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GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS | GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Our goodwill and identifiable intangible assets relate to the airline segment. We apply a fair value-based impairment test to the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis (as of October 1) and, if certain events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred, on an interim basis. We assess the value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived assets under either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Under a qualitative approach, we consider various market factors, including certain of the key assumptions listed below. We analyze these factors to determine if events and circumstances have affected the fair value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the asset may be impaired, we use the quantitative approach to assess the asset's fair value and the amount of the impairment. Under a quantitative approach, we calculate the fair value of the asset incorporating the key assumptions listed below into our calculation. We value goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets primarily using market and income approach valuation techniques. These measurements include the following key assumptions (1) forecasted revenues, expenses and cash flows, (2) current discount rates, (3) observable market transactions and (4) anticipated changes to the regulatory environment (e.g., changes in slot access and/or availability, additional Open Skies agreements or changes to antitrust approvals). These assumptions are consistent with those that hypothetical market participants would use. Because we are required to make estimates and assumptions when evaluating goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, actual transaction amounts may differ materially from these estimates. We recognize an impairment charge if the asset's carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Changes in certain events and circumstances could result in impairment or a change from indefinite-lived to definite-lived. Factors which could cause impairment include, but are not limited to (1) negative trends in our market capitalization, (2) reduced profitability resulting from lower passenger mile yields or higher input costs (primarily related to fuel and employees), (3) lower passenger demand as a result of weakened U.S. and global economies or other factors, (4) interruption to our operations due to a prolonged employee strike, terrorist attack or other reasons, (5) changes to the regulatory environment (e.g., changes in slot access and/or availability, additional Open Skies agreements or changes to antitrust approvals), (6) competitive changes by other airlines and (7) strategic changes to our operations leading to diminished utilization of the intangible assets. Identifiable Intangible Assets. Indefinite-lived assets are not amortized and consist of routes, slots, the Delta tradename and assets related to alliances and collaborative arrangements. Definite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of marketing and maintenance service agreements and are amortized on a straight-line basis or under the undiscounted cash flows method over the estimated economic life of the respective agreements. Costs incurred to renew or extend the term of an intangible asset are expensed as incurred. During the December 2023 quarter, we performed a quantitative valuation of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as the most recent quantitative analysis was several years ago. These quantitative impairment tests of goodwill and intangibles concluded that there was no indication of impairment as the fair values exceeded our carrying values.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets by category |  |  |
| Carrying Value at | Excess Fair Value at 2023 Testing Date
(in millions) | December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Goodwill | $ | 9,753 |  | $ | 9,753 |  | >100%
International routes and slots | 2,583 |  | 2,583 |  | 20% to >100%
Airline alliances | 1,863 |  | 1,863 |  | 30% to >100%
Delta tradename | 850 |  | 850 |  | >100%
Domestic slots | 622 |  | 622 |  | 60% to >100%
Total | $ | 15,671 |  | $ | 15,671 |  |
International Routes and Slots. This primarily relates to Pacific route authorities and slots at capacity-constrained airports in Asia, and slots at London-Heathrow airport. Airline Alliances. This primarily relates to our commercial agreements with LATAM and our SkyTeam partners. Domestic Slots. This primarily relates to our slots at New York-LaGuardia and Washington-Reagan National airports. Definite-Lived Intangible Assets
Definite-lived intangible assets by category |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in millions) | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization
Marketing agreements | $ | 730 |  | $ | (708) |  |  | $ | 730 |  | $ | (704) |
Maintenance contracts | 192 |  | (150) |  |  | 192 |  | (145) |
Other | 54 |  | (53) |  |  | 54 |  | (53) |
Total | $ | 976 |  | $ | (911) |  |  | $ | 976 |  | $ | (902) |
Amortization expense was $9 million, $9 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Based on our definite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2023, we estimate that we will incur approximately $8 million of amortization expense annually from 2024 through 2028.

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