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<!-- DFIN ActiveDisclosure(SM) XBRL Schema Document - http://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- Creation Date      : 2019-05-01T12:50:04.4180081+00:00 -->
<!-- Version            : 3.4.7044.22220 -->
<!-- Package ID         : 4694ff0283c64a18825ed3193edf8f8c -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2019 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  <xsd:element id="mlm_FloatingRateSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyMember" name="FloatingRateSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentyMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_OtherNotesMember" name="OtherNotesMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_TradeReceivableCreditFacilityMember" name="TradeReceivableCreditFacilityMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RevolvingFacilityDueTwentyTwentyThreeMember" name="RevolvingFacilityDueTwentyTwentyThreeMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_DebtInstrumentMaturityDateYear" name="DebtInstrumentMaturityDateYear" type="xbrli:gYearItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_ThreePointFourFivePercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentySevenMember" name="ThreePointFourFivePercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyTwentySevenMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_SixPointSixZeroPercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyEighteenMember" name="SixPointSixZeroPercentSeniorNotesDueTwentyEighteenMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RevolvingFacilityDueTwentyTwentyTwoMember" name="RevolvingFacilityDueTwentyTwentyTwoMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_IncludingAcquisitionBridgeDebtMember" name="IncludingAcquisitionBridgeDebtMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_ExcludingAcquisitionBridgeDebtMember" name="ExcludingAcquisitionBridgeDebtMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_MaximumConsolidatedDebtReductionForUnrestrictedCashAndCashEquivalentsForDebtCovenantCalculation" name="MaximumConsolidatedDebtReductionForUnrestrictedCashAndCashEquivalentsForDebtCovenantCalculation" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_ConsolidatedDebtReductionForUnrestrictedCashAndCashEquivalentsForDebtCovenantCalculation" name="ConsolidatedDebtReductionForUnrestrictedCashAndCashEquivalentsForDebtCovenantCalculation" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RatioOfConsolidatedNetDebtToEarningsBeforeInterestTaxesDepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" name="RatioOfConsolidatedNetDebtToEarningsBeforeInterestTaxesDepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" type="xbrli:pureItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_NumberOfCustomer" name="NumberOfCustomer" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInReclassificationFromPartnershipToCorporation" name="EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationChangeInReclassificationFromPartnershipToCorporation" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_AffiliateLineOfCreditFacilityMaturityPeriod" name="AffiliateLineOfCreditFacilityMaturityPeriod" type="xbrli:gYearMonthItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_GuaranteeObligationsOutstanding" name="GuaranteeObligationsOutstanding" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_CommitmentsAndContingenciesLineItems" name="CommitmentsAndContingenciesLineItems" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_CommitmentsAndContingenciesTable" name="CommitmentsAndContingenciesTable" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrldt:hypercubeItem" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RevolvingLineOfCreditExpiresInAugustTwoThousandFifteenMember" name="RevolvingLineOfCreditExpiresInAugustTwoThousandFifteenMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_InterestOnlyLoanMember" name="InterestOnlyLoanMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_WoodvilleMember" name="WoodvilleMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_PercentageOfEmployeesRepresentedInLaborUnion" name="PercentageOfEmployeesRepresentedInLaborUnion" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_CollectiveBargainingAgreementExpirationMonthYear" name="CollectiveBargainingAgreementExpirationMonthYear" type="xbrli:gYearMonthItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_AggregatesMember" name="AggregatesMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_CementMember" name="CementMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_ReadyMixedConcreteMember" name="ReadyMixedConcreteMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_AsphaltAndPavingMember" name="AsphaltAndPavingMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_LesseeRemainingLeaseTerm" name="LesseeRemainingLeaseTerm" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_FinanceLeaseRightOfUseAssetPropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross" name="FinanceLeaseRightOfUseAssetPropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_FinanceLeaseRightOfUseAssetAccumulatedDepreciationPropertyPlantAndEquipment" name="FinanceLeaseRightOfUseAssetAccumulatedDepreciationPropertyPlantAndEquipment" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_FinanceLeaseRightOfUseAssetPropertyPlantAndEquipment" name="FinanceLeaseRightOfUseAssetPropertyPlantAndEquipment" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_LesseeOperatingLeasesAbstract" name="LesseeOperatingLeasesAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_LesseeFinanceLeasesAbstract" name="LesseeFinanceLeasesAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_IncrementalBorrowingRate" name="IncrementalBorrowingRate" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_WeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTermAbstract" name="WeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTermAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_WeightedAverageDiscountRateAbstract" name="WeightedAverageDiscountRateAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNoncurrent" name="LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNoncurrent" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_LesseeOperatingLeaseLeaseNotYetCommenced" name="LesseeOperatingLeaseLeaseNotYetCommenced" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_CashPaidForAmountsIncludedInMeasurementOfLeaseLiabilities" name="CashPaidForAmountsIncludedInMeasurementOfLeaseLiabilities" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDue" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDue" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFiveYears" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFiveYears" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter" name="RoyaltyCommitmentsFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_NoncashOrPartNoncashAcquisitionPropertiesAcquiredThroughAssetSwap" name="NoncashOrPartNoncashAcquisitionPropertiesAcquiredThroughAssetSwap" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_BusinessCombinationsLineItems" name="BusinessCombinationsLineItems" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_ScheduleOfBusinessCombinationsAndDispositionsTable" name="ScheduleOfBusinessCombinationsAndDispositionsTable" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrldt:hypercubeItem" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_BluegrassMaterialsCompanyMember" name="BluegrassMaterialsCompanyMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="mlm_BusinessCombinationRecognizedIdentifiableAssetsAcquiredAndLiabilitiesAssumedCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayableAndAccruedExpenses" name="BusinessCombinationRecognizedIdentifiableAssetsAcquiredAndLiabilitiesAssumedCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayableAndAccruedExpenses" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
</xsd:schema>
