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Reinsurance | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Insurance [Abstract] |
Reinsurance | 8. REINSURANCE The Company cedes insurance risk to reinsurers to enable the Company to manage capital and risk exposure. Such arrangements do not relieve the Company of its primary liability to policyholders. Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company's procedures include carefully selecting its reinsurers, structuring agreements to provide collateral funds where necessary, and regularly monitoring the financial condition and ratings of its reinsurers. On December 31, 2016, the Company entered into an asbestos and environmental adverse development cover (“ADC”) reinsurance agreement with National Indemnity Company (“NICO”), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire”), to reduce uncertainty about potential adverse development of asbestos and environmental reserves. Under the ADC, the Company paid a reinsurance premium of $650 for NICO to assume adverse net loss reserve development up to $1.5 billion above the Company’s existing net asbestos and environmental (“A&E”) reserves as of December 31, 2016 of approximately $1.7 billion. The $650 reinsurance premium was placed into a collateral trust account as security for NICO’s claim payment obligations to the Company. As of December 31, 2016, other liabilities included $650 for the accrued reinsurance premium paid in January, 2017. The Company has retained the risk of collection on amounts due from other third-party reinsurers and continues to be responsible for claims handling and other administrative services, subject to certain conditions. The ADC covers substantially all the Company’s A&E reserve development up to the reinsurance limit. The ADC has been accounted for as retroactive reinsurance and the Company reported the $650 cost as a loss on reinsurance transaction in 2016 in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For segment reporting, the loss on reinsurance was reported in Property and Casualty Other Operations. Under retroactive reinsurance accounting, net adverse A&E reserve development after December 31, 2016 will result in an offsetting reinsurance recoverable up to the $1.5 billion limit. Cumulative ceded losses up to the $650 reinsurance premium paid are recognized as a dollar-for-dollar offset to direct losses incurred. Cumulative ceded losses exceeding the $650 reinsurance premium paid would result in a deferred gain. The deferred gain would be recognized over the claim settlement period in the proportion of the amount of cumulative ceded losses collected from the reinsurer to the estimated ultimate reinsurance recoveries. Consequently, until periods when the deferred gain is recognized as a benefit to earnings, cumulative adverse development of asbestos and environmental claims after December 31, 2016 in excess of $650 may result in significant charges against earnings. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has incurred $523 in cumulative adverse development on asbestos and environmental reserves that have been ceded under the ADC treaty with NICO. Reinsurance Recoverables Reinsurance recoverables include balances due from reinsurance companies and are presented net of an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. Reinsurance recoverables include an estimate of the amount of gross losses and loss adjustment expense reserves that may be ceded under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, including incurred but not reported unpaid losses. The Company’s estimate of losses and loss adjustment expense reserves ceded to reinsurers is based on assumptions that are consistent with those used in establishing the gross reserves for amounts the Company owes to its claimants. The Company estimates its ceded reinsurance recoverables based on the terms of any applicable facultative and treaty reinsurance, including an estimate of how incurred but not reported losses will ultimately be ceded under reinsurance agreements. Accordingly, the Company’s estimate of reinsurance recoverables is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as the estimate of the gross reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. Reinsurance Recoverables
| As of
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Property and Casualty Insurance Products |  |
Paid loss and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 127 |  | $ | 84 |
Unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses | 3,773 |  | 3,496 |
Gross reinsurance recoverables | 3,900 |  | 3,580 |
Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance | (126 | ) | (104 | )
Net P&C reinsurance recoverables | 3,774 |  | 3,476 |
Group Benefits net reinsurance recoverables [1] | 251 |  | 236 |
Recoverable related to reserves in Corporate | 332 |  | 349 |
Reinsurance recoverables, net | $ | 4,357 |  | $ | 4,061 |
[1] | No allowance for uncollectible reinsurance was required as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance reflects management’s best estimate of reinsurance cessions that may be uncollectible in the future due to reinsurers’ unwillingness or inability to pay. The Company analyzes recent developments in commutation activity between reinsurers and cedants, recent trends in arbitration and litigation outcomes in disputes between reinsurers and cedants and the overall credit quality of the Company’s reinsurers. Based on this analysis, the Company may adjust the allowance for uncollectible reinsurance or charge off reinsurer balances that are determined to be uncollectible. Where its contracts permit, the Company secures future claim obligations with various forms of collateral, including irrevocable letters of credit, secured trusts, funds held accounts and group-wide offsets. Due to the inherent uncertainties as to collection and the length of time before reinsurance recoverables become due, it is possible that future adjustments to the Company’s reinsurance recoverables, net of the allowance, could be required, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows in a particular quarter or annual period. Insurance Revenues The effect of reinsurance on insurance revenues is as follows: Property and Casualty Insurance Revenue
| For the years ended December 31,
Premiums Written | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Direct | $ | 10,784 |  | $ | 10,865 |  | $ | 10,906 |
Assumed | 217 |  | 223 |  | 253 |
Ceded | (593 | ) | (571 | ) | (591 | )
Net | $ | 10,408 |  | $ | 10,517 |  | $ | 10,568 |
Premiums Earned |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct | $ | 10,824 |  | $ | 10,923 |  | $ | 10,871 |
Assumed | 221 |  | 232 |  | 261 |
Ceded | (599 | ) | (600 | ) | (583 | )
Net | $ | 10,446 |  | $ | 10,555 |  | $ | 10,549 |
Ceded losses, which reduce losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred, were $661, $901 and $388 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Group Benefits Revenue
| For the years ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Gross earned premiums, fees and other considerations | $ | 3,615 |  | $ | 3,281 |  | $ | 3,160 |
Reinsurance assumed | 2,044 |  | 446 |  | 107 |
Reinsurance ceded | (61 | ) | (50 | ) | (44 | )
Net earned premiums, fees and other considerations | $ | 5,598 |  | $ | 3,677 |  | $ | 3,223 |
For its group benefits products, the Company reinsures certain of its risks to other reinsurers under yearly renewable term and coinsurance arrangements and variations thereto. Yearly renewable term and coinsurance arrangements result in passing a portion of the risk to the reinsurer. Generally, the reinsurer receives a proportionate amount of the premiums less an allowance for commissions and expenses and is liable for a corresponding proportionate amount of all benefit payments. The increase in premiums assumed in 2018 and 2017 was primarily due to premiums related to Aetna's U.S. group life and disability business acquired by the Company effective November 1, 2017 whereby Aetna is fronting the business for a period of time.

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- Definition The entire disclosure pertaining to the existence, magnitude and information about insurance that has been ceded to or assumed from another insurance company, including the methodologies and assumptions used in determining recorded amounts. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 944 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2303980 + Details
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