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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-11689

Fair Isaac Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 94-1499887
(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) | Identification No.)
181 Metro Drive, Suite 700 | 95110-1346
San Jose, | California |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 408-535-1500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | FICO | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ | Yes | ☒ | No

The number of shares of common stock outstanding on April 16, 2021 was 28,776,867 (excluding 60,079,916 shares held by us as treasury stock).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 1
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 38
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 39
| PART II – OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 40
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 53
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 53
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 53
Item 5. | Other Information | 53
Item 6. | Exhibits | 54
Signatures | 55

i

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| (In thousands, except par value data)
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 197,836 |  |  | $ | 157,394 |
Accounts receivable, net | 264,804 |  |  | 334,180 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 40,335 |  |  | 42,504 |
Assets held for sale | 48,843 |  |  | — |
Total current assets | 551,818 |  |  | 534,078 |
Marketable securities | 30,437 |  |  | 25,513 |
Other investments | 1,340 |  |  | 1,060 |
Property and equipment, net | 34,897 |  |  | 46,419 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 50,986 |  |  | 57,656 |
Goodwill | 789,123 |  |  | 812,364 |
Intangible assets, net | 7,437 |  |  | 9,236 |
Deferred income taxes | 15,003 |  |  | 14,629 |
Other assets | 98,567 |  |  | 105,285 |
Total assets | $ | 1,579,608 |  |  | $ | 1,606,240 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 19,767 |  |  | $ | 23,033 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits | 71,347 |  |  | 117,952 |
Other accrued liabilities | 60,062 |  |  | 63,367 |
Deferred revenue | 100,396 |  |  | 115,159 |
Current maturities on debt | 225,000 |  |  | 95,000 |
Liabilities related to assets held for sale | 23,989 |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities | 500,561 |  |  | 414,511 |
Long-term debt | 740,226 |  |  | 739,435 |
Operating lease liabilities | 59,100 |  |  | 73,207 |
Other liabilities | 56,418 |  |  | 48,005 |
Total liabilities | 1,356,305 |  |  | 1,275,158 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock ($0.01 par value; 1,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding) | — |  |  | — |
Common stock ($0.01 par value; 200,000 shares authorized, 88,857 shares issued and 28,829 and 29,096 shares outstanding at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively) | 288 |  |  | 291 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 1,181,692 |  |  | 1,218,583 |
Treasury stock, at cost (60,028 and 59,761 shares at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively) | (3,239,109) |  |  | (2,997,856) |
Retained earnings | 2,348,225 |  |  | 2,193,059 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (67,793) |  |  | (82,995) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 223,303 |  |  | 331,082 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,579,608 |  |  | $ | 1,606,240 |

See accompanying notes.
1

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 280,919 |  |  | $ | 240,702 |  |  | $ | 533,069 |  |  | $ | 461,076 |
Professional services | 37,794 |  |  | 47,905 |  |  | 79,219 |  |  | 91,930 |
License | 12,648 |  |  | 19,364 |  |  | 31,487 |  |  | 53,469 |
Total revenues | 331,361 |  |  | 307,971 |  |  | 643,775 |  |  | 606,475 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | 88,333 |  |  | 88,139 |  |  | 177,861 |  |  | 178,897 |
Research and development | 43,612 |  |  | 39,439 |  |  | 84,263 |  |  | 78,382 |
Selling, general and administrative | 97,272 |  |  | 103,465 |  |  | 191,183 |  |  | 215,486 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 945 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | 1,882 |  |  | 2,998 |
Restructuring and impairment charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,104 |
Gain on sale of product line assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,334) |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses | 230,162 |  |  | 232,245 |  |  | 447,855 |  |  | 478,867 |
Operating income | 101,199 |  |  | 75,726 |  |  | 195,920 |  |  | 127,608 |
Interest expense, net | (9,943) |  |  | (11,254) |  |  | (19,584) |  |  | (21,022) |
Other income (expense), net | 568 |  |  | (2,008) |  |  | 3,448 |  |  | (2,227) |
Income before income taxes | 91,824 |  |  | 62,464 |  |  | 179,784 |  |  | 104,359 |
Income tax provision (benefit) | 23,150 |  |  | 4,176 |  |  | 24,618 |  |  | (8,850) |
Net income | 68,674 |  |  | 58,288 |  |  | 155,166 |  |  | 113,209 |
Other comprehensive gain (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (1,846) |  |  | (19,056) |  |  | 15,202 |  |  | (4,964) |
Comprehensive income | $ | 66,828 |  |  | $ | 39,232 |  |  | $ | 170,368 |  |  | $ | 108,245 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.36 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 5.33 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |
Diluted | $ | 2.33 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 5.23 |  |  | $ | 3.76 |
Shares used in computing earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 29,087 |  |  | 29,194 |  |  | 29,107 |  |  | 29,109 |
Diluted | 29,531 |  |  | 29,985 |  |  | 29,660 |  |  | 30,076 |

See accompanying notes.
2

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in-Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands) | Shares |  | Par Value |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | 29,236 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 1,145,893 |  |  | $ | (3,035,668) |  |  | $ | 2,279,551 |  |  | $ | (65,947) |  |  | $ | 324,121 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,206 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,206 |
Issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,593 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,359 |
Repurchases of common stock | (441) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (205,207) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (205,211) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,674 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,674 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,846) |  |  | (1,846) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | 28,829 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,181,692 |  |  | $ | (3,239,109) |  |  | $ | 2,348,225 |  |  | $ | (67,793) |  |  | $ | 223,303 |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in-Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands) | Shares |  | Par Value |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | 29,186 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 1,148,190 |  |  | $ | (2,843,097) |  |  | $ | 2,011,569 |  |  | $ | (75,993) |  |  | $ | 240,961 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,788 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,788 |
Issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans | 186 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1,761) |  |  | 8,930 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,171 |
Repurchases of common stock | (290) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (95,998) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96,001) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58,288 |  |  | — |  |  | 58,288 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,056) |  |  | (19,056) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | 29,082 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 1,169,217 |  |  | $ | (2,930,165) |  |  | $ | 2,069,857 |  |  | $ | (95,049) |  |  | $ | 214,151 |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in-Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands) | Shares |  | Par Value |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2020 | 29,096 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 1,218,583 |  |  | $ | (2,997,856) |  |  | $ | 2,193,059 |  |  | $ | (82,995) |  |  | $ | 331,082 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,338 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,338 |
Issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans | 275 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (90,229) |  |  | 13,964 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76,263) |
Repurchases of common stock | (542) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (255,217) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (255,222) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 155,166 |  |  | — |  |  | 155,166 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,202 |  |  | 15,202 |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | 28,829 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,181,692 |  |  | $ | (3,239,109) |  |  | $ | 2,348,225 |  |  | $ | (67,793) |  |  | $ | 223,303 |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in-Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands) | Shares |  | Par Value |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 28,944 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,225,365 |  |  | $ | (2,802,450) |  |  | $ | 1,956,648 |  |  | $ | (90,085) |  |  | $ | 289,767 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,933 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,933 |
Issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans | 596 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (102,081) |  |  | 28,291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73,784) |
Repurchases of common stock | (458) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (156,006) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (156,010) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113,209 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,209 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,964) |  |  | (4,964) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | 29,082 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 1,169,217 |  |  | $ | (2,930,165) |  |  | $ | 2,069,857 |  |  | $ | (95,049) |  |  | $ | 214,151 |

See accompanying notes.
3

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FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 155,166 |  |  | $ | 113,209 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 13,701 |  |  | 15,535 |
Share-based compensation | 53,338 |  |  | 45,933 |
Deferred income taxes | (287) |  |  | (1,213) |
Net (gain) loss on marketable securities | (2,669) |  |  | 2,526 |
Non-cash operating lease costs | 8,005 |  |  | 10,000 |
Provision for doubtful accounts, net | 266 |  |  | 2,459 |
Net loss on sales and abandonment of property and equipment | 96 |  |  | 59 |
Gain on sale of product line assets | (7,334) |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 64,304 |  |  | (13,823) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 4,572 |  |  | (19,656) |
Accounts payable | (3,695) |  |  | 1,833 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits | (46,147) |  |  | (37,339) |
Other liabilities | (9,989) |  |  | (4,659) |
Deferred revenue | 2,143 |  |  | 6,995 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 231,470 |  |  | 121,859 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (4,220) |  |  | (13,166) |
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities | 2,264 |  |  | 3,385 |
Purchases of marketable securities | (4,379) |  |  | (5,232) |
Proceeds from sale of product line assets | 8,291 |  |  | — |
(Purchase of) distribution from equity investment | (210) |  |  | 55 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 1,746 |  |  | (14,958) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from revolving line of credit | 251,000 |  |  | 156,000 |
Payments on revolving line of credit | (121,000) |  |  | (377,000) |
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes | — |  |  | 350,000 |
Payments on debt issuance costs | — |  |  | (6,840) |
Payments on finance leases | (176) |  |  | (712) |
Proceeds from issuance of treasury stock under employee stock plans | 10,390 |  |  | 23,216 |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | (86,653) |  |  | (97,000) |
Repurchases of common stock | (250,356) |  |  | (148,008) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (196,795) |  |  | (100,344) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 4,021 |  |  | (4,017) |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents | 40,442 |  |  | 2,540 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 157,394 |  |  | 106,426 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 197,836 |  |  | $ | 108,966 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds of $288 and $1,538 during the six months ended March 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively | $ | 18,131 |  |  | $ | 4,475 |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 18,488 |  |  | $ | 16,181 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment included in accounts payable | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 1,920 |
Unsettled repurchases of common stock | $ | 4,866 |  |  | $ | 8,002 |
Finance lease obligations incurred | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,148 |

See accompanying notes.
4

Table of Contents
FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Nature of Business
Fair Isaac Corporation
Incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) is a provider of analytic, software and data management products and services that enable businesses to automate, improve and connect decisions. FICO provides a range of analytic solutions, credit scoring and credit account management products and services to banks, credit reporting agencies, credit card processing agencies, insurers, retailers, healthcare organizations and public agencies.
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Fair Isaac Corporation is referred to as “FICO,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company.”
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
We have prepared the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and the applicable accounting guidance. Consequently, we have not necessarily included all information and footnotes required for audited financial statements. In our opinion, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, except as otherwise indicated) necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020. The interim financial information contained in this report is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any other interim period or for the entire fiscal year.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FICO and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
We make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures made in the accompanying notes. For example, we use estimates in determining the collectibility of accounts receivable; the appropriate levels of various accruals; variable considerations included in the transaction price for our customer contracts; labor hours in connection with fixed-fee service contracts; the amount of our tax provision; and the realizability of deferred tax assets. We also use estimates in determining the remaining economic lives and carrying values of acquired intangible assets, property and equipment, and other long-lived assets. In addition, we use assumptions to estimate the fair value of reporting units and share-based compensation. Actual results may differ from our estimates.
As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty and therefore require increased judgment. These estimates and assumptions may change in future periods and will be recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements as new events occur and additional information becomes known. To the extent our actual results differ materially from those estimates and assumptions, our future financial statements could be affected. For more information, see Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. We adopted ASU 2018-15 in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2019-11 (collectively, “Topic 326”). Topic 326 requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. We adopted Topic 326 in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
We do not expect that any recently issued accounting pronouncements will have a significant effect on our financial statements.
2. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure that is based on the extent and level of judgment used to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities.
•Level 1 - uses unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Our Level 1 assets are comprised of money market funds and certain marketable securities. We did not have any liabilities that are valued using inputs identified under a Level 1 hierarchy as of March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020.
•Level 2 - uses inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable through correlation with market data. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and inputs to valuation models or other pricing methodologies that do not require significant judgment because the inputs used in the model, such as interest rates and volatility, can be corroborated by readily observable market data. We did not have any assets that are valued using inputs identified under a Level 2 hierarchy as of March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020. We measure the fair value of our senior notes based on Level 2 inputs, which include quoted market prices and interest rate spreads of similar securities.
•Level 3 - uses one or more significant inputs that are unobservable and supported by little or no market activity, and that reflect the use of significant management judgment. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those whose fair value measurements are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar valuation techniques, and significant management judgment or estimation. We did not have any assets or liabilities that are valued using inputs identified under a Level 3 hierarchy as of March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020.
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The following tables represent financial assets that we measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

March 31, 2021 | Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1) |  | Fair Value as of March 31, 2021
| (In thousands)
Assets: |  |  |
Cash equivalents (1) | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 194 |
Marketable securities (2) | 30,437 |  |  | 30,437 |
Total | $ | 30,631 |  |  | $ | 30,631 |
September 30, 2020 | Active Markets for Identical Instruments (Level 1) |  | Fair Value as of September 30, 2020
| (In thousands)
Assets: |  |  |
Cash equivalents (1) | $ | 35,275 |  |  | $ | 35,275 |
Marketable securities (2) | 25,513 |  |  | 25,513 |
Total | $ | 60,788 |  |  | $ | 60,788 |

(1)Included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020. Not included in these tables are cash deposits of $197.6 million and $122.1 million at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively.
(2)Represents securities held under a supplemental retirement and savings plan for senior management employees, which are distributed upon termination or retirement of the employees. Included in marketable securities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020.
See Note 7 for the fair value of our senior notes.
There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the quarters and six-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
3. Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative instruments to manage risks caused by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. The primary objective of our derivative instruments is to protect the value of foreign-currency-denominated receivable and cash balances from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange rates that might occur prior to conversion to their respective functional currencies. We principally utilize foreign currency forward contracts, which enable us to buy and sell foreign currencies in the future at fixed exchange rates and economically offset changes in foreign exchange rates. We routinely enter into contracts to offset exposures denominated in the British pound, Euro, and Singapore dollar.
Foreign-currency-denominated receivable and cash balances are remeasured at foreign exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates reported in other income (expense), net. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through other income (expense), net. Fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured receivable and cash balances attributable to changes in foreign exchange rates. The forward contracts are short-term in nature and typically have average maturities at inception of less than three months.
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The following tables summarize our outstanding foreign currency forward contracts, by currency, at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

| March 31, 2021
| Contract Amount |  | Fair Value
| Foreign Currency |  | USD |  | USD
| (In thousands)
Sell foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
Euro (EUR) | EUR | 19,200 |  |  | $ | 22,643 |  |  | $ | — |
Buy foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
British pound (GBP) | GBP | 14,780 |  |  | $ | 20,400 |  |  | $ | — |
Singapore dollar (SGD) | SGD | 5,790 |  |  | $ | 4,300 |  |  | $ | — |

| September 30, 2020
| Contract Amount |  | Fair Value
| Foreign Currency |  | USD |  | USD
| (In thousands)
Sell foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
Euro (EUR) | EUR | 15,000 |  |  | $ | 17,656 |  |  | $ | — |
Buy foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
British pound (GBP) | GBP | 16,555 |  |  | $ | 21,300 |  |  | $ | — |
Singapore dollar (SGD) | SGD | 7,815 |  |  | $ | 5,700 |  |  | $ | — |

The foreign currency forward contracts were entered into on March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively; therefore, their fair value was $0 on each of these dates.
Gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments were recorded in our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income as a component of other income (expense), net, and consisted of the following:

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | (2,194) |  |  | $ | 2,915 |  |  | $ | (1,049) |

4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Amortization expense associated with our intangible assets is reflected as a separate operating expense caption — amortization of intangible assets — and is excluded from cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses within the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Amortization expense consisted of the following:

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands)
Completed technology | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | 645 |  |  | $ | 1,038 |
Customer contracts and relationships | 578 |  |  | 658 |  |  | 1,149 |  |  | 1,798 |
Trade names | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Non-compete agreements | 44 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 87 |
Total | $ | 945 |  |  | $ | 1,202 |  |  | $ | 1,882 |  |  | $ | 2,998 |

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Estimated future intangible asset amortization expense associated with intangible assets existing at March 31, 2021 was as follows:

Year Ending September 30, | (In thousands)
2021 (excluding the six months ended March 31, 2021) | $ | 1,804 |
2022 | 3,400 |
2023 | 1,316 |
2024 | 917 |
Total | $ | 7,437 |

The following table summarizes changes to goodwill during the six months ended March 31, 2021, both in total and as allocated to our segments:

| Applications |  | Scores |  | Decision Management Software |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Balance at September 30, 2020 | $ | 596,804 |  |  | $ | 146,648 |  |  | $ | 68,912 |  |  | $ | 812,364 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 3,679 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,040 |  |  | 4,719 |
Reclassified as assets held for sale | (27,960) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,960) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 572,523 |  |  | $ | 146,648 |  |  | $ | 69,952 |  |  | $ | 789,123 |

5. Composition of Certain Financial Statement Captions
The following table presents the composition of property and equipment, net and other assets at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

| March 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| (In thousands)
Property and equipment, net: |  |  |
Property and equipment | $ | 154,749 |  |  | $ | 161,119 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (119,852) |  |  | (114,700) |
Total | $ | 34,897 |  |  | $ | 46,419 |
Other assets: |  |  |
Long-term receivables | $ | 45,994 |  |  | $ | 54,074 |
Prepaid commissions | 40,598 |  |  | 38,579 |
Others | 11,975 |  |  | 12,632 |
Total | $ | 98,567 |  |  | $ | 105,285 |

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6. Revolving Line of Credit
We have a $400 million unsecured revolving line of credit with a syndicate of banks that expires on May 8, 2023 with an option to increase it, subject to lender approval, by another $100 million. Proceeds from the credit facility can be used for working capital and general corporate purposes and may also be used for the refinancing of existing debt, acquisitions and the repurchase of our common stock. Interest on amounts borrowed under the credit facility is based on (i) a base rate, which is the greater of (a) the prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.500% and (c) the one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.000%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin, or (ii) an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 0.875% and for LIBOR borrowings ranges from 1.000% to 1.875%, and is determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio. In addition, we must pay credit facility fees. The credit facility contains certain restrictive covenants including maintaining a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.25 on an average trailing four-quarter basis, subject to a step up to 3.75 following certain permitted acquisitions; and a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00. The credit agreement also contains other covenants typical of unsecured facilities. As of March 31, 2021, we had $225.0 million in borrowings outstanding at a weighted-average interest rate of 1.236% and were in compliance with all financial covenants under this credit facility.
7. Senior Notes
On May 8, 2018, we issued $400 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2018 Senior Notes”). The 2018 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 5.25% per annum and will mature on May 15, 2026.
On December 6, 2019, we issued $350 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2019 Senior Notes,” and with the 2018 Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The 2019 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 4.00% per annum and will mature on June 15, 2028.
The indentures for the Senior Notes contain certain covenants typical of unsecured obligations.
The following table presents the face values and fair values for the Senior Notes at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

| March 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| Face Value (*) |  | Fair Value |  | Face Value (*) |  | Fair Value
| (In thousands)
The 2018 Senior Notes | 400,000 |  |  | 442,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 442,000 |
The 2019 Senior Notes | 350,000 |  |  | 357,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 358,750 |
Total | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 799,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 800,750 |

(*) The carrying value of the Senior Notes was the face value reduced by the net debt issuance costs of $9.8 million and $10.6 million at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively.
8. Income Taxes
Effective Tax Rate
The effective income tax rates were 25.2% and 6.7% during the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and 13.7% and (8.5)% during the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The provision for income taxes during interim quarterly reporting periods is based on our estimates of the effective tax rates for the full fiscal year. The effective tax rate in any quarter can also be affected positively or negatively by adjustments that are required to be reported in the specific quarter of resolution.
The effective tax rates for the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were both impacted by the recording of excess tax benefits relating to stock awards. In addition, stock exercises during the quarter and six months ended March 31, 2020 resulted in an additional increase in excess benefits.
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The total unrecognized tax benefit for uncertain tax positions was estimated to be $10.2 million and $8.0 million at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively. We recognize interest expense related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as part of the provision for income taxes in our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We accrued interest of $0.5 million and $0.4 million related to unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively.
9. Earnings per Share
The following table presents reconciliations for the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) for the quarters and six-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Six Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Numerator for diluted and basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 68,674 |  |  | $ | 58,288 |  |  | $ | 155,166 |  |  | $ | 113,209 |
Denominator - share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted-average shares | 29,087 |  |  | 29,194 |  |  | 29,107 |  |  | 29,109 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 444 |  |  | 791 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 967 |
Diluted weighted-average shares | 29,531 |  |  | 29,985 |  |  | 29,660 |  |  | 30,076 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.36 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 5.33 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |
Diluted | $ | 2.33 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 5.23 |  |  | $ | 3.76 |

Anti-dilutive stock-based awards excluded from the calculations of diluted EPS were immaterial during the periods presented.
10. Segment Information
We are organized into the following three operating segments, each of which is a reportable segment, to align with internal management of our worldwide business operations based on product offerings.
•Applications. This segment includes decision management applications designed for a specific type of business problem or process — such as marketing, account origination, customer management, fraud, financial crimes compliance, collections and insurance claims management — as well as associated professional services. These applications are available to our customers as on-premises software, and many are available as hosted, software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) applications through the FICO® Analytic Cloud or Amazon Web Services (“AWS”).
•Scores. This segment includes our business-to-business scoring solutions and services, our business-to-consumer scoring solutions and services including myFICO® solutions for consumers, and associated professional services. Our scoring solutions give our clients access to analytics that can be easily integrated into their transaction streams and decision-making processes. Our scoring solutions and services are either distributed through major credit reporting agencies worldwide or sold to our clients directly.
•Decision Management Software. This segment is composed of analytic and decision management software tools that clients can use to create their own custom decision management applications, our FICO® Decision Management Suite, as well as associated professional services. Some of our decision management software is currently delivered as part of the FICO® Decision Management Platform and is increasingly being adopted to connect decisioning solutions or previously disconnected use cases. These tools are available to our customers as on-premises software, through the FICO® Analytic Cloud or AWS.
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Our Chief Executive Officer evaluates segment financial performance based on segment revenues and segment operating income. Segment operating expenses consist of direct and indirect costs principally related to personnel, facilities, consulting, travel and depreciation. Indirect costs are allocated to the segments generally based on relative segment revenues, fixed rates established by management based upon estimated expense contribution levels and other assumptions that management considers reasonable. We do not allocate broad-based incentive expense, share-based compensation expense, restructuring expense, amortization expense, various corporate charges and certain other income and expense measures to our segments. These income and expense items are not allocated because they are not considered in evaluating the segment’s operating performance. Our Chief Executive Officer does not evaluate the financial performance of each segment based on its respective assets, nor capital expenditures where depreciation amounts are allocated to the segments from their internal cost centers as described above.
The following tables summarize segment information for the quarters and six-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

| Quarter Ended March 31, 2021
| Applications |  | Scores |  | Decision Management Software |  | Unallocated Corporate Expenses |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Segment revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 96,687 |  |  | $ | 167,212 |  |  | $ | 17,020 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 280,919 |
Professional services | 27,627 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 9,464 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,794 |
License | 5,200 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 6,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,648 |
Total segment revenues | 129,514 |  |  | 168,719 |  |  | 33,128 |  |  | — |  |  | 331,361 |
Segment operating expense | (102,142) |  |  | (22,177) |  |  | (43,300) |  |  | (33,392) |  |  | (201,011) |
Segment operating income (loss) | $ | 27,372 |  |  | $ | 146,542 |  |  | $ | (10,172) |  |  | $ | (33,392) |  |  | 130,350 |
Unallocated share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (28,206) |
Unallocated amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (945) |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 101,199 |
Unallocated interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,943) |
Unallocated other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 568 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 91,824 |
Depreciation expense | $ | 4,110 |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 902 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 5,224 |

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| Quarter Ended March 31, 2020
| Applications |  | Scores |  | Decision Management Software |  | Unallocated Corporate Expenses |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Segment revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 97,789 |  |  | $ | 127,610 |  |  | $ | 15,303 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 240,702 |
Professional services | 35,134 |  |  | 819 |  |  | 11,952 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,905 |
License | 7,356 |  |  | 719 |  |  | 11,289 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,364 |
Total segment revenues | 140,279 |  |  | 129,148 |  |  | 38,544 |  |  | — |  |  | 307,971 |
Segment operating expense | (111,456) |  |  | (15,660) |  |  | (47,354) |  |  | (33,785) |  |  | (208,255) |
Segment operating income (loss) | $ | 28,823 |  |  | $ | 113,488 |  |  | $ | (8,810) |  |  | $ | (33,785) |  |  | 99,716 |
Unallocated share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (22,788) |
Unallocated amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,202) |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75,726 |
Unallocated interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,254) |
Unallocated other expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,008) |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 62,464 |
Depreciation expense | $ | 4,553 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 1,158 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 5,960 |

| Six Months Ended March 31, 2021
| Applications |  | Scores |  | Decision Management Software |  | Unallocated Corporate Expenses |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Segment revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 194,418 |  |  | $ | 305,802 |  |  | $ | 32,849 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 533,069 |
Professional services | 58,232 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 20,167 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,219 |
License | 12,225 |  |  | 6,748 |  |  | 12,514 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,487 |
Total segment revenues | 264,875 |  |  | 313,370 |  |  | 65,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 643,775 |
Segment operating expense | (202,001) |  |  | (43,803) |  |  | (90,520) |  |  | (63,645) |  |  | (399,969) |
Segment operating income (loss) | $ | 62,874 |  |  | $ | 269,567 |  |  | $ | (24,990) |  |  | $ | (63,645) |  |  | 243,806 |
Unallocated share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (53,338) |
Unallocated amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,882) |
Unallocated gain on sale of product line assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,334 |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 195,920 |
Unallocated interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,584) |
Unallocated other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,448 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 179,784 |
Depreciation expense | $ | 8,484 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 1,886 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 10,809 |

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| Six Months Ended March 31, 2020
| Applications |  | Scores |  | Decision Management Software |  | Unallocated Corporate Expenses |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Segment revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 196,626 |  |  | $ | 235,056 |  |  | $ | 29,394 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 461,076 |
Professional services | 69,157 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 21,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,930 |
License | 26,674 |  |  | 8,147 |  |  | 18,648 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,469 |
Total segment revenues | 292,457 |  |  | 244,286 |  |  | 69,732 |  |  | — |  |  | 606,475 |
Segment operating expense | (227,466) |  |  | (33,372) |  |  | (97,999) |  |  | (67,995) |  |  | (426,832) |
Segment operating income (loss) | $ | 64,991 |  |  | $ | 210,914 |  |  | $ | (28,267) |  |  | $ | (67,995) |  |  | 179,643 |
Unallocated share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45,933) |
Unallocated amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,998) |
Unallocated restructuring and impairment charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,104) |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 127,608 |
Unallocated interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21,022) |
Unallocated other expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,227) |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 104,359 |
Depreciation expense | $ | 8,902 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 2,144 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 11,636 |

Information about disaggregated revenue by product deployment methods was as follows:

| Quarter Ended March 31, 2021
Reportable Segments | On-Premises |  | SaaS |  | Scores |  | Total |  | Percentage
| (Dollars in thousands)
Applications | $ | 66,182 |  |  | $ | 63,332 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,514 |  |  | 39 | %
Scores | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168,719 |  |  | 168,719 |  |  | 51 | %
Decision Management Software | 22,287 |  |  | 10,841 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,128 |  |  | 10 | %
Total | $ | 88,469 |  |  | $ | 74,173 |  |  | $ | 168,719 |  |  | $ | 331,361 |  |  | 100 | %

| Quarter Ended March 31, 2020
Reportable Segments | On-Premises |  | SaaS |  | Scores |  | Total |  | Percentage
| (Dollars in thousands)
Applications | $ | 76,341 |  |  | $ | 63,938 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140,279 |  |  | 46 | %
Scores | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,148 |  |  | 129,148 |  |  | 42 | %
Decision Management Software | 28,847 |  |  | 9,697 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,544 |  |  | 12 | %
Total | $ | 105,188 |  |  | $ | 73,635 |  |  | $ | 129,148 |  |  | $ | 307,971 |  |  | 100 | %

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| Six Months Ended March 31, 2021
Reportable Segments | On-Premises |  | SaaS |  | Scores |  | Total |  | Percentage
| (Dollars in thousands)
Applications | $ | 137,402 |  |  | $ | 127,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 264,875 |  |  | 41 | %
Scores | — |  |  | — |  |  | 313,370 |  |  | 313,370 |  |  | 49 | %
Decision Management Software | 45,065 |  |  | 20,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,530 |  |  | 10 | %
Total | $ | 182,467 |  |  | $ | 147,938 |  |  | $ | 313,370 |  |  | $ | 643,775 |  |  | 100 | %

| Six Months Ended March 31, 2020
Reportable Segments | On-Premises |  | SaaS |  | Scores |  | Total |  | Percentage
| (Dollars in thousands)
Applications | $ | 162,319 |  |  | $ | 130,138 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 292,457 |  |  | 48 | %
Scores | — |  |  | — |  |  | 244,286 |  |  | 244,286 |  |  | 40 | %
Decision Management Software | 52,526 |  |  | 17,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,732 |  |  | 12 | %
Total | $ | 214,845 |  |  | $ | 147,344 |  |  | $ | 244,286 |  |  | $ | 606,475 |  |  | 100 | %

Information about disaggregated revenue by primary geographical markets was as follows:

| Quarter Ended March 31, 2021
Reportable Segments | North America |  | Latin America |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  | Asia Pacific |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Applications | $ | 70,117 |  |  | $ | 9,112 |  |  | $ | 34,913 |  |  | $ | 15,372 |  |  | $ | 129,514 |
Scores | 159,047 |  |  | 2,740 |  |  | 5,642 |  |  | 1,290 |  |  | 168,719 |
Decision Management Software | 17,514 |  |  | 2,929 |  |  | 9,120 |  |  | 3,565 |  |  | 33,128 |
Total | $ | 246,678 |  |  | $ | 14,781 |  |  | $ | 49,675 |  |  | $ | 20,227 |  |  | $ | 331,361 |

| Quarter Ended March 31, 2020
Reportable Segments | North America |  | Latin America |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  | Asia Pacific |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Applications | $ | 78,900 |  |  | $ | 9,672 |  |  | $ | 34,271 |  |  | $ | 17,436 |  |  | $ | 140,279 |
Scores | 123,249 |  |  | 2,619 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | 129,148 |
Decision Management Software | 21,007 |  |  | 5,917 |  |  | 6,920 |  |  | 4,700 |  |  | 38,544 |
Total | $ | 223,156 |  |  | $ | 18,208 |  |  | $ | 42,911 |  |  | $ | 23,696 |  |  | $ | 307,971 |

| Six Months Ended March 31, 2021
Reportable Segments | North America |  | Latin America |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  | Asia Pacific |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Applications | $ | 149,454 |  |  | $ | 18,339 |  |  | $ | 70,170 |  |  | $ | 26,912 |  |  | $ | 264,875 |
Scores | 299,457 |  |  | 3,043 |  |  | 7,355 |  |  | 3,515 |  |  | 313,370 |
Decision Management Software | 34,061 |  |  | 5,842 |  |  | 17,698 |  |  | 7,929 |  |  | 65,530 |
Total | $ | 482,972 |  |  | $ | 27,224 |  |  | $ | 95,223 |  |  | $ | 38,356 |  |  | $ | 643,775 |

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| Six Months Ended March 31, 2020
Reportable Segments | North America |  | Latin America |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  | Asia Pacific |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Applications | $ | 164,366 |  |  | $ | 19,189 |  |  | $ | 74,055 |  |  | $ | 34,847 |  |  | $ | 292,457 |
Scores | 233,446 |  |  | 2,903 |  |  | 3,258 |  |  | 4,679 |  |  | 244,286 |
Decision Management Software | 36,594 |  |  | 10,250 |  |  | 14,185 |  |  | 8,703 |  |  | 69,732 |
Total | $ | 434,406 |  |  | $ | 32,342 |  |  | $ | 91,498 |  |  | $ | 48,229 |  |  | $ | 606,475 |

11. Contract Balances and Performance Obligations
Contract Balances
We record a receivable when we satisfy a performance obligation prior to invoicing if only the passage of time is required before payment is due or if we have an unconditional right to consideration before we satisfy a performance obligation. We record a contract asset when we satisfy a performance obligation prior to invoicing but our right to consideration is conditional. We record deferred revenue when the payment is made or due before we satisfy a performance obligation.
Receivables at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020 consisted of the following:

| March 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| (In thousands)
Billed | $ | 155,838 |  |  | $ | 211,776 |
Unbilled | 159,891 |  |  | 181,550 |
| 315,729 |  |  | 393,326 |
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts | (4,931) |  |  | (5,072) |
Net receivables | 310,798 |  |  | 388,254 |
Less: long-term receivables * | (45,994) |  |  | (54,074) |
Short-term receivables * | $ | 264,804 |  |  | 334,180 |

* Short-term receivables and long-term receivables were recorded in accounts receivable, net and other assets, respectively, within the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Contract assets balance at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020 was immaterial.
Deferred revenue primarily relates to our maintenance and SaaS contracts billed annually in advance and generally recognized ratably over the term of the service period. Significant changes in the deferred revenues balances during the six months ended March 31, 2021 were as follows:

| Six Months Ended March 31, 2021
| (In thousands)
Deferred revenues at September 30, 2020 * | $ | 122,141 |
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenues balance at the beginning of the period | (75,600) |
Increases due to billings, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period | 78,945 |
Reclassified as liabilities related to assets held for sale | $ | (16,508) |
Deferred revenues at March 31, 2021 * | $ | 108,978 |

* Deferred revenues at September 30, 2020 included current portion of $115.2 million and long-term portion of $6.9 million that were recorded in deferred revenue and other liabilities, respectively, within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenues at March 31, 2021 included current portion of $100.4 million and long-term portion of $8.6 million that were recorded in deferred revenue and other liabilities, respectively, within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to provide customers with financing or to receive financing from our customers. Examples include multi-year on-premises licenses that are invoiced annually with revenue recognized upfront, and invoicing at the beginning of a SaaS subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period.
Performance Obligations
Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that will be recognized in future periods, which is comprised of deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. This does not include:
•Revenue that will be recognized in future periods from usage-based royalty from license sales;
•SaaS transactional revenue from variable considerations that will be recognized in the distinct service period during which it is earned; and
•Revenue from variable considerations that will be recognized in accordance with the “right-to-invoice” practical expedient, such as fees from our professional services billed based on a time and materials basis.
Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations was $334.4 million as of March 31, 2021, of which we expect to recognize approximately 50% over the next 20 months and the remainder thereafter.
12. Contingencies
We are in disputes with certain customers regarding amounts owed in connection with the sale of certain of our products and services. We also have had claims asserted by former employees relating to compensation and other employment matters. We are also involved in various other claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We record litigation accruals for legal matters which are both probable and estimable. For legal proceedings for which there is a reasonable possibility of loss (meaning those losses for which the likelihood is more than remote but less than probable), we have determined we do not have material exposure on an aggregate basis.
13. Assets Held for Sale
As discussed in Note 14 - Subsequent Events, we entered into an agreement to divest our Collections and Recovery business (“C&R”) on May 4th, 2021. As a result of meeting the criteria to classify the disposal group as held for sale under ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, the C&R disposal group was classified as held for sale as of March 31, 2021. Assets classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell and are not depreciated or amortized. Classification of a disposal group as held for sale occurs when sufficient authority to sell the disposal group has been obtained, the disposal group is available for immediate sale, and its sale is probable within one year. If at any time these criteria are no longer met, the disposal group would be reclassified as held and used. We evaluate the held for sale classification during each reporting period. The C&R disposal group did not meet the requirements for presentation as discontinued operations and is included in income from continuing operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2021.
We did not have any assets held for sale as of September 30, 2020. The following table presents the carrying amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities related to assets held for sale with respect to the C&R disposal group as of March 31, 2021.
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| March 31, 2021
| (In thousands)
Assets: |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 18,310 |
Property and equipment, net | 312 |
Goodwill | 27,960 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 2,261 |
Total assets held for sale | $ | 48,843 |
Liabilities: |
Accounts payable | $ | 99 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits | 2,131 |
Deferred revenue | 16,508 |
Operating lease liabilities | 5,251 |
Total liabilities related to assets held for sale | $ | 23,989 |

14. Subsequent Events
On May 4th, 2021, we signed a definitive agreement to sell our C&R business. The transaction is expected to close in our current fiscal year, subject to customary closing conditions. The decision to sell the C&R business was the result of management’s decision to divest non-platform businesses and focus resources on the growth of our FICO Decision Management Platform. Our C&R business is part of the Applications segment.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Statements contained in this report that are not statements of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). In addition, certain statements in our future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), in press releases, and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the PSLRA. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenue, income or loss, expenses, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, capital structure and other statements concerning future financial performance; (ii) statements of our plans and objectives by our management or Board of Directors, including those relating to products or services, research and development, and the sufficiency of capital resources; (iii) statements of assumptions underlying such statements, including those related to economic conditions; (iv) statements regarding results of business combinations; (v) statements regarding business relationships with vendors, customers or collaborators, including the proportion of revenues generated from international as opposed to domestic customers; and (vi) statements regarding products, their characteristics, performance, sales potential or effect in the hands of customers. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “targeted,” “should,” “potential,” “goals,” “strategy,” “outlook,” “plan,” “estimated,” “will,” variations of these terms and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those described in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (including the impact of COVID-19 on macroeconomic conditions and our business, operations and personnel). The performance of our business and our securities may be adversely affected by these factors and by other factors common to other businesses and investments, or to the general economy. Forward-looking statements are qualified by some or all of these risk factors. Therefore, you should consider these risk factors with caution and form your own critical and independent conclusions about the likely effect of these risk factors on our future performance. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which statements are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or circumstances. Readers should carefully review the disclosures and the risk factors described in this and other documents we file from time to time with the SEC, including our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K.
OVERVIEW
We use analytics to help businesses automate, improve and connect decisions across their enterprise — an approach we commonly refer to as decision management. Our predictive analytics, which includes the industry-standard FICO® Score, and our decision management technologies leverage the use of data and mathematical algorithms to predict, categorize, and describe consumer behavior in order to power hundreds of billions of customer decisions each year. We help thousands of companies in over 100 countries use our decision management technology to target and acquire customers more efficiently, increase customer value, detect and reduce fraud and credit losses, measure and manage credit risk, maintain regulatory compliance, lower operating expenses, and enter new markets more profitably. Most leading banks and credit card issuers rely on our solutions, as do insurers, retailers, telecommunications providers, automotive companies, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare organizations, public agencies and organizations in other industries. We also serve consumers through online services that enable people to purchase and understand their FICO® Scores, the standard measure of consumer credit risk in the U.S., and empower them to manage their financial health. Most of our solutions address customer engagement, including customer acquisition, customer onboarding, customer servicing and management, and customer protection. We also help businesses improve non-customer decisions such as streamlining transaction and claims processing, and optimizing logistics. Our solutions enable users to make decisions that are more precise, consistent and agile, and that systematically advance business goals. This helps our clients to reduce the cost of doing business, increase revenues and profitability, reduce losses from risks and fraud, and increase customer loyalty.
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A significant portion of our revenues are derived from the sale of products and services within the banking (including consumer credit) industry, and 90% and 86% of our revenues were derived from within this industry during the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and 87% and 85% of our revenues were derived from within this industry during the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, we derive a significant share of revenues from transactional or unit-based software license fees, transactional fees derived under credit scoring and SaaS subscription services arrangements, and annual software maintenance fees. Arrangements with transactional or unit-based pricing accounted for 85% and 78% of our revenues during the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Arrangements with transactional or unit-based pricing accounted for 83% and 76% of our revenues during the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We derive a significant portion of our revenues from clients outside the U.S. International revenues accounted for 29% and 32% of total consolidated revenues for the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and 29% and 32% of total consolidated revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Revenue increased 8% to $331.4 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from $308.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and 6% to $643.8 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $606.5 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020. We continue to drive growth in our Scores segment. Scores revenue increased 31% to $168.7 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from $129.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and 28% to $313.4 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $244.3 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020. Scores operating income increased 29% to $146.5 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from $113.5 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and 28% to $269.6 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $210.9 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020. For our Applications and Decision Management Software segments, revenue decreased 9% to $162.6 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from $178.8 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and 9% to $330.4 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $362.2 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was largely attributable to the shift in the timing of revenue recognition on our term license subscription sales, as described below; as well as our recent strategic shift to emphasize software over services.
During fiscal 2020, we changed our practice of selling term software licenses with separate license and maintenance components to a single software subscription contract with license and maintenance bundled. This transition was substantially completed by the end of the first quarter of our fiscal 2021. This transition has shifted the timing of our revenue recognition on these subscription sales, resulting in less revenue recognized upfront and more revenue recognized over the term of these subscriptions. As a result, we expect a negative impact to our revenue recognized from term software licenses throughout the rest of our fiscal 2021. This does not change total revenue recognized over the life of a contract. In addition, this change does not negatively impact our cash flows.
Operating income increased 34% to $101.2 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from $75.7 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and net income increased 18% to $68.7 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from $58.3 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2020. Operating income increased 54% to $195.9 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $127.6 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020, and net income increased 37% to $155.2 million from $113.2 million, primarily driven by higher operating income during the six months ended March 31, 2021, partially offset by lower excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation.
We continued to advance our cloud-enabled, platform-based software strategy by exiting less strategic areas of our business in order to increase our focus on the FICO Decision Management Platform. In May 2021, we signed a definitive agreement to sell our Collections and Recovery (“C&R”) business. The transaction is expected to close in our current fiscal year, subject to customary closing conditions.
We continue to enhance stockholder value by returning cash to stockholders through our stock repurchase program. During the quarter and six months ended March 31, 2021, we repurchased approximately 440,588 shares at a total repurchase price of $205.2 million and 541,738 shares at a total repurchase price of $255.2 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, we had $471.3 million remaining under our current stock repurchase program. We intend to include the C&R sale proceeds in a $200 million Accelerated Share Repurchase program following the close of the transaction.
COVID-19 Update
As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, our focus remains on promoting employee health and safety, serving our customers and ensuring business continuity. For a discussion of the variety of measures we have taken, as well as the impacts on and risks to our business from COVID-19, please refer to “COVID-19 Update” included in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020; certain risk factors included in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report; and the information presented below under “Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report.
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Bookings
Management regards the volume of bookings achieved as an important indicator of future revenues, but they are not comparable to, nor a substitute for, an analysis of our revenues. Bookings represent contracts signed in the current reporting period that generate current and future revenue streams. While we disclose estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations in Note 11 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, we believe bookings amount is still a meaningful measure of our business as it includes estimated revenues omitted from Note 11, such as usage-based royalties derived from our software licenses, among others.
We estimate bookings as of the end of the period in which a contract is signed, and initial booking estimates are not updated in future periods for changes between estimated and actual results. Our calculations have varying degrees of certainty depending on the revenue type and individual contract terms. They are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties concerning timing and contingencies affecting product delivery and performance, and estimates take into consideration contract terms, knowledge of the marketplace and experience with our customers, among other factors. Actual revenue and the timing thereof could differ materially from our initial estimates.
Although many of our contracts contain non-cancelable terms, most of our bookings are transactional or service-related that depend upon certain estimates, such as volume of transactions, number of active accounts, or number of hours incurred. Since these estimates cannot be considered fixed or firm, we do not believe it is appropriate to characterize bookings as backlog. The following paragraphs discuss the key assumptions used to calculate bookings and the susceptibility of these assumptions to variability for each revenue type, as defined in Revenue Recognition in the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.
Transactional and Maintenance Bookings
We calculate transactional bookings as the total estimated volume of transactions or number of accounts under contract, multiplied by the contractual rate. Transactional contracts generally span multiple years and require estimates of future transaction volumes or number of active accounts. We develop estimates from discussions with our customers and examinations of historical data from similar products and customer arrangements. Differences between estimated bookings and actual results occur due to variability in the volume of transactions or number of active accounts estimated. This variability is primarily caused by the economic trends in our customers’ industries; individual performance of our customers relative to their competitors; and regulatory and other factors that affect the business environment in which our customers operate.
We calculate maintenance bookings directly from the terms stated in the contract.
Professional Services Bookings
We calculate professional services bookings as the estimated number of hours to complete a project multiplied by the rate per hour. We estimate the number of hours based on our understanding of the project scope, conversations with customer personnel and our experience in estimating professional services projects. Estimated bookings may differ from actual results primarily due to differences in the actual number of hours incurred.
License Bookings
Licenses that are sold on a term or perpetual basis when bookings generally equal the fixed amount (including guaranteed minimums) stated in the contract.
Bookings Trend Analysis

| Bookings |  | Bookings Yield (1) |  | Number of Bookings over $1 Million |  | Weighted- Average Term (2)
| (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | (Months)
Quarter Ended March 31, 2021 | $ | 84.0 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 13 |  |  | 34 |
Quarter Ended March 31, 2020 | $ | 84.1 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 15 |  |  | 35 |
Six Months Ended March 31, 2021 | $ | 152.1 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 24 |  |  | NM(a)
Six Months Ended March 31, 2020 | $ | 196.2 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 40 |  |  | NM(a)

(1)Bookings yield represents the percentage of revenue recognized from bookings for the periods indicated.
(2)Weighted-average term of bookings measures the average term over which bookings are expected to be recognized as revenue.
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(a) NM - Measure is not meaningful as our estimate of bookings is as of the end of the period in which a contract is signed, and we do not update our initial booking estimates in future periods for changes between estimated and actual results.
Transactional and maintenance bookings were 58% and 44% of total bookings for the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Professional services bookings were 26% and 40% of total bookings for the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. License bookings were 16% of total bookings for each of the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.
Transactional and maintenance bookings were 62% and 40% of total bookings for the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Professional services bookings were 25% and 38% of total bookings for the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. License bookings were 13% and 22% of total bookings for the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenues
The following tables set forth certain summary information on a segment basis related to our revenues for the quarters and six-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
Segment | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
Applications | $ | 129,514 |  |  | $ | 140,279 |  |  | 39 | % |  | 46 | % |  | $ | (10,765) |  |  | (8) | %
Scores | 168,719 |  |  | 129,148 |  |  | 51 | % |  | 42 | % |  | 39,571 |  |  | 31 | %
Decision Management Software | 33,128 |  |  | 38,544 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 12 | % |  | (5,416) |  |  | (14) | %
Total | $ | 331,361 |  |  | $ | 307,971 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 23,390 |  |  | 8 | %
| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
Segment | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
Applications | $ | 264,875 |  |  | $ | 292,457 |  |  | 41 | % |  | 48 | % |  | $ | (27,582) |  |  | (9) | %
Scores | 313,370 |  |  | 244,286 |  |  | 49 | % |  | 40 | % |  | 69,084 |  |  | 28 | %
Decision Management Software | 65,530 |  |  | 69,732 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 12 | % |  | (4,202) |  |  | (6) | %
Total | $ | 643,775 |  |  | $ | 606,475 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 37,300 |  |  | 6 | %

Quarter Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Quarter Ended March 31, 2020
Applications

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 96,687 |  |  | $ | 97,789 |  |  | $ | (1,102) |  |  | (1) | %
Professional services | 27,627 |  |  | 35,134 |  |  | (7,507) |  |  | (21) | %
License | 5,200 |  |  | 7,356 |  |  | (2,156) |  |  | (29) | %
Total | $ | 129,514 |  |  | $ | 140,279 |  |  | (10,765) |  |  | (8) | %

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Applications segment revenues decreased $10.8 million primarily due to a $7.5 million decrease in services revenue, a $2.2 million decrease in license revenue and a $1.1 million decrease in transactional and maintenance revenue. The decrease in services revenue was primarily due to our recent strategic shift to emphasize software over services. The decrease in license revenue was primarily attributable to the shift in the timing of revenue recognition on our term license subscription sales as a result of changing our practice of selling term licenses with separate license and maintenance components to a single software subscription contract with license and maintenance bundled. The decrease in transactional and maintenance revenue was primarily attributable to a decrease in our fraud solutions revenue, partially offset by an increase in our marketing and compliance solutions revenue.
Scores

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 167,212 |  |  | $ | 127,610 |  |  | $ | 39,602 |  |  | 31 | %
Professional services | 703 |  |  | 819 |  |  | (116) |  |  | (14) | %
License | 804 |  |  | 719 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 12 | %
Total | $ | 168,719 |  |  | $ | 129,148 |  |  | 39,571 |  |  | 31 | %

Scores segment revenues increased $39.6 million due to an increase of $23.8 million in our business-to-business scores revenue and $15.8 million in our business-to-consumer services revenue. The increase in business-to-business scores revenue was primarily attributable to a higher unit price in insurance and auto resellers, as well as an increase in auto and mortgage volumes during the quarter ended March 31, 2021. The increase in business-to-consumer services revenue was attributable to an increase in both royalties derived from direct sales generated from the myFICO.com website and scores sold indirectly to consumers through credit reporting agencies.
Revenues generated from our agreements with Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax accounted for 16%, 13% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenues for the quarter ended March 31, 2021. Revenues generated from our agreements with Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax accounted for 16%, 10% and 8%, respectively, of our total revenues for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. Revenues from these customers included amounts recorded in our other segments.
Decision Management Software

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 17,020 |  |  | $ | 15,303 |  |  | $ | 1,717 |  |  | 11 | %
Professional services | 9,464 |  |  | 11,952 |  |  | (2,488) |  |  | (21) | %
License | 6,644 |  |  | 11,289 |  |  | (4,645) |  |  | (41) | %
Total | $ | 33,128 |  |  | $ | 38,544 |  |  | (5,416) |  |  | (14) | %

Decision Management Software segment revenues decreased $5.4 million primarily due to a $4.6 million decrease in license revenue and a $2.5 million decrease in services revenue, partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in transactional and maintenance revenue. The decrease in license revenue was primarily attributable to the shift in the timing of revenue recognition on our term license subscription sales as a result of changing our practice of selling term licenses with separate license and maintenance components to a single software subscription contract with license and maintenance bundled. The decrease in services revenue was primarily due to our recent strategic shift to emphasize software over services. The increase in transactional and maintenance revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in SaaS subscription revenue.
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Six Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to Six Months Ended March 31, 2020
Applications

| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 194,418 |  |  | $ | 196,626 |  |  | $ | (2,208) |  |  | (1) | %
Professional services | 58,232 |  |  | 69,157 |  |  | (10,925) |  |  | (16) | %
License | 12,225 |  |  | 26,674 |  |  | (14,449) |  |  | (54) | %
Total | $ | 264,875 |  |  | $ | 292,457 |  |  | (27,582) |  |  | (9) | %

Applications segment revenues decreased $27.6 million primarily due to a $14.4 million decrease in license revenue, a $10.9 million decrease in services revenue, and a $2.2 million decrease in transactional and maintenance revenue. The decrease in license revenue was primarily attributable to the shift in the timing of revenue recognition on our term license subscription sales as a result of changing our practice of selling term licenses with separate license and maintenance components to a single software subscription contract with license and maintenance bundled, as well as a decrease in the number and size of term license deals signed or renewed during the six months ended March 31, 2021, mainly in our fraud solutions. The decrease in services revenue was primarily due to our recent strategic shift to emphasize software over services. The decrease in transactional and maintenance revenue was primarily attributable to a decrease in our fraud solutions, partially offset by an increase in our compliance and marketing solutions.
Scores

| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 305,802 |  |  | $ | 235,056 |  |  | $ | 70,746 |  |  | 30 | %
Professional services | 820 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | (263) |  |  | (24) | %
License | 6,748 |  |  | 8,147 |  |  | (1,399) |  |  | (17) | %
Total | $ | 313,370 |  |  | $ | 244,286 |  |  | 69,084 |  |  | 28 | %

Scores segment revenues increased $69.1 million due to an increase of $40.6 million in our business-to-business scores revenue and $28.5 million in our business-to-consumer services revenue. The increase in business-to-business scores revenue was primarily attributable to a higher unit price in auto, unsecured originations and insurance, and an increase in mortgage and auto volumes, partially offset by a decrease in unsecured originations volume. The increase in business-to-consumer services revenue was attributable to an increase in both royalties derived from scores sold indirectly to consumers through credit reporting agencies and direct sales generated from the myFICO.com website.
Revenues generated from our agreements with Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax accounted for 15%, 12% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2021. Revenues generated from our agreements with Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax accounted for 14%, 10% and 7%, respectively, of our total revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2020. Revenues from these customers included amounts recorded in our other segments.
Decision Management Software

| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Transactional and maintenance | $ | 32,849 |  |  | $ | 29,394 |  |  | $ | 3,455 |  |  | 12 | %
Professional services | 20,167 |  |  | 21,690 |  |  | (1,523) |  |  | (7) | %
License | 12,514 |  |  | 18,648 |  |  | (6,134) |  |  | (33) | %
Total | $ | 65,530 |  |  | $ | 69,732 |  |  | (4,202) |  |  | (6) | %

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Decision Management Software segment revenues decreased $4.2 million primarily due to a $6.1 million decrease in license revenue, and a $1.5 million decrease in services revenue, partially offset by a $3.5 million increase in transactional and maintenance revenue. The decrease in license revenue was primarily attributable to the shift in the timing of revenue recognition on our term license subscription sales as a result of changing our practice of selling term licenses with separate license and maintenance components to a single software subscription contract with license and maintenance bundled. The decrease in services revenue was primarily due to our recent strategic shift to emphasize software over services. The increase in transactional and maintenance revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in SaaS subscription revenue.
Operating Expenses and Other Income / Expenses
The following tables set forth certain summary information related to our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the quarters and six-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to- Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands, except employees) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands, except employees) |  |
Revenues | $ | 331,361 |  |  | $ | 307,971 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 23,390 |  |  | 8 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | 88,333 |  |  | 88,139 |  |  | 27 | % |  | 29 | % |  | 194 |  |  | — | %
Research and development | 43,612 |  |  | 39,439 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 4,173 |  |  | 11 | %
Selling, general and administrative | 97,272 |  |  | 103,465 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 33 | % |  | (6,193) |  |  | (6) | %
Amortization of intangible assets | 945 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | (257) |  |  | (21) | %
Total operating expenses | 230,162 |  |  | 232,245 |  |  | 69 | % |  | 75 | % |  | (2,083) |  |  | (1) | %
Operating income | 101,199 |  |  | 75,726 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 25,473 |  |  | 34 | %
Interest expense, net | (9,943) |  |  | (11,254) |  |  | (3) | % |  | (4) | % |  | 1,311 |  |  | (12) | %
Other income (expense), net | 568 |  |  | (2,008) |  |  | — | % |  | (1) | % |  | 2,576 |  |  | (128) | %
Income before income taxes | 91,824 |  |  | 62,464 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 29,360 |  |  | 47 | %
Income tax provision | 23,150 |  |  | 4,176 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 18,974 |  |  | 454 | %
Net income | $ | 68,674 |  |  | $ | 58,288 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 10,386 |  |  | 18 | %
Number of employees at quarter end | 3,953 |  |  | 4,029 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (76) |  |  | (2) | %

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| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to- Period Percentage Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
Revenues | $ | 643,775 |  |  | $ | 606,475 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 37,300 |  |  | 6 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | 177,861 |  |  | 178,897 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 29 | % |  | (1,036) |  |  | (1) | %
Research and development | 84,263 |  |  | 78,382 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 5,881 |  |  | 8 | %
Selling, general and administrative | 191,183 |  |  | 215,486 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 36 | % |  | (24,303) |  |  | (11) | %
Amortization of intangible assets | 1,882 |  |  | 2,998 |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | (1,116) |  |  | (37) | %
Restructuring and impairment charges | — |  |  | 3,104 |  |  | — | % |  | 1 | % |  | (3,104) |  |  | (100) | %
Gain on sale of product line assets | (7,334) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) | % |  | — | % |  | (7,334) |  |  | — | %
Total operating expenses | 447,855 |  |  | 478,867 |  |  | 70 | % |  | 79 | % |  | (31,012) |  |  | (6) | %
Operating income | 195,920 |  |  | 127,608 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 68,312 |  |  | 54 | %
Interest expense, net | (19,584) |  |  | (21,022) |  |  | (3) | % |  | (3) | % |  | 1,438 |  |  | (7) | %
Other income (expense), net | 3,448 |  |  | (2,227) |  |  | 1 | % |  | — | % |  | 5,675 |  |  | (255) | %
Income before income taxes | 179,784 |  |  | 104,359 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 18 | % |  | 75,425 |  |  | 72 | %
Income tax provision (benefit) | 24,618 |  |  | (8,850) |  |  | 4 | % |  | (1) | % |  | 33,468 |  |  | (378) | %
Net income | $ | 155,166 |  |  | $ | 113,209 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 41,957 |  |  | 37 | %

Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues consists primarily of employee salaries and benefits for personnel directly involved in delivering software products, operating SaaS infrastructure, and providing support, implementation and consulting services; allocated overhead, facilities and data center costs; software royalty fees; credit bureau data and processing services; third-party hosting fees related to our SaaS services; travel costs; and outside services.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter increase in cost of revenues of $0.2 million was primarily attributable to a $1.6 million increase in direct materials primarily driven by increased third-party data costs related to increased Scores revenue, partially offset by a $1.5 million decrease in travel activity due to COVID-19. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased to 27% during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from 29% during the quarter ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to increased sales of our higher-margin Scores products.
The year-to-date period over period decrease in cost of revenues of $1.0 million was primarily attributable to a $3.6 million decrease in travel activity due to COVID-19, partially offset by a $2.9 million increase in direct materials primarily driven by increased third-party data costs related to increased Scores revenue. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased to 28% during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from 29% during the six months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to increased sales of our higher-margin Scores products.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses include personnel and related overhead costs incurred in the development of new products and services, including research of mathematical and statistical models and development of new versions of Applications and Decision Management Software products.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter increase in research and development expenses of $4.2 million was primarily attributable to an increase in labor and personnel costs as a result of increased headcount and increased fringe benefit costs related to our supplemental retirement and savings plan. Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues was 13% during each of the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020.
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The year-to-date period over period increase in research and development expenses of $5.9 million was primarily attributable to an increase in labor and personnel costs as a result of increased headcount and increased fringe benefit costs related to our supplemental retirement and savings plan. Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues was 13% during each of the six months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist principally of employee salaries, commissions and benefits; travel costs; overhead costs; advertising and other promotional expenses; corporate facilities expenses; legal expenses; business development expenses; and the cost of operating computer systems.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses of $6.2 million was primarily attributable to a $2.7 million decrease in travel activity, a $2.1 million decrease in non-capitalizable commission cost, and a $2.1 million decrease in bad debt expense attributable to estimated losses for customers and industries most impacted by COVID-19 during the second quarter of our fiscal 2020. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues decreased to 29% during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 from 33% during the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
The year-to-date period over period decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses of $24.3 million was primarily attributable to a $7.6 million decrease in travel activity, a $4.5 million decrease in marketing costs primarily driven by a company-wide marketing event held during the first quarter of our fiscal 2020, a $4.7 million decrease in non-capitalizable commission cost, and a $2.1 million decrease in bad debt expense attributable to estimated losses for customers and industries most impacted by COVID-19 during the second quarter of our fiscal 2020. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues decreased to 30% during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from 36% during the six months ended March 31, 2020.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
Amortization of intangible assets consists of amortization expense related to intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting. Our finite-lived intangible assets, consisting primarily of completed technology and customer contracts and relationships, are being amortized using the straight-line method over periods ranging from four to fifteen years.
Amortization expense was $0.9 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 compared to $1.2 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
Amortization expense was $1.9 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $3.0 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to certain assets associated with our Tonbeller acquisition becoming fully amortized in January 2020.
Restructuring and Impairment Charges
There were no restructuring expenses during the quarter and six months ended March 31, 2021.
There were no restructuring expenses during the quarter ended March 31, 2020. During the six months ended March 31, 2020, we incurred employee separation costs of $3.1 million due to the elimination of 69 positions throughout the Company. Cash payments for all the employee separation costs were paid during fiscal 2020.
Gain on Sale of Product Line Assets
The $7.3 million gain on the sale of product line assets during the six months ended March 31, 2021 was attributable to the sale of all assets related to our cyber risk score operations in October 2020; and the sale of certain assets related to our Applications and Decision Management Software operations to an affiliated joint venture in China in December 2020.
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Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense includes interest on the senior notes issued in December 2019, May 2018, and July 2010 (which July 2010 senior notes were paid in full at maturity in July 2020), as well as interest and credit facility fees on the revolving line of credit. Our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income include interest expense netted with interest income, which is derived primarily from the investment of funds in excess of our immediate operating requirements.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter decrease in interest expense of $1.3 million was primarily attributable to a lower average outstanding debt balance during the quarter ended March 31, 2021.
The year-to-date period over period decrease in interest expense of $1.4 million was primarily attributable to a lower average outstanding debt balance during the six months ended March 31, 2021.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net consists primarily of realized investment gains/losses, exchange rate gains/losses resulting from remeasurement of foreign-currency-denominated receivable and cash balances into their respective functional currencies at period-end market rates, net of the impact of offsetting foreign currency forward contracts and other non-operating items.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter increase in other income (expense), net of $2.6 million was primarily attributable to an increase in net unrealized gains on our supplemental retirement and savings plan, partially offset by an increase in foreign currency exchange losses.
The year-to-date period over period increase in other income (expense), net of $5.7 million was primarily attributable to an increase in net unrealized gains on our supplemental retirement and savings plan during the six months ended March 31, 2021.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit)
The effective income tax rates were 25.2% and 6.7% during the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and 13.7% and (8.5)% during the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The provision for income taxes during interim quarterly reporting periods is based on our estimates of the effective tax rates for the full fiscal year. The effective tax rate in any quarter can also be affected positively or negatively by adjustments that are required to be reported in the specific quarter of resolution.
The effective tax rates for the six months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were both impacted by the recording of excess tax benefits relating to stock awards. In addition, stock exercises during the quarter and six months ended March 31, 2020 resulted in an additional increase in excess benefits.
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Operating Income
The following tables set forth certain summary information on a segment basis related to our operating income (loss) for the quarters and six-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
Segment | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Applications | $ | 27,372 |  |  | $ | 28,823 |  |  | $ | (1,451) |  |  | (5) | %
Scores | 146,542 |  |  | 113,488 |  |  | 33,054 |  |  | 29 | %
Decision Management Software | (10,172) |  |  | (8,810) |  |  | (1,362) |  |  | 15 | %
Corporate expenses | (33,392) |  |  | (33,785) |  |  | 393 |  |  | (1) | %
Total segment operating income | 130,350 |  |  | 99,716 |  |  | 30,634 |  |  | 31 | %
Unallocated share-based compensation | (28,206) |  |  | (22,788) |  |  | (5,418) |  |  | 24 | %
Unallocated amortization expense | (945) |  |  | (1,202) |  |  | 257 |  |  | (21) | %
Operating income | $ | 101,199 |  |  | $ | 75,726 |  |  | 25,473 |  |  | 34 | %
| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change |  | Period-to-Period Percentage Change
Segment | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands) |  |
Applications | $ | 62,874 |  |  | $ | 64,991 |  |  | $ | (2,117) |  |  | (3) | %
Scores | 269,567 |  |  | 210,914 |  |  | 58,653 |  |  | 28 | %
Decision Management Software | (24,990) |  |  | (28,267) |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | (12) | %
Corporate expenses | (63,645) |  |  | (67,995) |  |  | 4,350 |  |  | (6) | %
Total segment operating income | 243,806 |  |  | 179,643 |  |  | 64,163 |  |  | 36 | %
Unallocated share-based compensation | (53,338) |  |  | (45,933) |  |  | (7,405) |  |  | 16 | %
Unallocated amortization expense | (1,882) |  |  | (2,998) |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | (37) | %
Unallocated restructuring and impairment charges | — |  |  | (3,104) |  |  | 3,104 |  |  | (100) | %
Unallocated gain on sale of product line assets | 7,334 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,334 |  |  | — | %
Operating income | $ | 195,920 |  |  | $ | 127,608 |  |  | 68,312 |  |  | 54 | %

Applications

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Segment revenues | $ | 129,514 |  |  | $ | 140,279 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 264,875 |  |  | $ | 292,457 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Segment operating expense | (102,142) |  |  | (111,456) |  |  | (79) | % |  | (79) | % |  | (202,001) |  |  | (227,466) |  |  | (76) | % |  | (78) | %
Segment operating income | $ | 27,372 |  |  | $ | 28,823 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 62,874 |  |  | $ | 64,991 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 22 | %

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Scores

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Segment revenues | $ | 168,719 |  |  | $ | 129,148 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 313,370 |  |  | $ | 244,286 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Segment operating expense | (22,177) |  |  | (15,660) |  |  | (13) | % |  | (12) | % |  | (43,803) |  |  | (33,372) |  |  | (14) | % |  | (14) | %
Segment operating income | $ | 146,542 |  |  | $ | 113,488 |  |  | 87 | % |  | 88 | % |  | $ | 269,567 |  |  | $ | 210,914 |  |  | 86 | % |  | 86 | %

Decision Management Software

| Quarter Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues |  | Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Percentage of Revenues
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Segment revenues | $ | 33,128 |  |  | $ | 38,544 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 65,530 |  |  | $ | 69,732 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Segment operating expense | (43,300) |  |  | (47,354) |  |  | (131) | % |  | (123) | % |  | (90,520) |  |  | (97,999) |  |  | (138) | % |  | (141) | %
Segment operating loss | $ | (10,172) |  |  | $ | (8,810) |  |  | (31) | % |  | (23) | % |  | $ | (24,990) |  |  | $ | (28,267) |  |  | (38) | % |  | (41) | %

The quarter-over-prior year quarter $25.5 million increase in operating income was primarily attributable to a $23.4 million increase in segment revenues, a $6.8 million decrease in segment operating expenses, and a $0.4 million decrease in corporate expenses, partially offset by a $5.4 million increase in share-based compensation cost.
At the segment level, the quarter-over-prior year quarter $30.6 million increase in segment operating income was the result of a $33.1 million increase in our Scores segment operating income and a $0.4 million decrease in corporate expenses, partially offset by a $1.5 million decrease in our Applications segment operating income and $1.4 million increase in our Decision Management Software segment operating loss.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter $1.5 million decrease in Applications segment operating income was due to a $10.8 million decrease in segment revenue, partially offset by a $9.3 million decrease in segment operating expenses. Segment operating margin for Applications during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 was 21%, consistent with the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter $33.1 million increase in Scores segment operating income was due to a $39.6 million increase in segment revenue, partially offset by a $6.5 million increase in segment operating expenses. Segment operating margin for Scores during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 was 87%, consistent with the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
The quarter-over-prior year quarter $1.4 million increase in Decision Management Software segment operating loss was due to a $5.4 million decrease in segment revenue, partially offset by a $4.0 million decrease in segment operating expenses. Segment operating margin for Decision Management Software decreased to negative 31% from negative 23%, mainly due to a decrease in sales of our higher-margin software products.
The year-to-date period over period increase of $68.3 million in operating income was primarily attributable to a $37.3 million increase in segment revenues, a $22.6 million decrease in segment operating expenses, a $7.3 million gain on sale of product line assets, a $4.3 million decrease in corporate expenses, and a $3.1 million decrease in restructuring and impairment charges, partially offset by a $7.4 million increase in share-based compensation cost.
At the segment level, the year-to-date period over period increase of $64.2 million in segment operating income was the result of a $58.7 million increase in our Scores segment operating income, a $4.3 million decrease in corporate expenses, a $3.3 million decrease in our Decision Management Software segment operating loss, partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in our Applications segment operating income.
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The year-to-date period over period $2.1 million decrease in Applications segment operating income was due to a $27.6 million decrease in segment revenue, partially offset by a $25.5 million decrease in segment operating expenses. Segment operating income as a percentage of segment revenue for Applications increased to 24% from 22%, primarily attributable to a decrease in travel activity due to COVID-19, as well as our strategic cost initiative implemented in September 2020 in which we reduced our workforce, consolidated office space and abandoned certain property and equipment.
The year-to-date period over period $58.7 million increase in Scores segment operating income was attributable to a $69.1 million increase in segment revenue, partially offset by a $10.4 million increase in segment operating expenses. Segment operating margin for Scores during the six months ended March 31, 2021 was 86%, consistent with the six months ended March 31, 2020.
The year-to-date period over period $3.3 million decrease in Decision Management Software segment operating loss was attributable to a $7.5 million decrease in segment operating expenses, partially offset by a $4.2 million decrease in segment revenue. Segment operating margin for Decision Management Software improved to negative 38% from negative 41%, primarily attributable to a decrease in travel activity due to COVID-19, as well as our strategic cost initiative implemented in September 2020 through which we reduced our workforce, consolidated office space and abandoned certain property and equipment.
CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY
Outlook
As of March 31, 2021, we had $197.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $124.8 million held by our foreign subsidiaries. Our cash position could be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other risks detailed in Part II, Item 1A titled “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. However, based on our current business plan and revenue prospects, we believe our cash and cash equivalents balances, as well as available borrowings from our $400 million revolving line of credit and anticipated cash flows from operating activities, will be sufficient to fund our working and other capital requirements. Under our current financing arrangements, we have no significant debt obligations maturing over the next twelve months. Our undistributed earnings outside the U.S. are deemed to be permanently reinvested in foreign jurisdictions. We currently do not foresee a need to repatriate cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries. If these funds are needed for our operations in the U.S., we may be required to accrue for state income or foreign withholding taxes on the distributed foreign earnings, which we expect to be immaterial.
In the normal course of business, we evaluate the merits of acquiring technology or businesses, or establishing strategic relationships with or investing in these businesses. We may elect to use available cash and cash equivalents to fund such activities in the future. In the event additional needs for cash arise, or if we refinance our existing debt, we may raise additional funds from a combination of sources, including the potential issuance of debt or equity securities. Additional financing might not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. If adequate funds were not available or were not available on acceptable terms, our ability to take advantage of unanticipated opportunities or respond to competitive pressures could be limited.
Summary of Cash Flows

| Six Months Ended March 31, |  | Period-to-Period Change
| 2021 |  | 2020 |
| (In thousands)
Cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 231,470 |  |  | $ | 121,859 |  |  | $ | 109,611 |
Investing activities | 1,746 |  |  | (14,958) |  |  | 16,704 |
Financing activities | (196,795) |  |  | (100,344) |  |  | (96,451) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 4,021 |  |  | (4,017) |  |  | 8,038 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 40,442 |  |  | $ | 2,540 |  |  | 37,902 |

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Our primary method for funding operations and growth has been through cash flows generated from operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $231.5 million during the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $121.9 million during the six months ended March 31, 2020. The $109.6 million increase was attributable to a $77.8 million increase that resulted from timing of receipts and payments in our ordinary course of business and a $42.0 million increase in net income, partially offset by a $10.2 million decrease in non-cash items, including a $7.3 million gain on the sale of product line assets.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $1.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to net cash used of $15.0 million for the six months ended March 31, 2020. The $16.7 million change was primarily attributable to an $8.9 million decrease in purchases of property and equipment and $8.3 million in cash proceeds from the sale of product line assets for the six months ended March 31, 2021.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities increased to $196.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2021 from $100.3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2020. The $96.5 million increase was primarily attributable to a $350.0 million decrease in proceeds from issuance of senior notes and a $102.3 million increase in repurchases of common stock, partially offset by a $256.0 million decrease in payments on our revolving line of credit and a $95.0 million increase in proceeds from our revolving line of credit.
Repurchases of Common Stock
In July 2020, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program following the completion of our previous program. This program was open-ended and authorized repurchases of shares of our common stock up to an aggregate cost of $250.0 million in the open market or in negotiated transactions. In March 2021, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program following the completion of the July 2020 program. This new program is open-ended and authorizes repurchases of shares of our common stock up to an aggregate cost of $500.0 million in the open market or in negotiated transactions.
Pursuant to the July 2020 and March 2021 programs, we repurchased approximately 440,588 shares of our common stock at a total repurchase price of $205.2 million and 541,738 shares of our common stock at a total repurchase price of $255.2 million during the quarter and six months ended March 31, 2021, respectively.
Revolving Line of Credit
We have a $400 million unsecured revolving line of credit with a syndicate of banks that expires on May 8, 2023. Proceeds from the credit facility can be used for working capital and general corporate purposes and may also be used for the refinancing of existing debt, acquisitions, and the repurchase of our common stock. Interest on amounts borrowed under the credit facility is based on (i) a base rate, which is the greater of (a) the prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.500% and (c) the one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.000%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin, or (ii) an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 0.875% and for LIBOR borrowings ranges from 1.000% to 1.875%, and is determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio. In addition, we must pay credit facility fees. The credit facility contains certain restrictive covenants including: maintaining a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.25 on an average trailing four-quarter basis, subject to a step up to 3.75 following certain permitted acquisitions; and a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00. The credit agreement also contains other covenants typical of unsecured facilities. As of March 31, 2021, we had $225.0 million in borrowings outstanding at a weighted-average interest rate of 1.236% and we were in compliance with all financial covenants under this credit facility, and do not believe we are at material risk of not meeting these covenants due to COVID-19.
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Senior Notes
On May 8, 2018, we issued $400 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2018 Senior Notes”). The 2018 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 5.25% per annum and will mature on May 15, 2026. On December 6, 2019, we issued $350 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2019 Senior Notes,” and with the 2018 Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The 2019 Senior Notes require interest payments semi-annually at a rate of 4.00% per annum and will mature on June 15, 2028. The indentures for the Senior Notes contain certain covenants typical of unsecured obligations. As of March 31, 2021, the carrying value of the Senior Notes was $750.0 million and we were in compliance with all financial covenants under these obligations, and do not believe we are at material risk of not meeting these covenants due to COVID-19.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These accounting principles require management to make certain judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We periodically evaluate our estimates including those relating to revenue recognition, goodwill and other intangible assets resulting from business acquisitions, share-based compensation, income taxes and contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable based on the specific circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
We believe the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:
Revenue Recognition
Contracts with Customers
Our revenue is primarily derived from term-based or perpetual licensing of software and scoring products and solutions, and associated maintenance; SaaS subscription services; scoring and credit monitoring services for consumers; and professional services. For contracts with customers that contain various combinations of products and services, we evaluate whether the products or services are distinct—distinct products or services will be accounted for as separate performance obligations, while non-distinct products or services are combined with others to form a single performance obligation. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) basis. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers.
License revenue is derived from contracts in which we grant our direct customers or distributors the right to deploy or resell our software and scoring products and solutions on-premises. Our software offerings often include a term-based or perpetual license and post-contract support or maintenance, both of which generally represent distinct performance obligations and are accounted for separately. For term-based licenses, the transaction price is either in the form of a fixed consideration—a single subscription with license and maintenance bundled, or a usage-based royalty—sometimes subject to a guaranteed minimum—for the license and maintenance bundle. For perpetual licenses, the transaction price is generally a fixed consideration with separately stated prices for license and maintenance. When the amount is in the form of a fixed consideration, including the guaranteed minimum in usage-based royalty, license revenue from distinct on-premises licenses is recognized at the point in time when the software or scoring solution is made available to the customer or distributor. Any royalties not subject to the guaranteed minimum or earned in excess of the minimum amount are recognized as transactional revenue when the subsequent sales or usage occurs. Revenue allocated to maintenance is generally recognized ratably over the contract period as customers simultaneously consume and receive benefits.
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In addition to usage-based royalty on our software and scoring products, transactional revenue is also derived from SaaS contracts in which we provide customers with access to and standard support for our software application either in the FICO® Analytic Cloud or AWS, our primary cloud infrastructure provider, on a subscription basis. The transaction price typically includes a fixed consideration in the form of a guaranteed minimum that allows up to a certain level of usage and a variable consideration in the form of usage or transaction-based fees in excess of the minimum threshold; or usage or transaction-based variable amount not subject to a minimum threshold. We determined the nature of our SaaS arrangements is to provide continuous access to our hosted application in the cloud, i.e., a stand-ready obligation that comprises a series of distinct service periods (e.g., a series of distinct daily, monthly or annual periods of service). We estimate the total variable consideration at contract inception—subject to any constraints that may apply—and update the estimates as new information becomes available and recognize the amount ratably over the SaaS service period, unless we determine it is appropriate to allocate the variable amount to each distinct service period and recognize revenue as each distinct service period is performed.
We also derive transactional revenue from credit scoring and monitoring services that provide consumers access to their credit reports and enable them to monitor their credit. These are provided as either a one-time or ongoing subscription service renewed monthly or annually, all with a fixed consideration. We determined the nature of the subscription service is a stand-ready obligation to generate credit reports, provide credit monitoring and other services for our customers, which comprises a series of distinct service periods (e.g., a series of distinct daily, monthly or annual periods of service). Revenue from one-time or monthly subscription services is recognized during the period when service is performed. Revenue from annual subscription services is recognized ratably over the subscription period.
Professional services include software or SaaS implementation, consulting, model development, training services and premium cloud support. They are sold either standalone, or together with other products or services and generally represent distinct performance obligations. The transaction price can be a fixed amount or on a time and materials basis. Revenue on fixed-price services is recognized using an input method based on labor hours expended which we believe provides a faithful depiction of the transfer of services. Revenue on services provided on a time and materials basis is recognized applying the “right-to-invoice” practical expedient as the amount to which we have a right to invoice the customer corresponds directly with the value of our performance to the customer. In addition, we sell premium cloud support on a subscription basis for a fixed amount, and revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term.
Significant Judgments
Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct and should be accounted for separately may require significant judgment. Specifically, when implementation service is included in the original software or SaaS offerings, judgment is required to determine if the implementation service significantly modifies or customizes the software or SaaS service in such a way that the risks of providing it and the customization service are inseparable. In rare instances, contracts may include significant modification or customization of the software of SaaS service and will result in the combination of software or SaaS service and implementation service as one performance obligation.
We determine the SSPs using data from our historical standalone sales, or, in instances where such information is not available (such as when we do not sell the product or service separately), we consider factors such as the stated contract prices, our overall pricing practices and objectives, go-to-market strategy, size and type of the transactions, and effects of the geographic area on pricing, among others. When the selling price of a product or service is highly variable, we may use the residual approach to determine the SSP of that product or service. Significant judgment may be required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation when it involves the consideration of many market conditions and entity-specific factors discussed above.
Significant judgment may be required to determine the timing of satisfaction of a performance obligation in certain professional services contracts with a fixed consideration, in which we measure progress using an input method based on labor hours expended. In order to estimate the total hours of the project, we make assumptions about labor utilization, efficiency of processes, the customer’s specification and IT environment, among others. For certain complex projects, due to the risks and uncertainties inherent with the estimation process and factors relating to the assumptions, actual progress may differ due to the change in estimated total hours. Adjustments to estimates are made in the period in which the facts requiring such revisions become known and, accordingly, recognized revenues are subject to revisions as the contract progresses to completion.
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Capitalized Commission Costs
We capitalize incremental commission fees paid as a result of obtaining customer contracts. Capitalized commission costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over ten years — determined using a portfolio approach — based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, taking into consideration both the initial and future contracts as we do not typically pay a commission on a contract renewal. The amortization costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses of our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
We apply a practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general, and administrative expenses.
Business Combinations
Accounting for our acquisitions requires us to recognize, separately from goodwill, the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred and the net of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
Accounting for business combinations requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date, including our estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, pre-acquisition contingencies and contingent consideration, where applicable. If we cannot reasonably determine the fair value of a pre-acquisition contingency (non-income tax related) by the end of the measurement period, we will recognize an asset or a liability for such pre-acquisition contingency if: (i) it is probable that an asset existed or a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date and (ii) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably estimated. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes in our estimates of such contingencies will affect earnings and could have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations and financial position.
Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired include but are not limited to: (i) future expected cash flows from software license sales, support agreements, consulting contracts, other customer contracts and acquired developed technologies and patents; (ii) expected costs to develop the in-process research and development into commercially viable products and estimated cash flows from the projects when completed; and (iii) the acquired company’s brand and competitive position, as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired brand will continue to be used in the combined company’s product portfolio. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. Historically, there have been no significant changes in our estimates or assumptions. To the extent a significant acquisition is made during a fiscal year, as appropriate we will expand the discussion to include specific assumptions and inputs used to determine the fair value of our acquired intangible assets.
In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We reevaluate these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill provided that we are within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period or our final determination of the tax allowance’s or contingency’s estimated value, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances will affect our provision for income taxes in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial position. Historically, there have been no significant changes in our valuation allowances or uncertain tax positions as it relates to business combinations. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood there will be a material change in the future estimates.
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Goodwill, Acquisition Intangibles and Other Long-Lived Assets - Impairment Assessment
Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations. We assess goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units on an annual basis during our fourth fiscal quarter using a July 1 measurement date unless circumstances require a more frequent measurement. We have determined that our reporting units are the same as our reportable segments. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may first perform an assessment qualitatively whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value, referred to as a “step zero” approach. If, based on the review of the qualitative factors, we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we would bypass the two-step impairment test. Events and circumstances we consider in performing the “step zero” qualitative assessment include macro-economic conditions, market and industry conditions, internal cost factors, share price fluctuations, and the operational stability and the overall financial performance of the reporting units. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount, we would perform the first step (“step one”) of the two-step impairment test and calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit by using discounted cash flow valuation models and by comparing our reporting units to guideline publicly-traded companies. These methods require estimates of our future revenues, profits, capital expenditures, working capital, and other relevant factors, as well as selecting appropriate guideline publicly-traded companies for each reporting unit. We estimate these amounts by evaluating historical trends, current budgets, operating plans, industry data, and other relevant factors. Using assumptions that are different from those used in our estimates, but in each case reasonable, could produce significantly different results and materially affect the determination of fair value and/or goodwill impairment for each reporting unit. For example, if the economic environment impacts our forecasts beyond what we have anticipated, it could cause the fair value of a reporting unit to fall below its respective carrying value.
For fiscal 2017, we elected to proceed directly to the step one quantitative analysis for all of our reporting units. There was a substantial excess of fair value over carrying value for each of our reporting units and we determined goodwill was not impaired for any of our reporting units for fiscal 2017. For fiscal 2018, 2019 and 2020, we performed a step zero qualitative analysis for our annual assessment of goodwill impairment. After evaluating and weighing all relevant events and circumstances, we concluded that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units was less their carrying amounts. Consequently, we did not perform a step one quantitative analysis and determined goodwill was not impaired for any of our reporting units for fiscal 2018, 2019 and 2020.
Our intangible assets that have finite useful lives and other long-lived assets are assessed for potential impairment when there is evidence that events and circumstances related to our financial performance and economic environment indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. When impairment indicators are identified, we test for impairment using undiscounted cash flows. If such tests indicate impairment, then we measure and record the impairment as the difference between the carrying value of the asset and the fair value of the asset. Significant management judgment is required in forecasting future operating results used in the preparation of the projected cash flows. Should different conditions prevail, material write downs of our intangible assets or other long-lived assets could occur. We review the estimated remaining useful lives of our acquired intangible assets at each reporting period. A reduction in our estimate of remaining useful lives, if any, could result in increased annual amortization expense in future periods.
As discussed above, while we believe that the assumptions and estimates utilized were appropriate based on the information available to management, different assumptions, judgments and estimates could materially affect our impairment assessments for our goodwill, acquired intangibles with finite lives and other long-lived assets. Historically, there have been no significant changes in our estimates or assumptions that would have had a material impact for our goodwill or intangible assets impairment assessment. We believe our projected operating results and cash flows would need to be significantly less favorable to have a material impact on our impairment assessment. However, based upon our historical experience with operations, we do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood of a significant change in our projections.
Share-Based Compensation
We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognize it as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the vesting or service period, as applicable, of the stock award (generally three to four years). We use the Black-Scholes valuation model to determine the fair value of our stock options and the Monte Carlo valuation model to determine the fair value of our market share units. Our valuation models and generally accepted valuation techniques require us to make assumptions and to apply judgment to determine the fair value of our awards. These assumptions and judgments include estimating the volatility of our stock price, expected dividend yield, employee turnover rates and employee stock option exercise behaviors. Historically, there have been no material changes in our estimates or assumptions. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood there will be a material change in the future estimates or assumptions.
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Income Taxes
We estimate our income taxes based on the various jurisdictions where we conduct business, which involves significant judgment in determining our income tax provision. We estimate our current tax liability using currently enacted tax rates and laws and assess temporary differences that result from differing treatments of certain items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheets using the currently enacted tax rates and laws that will apply to taxable income for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. We then assess the likelihood our deferred tax assets will be realized and to the extent we believe realization is not more likely than not, we establish a valuation allowance. When we establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in an accounting period, we record a corresponding income tax expense in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. In assessing the need for the valuation allowance, we consider future taxable income in the jurisdictions we operate; our ability to carry back tax attributes to prior years; an analysis of our deferred tax assets and the periods over which they will be realizable; and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. An increase in the valuation allowance would have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our income tax provision and net income in the period in which we record the increase.
We recognize and measure benefits for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the technical merits of the tax position indicate it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. For tax positions more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. Significant judgment is required to evaluate uncertain tax positions and they are evaluated on a quarterly basis. Our evaluations are based upon a number of factors, including changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, correspondence with tax authorities during the course of audits and effective settlement of audit issues. Changes in the recognition or measurement of uncertain tax positions could result in material increases or decreases in our income tax expense in the period in which we make the change, which could have a material impact on our effective tax rate and operating results.
A description of our accounting policies associated with tax-related contingencies and valuation allowances assumed as part of a business combination is provided under “Business Combinations” above.
Contingencies and Litigation
We are subject to various proceedings, lawsuits and claims relating to products and services, technology, labor, stockholder and other matters. We are required to assess the likelihood of any adverse outcomes and the potential range of probable losses in these matters. If the potential loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. If the potential loss is considered less than probable or the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, disclosure of the matter is considered. The amount of loss accrual or disclosure, if any, is determined after analysis of each matter, and is subject to adjustment if warranted by new developments or revised strategies. Due to uncertainties related to these matters, accruals or disclosures are based on the best information available at the time. Significant judgment is required in both the assessment of likelihood and in the determination of a range of potential losses. Revisions in the estimates of the potential liabilities could have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations. Historically, there have been no material changes in our estimates or assumptions. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood there will be a material change in the future estimates.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. We adopted ASU 2018-15 in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2019-11 (collectively, “Topic 326”). Topic 326 requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. We adopted Topic 326 in the first quarter of our fiscal 2021 and the adoption did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
We do not expect that any recently issued accounting pronouncements will have a significant effect on our financial statements.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market Risk Disclosures
We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
Interest Rate
We maintain an investment portfolio consisting of bank deposits and money market funds. The funds provide daily liquidity and may be subject to interest rate risk and fall in value if market interest rates increase. We do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by a sudden change in market interest rates. The following table presents the principal amounts and related weighted-average yields for our investments with interest rate risk at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

| March 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| Cost Basis |  | Carrying Amount |  | Average Yield |  | Cost Basis |  | Carrying Amount |  | Average Yield
| (Dollars in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 197,836 |  |  | $ | 197,836 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | $ | 157,394 |  |  | $ | 157,394 |  |  | 0.05 | %

On May 8, 2018, we issued $400 million of senior notes in a private placement to qualified institutional investors (the “2018 Senior Notes”). On December 6, 2019, we issued $350 million of senior notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors (the “2019 Senior Notes,” and with the 2018 Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes”). The fair value of the Senior Notes may increase or decrease due to various factors, including fluctuations in market interest rates and fluctuations in general economic conditions. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Capital Resources and Liquidity” for additional information on the Senior Notes. The following table presents the face values and fair values for the Senior Notes at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

| March 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2020
| Face Value (*) |  | Fair Value |  | Face Value (*) |  | Fair Value
| (In thousands)
The 2018 Senior Notes | 400,000 |  |  | 442,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 442,000 |
The 2019 Senior Notes | 350,000 |  |  | 357,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 358,750 |
Total | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 799,000 |  |  | $ | 750,000 |  |  | $ | 800,750 |

(*) The carrying value of the Senior Notes was the face value reduced by the net debt issuance costs of $9.8 million and $10.6 million at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively.
We have a $400 million unsecured revolving line of credit with a syndicate of banks that expires on May 8, 2023. Proceeds from the credit facility can be used for working capital and general corporate purposes and may also be used for the refinancing of existing debt, acquisitions, and the repurchase of our common stock. Interest on amounts borrowed under the credit facility is based on (i) a base rate, which is the greater of (a) the prime rate, (b) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.500% and (c) the one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.000%, plus, in each case, an applicable margin, or (ii) an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 0.875% and for LIBOR borrowings ranges from 1.000% to 1.875%, and is determined based on our consolidated leverage ratio. A change in interest rates on this variable rate debt impacts the interest incurred and cash flows, but does not impact the fair value of the instrument. We had $225.0 million in borrowings outstanding at a weighted-average interest rate of 1.236% under the credit facility as of March 31, 2021.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
We maintain a program to manage our foreign exchange rate risk on existing foreign-currency-denominated receivable and cash balances by entering into forward contracts to sell or buy foreign currencies. At period end, foreign-currency-denominated receivable and cash balances held by our various reporting entities are remeasured into their respective functional currencies at current market rates. The change in value from this remeasurement is then reported as a foreign exchange gain or loss for that period in our accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and the resulting gain or loss on the forward contract mitigates the foreign exchange rate risk of the associated assets. All of our foreign currency forward contracts have maturity periods of less than three months. Such derivative financial instruments are subject to market risk.
The following tables summarize our outstanding foreign currency forward contracts, by currency, at March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020:

| March 31, 2021
| Contract Amount |  | Fair Value
| Foreign Currency |  | USD |  | USD
| (In thousands)
Sell foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
Euro (EUR) | EUR | 19,200 |  |  | $ | 22,643 |  |  | $ | — |
Buy foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
British pound (GBP) | GBP | 14,780 |  |  | $ | 20,400 |  |  | $ | — |
Singapore dollar (SGD) | SGD | 5,790 |  |  | $ | 4,300 |  |  | $ | — |
| September 30, 2020
| Contract Amount |  | Fair Value
| Foreign Currency |  | USD |  | USD
| (In thousands)
Sell foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
Euro (EUR) | EUR | 15,000 |  |  | $ | 17,656 |  |  | $ | — |
Buy foreign currency: |  |  |  |  |  |
British pound (GBP) | GBP | 16,555 |  |  | $ | 21,300 |  |  | $ | — |
Singapore dollar (SGD) | SGD | 7,815 |  |  | $ | 5,700 |  |  | $ | — |

The foreign currency forward contracts were entered into on March 31, 2021 and September 30, 2020, respectively; therefore, their fair value was $0 on each of these dates.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of FICO’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of FICO’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that FICO’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by FICO in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. In addition, the disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, allowing timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No change in FICO’s internal control over financial reporting was identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this quarterly report and that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
No material updates have occurred since the disclosure included in Part II, Item 1 “Legal Proceedings” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Business, Market and Strategy Risks
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively affected how we and our customers are operating our businesses. The duration of these effects, and the extent to which they will impact our future revenues, results of operations and overall financial performance, remain uncertain.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a widespread health crisis that has adversely affected the global economy, leading to reduced consumer spending and lending activities and disruptions and volatility in the global capital markets. COVID-19 has caused shutdowns to businesses and cities worldwide and has disrupted supply chains, business operations, travel, and consumer confidence.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have temporarily closed the majority of our offices (including our corporate headquarters in the United States) and implemented travel restrictions, both of which have disrupted how we operate our business. Due in part to anticipated post-pandemic workforce patterns, we have permanently closed certain non-core offices, reduced certain other office space and reduced our global workforce. Our operations may be further negatively affected by a range of external factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic that are not within our control. For example, many cities, counties, states, and countries may continue to impose a wide range of restrictions on our employees’, partners’ and customers’ physical movement to limit the spread of COVID-19. We have postponed, canceled or shifted certain of our customer, employee or industry events to virtual-only experiences and may continue to do so in the future. If the COVID-19 pandemic has a substantial impact on our employees’, partners’ or customers’ productivity or ability to collaborate, our results of operations and overall financial performance may be harmed.
The situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic is constantly evolving and both the short-term and long-term effects remain unknown. Our customers, and therefore our business and revenues, are sensitive to negative changes in general economic conditions and lending activities. The COVID-19 pandemic may affect the rate of spending on our solutions and could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase our products and services, cause prospective customers to change product selections or term commitments, delay or cancel their purchasing decisions, extend sales cycles, and potentially increase payment defaults, all of which could adversely affect our future revenues, results of operations and overall financial performance. We have seen evidence that COVID-19 has adversely affected certain segments and originations volume, which may impact future revenue. We are unable to accurately predict the complete impact that COVID-19 will have on our future results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties, including the severity and transmission rate of the virus, the duration of the outbreak, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, the effectiveness of any medical treatment and prevention options, and the impact of these and other factors on us, our employees, customers, partners and vendors, and on worldwide and U.S. economic conditions. If we are not able to respond to and manage these impacts effectively, our business may be harmed to a material extent.
We continue to expand the pursuit of our Decision Management strategy, and we may not be successful, which could cause our growth prospects and results of operations to suffer.
We continue to expand the pursuit of our business objective to become a leader in helping businesses automate and improve decisions across their enterprises, an approach that we commonly refer to as Decision Management, or “DM.” We have increasingly focused our DM strategy on bringing our Decision Management software together in a flexible, extensible, and cloud-native platform approach (the FICO Decision Management Platform). Our DM strategy is designed to enable us to increase our business by selling multiple connectable and extensible DM products to clients, as well as to enable the development of custom client solutions and to allow our clients to more easily expand their usage and the use cases they enable over time. The market may be unreceptive to our general DM business approach, including being unreceptive to our cloud-based offerings, unreceptive to purchasing multiple products from us, or unreceptive to our customized solutions. As we continue to pursue our DM strategy, we may experience volatility in our revenues and operating results caused by various factors, including differences in revenue recognition treatment between our cloud-based offerings and on-premise software licenses, the timing of investments and other expenditures necessary to develop and operate our cloud-based offerings, and the adoption of new sales and delivery methods. If our DM strategy is not successful, we may not be able to grow our business, growth may occur more slowly than we anticipate, or our revenues and profits may decline.
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We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from a small number of products and services, and if the market does not continue to accept these products and services, our revenues will decline.
We expect that revenues derived from our scoring solutions, fraud solutions, customer communication services, customer management solutions and decision management software will continue to account for a substantial portion of our total revenues for the foreseeable future. Our revenues will decline if the market does not continue to accept these products and services. Factors that might affect the market acceptance of these products and services include the following:
•changes in the business analytics industry;
•changes in technology;
•our inability to obtain or use key data for our products;
•saturation or contraction of market demand;
•loss of key customers;
•industry consolidation;
•failure to successfully adopt cloud-based technologies;
•our inability to obtain regulatory approvals for our products and services, including credit score models;
•the increasing availability of free or relatively inexpensive consumer credit, credit score and other information from public or commercial sources;
•failure to execute our selling approach; and
•inability to successfully sell our products in new vertical markets.
Our revenues depend, to a great extent, upon conditions in the banking (including consumer credit) industry. If our clients’ industry experiences uncertainty, it will likely harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.
During fiscal 2020, 86% of our revenues were derived from sales of products and services to the banking industry. Periods of global economic uncertainty experienced in the past have produced substantial stress, volatility, illiquidity and disruption of global credit and other financial markets, resulting in the bankruptcy or acquisition of, or government assistance to, several major domestic and international financial institutions. The potential for future stress and disruptions, including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, presents considerable risks to our businesses and operations. These risks include potential bankruptcies or credit deterioration of financial institutions, many of which are our customers. Such disruption would result in a decline in the revenue we receive from financial and other institutions. In addition, if consumer demand for financial services and products and the number of credit applications decrease, the demand for our products and services could also be materially reduced. These types of disruptions could lead to a decline in the volumes of services we provide our customers and could negatively impact our revenue and results of operations.
While the rate of account growth in the U.S. bankcard industry has been slow and many of our large institutional customers have consolidated in recent years, we have generated most of our revenue growth from our bankcard-related scoring and account management businesses by selling and cross-selling our products and services to large banks and other credit issuers. As the banking industry continues to experience contraction in the number of participating institutions, we may have fewer opportunities for revenue growth due to reduced or changing demand for our products and services that support customer acquisition programs of our customers. In addition, industry contraction could affect the base of recurring revenues derived from contracts in which we are paid on a per-transaction basis as formerly separate customers combine their operations under one contract. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevent future revenue contraction or effectively promote future revenue growth in our businesses.
While we are attempting to expand our sales of consumer credit and banking products and services into international markets, the risks are greater as these markets are also experiencing substantial disruption and we are less well-known in them.
We rely on relatively few customers, as well as our contracts with the three major credit reporting agencies, for a significant portion of our revenues and profits. Many of our customers are significantly larger than we are and may have greater bargaining power. The businesses of our largest customers depend, in large part, on favorable macroeconomic conditions. If these customers are negatively impacted by weak global economic conditions, global economic volatility or the terms of these relationships otherwise change, our revenues and operating results could decline.
Most of our customers are relatively large enterprises, such as banks, payment card processors, insurance companies, healthcare firms, telecommunications providers, retailers and public agencies. As a result, many of our customers and potential customers are significantly larger than we are and may have sufficient bargaining power to demand reduced prices and favorable nonstandard terms.
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In addition, the U.S. and other key international economies are experiencing and have experienced in the past a downturn in which economic activity was impacted by falling demand for a variety of goods and services, restricted credit, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies and overall uncertainty with respect to the economy. The potential for economic disruption presents considerable risks to our business, including potential bankruptcies or credit deterioration of financial institutions with which we have substantial relationships. Such disruption, whether arising in connection with the current COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, could result in a decline in the volume of transactions that we execute for our customers.
We also derive a substantial portion of our revenues and operating income from our contracts with the three major credit reporting agencies, Experian, TransUnion and Equifax, and other parties that distribute our products to certain markets. The loss of or a significant change in a relationship with one of these credit reporting agencies with respect to their distribution of our products or with respect to our myFICO® offerings, the loss of or a significant change in a relationship with a major customer, the loss of or a significant change in a relationship with a significant third-party distributor (including payment card processors), or the delay of significant revenues from these sources, could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.
If we are unable to access new markets or develop new distribution channels, our business and growth prospects could suffer.
We expect that part of the growth that we seek to achieve through our DM strategy will be derived from the sale of DM products and service solutions in industries and markets we do not currently serve. We also expect to grow our business by delivering our DM solutions through additional distribution channels. If we fail to penetrate these industries and markets to the degree we anticipate utilizing our DM strategy, or if we fail to develop additional distribution channels, we may not be able to grow our business, growth may occur more slowly than we anticipate, or our revenues and profits may decline.
If we are unable to develop successful new products or if we experience defects, failures and delays associated with the introduction of new products, our business could suffer serious harm.
Our growth and the success of our DM strategy depend upon our ability to develop and sell new products or suites of products, including the development and sale of our cloud-based product offerings. If we are unable to develop new products, or if we are not successful in introducing new products, we may not be able to grow our business or growth may occur more slowly than we anticipate. In addition, significant undetected errors or delays in new products or new versions of products may affect market acceptance of our products and could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. In the past, we have experienced delays while developing and introducing new products and product enhancements, primarily due to difficulties developing models, acquiring data, and adapting to particular operating environments or certain client or other systems. We have also experienced errors or “bugs” in our software products, despite testing prior to release of the products. Software errors in our products could affect the ability of our products to work with other hardware or software products, could delay the development or release of new products or new versions of products, and could adversely affect market acceptance of our products. Errors or defects in our products that are significant, or are perceived to be significant, could result in rejection of our products, damage to our reputation, loss of revenues, diversion of development resources, an increase in product liability claims, and increases in service and support costs and warranty claims.
Our ability to increase our revenues will depend to some extent upon introducing new products and services. If the marketplace does not accept these new products and services, our revenues may decline.
To increase our revenues, we must enhance and improve existing products and continue to introduce new products and new versions of existing products that keep pace with technological developments, satisfy increasingly sophisticated customer requirements and achieve market acceptance. We believe much of the future growth of our business and the success of our DM strategy will rest on our ability to continue to expand into newer markets for our products and services. Such areas are relatively new to our product development and sales and marketing personnel. Products that we plan to market in the future are in various stages of development. We cannot assure you that the marketplace will accept these products. If our current or potential customers are not willing to switch to or adopt our new products and services, either as a result of the quality of these products and services or due to other factors, such as economic conditions, our revenues will decrease.
If we fail to keep up with rapidly changing technologies, our products could become less competitive or obsolete.
In our markets, technology changes rapidly, and there are continuous improvements in computer hardware, network operating systems, programming tools, programming languages, operating systems, database technologies, cloud-based
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technologies and the use of the Internet. If we fail to enhance our current products and develop new products in response to changes in technology or industry standards, or if we fail to bring product enhancements or new product developments to market quickly enough, our products could rapidly become less competitive or obsolete. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to:
•innovate by internally developing new and competitive technologies;
•use leading third-party technologies effectively;
•continue to develop our technical expertise;
•anticipate and effectively respond to changing customer needs;
•initiate new product introductions in a way that minimizes the impact of customers delaying purchases of existing products in anticipation of new product releases; and
•influence and respond to emerging industry standards and other technological changes.
Our product and pricing strategies may not be successful. If our competitors introduce new products and pricing strategies, it could decrease our product sales and market share, or could pressure us to reduce our product prices in a manner that reduces our margins.
Demand for our products and services may be sensitive to product and pricing changes we implement, and our product and pricing strategies may not be accepted by the market. If our customers fail to accept our product and pricing strategies, our revenues, results of operations and business may suffer. In addition, we may not be able to compete successfully against our competitors, and this inability could impair our capacity to sell our products. The market for business analytics is rapidly evolving and highly competitive, and we expect competition in this market to persist and intensify. Our regional and global competitors vary in size and in the scope of the products and services they offer, and include:
•in-house analytic and systems developers;
•scoring model builders;
•fraud and security management providers;
•enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, and customer communication and mobility solution providers;
•business intelligence solutions providers;
•credit report and credit score providers;
•business process management and decision rules management providers;
•process modeling tools providers;
•automated application processing services providers;
•data vendors;
•neural network developers and artificial intelligence system builders;
•third-party professional services and consulting organizations;
•account/workflow management software providers;
•software tools companies supplying modeling, rules, or analytic development tools; collections and recovery solutions providers; entity resolution and social network analysis solutions providers; and
•cloud-based customer engagement and risk management solutions providers.
We expect to experience additional competition from other established and emerging companies, as well as from other technologies. For example, certain of our fraud solutions products compete against other methods of preventing payment card fraud, such as payment cards that contain the cardholder’s photograph; smart cards; cardholder verification and authentication solutions; biometric measures on devices including fingerprint and face matching; and other card authorization techniques and user verification techniques. Many of our existing and anticipated competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing, professional services and other resources than we do, and industry consolidation is creating even larger competitors in many of our markets. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements. They may also be able to devote greater resources than we can to develop, promote and sell their products. Many of these companies have extensive customer relationships, including relationships with many of our current and potential customers. Furthermore, new competitors or alliances among competitors may emerge and rapidly gain significant market share. For example, Experian, TransUnion and Equifax have formed an alliance that has developed a credit scoring product competitive with our products. If we are unable to respond as quickly or effectively to changes in customer requirements as our competition, our ability to expand our business and sell our products will be negatively affected.
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Our competitors may be able to sell products competitive to ours at lower prices individually or as part of integrated suites of several related products. This ability may cause our customers to purchase products that directly compete with our products from our competitors. Price reductions by our competitors could negatively impact our margins, and could also harm our ability to obtain new long-term contracts and renewals of existing long-term contracts on favorable terms.
We rely on relationships with third parties for marketing, distribution and certain services. If we experience difficulties in these relationships, including competition from these third parties, our future revenues may be adversely affected.
Many of our products rely on distributors, and we intend to continue to market and distribute our products through existing and future distributor relationships. Our Scores segment relies on, among others, Experian, TransUnion and Equifax. Failure of our existing and future distributors to generate significant revenues or otherwise perform their expected services or functions, demands by such distributors to change the terms on which they offer our products, or our failure to establish additional distribution or sales and marketing alliances, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, certain of our distributors presently compete with us and may compete with us in the future, either by developing competitive products themselves or by distributing competitive offerings. For example, Experian, TransUnion and Equifax have developed a credit scoring product to compete directly with our products and are collectively attempting to sell the product. Competition from distributors or other sales and marketing partners could significantly harm sales of our products and services.
Our acquisition activities may disrupt our ongoing business and may involve increased expenses, and we may not realize the financial and strategic goals contemplated at the time of a transaction.
We have acquired and expect to continue to acquire companies, businesses, products, services and technologies. Acquisitions involve significant risks and uncertainties, including:
•our ongoing business may be disrupted and our management’s attention may be diverted by acquisition, transition or integration activities;
•an acquisition may not further our business strategy as we expected, we may not integrate acquired operations or technology as successfully as we expected or we may overpay for our investments, or otherwise not realize the expected return, which could adversely affect our business or operating results;
•we may be unable to retain the key employees, customers and other business partners of the acquired operation;
•we may have difficulties entering new markets where we have no or limited direct prior experience or where competitors may have stronger market positions;
•our operating results or financial condition may be adversely impacted by known or unknown claims or liabilities we assume in an acquisition or that are imposed on us as a result of an acquisition, including claims by government agencies or authorities, terminated employees, current or former customers, former stockholders or other third parties;
•we may not realize the anticipated increase in our revenues from an acquisition for a number of reasons, including if a larger than predicted number of customers decline to renew their contracts, if we are unable to incorporate the acquired technologies or products with our existing product lines in a uniform manner, if we are unable to sell the acquired products to our customer base or if contract models of an acquired company or changes in accounting treatment do not allow us to recognize revenues on a timely basis;
•our use of cash to pay for acquisitions may limit other potential uses of our cash, including stock repurchases, dividend payments and retirement of outstanding indebtedness; and
•to the extent we issue a significant amount of equity securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders may be diluted and earnings per share may decrease.
Because acquisitions are inherently risky, our transactions may not be successful and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Acquisitions of businesses having a significant presence outside the U.S. will increase our exposure to the risks of conducting operations in international markets.
There can be no assurance that strategic divestitures will provide business benefits.
As part of our strategy, we continuously evaluate our portfolio of businesses. We have previously, are currently, and may in the future make other changes to our portfolio as well, which may be material. Divestitures involve risks, including:
•disruption of our operations or businesses;
•reductions of our revenues or earnings per share;
•difficulties in the separation of operations, services, products and personnel;
•finding a suitable purchaser;
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•disposing of businesses or assets at a price or on terms that are less favorable than we had anticipated, or with purchase price adjustments or the exclusion of assets or liabilities that must be divested, managed or run off separately;
•diversion of management's attention from our other businesses;
•the potential loss of key personnel;
•adverse effects on relationships with our customers, suppliers or their businesses,
•the erosion of employee morale or customer confidence; and
•the retention of contingent liabilities related to the divested business.
If we do not successfully manage the risks associated with divestitures, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected as the potential strategic benefits may not be realized or may take longer to realize than expected.
Our reengineering efforts may cause our growth prospects and profitability to suffer.
As part of our management approach, we pursue ongoing reengineering efforts designed to grow revenues through strategic resource allocation and improve profitability through cost reductions. For example, in September 2020, we implemented a course of action designed to reduce our operating costs in lower value, less strategic areas of our business in order to facilitate incremental investment in higher value, more strategic areas while also reducing our facilities footprint in light of anticipated post-pandemic workforce patterns. In addition, we are in the process of implementing a new Remote Work Policy which will allow a portion of our workforce to partially or fully work from home. These and other reengineering efforts may not be successful over the long term should we fail to reduce expenses at the anticipated level, should we fail to increase revenues to anticipated levels or at all, or should productivity decline or employees’ ability to collaborate fall as a result of the Remote Work Policy. If our reengineering efforts are not successful over the long term, our revenues, results of operations and business may suffer.
We will continue to rely upon proprietary technology rights, and if we are unable to protect them, our business could be harmed.
Our success depends, in part, upon our proprietary technology and other intellectual property rights. To date, we have relied primarily on a combination of copyright, patent, trade secret, and trademark laws, and nondisclosure and other contractual restrictions on copying and distribution, to protect our proprietary technology. This protection of our proprietary technology is limited, and our proprietary technology could be used by others without our consent. In addition, patents may not be issued with respect to our pending or future patent applications, and our patents may not be upheld as valid or may not prevent the development of competitive products. Any disclosure, loss, invalidity of, or failure to protect our intellectual property could negatively impact our competitive position, and ultimately, our business. There can be no assurance that our protection of our intellectual property rights in the U.S. or abroad will be adequate or that others, including our competitors, will not use our proprietary technology without our consent. Furthermore, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Some of our technologies were developed under research projects conducted under agreements with various U.S. government agencies or subcontractors. Although we have commercial rights to these technologies, the U.S. government typically retains ownership of intellectual property rights and licenses in the technologies developed by us under these contracts, and in some cases can terminate our rights in these technologies if we fail to commercialize them on a timely basis. Under these contracts with the U.S. government, the results of research may be made public by the government, limiting our competitive advantage with respect to future products based on our research.
Operational Risks
If our cybersecurity measures are compromised or unauthorized access to customer or consumer data is otherwise obtained, our products and services may be perceived as not being secure, customers may curtail or cease their use of our products and services, our reputation may be damaged and we could incur significant liabilities.
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Because our business requires the storage, transmission and utilization of sensitive consumer and customer information, we will continue to routinely be the target of attempted cybersecurity and other security threats by outside third parties, including technically sophisticated and well-resourced bad actors attempting to access or steal the data we store. Many of our products are provided by us through the Internet. We may be exposed to additional cybersecurity threats as we migrate our data from our legacy systems to cloud-based solutions. We operate in an environment of significant risk of cybersecurity incidents resulting from unintentional events or deliberate attacks by third parties or insiders, which may involve exploiting highly obscure security vulnerabilities or sophisticated attack methods. These threats include phishing attacks on our email systems and other cyber-attacks, including state-sponsored cyber-attacks, industrial espionage, insider threats, denial-of-service attacks, computer viruses, ransomware and other malware, payment fraud or other cyber incidents.
Cybersecurity breaches could expose us to a risk of loss, the unauthorized disclosure of consumer or customer information, significant litigation, regulatory fines, penalties, loss of customers or reputational damage, indemnity obligations and other liability. If our cybersecurity measures are breached as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to our systems or to consumer or customer information, sensitive data may be accessed, stolen, disclosed or lost, our reputation may be damaged, our business may suffer and we could incur significant liability. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, or even for some time after, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, implement adequate preventative measures or remediate any intrusion on a timely or effective basis. Because a successful breach of our computer systems, software, networks or other technology asset could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected, we may not be able to immediately address the consequences of a cybersecurity incident.
Malicious third parties may also conduct attacks designed to temporarily deny customers, distributors and vendors access to our systems and services. Cybersecurity breaches experienced by our vendors, by our distributors, by our customers or by us may trigger governmental notice requirements and public disclosures, which may lead to widespread negative publicity. Any such cybersecurity breach, whether actual or perceived, could harm our reputation, erode customer confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures, negatively impact our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to curtail or cease their use of our products and services, cause regulatory or industry changes that impact our products and services, or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may cause increased cybersecurity risk, as cybercriminals attempt to capitalize from the disruption, including remote working arrangements.
If we experience business interruptions or failure of our information technology and communication systems, the availability of our products and services could be interrupted which could adversely affect our reputation, business and financial condition.
Our ability to provide reliable service in our businesses depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our data centers, information technology and communication systems, and increasingly those of our external service providers. As we continue to grow our SaaS business, our dependency on the continuing operation and availability of these systems increases. Our systems and data centers, and those of our external service providers, could be exposed to damage or interruption. These interruptions can include software or hardware malfunctions, communication failures, outages or other failures of third-party environments or service providers, fires, floods, earthquakes, pandemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), war, terrorist acts or civil unrest, power losses, equipment failures, computer viruses, denial-of-service or other cybersecurity attacks, employee or insider malfeasance, human error and other events beyond our control. Although we have taken steps to prevent system failures and we have installed back-up systems and procedures to prevent or reduce disruption, such steps may not be sufficient to prevent an interruption of services and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities.
An operational failure or outage in any of these systems, or damage to or destruction of these systems, which causes disruptions in our services, could result in loss of customers, damage to customer relationships, reduced revenues and profits, refunds of customer charges and damage to our brand and reputation and may require us to incur substantial additional expense to repair or replace damaged equipment and recover data loss caused by the interruption. Any one or more of the foregoing occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
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The failure to recruit and retain additional qualified personnel could hinder our ability to successfully manage our business.
Our DM strategy and our future success will depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain experienced sales, consulting, research and development, marketing, technical support and management personnel. The complexity of our products requires highly trained personnel for research and development and to assist customers with product installation, deployment, maintenance and support. The labor market for these individuals is very competitive due to the limited number of people available with the necessary technical skills and understanding and may become more competitive with general market and economic improvement. We cannot be certain that our compensation strategies will be perceived as competitive by current or prospective employees. This could impair our ability to recruit and retain personnel. We have experienced difficulty in recruiting qualified personnel, especially technical, sales and consulting personnel, and we may need additional staff to support new customers and/or increased customer needs. We may also recruit skilled technical professionals from other countries to work in the U.S., and from the U.S. and other countries to work abroad. Limitations imposed by immigration laws in the U.S. and abroad and the availability of visas in the countries where we do business could hinder our ability to attract necessary qualified personnel and harm our business and future operating results. There is a risk that even if we invest significant resources in attempting to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, we will not succeed in our efforts, and our business could be harmed. The failure of the value of our stock to appreciate may adversely affect our ability to use equity and equity-based incentive plans to attract and retain personnel, and may require us to use alternative and more expensive forms of compensation for this purpose.
The failure to obtain certain forms of model construction data from our customers or others could harm our business.
Our business requires that we develop or obtain a reliable source of sufficient amounts of current and statistically relevant data to analyze transactions and update our products. In most cases, these data must be periodically updated and refreshed to enable our products to continue to work effectively in a changing environment. We do not own or control much of the data that we require, most of which is collected privately and maintained in proprietary databases. Customers and key business partners provide us with the data we require to analyze transactions, report results and build new models. Our DM strategy depends in part upon our ability to access new forms of data to develop custom and proprietary analytic tools. If we fail to maintain sufficient data sourcing relationships with our customers and business partners, or if they decline to provide such data due to privacy, security, competition or regulatory concerns, prohibitions or a lack of permission from their customers or partners, we could lose access to required data and our products, and the development of new products, might become less effective. We could also become subject to increased legislative, regulatory or judicial restrictions or mandates on the collection, disclosure or use of such data, in particular if such data is not collected by our providers in a way that allows us to legally use the data. Third parties have asserted copyright and other intellectual property interests in these data, and these assertions, if successful, could prevent us from using these data. We may not be successful in maintaining our relationships with these external data source providers or in continuing to obtain data from them on acceptable terms or at all. Any interruption of our supply of data could seriously harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Global Operational Risks
Material adverse developments in global economic conditions, or the occurrence of certain other world events, could affect demand for our products and services and harm our business.
Purchases of technology products and services and decisioning solutions are subject to adverse economic conditions. When an economy is struggling, companies in many industries delay or reduce technology purchases, and we experience softened demand for our decisioning solutions and other products and services. Global economic uncertainty in the past, and currently as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, has produced substantial stress, volatility, illiquidity and disruption of global credit and other financial markets. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the global economy, leading to reduced consumer spending and lending activities and disruptions and volatility in the global capital markets. The pandemic has also caused shutdowns to businesses and cities worldwide and has disrupted supply chains, business operations, travel, and consumer confidence.
Economic uncertainty has and could continue to negatively affect the businesses and purchasing decisions of companies in the industries we serve. Such disruptions present considerable risks to our businesses and operations. As global economic conditions experience stress and negative volatility, or if there is an escalation in regional or global conflicts or terrorism, we will likely experience reductions in the number of available customers and in capital expenditures by our remaining customers, longer sales cycles, deferral or delay of purchase commitments for our products and increased price competition, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and liquidity.
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We are subject to risks and uncertainties associated with the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the E.U., commonly referred to as “Brexit,” including implications for the free flow of labor and goods in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and the E.U. and other economic, financial, legal, tax and trade implications. Brexit could cause disruptions to and create uncertainty surrounding our business in the U.K., including affecting our relationships with our existing and future customers, suppliers and employees, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial results and operations. Brexit has caused, and may continue to create, volatility in global stock markets and regional and global economic uncertainty, which may cause our customers to closely monitor their costs and reduce their spending budget on our products and services.
As a result of these conditions, risks and uncertainties, we may need to modify our strategies, businesses or operations, and we may incur additional costs in order to compete in a changed business environment. Given the volatile nature of the global economic environment and the uncertainties underlying efforts to stabilize it, we may not timely anticipate or manage existing, new or additional risks, as well as contingencies or developments, which may include regulatory developments and trends in new products and services. Our failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
In operations outside the U.S., we are subject to additional risks that may harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.
A growing portion of our revenues is derived from international sales. During fiscal 2020, 32% of our revenues were derived from business outside the U.S. As part of our growth strategy, we plan to continue to pursue opportunities outside the U.S., including opportunities in countries with economic systems that are in early stages of development and that may not mature sufficiently to result in growth for our business. Accordingly, our future operating results could be negatively affected by a variety of factors arising out of international commerce, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:
•general economic and political conditions in countries where we sell our products and services;
•difficulty in staffing and efficiently managing our operations in multiple geographic locations and in various countries;
•effects of a variety of foreign laws and regulations, including restrictions on access to personal information;
•data privacy and consumer protection laws and regulations;
•import and export licensing requirements;
•longer payment cycles;
•difficulties in enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable;
•reduced protection for intellectual property rights;
•currency fluctuations;
•unfavorable tax rules or changes in tariffs and other trade barriers;
•the presence and acceptance of varying levels of business corruption in international markets;
•terrorism, war, natural disasters and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic; and
•difficulties and delays in translating products and related documentation into foreign languages.
There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully address each of these challenges in the near term. Additionally, some of our business will be conducted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are not currently material to our cash flows, financial position or results of operations. However, an increase in our foreign revenues could subject us to increased foreign currency transaction risks in the future.
In addition to the risk of depending on international sales, we have risks incurred in having research and development personnel located in various international locations. We currently have a substantial portion of our product development staff in international locations, some of which have political and developmental risks. If such risks materialize, our business could be damaged.
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Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks
Laws and regulations in the U.S. and abroad that apply to us or to our customers may expose us to liability, cause us to incur significant expense, affect our ability to compete in certain markets, limit the profitability of or demand for our products, or render our products obsolete. If these laws and regulations require us to change our products and services, it could adversely affect our business and results of operations. New legislation or regulations, or changes to existing laws and regulations, may also negatively impact our business and increase our costs of doing business.
Laws and governmental regulation affect how our business is conducted and, in some cases, subject us to the possibility of government supervision and future lawsuits arising from our products and services. Laws and governmental regulation also influence our current and prospective customers’ activities, as well as their expectations and needs in relation to our products and services. Laws and regulations that may affect our business and our current and prospective customers’ activities include, but are not limited to, those in the following significant regulatory areas:
•Use of data by creditors and consumer reporting agencies (e.g., the U.S. Fair Credit Reporting Act);
•Laws and regulations that limit the use of credit scoring models (e.g., state “mortgage trigger” or “inquiries” laws, state insurance restrictions on the use of credit-based insurance scores, and the E.U. Consumer Credit Directive);
•Fair lending laws (e.g., the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B, and the Fair Housing Act);
•Privacy and security laws and regulations that limit the use and disclosure of personally identifiable information, require security procedures, or otherwise apply to the collection, processing, storage, use and transfer of protected data (e.g., the U.S. Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, also known as the Gramm Leach Bliley Act; the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) and country-specific data protection laws enacted to supplement the GDPR; the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act; the Cybersecurity Act of 2015; the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Cybersecurity Framework; the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act; and identity theft, file freezing, security breach notification and similar state privacy laws);
•Extension of credit to consumers through the Electronic Fund Transfers Act and Regulation E, as well as non‑governmental VISA and MasterCard electronic payment standards;
•Laws and regulations applicable to secondary market participants (e.g., Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) that could have an impact on our scoring products and revenues, including 12 CFR Part 1254 (Validation and Approval of Credit Score Models) issued by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in accordance with Section 310 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (Public Law 115-174), and any regulations, standards or criteria established pursuant to such laws or regulations;
•Laws and regulations applicable to our customer communication clients and their use of our products and services (e.g., the Telemarketing Sales Rule, Telephone Consumer Protection Act and regulations promulgated thereunder);
•Laws and regulations applicable to our insurance clients and their use of our insurance products and services;
•The application or extension of consumer protection laws, including implementing regulations (e.g., the Consumer Financial Protection Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Truth In Lending Act and Regulation Z, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Military Lending Act, and the Credit Repair Organizations Act);
•Laws and regulations governing the use of the Internet and social media, telemarketing, advertising, endorsements and testimonials;
•Anti-bribery and corruption laws and regulations (e.g., the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act 2010);
•Financial regulatory standards (e.g., Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements to maintain and verify internal process controls, including controls for material event awareness and notification);
•Regulatory requirements for managing third parties (e.g., vendors, contractors, suppliers and distributors);
•Anti-money laundering laws and regulations (e.g., the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act);
•Financial regulatory reform stemming from the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the many regulations mandated by that Act, including regulations issued by, and the supervisory and investigative authority of, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; and
•Laws and regulations regarding export controls as they apply to FICO products delivered in non-U.S. countries (e.g., Office of Foreign Asset Control sanctions, and Export Administration Regulations).
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In addition, many U.S. and foreign jurisdictions have passed, or are currently contemplating, a variety of consumer protection, privacy, and data security laws and regulations that may relate to our business or affect the demand for our products and services. For example, the GDPR became effective on May 25, 2018 and imposes, among other things, strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer European Union (“E.U.”) personal data, a requirement for prompt notice of data breaches in certain circumstances, and possible substantial fines for any violations (including possible fines for certain violations of up to the greater of 20 million Euros or 4% of total worldwide annual revenue). A decision in July 2020 by the Court of Justice of the European Union (i.e., Schrems II), calls into question certain data transfer mechanisms between the E.U. and the U.S. The decision may have an adverse impact on cross-border transfers of personal data, may subject us to additional scrutiny from E.U. regulators or may increase our costs of compliance.
Brazil, India, South Africa, Japan, China, Israel, Canada, and several other countries have introduced and, in some cases, enacted, similar privacy and data security laws. The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) gives California residents certain privacy rights in the collection and disclosure of their personal information and requires businesses to make certain disclosures and take certain other acts in furtherance of those rights. A new privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), passed via a ballot referendum in November 2020, and will revise and expand the scope of the CCPA. Other U.S. states have considered and/or enacted similar privacy laws.
The costs and other burdens of compliance with privacy and data security laws and regulations could negatively impact the use and adoption of our solutions and reduce overall demand for them. Additionally, concerns regarding data privacy may cause our customers, or their customers and potential customers, to resist providing the data necessary to allow us to deliver our solutions effectively. Even the perception that the privacy of personal information is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our solutions and any failure to comply with such laws and regulations could lead to significant fines, penalties or other liabilities. Any such decrease in demand or incurred fines, penalties or other liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In addition to existing laws and regulations, changes in the U.S. or foreign legislative, judicial, regulatory or consumer environments could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. The laws and regulations above, and changes to them or their interpretation by the courts, could affect the demand for or profitability of our products, including scoring and consumer products. New laws and regulations pertaining to our customers could cause them to pursue new strategies, reducing the demand for our products.
If we are subject to infringement claims, it could harm our business.
We expect that products in the industry segments in which we compete, including software products, will increasingly be subject to claims of patent and other intellectual property infringement as the number of products and competitors in our industry segments grow. We may need to defend claims that our products infringe intellectual property rights, and as a result we may:
•incur significant defense costs or substantial damages;
•be required to cease the use or sale of infringing products;
•expend significant resources to develop or license a substitute non-infringing technology;
•discontinue the use of some technology; or
•be required to obtain a license under the intellectual property rights of the third-party claiming infringement, which license may not be available or might require substantial royalties or license fees that would reduce our margins.
Moreover, in recent years, individuals and groups that are non-practicing entities, commonly referred to as “patent trolls,” have purchased patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements. From time to time, we may receive threatening letters or notices or may be the subject of claims that our solutions and underlying technology infringe or violate the intellectual property rights of others. Responding to such claims, regardless of their merit, can be time consuming, costly to defend in litigation, divert management's attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand, and cause us to incur significant expenses.
Financial Risks
Our products have long and variable sales cycles. If we do not accurately predict these cycles, we may not forecast our financial results accurately, and our stock price could be adversely affected.
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We experience difficulty in forecasting our revenues accurately because the length of our sales cycles makes it difficult for us to predict the quarter in which sales will occur. In addition, our selling approach is complex as we look to sell multiple products and services across our customers’ organizations. This makes forecasting of revenues in any given period more difficult. As a result of our sales approach and lengthening sales cycles, revenues and operating results may vary significantly from period to period. For example, the sales cycle for our products typically ranges from 60 days to 18 months, which may be further extended as a result of COVID-19. Customers are often cautious in making decisions to acquire our products because purchasing our products typically involves a significant commitment of capital and may involve shifts by the customer to a new software and/or hardware platform or changes in the customer’s operational procedures. This may cause customers, particularly those experiencing financial stress, to make purchasing decisions more cautiously. Delays in completing sales can arise while customers complete their internal procedures to approve large capital expenditures and test and accept our applications. Consequently, we face difficulty predicting the quarter in which sales to expected customers will occur and experience fluctuations in our revenues and operating results. If we are unable to accurately forecast our revenues, our stock price could be adversely affected.
We typically have revenue-generating transactions concentrated in the final weeks of a quarter, which may prevent accurate forecasting of our financial results and cause our stock price to decline.
Large portions of our customer agreements are consummated in the weeks immediately preceding quarter end. Before these agreements are consummated, we create and rely on forecasted revenues for planning, modeling and earnings guidance. Forecasts, however, are only estimates and actual results may vary for a particular quarter or longer periods of time. Consequently, significant discrepancies between actual and forecasted results could limit our ability to plan, budget or provide accurate guidance, which could adversely affect our stock price. Any publicly-stated revenue or earnings projections are subject to this risk.
Charges to earnings resulting from acquisitions may adversely affect our operating results.
Under business combination accounting standards, we recognize the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in acquired companies generally at their acquisition-date fair values and separately from goodwill. Goodwill is measured as the excess amount of consideration transferred, which is also generally measured at fair value, and the net of the amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable but which are inherently uncertain.
After we complete an acquisition, the following factors could result in material charges and adversely affect our operating results and may adversely affect our cash flows:
•impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, or a reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired;
•amortization of intangible assets acquired;
•identification of, or changes to, assumed contingent liabilities, both income tax and non-income tax related, after our final determination of the amounts for these contingencies or the conclusion of the measurement period (generally up to one year from the acquisition date), whichever comes first;
•costs incurred to combine the operations of companies we acquire, such as transitional employee expenses and employee retention, redeployment or relocation expenses;
•charges to our operating results to maintain certain duplicative pre-merger activities for an extended period of time or to maintain these activities for a period of time that is longer than we had anticipated, charges to eliminate certain duplicative pre-merger activities, and charges to restructure our operations or to reduce our cost structure; and
•charges to our operating results resulting from expenses incurred to effect the acquisition.
Substantially all of these costs will be accounted for as expenses that will decrease our net income and earnings per share for the periods in which those costs are incurred. Charges to our operating results in any given period could differ substantially from other periods based on the timing and size of our future acquisitions and the extent of integration activities. A more detailed discussion of our accounting for business combinations and other items is presented in the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Part I, Item 2).
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General Risk Factors
The occurrence of certain negative events may cause fluctuations in our stock price.
The market price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations due to a number of factors, including variations in our revenues and operating results. We believe that you should not rely on period-to-period comparisons of financial results as an indication of future performance. Because many of our operating expenses are fixed and will not be affected by short-term fluctuations in revenues, short-term fluctuations in revenues may significantly impact operating results. Additional factors that may cause our stock price to fluctuate include the following:
•variability in demand from our existing customers;
•failure to meet the expectations of market analysts;
•changes in recommendations by market analysts;
•the lengthy and variable sales cycle of many products, combined with the relatively large size of orders for our products, increases the likelihood of short-term fluctuation in revenues;
•consumer or customer dissatisfaction with, or problems caused by, the performance of our products;
•the timing of new product announcements and introductions in comparison with our competitors;
•the level of our operating expenses;
•changes in demand and competitive and other conditions in the consumer credit, banking and insurance industries;
•fluctuations in domestic and international economic conditions, such as those which have occurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•our ability to complete large installations, and to adopt and configure cloud-based deployments, on schedule and within budget;
•announcements relating to litigation or regulatory matters;
•changes in senior management or key personnel;
•acquisition-related expenses and charges; and
•timing of orders for and deliveries of software systems.
In addition, the financial markets have at various times experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have particularly affected the stock prices of many technology companies and financial services companies, and these fluctuations sometimes have been unrelated to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market fluctuations, as well as industry-specific and general economic conditions, may negatively affect our business and require us to record an impairment charge related to goodwill, which could adversely affect our results of operations, stock price and business.
Our anti-takeover defenses could make it difficult for another company to acquire control of FICO, thereby limiting the demand for our securities by certain types of purchasers or the price investors are willing to pay for our stock.
Certain provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us difficult, even if such events would be beneficial to the interests of our stockholders. These provisions include giving our board the ability to issue preferred stock and determine the rights and designations of the preferred stock at any time without stockholder approval. The rights of the holders of our common stock will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third-party to acquire, or discouraging a third-party from acquiring, a majority of our outstanding voting stock. These factors and certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or otherwise delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in our management, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium over the fair market value of our common stock.
If we experience changes in tax laws or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income tax returns, it could adversely affect our results of operations.
We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the U.S. and in certain foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. Our future effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws, by our ability to generate taxable income in foreign jurisdictions in order to utilize foreign tax losses, and by the valuation of our deferred tax assets. In addition, we are subject to the examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from such examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from such examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
January 1, 2021 through January 31, 2021 | 1,207 |  |  | $ | 378.14 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 174,777,136 |
February 1, 2021 through February 28, 2021 | 240,540 |  |  | $ | 466.57 |  |  | 240,000 |  |  | $ | 62,806,464 |
March 1, 2021 through March 31, 2021 | 200,901 |  |  | $ | 464.74 |  |  | 200,588 |  |  | $ | 471,322,083 |
| 442,648 |  |  | $ | 465.50 |  |  | 440,588 |  |  | $ | 471,322,083 |

(1)Includes 2,060 shares delivered in satisfaction of the tax withholding obligations resulting from the vesting of restricted stock units held by employees during the quarter ended March 31, 2021.
(2)In July 2020, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program following the completion of our previous program. This program was open-ended and authorized repurchases of shares of our common stock up to an aggregate cost of $250.0 million in the open market or in negotiated transactions. On March 12, 2021, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program following the completion of the July 2020 program. This new program is open-ended and authorizes repurchases of shares of our common stock up to an aggregate cost of $500.0 million in the open market or in negotiated transactions.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Composite Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Fair Isaac Corporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2009).
3.2 |  | By-laws of Fair Isaac Corporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2009).
10.1 |  | Fair Isaac Corporation 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on March 3, 2021).
10.2 * |  | Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
10.3 * |  | Form of Director Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
10.4 * |  | Form of Executive Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (U.S.) under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
10.5 * |  | Form of Executive Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement (U.S.) under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
10.6 * |  | Form of Global Employee Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
10.7 * |  | Form of Global Employee Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement under the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan
31.1 * |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of CEO.
31.2 * |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of CFO.
32.1 * |  | Section 1350 Certification of CEO.
32.2 * |  | Section 1350 Certification of CFO.
101.INS * |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH * |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL * |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF * |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB * |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE * |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 * |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* | Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | FAIR ISAAC CORPORATION
DATE: | May 5, 2021 |  |
|  | By | /s/ MICHAEL I. MCLAUGHLIN
|  |  | Michael I. McLaughlin
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (for Registrant as duly authorized officer and
|  |  | as Principal Financial Officer)
DATE: | May 5, 2021 |  |
|  | By | /s/ MICHAEL S. LEONARD
|  |  | Michael S. Leonard
|  |  | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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