and Expenses | 5,623 |  |  | 8,370 |  |  | (2,747) |  |  | (33) | %
Selling and administrative | 1,066 |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | (361) |  |  | (25) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 1,413 |  |  | 1,364 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 4 | %
Goodwill impairment | 1,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | 100 | %
| 9,422 |  |  | 11,161 |  |  | (1,739) |  |  | (16) | %
Operating Income (Loss) | $ | (5,794) |  |  | $ | 2,451 |  |  | $ | (8,246) |  |  | (336) | %

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EA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Years Ended November 30, |  |  |  | % increase (decrease)
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger ticket | $ | 1,388 |  |  | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | (3,820) |  |  | (73) | %
Onboard and other | 402 |  |  | 1,442 |  |  | (1,040) |  |  | (72) | %
| 1,790 |  |  | 6,650 |  |  | (4,860) |  |  | (73) | %
Operating Costs and Expenses | 2,548 |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | (1,599) |  |  | (39) | %
Selling and administrative | 523 |  |  | 744 |  |  | (221) |  |  | (30) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 672 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 4 | %
Goodwill impairment | 777 |  |  | — |  |  | 777 |  |  | 100 | %
| 4,519 |  |  | 5,534 |  |  | (1,016) |  |  | (18) | %
Operating Income (Loss) | $ | (2,729) |  |  | $ | 1,115 |  |  | $ | (3,845) |  |  | (345) | %

We paused our guest operations in mid-March 2020. We resumed limited guest cruise operations in September 2020 as part of our phased return to service. As of January 14, 2021, none of our ships were operating with guests onboard. The pause in guest operations is continuing to have material negative impacts on all aspects of our business. The longer the pause in guest operations continues, the greater the impact on our liquidity and financial position.
During 2020, as a result of the pause in our guest cruise operations, we have experienced meaningfully lower revenues compared to the prior year. This has resulted in an operating loss for the current period. We are unable to predict when the entire fleet will return to normal operations, and as a result, unable to provide an earnings forecast. The pause in guest operations continues to have a material negative impact on all aspects of our business, including our liquidity, financial position and results of operations. We expect a net loss on both a U.S. GAAP and adjusted basis for the full year ending November 30, 2021.
W hile maintaining compliance, environmental protection and safety, we significantly reduced ship operating expenses, including cruise payroll and related expenses, food, fuel, insurance and port charges by transitioning ships into paused status, either at anchor or in port and staffed at a safe manning level. We continue to seek ways to further reduce our ongoing ship operating expenses.
In addition, during the year we incurred incremental COVID-19 related costs associated with repatriating guests and crew members, enhancing health protocols and sanitizing our ships, restructuring costs and defending lawsuits.
As a result of the effects of COVID-19 on our expected future operating cash flows, we recognized goodwill impairment charges of $2.1 billion and ship impairment charges of $1.8 billion during 2020.
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Key Performance Non-GAAP Financial Indicators
The table below reconciles Adjusted net income (loss) and Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income (loss) and Adjusted earnings per share to Earnings per share for the periods presented:

| Years Ended November 30,
(dollars in millions, except per share data) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on fuel derivatives, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 3,934 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (38) |
Restructuring expenses | 47 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |
Other | 462 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 8 |
Adjusted net income (loss) | $ | (5,793) |  |  | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 3,029 |
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | 895 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 194 |
Interest income | (18) |  |  | (23) |  |  | (14) |
Income tax expense, net | (17) |  |  | 71 |  |  | 54 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,241 |  |  | 2,160 |  |  | 2,017 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (2,692) |  |  | $ | 5,455 |  |  | $ | 5,280 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 775 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 710 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP earnings per share | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.32 |  |  | $ | 4.44 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on fuel derivatives, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.13) |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 5.08 |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | (0.05) |
Restructuring expenses | 0.06 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |
Other | 0.60 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | 0.01 |
Adjusted earnings per share | $ | (7.47) |  |  | $ | 4.40 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |

Explanations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted earnings per share as non-GAAP financial measures of our cruise segments’ and the company’s financial performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are provided along with U.S. GAAP net income (loss) and U.S. GAAP diluted earnings per share.
We believe that gains and losses on ship sales, impairment charges, restructuring costs and other gains and losses are not part of our core operating business and are not an indication of our future earnings performance. Therefore, we believe it is more meaningful for these items to be excluded from our net income (loss) and earnings per share and, accordingly, we present adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted earnings per share excluding these items.
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure, and we believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA provides additional information to investors about our operating profitability adjusted for certain non-cash items and other gains and expenses that we believe are not part of our core operating business and are not an indication of our future earnings performance. Further, we believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA provides additional information to investors about our ability to operate our business in compliance with the restrictions set forth in our debt agreements. We define Adjusted EBITDA as adjusted net income (loss) adjusted for (i) interest, (ii) taxes and, (iii) depreciation and amortization. There are material limitations to using Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA does not take into account certain significant items that directly affect our net income (loss). These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently, and by considering Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with net income (loss) as calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
The presentation of our non-GAAP financial information is not intended to be considered in isolation from, as substitute for, or superior to the financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. It is possible that our non-GAAP financial measures
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may not be exactly comparable to the like-kind information presented by other companies, which is a potential risk associated with using these measures to compare us to other companies.
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2019 Compared to 2018
Revenues
Consolidated
Cruise passenger ticket revenues made up 68% of our 2019 total revenues. Cruise passenger ticket revenues increased by $174 million, or 1.2%, to $14.1 billion in 2019 from $13.9 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$607 million - 4.2% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$113 million - increase in air transportation revenues
These increases were partially offset by:
•$305 million - net unfavorable foreign currency translational impact
•$240 million - decrease in cruise ticket revenues, driven primarily by sourcing in Continental Europe, our Alaska programs and net unfavorable foreign currency transactional impact, partially offset by price improvements in the Caribbean program.
Onboard and other cruise revenues made up 30% of our 2019 total revenues. Onboard and other cruise revenues increased by $1.7 billion, or 35%, to $6.3 billion in 2019 from $4.7 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$1.4 billion - related to the gross presentation of shore excursions and other onboard revenues as a result of the adoption of new revenue accounting guidance
•$200 million - 4.2% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$124 million - higher onboard spending by our guests
These increases were partially offset by net unfavorable foreign currency translational impact of $89 million.
Tour and other revenues made up 1.9% of our 2019 total revenues. Tour and other revenues increased by $118 million, or 43%, to $390 million in 2019 from $272 million in 2018.
This increase was driven by the sale of Advanced Air Quality Systems to third parties, which accounted for $117 million.
Concession revenues, which are included in onboard and other revenues, increased by $24 million, or 2.1%, to $1.2 billion in 2019 from $1.1 billion in 2018.
NAA Segment
Cruise passenger ticket revenues made up 66% of our NAA segment’s 2019 total revenues. Cruise passenger ticket revenues increased by $159 million, or 1.8% to $9.0 billion in 2019 from $8.8 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$152 million - 1.8% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$57 million - increase in air transportation revenues
These increases were partially offset by net unfavorable foreign currency translational impact of $20 million.
The remaining 34% of our NAA segment’s 2019 total revenues were comprised of onboard and other cruise revenues, which increased by $1.2 billion, or 36%, to $4.6 billion in 2019 from $3.4 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$1.1 billion - related to the gross presentation of shore excursions and other onboard revenues as a result of the adoption of new revenue accounting guidance
•$58 million - 1.8% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$39 million - higher onboard spending by our guests
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Concession revenues, which are included in onboard and other revenues, increased by $14 million, or 1.7%, to $821 million in 2019 from $807 million in 2018.
EA Segment
Cruise passenger ticket revenues made up 78% of our EA segment’s 2019 total revenues. Cruise passenger ticket revenues increased by $68 million, or 1.3%, to $5.2 billion in 2019 from $5.1 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$451 million - 8.6% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$50 million - increase in air transportation revenues
These increases were partially offset by
•$285 million - net unfavorable foreign currency translational impact
•$159 million - decrease in cruise ticket revenues, driven primarily by sourcing in Continental Europe
The remaining 22% of our EA segment’s 2019 total revenues were comprised of onboard and other cruise revenues, which increased by $339 million, or 31%, to $1.4 billion in 2019 from $1.1 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$268 million - related to the gross presentation of shore excursions and other onboard revenues as a result of the adoption of new revenue accounting guidance
•$96 million - 8.6% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$51 million - higher onboard spending by our guests
These increases were partially offset by net unfavorable foreign currency translational impact of $79 million.
Concession revenues, which are included in onboard and other revenues, increased by $10 million, or 3.0%, to $337 million in 2019 from $328 million in 2018.
Costs and Expenses
Consolidated
Operating costs and expenses increased by $1.8 billion or 16%, to $12.9 billion in 2019 from $11.1 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$1.4 billion - related to the gross presentation of shore excursions and other onboard revenues as a result of the adoption of new revenue accounting guidance
•$464 million - 4.2% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$88 million - increase in tour and other costs
•$87 million - higher commissions, transportation and other expenses
•$67 million - increase in various other ship operating costs
•$35 million - gains on ship sales in 2018, net of gains on ship sales in 2019
These increases were partially offset by:
•$221 million - net favorable foreign currency translational impact
•$63 million - lower fuel prices
•$62 million - improved fuel consumption per ALBD
•$46 million - lower dry-dock expenses and repair and maintenance expenses
Selling and administrative expenses increased by $30 million, or 1.2%, to $2.5 billion in 2019 compared to $2.5 billion in 2018.
Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $143 million, or 7.1%, to $2.2 billion in 2019 from $2.0 billion in 2018.
NAA Segment
Operating costs and expenses increased by $1.2 billion, or 17%, to $8.4 billion in 2019 from $7.2 billion in 2018.
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This increase was caused by:
•$1.1 billion - related to the gross presentation of shore excursions and other onboard revenues as a result of the adoption of new revenue accounting guidance
•$124 million - 1.8% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$59 million - higher commissions, transportation and other
These increases were partially offset by:
•$58 million - lower fuel prices
•$40 million - lower cruise payroll and related expenses
Selling and administrative expenses increased by $24 million, or 1.7%, to $1.4 billion in 2019 compared to $1.4 billion in 2018.
Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $100 million, or 7.9%, to $1.4 billion in 2019 from $1.3 billion in 2018.
EA Segment
Operating costs and expenses increased by $470 million, or 13%, to $4.1 billion in 2019 from 3.7 billion in 2018.
This increase was caused by:
•$307 million - 8.6% capacity increase in ALBDs
•$268 million - related to the gross presentation of shore excursions and other onboard revenues as a result of the adoption of new revenue accounting guidance
•$46 million - gains on ship sales in 2018, net of gains on ship sales in 2019
•$39 million - increase in various other ship operating costs
•$36 million - higher commissions, transportation and other
•$28 million - higher cruise payroll and related expenses
These increases were partially offset by:
•$203 million - net favorable foreign currency translational impact
•$38 million - improved fuel consumption per ALBD
•$21 million - lower dry-dock expenses and repair and maintenance expenses
Selling and administrative expenses decreased by $7 million, or 1.0%, to $744 million in 2019 from $751 million in 2018.
Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $34 million, or 5.5%, to $645 million in 2019 from $611 million in 2018.
Operating Income
Our consolidated operating income decreased by $49 million, or 1.5%, to $3.3 billion in 2019 compared to $3.3 billion in 2018. Our NAA segment’s operating income increased by $62 million, or 2.6%, to $2.5 billion in 2019 from $2.4 billion in 2018, and our EA segment’s operating income decreased by $90 million, or 7.5%, to $1.1 billion in 2019 from $1.2 billion in 2018. These changes were primarily due to the reasons discussed above.
Nonoperating Income (Expense)

(in millions) | Year Ended November 30, 2018
Unrealized gains on fuel derivatives, net | $ | 94 |
Realized losses on fuel derivatives, net | (35) |
Gains on fuel derivatives, net | $ | 59 |

There were no unrealized or realized gains or losses on fuel derivatives in 2019.
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Liquidity, Financial Condition and Capital Resources
We have taken, and continue to take, significant actions to preserve cash and obtain additional financing to increase our liquidity. Since March 2020, we have raised $19 billion through a series of transactions. We have completed the following transactions:
•In March 2020, we fully drew down our $3.0 billion Revolving Facility.
•In March 2020, we settled outstanding derivatives resulting in proceeds of $220 million.
•In April 2020, we completed (i) a public offering of 71,875,000 shares of Carnival Corporation’s common stock at a price per share of $8.00, resulting in net proceeds of $556 million and (ii) a private offering of $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.75% Convertible Notes.
•In April 2020, we completed a private offering of $4.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 11.5% 2023 First Lien Notes that mature on April 1, 2023.
•In April 2020, we extended a $166 million euro-denominated bank loan, originally maturing in 2020, to March 2021.
•Certain of the counterparties to our export credit facilities have offered the Debt Holiday. We have entered into supplemental agreements or side letters for the Debt Holiday amendments to defer certain principal repayments otherwise due through March 31, 2021 through the creation of separate tranches of loans with repayments made over the following four years. We have also entered into supplemental agreements or side letters to waive the Financial Covenant for our export credit facilities through November 30, 2021 or December 31, 2021, as applicable. We will be required to comply with the Financial Covenant beginning with the next testing date of February 28, 2022.
•We obtained amendments to waive compliance with the Financial Covenant for certain of our bank loans through November 30, 2022. We will be required to comply with the covenant (at various thresholds) beginning with the next testing date of February 28, 2023. We have also obtained covenant amendments for the remaining applicable bank loans through their respective maturity dates.
•To further enhance our liquidity, as well as comply with the dividend restrictions contained in our recent debt agreements, we have suspended the payment of dividends on, and the repurchase of, the common stock of Carnival Corporation and the ordinary shares of Carnival plc.
•In June 2020, we borrowed an aggregate principal amount of $2.8 billion in two tranches ($1.9 billion and €800 million), under the 2025 Secured Term Loan that matures on June 30, 2025. The U.S. dollar tranche bears interest at a rate per annum equal to adjusted LIBOR (with a 1% floor) plus 7.5%. The euro tranche bears interest at a rate per annum equal to EURIBOR (with a 0% floor) plus 7.5%.
•In July 2020, we extended a $337 million euro-denominated floating rate bank loan originally maturing in 2021 to 2022.
•In July 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $1.3 billion in two tranches ($775 million and €425 million), under 2026 Second Lien Notes, that mature on February 1, 2026. The U.S. dollar tranche bears interest at a rate of 10.5% per year. The euro tranche bears interest at a rate of 10.1% per year.
•In August 2020, we completed a registered direct offering of 99.2 million shares of Carnival Corporation's common stock at a price per share of $14.02 to a limited number of holders of the Convertible Notes as part of the August Registered Direct Offering. We used the proceeds from the August Registered Direct Offering to repurchase $886 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes and pay accrued interest thereon in privately negotiated transactions.
•In August 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $900 million of second-priority senior secured notes that mature on August 1, 2027. The 2027 Second Lien Notes bear interest at a rate of 9.9% per year.
•In October 2020, we completed our $1.0 billion ATM equity offering program that was announced on September 15, 2020, under which we sold 67.1 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock.
•In September 2020, we borrowed $610 million under an export credit facility due in semi-annual installments through 2032.
•In October 2020, we borrowed $889 million under an export credit facility due in semi-annual installments through 2032.
•In November 2020, we completed the sale of 94.5 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock under our $1.5 billion ATM equity offering program that was announced on November 10, 2020.
•In November 2020, we completed two registered direct offerings of 57.4 million shares and 10.4 million shares of Carnival Corporation common stock at a price per share of $18.05 and $17.59, respectively, to a limited number of holders of the Convertible Notes as part of the November Registered Direct Offerings. We used the proceeds from the November Registered Direct Offerings to repurchase $590 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes and pay accrued interest thereon in privately negotiated transactions.
•In November 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion in two tranches ($1.5 billion and €500 million) under the 2026 Senior Unsecured Notes that mature on March 1, 2026. The U.S. dollar tranche bears interest at a rate of 7.6% per year. The euro tranche bears interest at a rate of 7.6% per year.
•In December 2020, we borrowed $1.5 billion under export credit facilities due in semi-annual installments through 2032.
•In December 2020 and January 2021, we entered into agreements to amend the Revolving Facility and the agreements governing our bank loans, respectively, for relief under the Debt to Capital Covenant. We are in the process of negotiating similar amendments to our funded export credit facilities and our unfunded export credit facilities to obtain amendments under the Debt to Capital Covenant (compliance with which is currently waived through November 30, 2021 or December 31, 2021, as applicable, with the next testing date of February 28, 2022).
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We have raised significant capital and expect to further raise additional capital, including equity. Our access to and cost of financing depend on, among other things, global economic conditions, conditions in the global financing markets, the availability of sufficient amounts of financing, our prospects and our credit ratings. In addition, certain of our debt instruments contain provisions that may limit our ability to incur or guarantee additional indebtedness.
As of November 30, 2020, we have a total of $9.5 billion of cash and cash equivalents. During fiscal 2021, the company expects to enter into financial transactions to optimize its capital structure which may include opportunistically enhancing liquidity.
The company's monthly average cash burn rate for the fourth quarter 2020 was $500 million, which was slightly better than expected due to the timing of capital expenditures. The company expects the monthly average cash burn rate for the first quarter 2021 to be approximately $600 million. This rate includes ongoing ship operating and administrative expenses, working capital changes (excluding changes in customer deposits), interest expense and capital expenditures (net of unfunded export credit facilities) and also excludes scheduled debt maturities as well as other cash collateral to be provided (which may increase in the future). The company continues to explore opportunities to further reduce its monthly cash burn rate.
Since March 2020, Moody’s and S&P Global have downgraded our credit ratings. As of November 30, 2020 all of our ratings are non investment grade.
We had working capital of $1.9 billion as of November 30, 2020 compared to a working capital deficit of $7.1 billion as of November 30, 2019. The change from a working capital deficit to a working capital surplus was caused by an increase in cash and cash equivalents and a decrease in customer deposits, partially offset by increases in short-term borrowings. Historically, we operate with a substantial working capital deficit. This deficit is mainly attributable to the fact that, under our business model, substantially all of our passenger ticket receipts are collected in advance of the applicable sailing date. These advance passenger receipts generally remain a current liability until the sailing date. The cash generated from these advance receipts is used interchangeably with cash on hand from other sources, such as our borrowings and other cash from operations. The cash received as advanced receipts can be used to fund operating expenses, pay down our debt, make long-term investments or any other use of cash. Included within our working capital are $1.9 billion and $4.7 billion of customer deposits as of November 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We have provided and expect to continue to provide flexibility to guests with bookings on sailings cancelled due to the pause by allowing guests to receive enhanced FCCs or elect to receive refunds in cash. We have paid and expect to continue to pay cash refunds of customer deposits with respect to a portion of these cancelled cruises. The amount of cash refunds to be paid may depend on the level of guest acceptance of FCCs and future cruise cancellations. We record a liability for these FCCs only to the extent we have received cash from guests with bookings on cancelled sailings. As of November 30, 2020, approximately 55% of guests affected have requested cash refunds. In addition, we have a relatively low-level of accounts receivable and limited investment in inventories. We expect that we will continue to have working capital deficits in the future.
Sources and Uses of Cash
Operating Activities
Our business used $6.3 billion of net cash in operations during 2020, a decrease of $11.8 billion, compared to $5.5 billion provided in 2019. This decrease was due to the pause of our guest cruise operations during the year. During 2019, our business provided $5.5 billion of net cash from operations, a decrease of $73 million, or 1.3%, compared to $5.5 billion in 2018.
Investing Activities
During 2020, net cash used in investing activities was $3.2 billion. This was caused by:
•Capital expenditures of $2.8 billion for our ongoing new shipbuilding program
•Capital expenditures of $868 million for ship improvements and replacements, information technology and buildings and improvements
•Proceeds from sales of ships of $334 million
•Proceeds of $220 million from the settlement of outstanding derivatives
During 2019, net cash used in investing activities was $5.3 billion. This was caused by:
•Capital expenditures of $3.8 billion for our ongoing new shipbuilding program
•Capital expenditures of $1.7 billion for ship improvements and replacements, information technology and buildings and improvements
•Proceeds from sales of ships of $26 million
During 2018, net cash used in investing activities was $3.5 billion. This was caused by:
•Capital expenditures of $2.1 billion for our ongoing new shipbuilding program
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•Capital expenditures of $1.7 billion for ship improvements and replacements, information technology and buildings and improvements
•Proceeds from sales of ships of $389 million
•Purchase of minority interest of $135 million
Financing Activities
During 2020, net cash provided by financing activities of $18.6 billion was caused by the following:
•Net proceeds from short-term borrowings of $2.9 billion in connection with our availability of, and needs for, cash at various times throughout the period, including proceeds of $3.1 billion from the Revolving Facility
•Repayments of $1.6 billion of long-term debt
•Issuances of $15.0 billion of long-term debt
•Payments of cash dividends of $689 million
•Net proceeds of $3.0 billion from our public offerings of Carnival Corporation common stock
•Net proceeds of $222 million from a registered direct offering of Carnival Corporation common stock used to repurchase a portion of the Convertible Notes
During 2019, net cash used in financing activities of $655 million was substantially all due to the following:
•Net repayments from short-term borrowings of $605 million in connection with our availability of, and needs for, cash at various times throughout the period
•Repayments of $1.7 billion of long-term debt
•Issuances of $3.7 billion of long-term debt
•Payments of cash dividends of $1.4 billion
•Purchases of $603 million of Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc ordinary shares in open market transactions under our Repurchase Program
During 2018, net cash used in financing activities of $1.5 billion was substantially all due to the following:
•Net proceeds of short-term borrowings of $417 million in connection with our availability of, and needs for, cash at various times throughout the period
•Repayments of $1.6 billion of long-term debt
•Issuances of $2.5 billion of long-term debt
•Payments of cash dividends of $1.4 billion
•Purchases of $1.5 billion of Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc ordinary shares in open market transactions under our Repurchase Program
Future Commitments

| Payments Due by |  |  |  |
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Debt (a) | $ | 6,180 |  |  | $ | 4,035 |  |  | $ | 7,275 |  |  | $ | 2,076 |  |  | $ | 4,438 |  |  | $ | 9,264 |  |  | $ | 33,268 |
Port facilities and other operating leases | 204 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 936 |  |  | 1,765 |
Other long-term liabilities reflected on the balance sheet (b) | 7 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 690 |
New ship growth capital | 3,201 |  |  | 4,692 |  |  | 3,273 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,036 |
Other long-term commitments | 219 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 478 |
Short-term purchase obligations | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |
Total Contractual Cash Obligations | $ | 10,061 |  |  | $ | 9,225 |  |  | $ | 10,849 |  |  | $ | 3,139 |  |  | $ | 5,751 |  |  | $ | 10,461 |  |  | $ | 49,487 |

(a) Includes principal as well as estimated interest payments. Excludes repayments of undrawn export credits.
(b) Represents cash outflows for certain of our long-term liabilities which can be reasonably estimated. The primary outflows are for estimates of our compensation plans’ obligations, crew and guest claims and certain deferred income taxes. Customer deposits and certain other deferred income taxes have been excluded from the table because they do not require a cash settlement in the future.
Capital Expenditure Forecast
Our annual capital expenditure forecast consists of new ship growth capital and estimated capital improvements.
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(in billions) |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025
Annual capital expenditure forecast |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |

Funding Sources
As of November 30, 2020, we had $9.5 billion of cash and cash equivalents. In addition, we had $8.0 billion of export credit facilities to fund ship deliveries planned through 2024.

(in billions) |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  |
Future export credit facilities at November 30, 2020 (a) |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  |

(a)Under the terms of these export credit facilities, we are required to comply with the Financial Covenant and the Debt to Capital Covenant, among others. We have entered into supplemental agreements or side letters to amend our agreements with respect to the Financial Covenant and the Debt to Capital Covenant for our unfunded export credit facilities to waive compliance through November 30, 2021 (with the next testing date of February 28, 2022) for an aggregate principal amount of $5.2 billion, and through December 31, 2021 (with the next testing date of February 28, 2022) for an aggregate principal amount of $2.8 billion.
Many of our debt agreements contain various other financial covenants as described in the consolidated financial statements. At November 30, 2020, we were in compliance with the applicable debt covenants.
Share Repurchase Program
Under a share repurchase program effective 2004, we had been authorized to repurchase Carnival Corporation common stock and Carnival plc ordinary shares (the “Repurchase Program”). On June 15, 2020, to enhance our liquidity and comply with restrictions in our recent financing transactions, the Boards of Directors terminated the Repurchase Program.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are not a party to any off-balance sheet arrangements, including guarantee contracts, retained or contingent interests, certain derivative instruments and variable interest entities that either have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
For a discussion of our hedging strategies and market risks, see the discussion below and the consolidated financial statements.
Fuel Price Risks
Substantially all our exposure to market risk for changes in fuel prices relates to the consumption of fuel on our ships. We have been installing Advanced Air Quality Systems on our ships, which are aiding in partially mitigating the financial impact from the ECAs and global 0.5% sulfur requirements.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risks
Operational Currency Risks
Our operations primarily utilize the U.S. dollar, Australian dollar, euro or sterling as their functional currencies. Our operations also have revenue and expenses denominated in non-functional currencies. Movements in foreign currency exchange rates will affect our financial statements.
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Investment Currency Risks
The foreign currency exchange rates were as follows:

| November 30,
USD to 1: | 2020 |  | 2019
AUD | $ | 0.74 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |
CAD | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
EUR | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.10 |
GBP | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |
RMB | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |

If the November 30, 2019 currency exchange rates had been used to translate our November 30, 2020 non-U.S. dollar functional currency operations’ assets and liabilities (instead of the November 30, 2020 U.S. dollar exchange rates), our total assets would have been lower by $1.2 billion and our total liabilities would have been lower by $869 million.
Newbuild Currency Risks
At November 30, 2020, our remaining newbuild currency exchange rate risk primarily relates to euro-denominated newbuild contract payments, which represent a total unhedged commitment of $6.9 billion and relates to newbuilds scheduled to be delivered from 2020 through 2025 to non-euro functional currency brands. The functional currency cost of each of these ships will increase or decrease based on changes in the exchange rates until the unhedged payments are made under the shipbuilding contract. We may enter into additional foreign currency derivatives to mitigate some of this foreign currency exchange rate risk. Based on a 10% change in euro to U.S. dollar exchange rates as of November 30, 2020, the remaining unhedged cost of these ships would have a corresponding change of $695 million.
Interest Rate Risks
The composition of our debt, including the effect of interest rate swaps, was as follows:

| November 30, 2020
Fixed rate | 41 | %
EUR fixed rate | 16 | %
Floating rate | 23 | %
EUR floating rate | 16 | %
GBP floating rate | 3 | %

At November 30, 2020, we had interest rate swaps that have effectively changed $248 million of EURIBOR-based floating rate euro debt to fixed rate euro debt. Based on a 10% change in the November 30, 2020 market interest rates, our 2020 interest expense on floating rate debt, including the effect of our interest rate swaps, would have changed by an insignificant amount.
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SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected consolidated financial data presented below for 2016 through 2020 and as of the end of each such year, except for the statistical data, are derived from our consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with those consolidated financial statements and the related notes.

(in millions, except per share, per ton and currency data) | Years Ended November 30,
2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Statements of Income Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 5,595 |  |  | $ | 20,825 |  |  | $ | 18,881 |  |  | $ | 17,510 |  |  | $ | 16,389 |
Operating income (loss) | $ | (8,865) |  |  | $ | 3,276 |  |  | $ | 3,325 |  |  | $ | 2,809 |  |  | $ | 3,071 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |  |  | $ | 2,606 |  |  | $ | 2,779 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.34 |  |  | $ | 4.45 |  |  | $ | 3.61 |  |  | $ | 3.73 |
Diluted | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.32 |  |  | $ | 4.44 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  | $ | 3.72 |
Adjusted net income (loss) | $ | (5,793) |  |  | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 3,029 |  |  | $ | 2,770 |  |  | $ | 2,580 |
Adjusted earnings per share - diluted | $ | (7.47) |  |  | $ | 4.40 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |  |  | $ | 3.45 |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |
Statistical Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ALBDs (in thousands) | (a) |  | 87,424 |  |  | 83,872 |  |  | 82,303 |  |  | 80,002 |
Occupancy percentage | (a) |  | 106.8 | % |  | 106.9 | % |  | 105.9 | % |  | 105.9 | %
Passengers carried (in thousands) | (a) |  | 12,866 |  |  | 12,407 |  |  | 12,130 |  |  | 11,520 |
Fuel consumption in metric tons (in thousands) | 1,915 |  |  | 3,312 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 3,286 |  |  | 3,233 |
Fuel cost per metric ton consumed | $ | 430 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 491 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 283 |
Currencies (USD to 1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AUD | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.74 |
CAD | $ | 0.74 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
EUR | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |
GBP | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.37 |
RMB | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |
| As of November 30,
(in millions) | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 53,593 |  |  | $ | 45,058 |  |  | $ | 42,401 |  |  | $ | 40,778 |  |  | $ | 38,881 |
Total debt | $ | 26,957 |  |  | $ | 11,503 |  |  | $ | 10,323 |  |  | $ | 9,195 |  |  | $ | 9,399 |

(a)Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, current year data is not meaningful and is not included in the table.
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| Years Ended November 30,
(in millions, except for per share data): | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) | $ | (10,236) |  |  | $ | 2,990 |  |  | $ | 3,152 |  |  | $ | 2,606 |  |  | $ | 2,779 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on fuel derivatives, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |  |  | (227) |  |  | (236) |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 3,934 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (38) |  |  | 387 |  |  | (2) |
Restructuring expenses | 47 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Other | 462 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Adjusted net income (loss) | $ | (5,793) |  |  | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 3,029 |  |  | $ | 2,770 |  |  | $ | 2,580 |
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest | 895 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 223 |
Interest income | (18) |  |  | (23) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (6) |
Income tax expense, net | (17) |  |  | 71 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 49 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,241 |  |  | 2,160 |  |  | 2,017 |  |  | 1,846 |  |  | 1,738 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (2,692) |  |  | $ | 5,455 |  |  | $ | 5,280 |  |  | $ | 4,865 |  |  | $ | 4,584 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 775 |  |  | 692 |  |  | 710 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 747 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP earnings per share | $ | (13.20) |  |  | $ | 4.32 |  |  | $ | 4.44 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  | $ | 3.72 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on fuel derivatives, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.13) |  |  | (0.31) |  |  | (0.32) |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 5.08 |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | (0.05) |  |  | 0.53 |  |  | — |
Restructuring expenses | 0.06 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | 0.60 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.05 |
Adjusted earnings per share | $ | (7.47) |  |  | $ | 4.40 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |  |  | $ | 3.45 |

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COMMON STOCK AND ORDINARY SHARES
Carnival Corporation’s common stock, together with paired trust shares of beneficial interest in the P&O Princess Special Voting Trust, which holds a Special Voting Share of Carnival plc, is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “CCL.” Carnival plc’s ordinary shares trade on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol “CCL.” Carnival plc’s American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each one of which represents one Carnival plc ordinary share, are traded on the NYSE under the symbol “CUK.” The depositary for the ADSs is JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
As of January 14, 2021, there were 2,953 holders of record of Carnival Corporation common stock and 30,258 holders of record of Carnival plc ordinary shares and 382 holders of record of Carnival plc ADSs. The past performance of our share prices cannot be relied on as a guide to their future performance.
On March 30, 2020, we suspended the payment of dividends on the common stock of Carnival Corporation and the ordinary shares of Carnival plc.
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STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPHS
Carnival Corporation
The following graph compares the Price Performance of $100 if invested in Carnival Corporation common stock with the Price Performance of $100 if invested in each of the Dow Jones U.S. Recreational Services Index (the “Dow Jones Recreational Index”), the FTSE 100 Index and the S&P 500 Index. The Price Performance, as used in the Performance Graph, is calculated by assuming $100 is invested at the beginning of the period in Carnival Corporation common stock at a price equal to the market value. At the end of each year, the total value of the investment is computed by taking the number of shares owned, assuming Carnival Corporation dividends are reinvested, multiplied by the market price of the shares.

| Assumes $100 Invested on November 30, 2015 Assumes Dividends Reinvested Years Ended November 30,
|  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
Carnival Corporation Common Stock |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Dow Jones Recreational Index |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 81 |
FTSE 100 Index |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 103 |
S&P 500 Index |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 192 |

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Carnival plc
The following graph compares the Price Performance of $100 invested in Carnival plc ADSs, each representing one ordinary share of Carnival plc, with the Price Performance of $100 invested in each of the indexes noted below. The Price Performance is calculated in the same manner as previously discussed.

| Assumes $100 Invested on November 30, 2015 Assumes Dividends Reinvested Years Ended November 30,
| 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
Carnival plc ADS | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Dow Jones Recreational Index | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 81 |
FTSE 100 Index | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 103 |
S&P 500 Index | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 192 |

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SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
Our passenger ticket revenues are seasonal. Historically, demand for cruises has been greatest during our third quarter, which includes the Northern Hemisphere summer months, although 2020 was adversely impacted by COVID-19. This higher demand during the third quarter results in higher ticket prices and occupancy levels and, accordingly, the largest share of our operating income is earned during this period. This historical trend has been disrupted by the pause in our global cruise operations. In addition, substantially all of Holland America Princess Alaska Tours’ revenue and net income (loss) is generated from May through September in conjunction with Alaska’s cruise season. During 2020, the Alaska cruise season was adversely impacted by the effects of COVID-19. The quarterly data below, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the unaudited interim periods.

| 2020 Quarters Ended
(in millions, except per share data) | February 29 |  | May 31 |  | August 31 |  | November 30
Revenues | $ | 4,789 |  |  | $ | 740 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Operating income (loss) | $ | (713) |  |  | $ | (4,177) |  |  | $ | (2,333) |  |  | $ | (1,642) |
Net income (loss) | $ | (781) |  |  | $ | (4,374) |  |  | $ | (2,858) |  |  | $ | (2,222) |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (1.14) |  |  | $ | (6.07) |  |  | $ | (3.69) |  |  | $ | (2.41) |
Diluted | $ | (1.14) |  |  | $ | (6.07) |  |  | $ | (3.69) |  |  | $ | (2.41) |
Adjusted net income (loss) (a) | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | (2,382) |  |  | $ | (1,699) |  |  | $ | (1,862) |
Adjusted earnings per share - diluted (a) | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (3.30) |  |  | $ | (2.19) |  |  | $ | (2.02) |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(a) Adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted fully diluted earnings per share were computed as follows:

| 2020 Quarters Ended
(in millions, except per share data) | February 29 |  | May 31 |  | August 31 |  | November 30
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) | $ | (781) |  |  | $ | (4,374) |  |  | $ | (2,858) |  |  | $ | (2,222) |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 928 |  |  | 1,953 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 115 |
Restructuring expenses | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |
Other | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |  |  | 240 |
Adjusted net income (loss) | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | (2,382) |  |  | $ | (1,699) |  |  | $ | (1,862) |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 684 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 922 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP earnings per share | $ | (1.14) |  |  | $ | (6.07) |  |  | $ | (3.69) |  |  | $ | (2.41) |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 1.36 |  |  | 2.71 |  |  | 1.21 |  |  | 0.12 |
Restructuring expenses | — |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |
Other | 0.01 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.28 |  |  | 0.26 |
Adjusted earnings per share | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (3.30) |  |  | $ | (2.19) |  |  | $ | (2.02) |

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| 2019 Quarters Ended
(in millions, except per share data) | February 28 |  | May 31 |  | August 31 |  | November 30
Revenues | $ | 4,673 |  |  | $ | 4,838 |  |  | $ | 6,533 |  |  | $ | 4,781 |
Operating income (loss) | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | 1,890 |  |  | $ | 484 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |  |  | $ | 423 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |
Diluted | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 0.61 |
Adjusted net income (loss) (a) | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 1,819 |  |  | $ | 427 |
Adjusted earnings per share - diluted (a) | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |
Dividends declared per share | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |

(a) Adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted fully diluted earnings per share were computed as follows:

| 2019 Quarters Ended
(in millions, except per share data) | February 28 |  | May 31 |  | August 31 |  | November 30
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP net income (loss) | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 1,780 |  |  | $ | 423 |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | 2 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (5) |
Restructuring expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Other | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |
Adjusted net income (loss) | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 1,819 |  |  | $ | 427 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding | 695 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 688 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. GAAP earnings per share | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 0.61 |
(Gains) losses on ship sales and impairments | — |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (0.01) |
Restructuring expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |
Other | — |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.04 |  |  | — |
Adjusted earnings per share | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |

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