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Policyholders' Account Balances
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Policyholder Account Balances, Future Policy Benefits and Claims and Separate Account Liabilities [Abstract]  
Liability for Future Policy Benefits LIABILITY FOR FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS
Liability for Future Policy Benefits primarily consists of the following sub-components, which are discussed in greater detail below.

Benefit Reserves;
Deferred Profit Liability; and
Additional Insurance Reserves

In 2023, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed Benefit Reserves and Deferred Profit Liability, net of the impact of flooring these liabilities at zero for each issue year cohort. This net impact was primarily due to updates to lapse and claim incidence assumptions on Long-Term Care policies. Additionally, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update and other refinements for direct and assumed Additional Insurance Reserves, primarily due to unfavorable model refinements, partially offset by favorable updates to economic assumptions, including expected future rates of returns on investments on universal life policies with secondary guarantees.    

In 2022, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed Benefit Reserves and Deferred Profit Liability, net of the impact of flooring these liabilities at zero for each issue year cohort. This net impact was primarily due to updates to mortality assumptions on individual term life policies. Additionally, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update and other refinements for direct and assumed Additional Insurance Reserves, primarily due to updates to policyholder behavior assumptions on universal life policies with secondary guarantees.

In 2021, the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed benefit reserves and additional insurance reserves was immaterial.
Benefit Reserves

The balances of and changes in Benefit Reserves as of and for the periods indicated consist of the three tables presented below: Present Value of Expected Net Premiums rollforward, Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits rollforward, and Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits.
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP$52,620 $11,282 $30,689 $28,951 $2,932 $126,474 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, BOP14,349 572 1,354 1,326 103 17,704 
Balance at original discount rate, BOP66,969 11,854 32,043 30,277 3,035 144,178 
Effect of assumption update(1,117)(1)78 (175)266 (949)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity540 (223)(1,092)(845)161 (1,459)
Adjusted balance, BOP66,392 11,630 31,029 29,257 3,462 141,770 
Issuances20,914 750 2,292 1,583 25,539 
Net premiums / considerations collected(10,389)(1,413)(3,917)(3,720)(317)(19,756)
Interest accrual2,233 538 889 780 157 4,597 
Foreign currency adjustment4,126 (756)(907)2,463 
Other adjustments(3)123 (4)116 
Balance at original discount rate, EOP83,276 11,502 29,660 26,989 3,302 154,729 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, EOP(11,869)(228)(596)(622)(16)(13,331)
Balance, EOP$71,407 $11,274 $29,064 $26,367 $3,286 141,398 
Other businesses, EOP86 
Total balance, EOP$141,484 
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP$117,754 $19,288 $78,639 $80,331 $10,685 $306,697 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, BOP20,170 1,012 3,719 11,266 1,216 37,383 
Balance at original discount rate, BOP137,924 20,300 82,358 91,597 11,901 344,080 
Effect of assumption update(1,289)(1)145 44 357 (744)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity514 (269)(1,030)(806)160 (1,431)
Adjusted balance, BOP137,149 20,030 81,473 90,835 12,418 341,905 
Issuances20,914 750 2,292 1,583 25,539 
Interest accrual5,109 944 2,615 2,287 594 11,549 
Benefit payments(11,477)(1,522)(3,965)(5,057)(270)(22,291)
Foreign currency adjustment4,209 (2,286)(3,229)(1,306)
Other adjustments(18)(16)256 (28)194 
Balance at original discount rate, EOP155,886 20,186 80,385 86,391 12,742 355,590 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, EOP(14,751)(334)(563)(7,355)(603)(23,606)
Balance, EOP$141,135 $19,852 $79,822 $79,036 $12,139 331,984 
Other businesses, EOP1,716 
Total balance, EOP$333,700 

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Benefit Reserves
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, EOP, pre-flooring$69,728 $8,578 $50,757 $52,669 $8,852 $190,584 
Flooring impact, EOP61 19 86 
Balance, EOP, post-flooring69,789 8,578 50,776 52,675 8,852 190,670 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable5,539 744 102 202 6,587 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, EOP, post-flooring$64,250 $7,834 $50,674 $52,473 $8,852 184,083 
Other businesses, EOP(1)1,563 
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable, EOP$185,646 
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP$68,791 $12,971 $39,517 $37,815 $3,585 $162,679 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, BOP(4,414)(1,892)(3,516)(3,239)(644)(13,705)
Balance at original discount rate, BOP64,377 11,079 36,001 34,576 2,941 148,974 
Effect of assumption update249 1,313 (76)(176)49 1,359 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity371 (139)(1,621)(989)184 (2,194)
Adjusted balance, BOP64,997 12,253 34,304 33,411 3,174 148,139 
Issuances22,064 476 3,031 2,370 27,941 
Net premiums / considerations collected(14,765)(1,404)(4,149)(4,218)(284)(24,820)
Interest accrual1,640 542 935 859 145 4,121 
Foreign currency adjustment(6,967)(2,220)(2,145)(11,332)
Other adjustments(13)142 129 
Balance at original discount rate, EOP66,969 11,854 32,043 30,277 3,035 144,178 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, EOP(14,349)(572)(1,354)(1,326)(103)(17,704)
Balance, EOP$52,620 $11,282 $30,689 $28,951 $2,932 126,474 
Other businesses, EOP88 
Total balance, EOP$126,562 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP $142,593 $22,768 $109,562 $114,846 $15,810 $405,579 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, BOP (13,706)(3,876)(21,554)(13,476)(4,482)(57,094)
Balance at original discount rate, BOP 128,887 18,892 88,008 101,370 11,328 348,485 
Effect of assumption update(187)1,777 (115)(164)49 1,360 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity 273 (218)(1,730)(892)208 (2,359)
Adjusted balance, BOP 128,973 20,451 86,163 100,314 11,585 347,486 
Issuances 22,064 476 3,031 2,370 27,941 
Interest accrual 4,231 937 2,641 2,399 554 10,762 
Benefit payments (9,629)(1,547)(3,725)(5,975)(238)(21,114)
Foreign currency adjustment (7,180)(6,043)(7,489)(20,712)
Other adjustments (535)(17)291 (22)(283)
Balance at original discount rate, EOP 137,924 20,300 82,358 91,597 11,901 344,080 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, EOP (20,170)(1,012)(3,719)(11,266)(1,216)(37,383)
Balance, EOP $117,754 $19,288 $78,639 $80,331 $10,685 306,697 
Other businesses, EOP 1,921 
Total balance, EOP $308,618 
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Benefit Reserves
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, EOP, pre-flooring $65,134 $8,006 $47,950 $51,380 $7,753 $180,223 
Flooring impact, EOP 106 140 247 
Balance, EOP, post-flooring 65,135 8,006 48,056 51,520 7,753 180,470 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable 708 126 203 1,037 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, EOP, post-flooring $65,135 $7,298 $47,930 $51,317 $7,753 179,433 
Other businesses, EOP(1) 1,758 
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable, EOP $181,191 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP$69,421 $12,851 $43,283 $41,537 $4,503 $171,595 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, BOP(8,193)(2,475)(5,080)(4,479)(1,004)(21,231)
Balance at original discount rate, BOP61,228 10,376 38,203 37,058 3,499 150,364 
Effect of assumption update(2,344)41 (624)124 (490)(3,293)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(710)531 (159)(252)79 (511)
Adjusted balance, BOP58,174 10,948 37,420 36,930 3,088 146,560 
Issuances15,622 788 4,168 3,495 24,073 
Net premiums / considerations collected(10,577)(1,230)(4,477)(4,745)(281)(21,310)
Interest accrual1,710 499 983 918 148 4,258 
Foreign currency adjustment(624)(2,283)(2,025)(4,932)
Other adjustments72 74 190 (14)325 
Balance at original discount rate, EOP64,377 11,079 36,001 34,576 2,941 148,974 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, EOP4,414 1,892 3,516 3,239 644 13,705 
Balance, EOP$68,791 $12,971 $39,517 $37,815 $3,585 162,679 
Other businesses, EOP120 
Total balance, EOP$162,799 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP $144,315 $23,400 $117,484 $124,342 $17,365 $426,906 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, BOP (21,509)(5,137)(27,664)(18,263)(5,909)(78,482)
Balance at original discount rate, BOP 122,806 18,263 89,820 106,079 11,456 348,424 
Effect of assumption update(2,458)42 (619)145 (509)(3,399)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity (818)539 (97)(215)63 (528)
Adjusted balance, BOP 119,530 18,844 89,104 106,009 11,010 344,497 
Issuances 15,622 788 4,168 3,495 24,073 
Interest accrual 4,054 866 2,718 2,516 534 10,688 
Benefit payments (9,613)(1,658)(2,553)(3,750)(199)(17,773)
Foreign currency adjustment (611)(5,833)(6,862)(13,306)
Other adjustments (95)52 404 (38)(17)306 
Balance at original discount rate, EOP 128,887 18,892 88,008 101,370 11,328 348,485 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, EOP 13,706 3,876 21,554 13,476 4,482 57,094 
Balance, EOP $142,593 $22,768 $109,562 $114,846 $15,810 405,579 
Other businesses, EOP 2,623 
Reclassified to “Liabilities held-for-sale”(264)
Total balance, EOP $407,938 


Year Ended December 31, 2021
Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits - Benefit Reserves
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term CareTotal
(in millions)
Balance, EOP, pre-flooring $73,802 $9,797 $70,045 $77,031 $12,225 $242,900 
Flooring impact, EOP 327 333 
Balance, EOP, post-flooring 74,129 9,798 70,049 77,032 12,225 243,233 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable 532 142 279 953 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, EOP, post-flooring $74,129 $9,266 $69,907 $76,753 $12,225 242,280 
Other businesses, EOP(1) 2,500 
Reclassified to “Liabilities held-for-sale”(264)
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable, EOP $244,516 
__________
(1)Reflects balance after reinsurance recoverable of $69 million, $76 million, and $5 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables provide supplemental information related to the balances of and changes in Benefit Reserves included in the disaggregated tables above, on a gross (direct and assumed) basis, as of and for the period indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term Care
($ in millions)
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums$134,192 $23,083 $69,238 $56,398 $6,852 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at original discount rate) $90,606 $15,322 $53,640 $45,319 $4,509 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at current discount rate) $77,520 $15,044 $53,102 $44,420 $4,491 
Undiscounted expected future benefits and expenses $242,617 $31,114 $139,620 $141,171 $30,761 
Interest accrual $2,876 $406 $1,726 $1,507 $437 
Gross premiums $11,156 $1,848 $6,199 $6,154 $448 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate) 910191918
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at current discount rate) 810191717
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate) 4.62 %5.17 %3.43 %2.57 %4.91 %
Weighted-average interest rate (at current discount rate) 5.03 %4.99 %3.06 %2.97 %5.25 %

Year Ended December 31, 2022
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term Care
($ in millions)
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums$103,284 $23,526 $74,196 $64,059 $6,971 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at original discount rate) $72,479 $15,628 $57,985 $50,968 $4,539 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at current discount rate) $56,950 $14,886 $56,068 $48,902 $4,391 
Undiscounted expected future benefits and expenses $209,770 $31,412 $148,331 $155,711 $29,613 
Interest accrual $2,591 $395 $1,706 $1,540 $409 
Gross premiums $15,427 $1,875 $6,731 $6,987 $441 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate) 810202019
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at current discount rate) 810191818
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate) 4.37 %5.21 %3.40 %2.50 %4.91 %
Weighted-average interest rate (at current discount rate) 5.39 %5.39 %3.12 %2.98 %5.63 %

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and Other
InstitutionalTerm LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherLong-Term Care
($ in millions)
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums$96,352 $25,411 $80,678 $72,701 $7,261 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at original discount rate) $69,809 $16,565 $63,169 $58,073 $4,646 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at current discount rate) $74,714 $19,480 $69,781 $63,540 $5,645 
Undiscounted expected future benefits and expenses $193,871 $29,247 $159,177 $168,706 $29,382 
Interest accrual $2,344 $367 $1,735 $1,598 $386 
Gross premiums $11,022 $1,867 $7,376 $8,000 $433 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate) 910212019
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at current discount rate) 1011232121
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate) 4.17 %5.25 %3.38 %2.42 %4.90 %
Weighted-average interest rate (at current discount rate) 2.74 %2.55 %1.66 %1.60 %3.02 %

For additional information regarding observable market information and the techniques used to determine the interest rate assumptions seen above, see Note 2.
For non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, if a cohort is in a loss position where the liability for future policy benefits plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for the present value of expected future policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses, then the liability for future policy benefits is adjusted at that time, and thereafter, such that all changes, both favorable and unfavorable, in expected benefits resulting from both actual experience deviations and changes in future assumptions are recognized immediately as a gain or loss respectively.

In 2023, there was an immaterial impact to net income for non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, where net premiums exceeded gross premiums for certain issue-year cohorts.

In 2022, there was a $190 million charge to net income for non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, where net premiums exceeded gross premiums for certain issue-year cohorts, partially offset by a $80 million gain reflecting the impact of ceded reinsurance on the affected cohorts. The unfavorable impact in 2022 was primarily due to unfavorable assumption updates related to the term life business in Individual Life.

In 2021, there was a $117 million charge to net income for non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, where net premiums exceeded gross premiums for certain issue-year cohorts, partially offset by a $10 million gain reflecting the impact of ceded reinsurance on the affected cohorts. The unfavorable impact in 2021 was primarily due to new pension risk transfer business in Institutional Retirement Strategies, for which the present value of expected benefits at the required discount rate exceeds the premium received, with additional charges related to the term life business in Individual Life and International Businesses.
Deferred Profit Liability

The balances of and changes in Deferred Profit Liability as of and for the period indicated are as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Deferred Profit Liability
Retirement StrategiesInternational Businesses
InstitutionalLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP $5,532 $3,379 $5,261 $14,172 
Flooring impact, BOP
Balance, BOP, pre-flooring 5,532 3,379 5,260 14,171 
Effect of assumption update35 (67)(228)(260)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity 21 (14)(61)(54)
Adjusted balance, BOP 5,588 3,298 4,971 13,857 
Profits deferred 342 1,674 1,331 3,347 
Interest accrual 227 148 152 527 
Amortization (565)(1,158)(1,015)(2,738)
Foreign currency adjustment 15 (39)(137)(161)
Other adjustments 32 40 
Balance, EOP, pre-flooring 5,615 3,955 5,302 14,872 
Flooring impact, EOP
Balance, EOP 5,615 3,956 5,303 14,874 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable 386 10 405 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable $5,229 $3,947 $5,293 14,469 
Other businesses
148 
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable $14,617 
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Deferred Profit Liability
Retirement StrategiesInternational Businesses
InstitutionalLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP $5,183 $2,741 $5,014 $12,938 
Flooring impact, BOP
Balance, BOP, pre-flooring 5,183 2,741 5,013 12,937 
Effect of assumption update382 28 (5)405 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity 102 (1)(110)(9)
Adjusted balance, BOP 5,667 2,768 4,898 13,333 
Profits deferred 230 1,725 1,555 3,510 
Interest accrual 214 123 143 480 
Amortization (548)(1,131)(1,036)(2,715)
Foreign currency adjustment (30)(131)(300)(461)
Other adjustments (1)25 24 
Balance, EOP, pre-flooring 5,532 3,379 5,260 14,171 
Flooring impact, EOP
Balance, EOP 5,532 3,379 5,261 14,172 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable 10 18 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable $5,532 $3,371 $5,251 14,154 
Other businesses
183 
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable $14,337 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Deferred Profit Liability
Retirement StrategiesInternational Businesses
InstitutionalLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherTotal
(in millions)
Balance, BOP $5,116 $2,074 $4,476 $11,666 
Flooring impact, BOP
Balance, BOP, pre-flooring 5,116 2,074 4,476 11,666 
Effect of assumption update112 (12)104 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity 180 (3)177 
Adjusted balance, BOP 5,408 2,078 4,461 11,947 
Profits deferred 104 1,769 1,743 3,616 
Interest accrual 202 94 127 423 
Amortization (527)(1,108)(1,054)(2,689)
Foreign currency adjustment (4)(127)(268)(399)
Other adjustments 35 39 
Balance, EOP, pre-flooring 5,183 2,741 5,013 12,937 
Flooring impact, EOP
Balance, EOP 5,183 2,741 5,014 12,938 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable 16 24 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable $5,183 $2,733 $4,998 12,914 
Other businesses
227 
Reclassified to “Liabilities held-for-sale”(25)
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable $13,116 

The following tables provide supplemental information related to the balances of and changes in Deferred Profit Liability, included in the disaggregated tables above, on a gross (direct and assumed) basis, as of and for the period indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Retirement StrategiesInternational Businesses
InstitutionalLife PlannerGibraltar Life and Other
(in millions)
Revenue(1) $(68)$(615)$(179)
Interest accrual $227 $148 $152 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
Retirement StrategiesInternational Businesses
InstitutionalLife PlannerGibraltar Life and Other
(in millions)
Revenue(1)$(378)$(773)$(547)
Interest accrual $214 $123 $143 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Retirement StrategiesInternational Businesses
InstitutionalLife PlannerGibraltar Life and Other
(in millions)
Revenue(1)$(70)$(792)$(805)
Interest accrual $202 $94 $127 
__________
(1)Represents the gross premiums collected in changes in Deferred Profit Liability excluding impact of foreign currency adjustments.
Additional Insurance Reserves

AIR represents the additional liability for annuitization, death, or other insurance benefits, including GMDB and GMIB contract features, that are above and beyond the contractholder's account balance.

The following table shows a rollforward of AIR balances for variable and universal life products within Individual Life, which is the only line of business that contains a material AIR balance, for the period indicated, along with a reconciliation to the Company’s total AIR balance:

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
(in millions)
Balance, including amounts in AOCI, BOP, post-flooring$12,684 $11,708 $10,929 
Flooring impact and amounts in AOCI1,285 (909)(1,186)
Balance, excluding amounts in AOCI, BOP, pre-flooring13,969 10,799 9,743 
Effect of assumption update23 2,200 (1)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity32 (221)55 
Adjusted balance, BOP14,024 12,778 9,797 
Assessments collected(1)938 973 858 
Interest accrual488 435 347 
Benefits paid(301)(217)(203)
Other adjustments
Balance, excluding amounts in AOCI, EOP, pre-flooring15,151 13,969 10,799 
Flooring impact and amounts in AOCI(843)(1,285)909 
Balance, including amounts in AOCI, EOP, post-flooring14,308 12,684 11,708 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable5,852 5,075 4,623 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, including amounts in AOCI, EOP8,456 7,609 7,085 
Other businesses131 138 226 
Total balance after reinsurance recoverable$8,587 $7,747 $7,311 
__________
(1)Represents the portion of gross assessments required to fund the future policy benefits.
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
($ in millions)
Interest accrual $488 $435 $347 
Gross assessments $2,947 $2,678 $3,018 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate) 222319
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate) 3.40 %3.38 %3.38 %
Future Policy Benefits Reconciliation

The following table presents the reconciliation of the ending balances from above rollforwards, Benefit Reserves, Additional Insurance Reserves, and Deferred Profit Liability including other liabilities, gross of related reinsurance recoverable, to the total liability for Future Policy Benefits on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
(in millions)
Benefit reserves, EOP, post-flooring$192,302 $182,304 $245,474 
Deferred profit liability, EOP, post-flooring15,022 14,356 13,140 
Additional insurance reserves, including amounts in AOCI, EOP, post-flooring14,439 12,822 11,934 
Subtotal of amounts disclosed above221,763 209,482 270,548 
Other Future Policy Benefits reserves(1)51,518 52,291 54,394 
Total Future Policy Benefits$273,281 $261,773 $324,942 
__________
(1)Primarily represents balances for which disaggregated rollforward disclosures are not required, including Closed Block liabilities, unpaid claims and claims expenses, and incurred but not reported and in course of settlement claim liabilities.
Revenue and Interest Expense

The following tables present revenue and interest expense related to Benefit Reserves, Additional Insurance Reserves, and Deferred Profit Liability, as well as related revenue and interest expense not presented in the above supplemental tables, in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations as of the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Revenues(1)
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational Businesses
InstitutionalTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherOther Businesses(2)Total
(in millions)
Benefit reserves$11,156 $1,848 $$6,199 $6,154 $540 $25,897 
Deferred profit liability(68)(615)(179)34 (828)
Additional insurance reserves2,947 2,947 
Total$11,088 $1,848 $2,947 $5,584 $5,975 $574 $28,016 
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Revenues(1)
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational Businesses
InstitutionalTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherOther Businesses(2)Total
(in millions)
Benefit reserves$15,427 $1,875 $$6,731 $6,987 $522 $31,542 
Deferred profit liability(378)(773)(547)42 (1,656)
Additional insurance reserves2,678 2,679 
Total$15,049 $1,875 $2,678 $5,959 $6,440 $564 $32,565 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Revenues(1)
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational Businesses
InstitutionalTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherOther Businesses(2)Total
(in millions)
Benefit reserves$11,022 $1,867 $$7,376 $8,000 $538 $28,803 
Deferred profit liability(70)(792)(805)270 (1,397)
Additional insurance reserves3,018 3,018 
Total$10,952 $1,867 $3,018 $6,584 $7,195 $808 $30,424 

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Interest Expense
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational Businesses
InstitutionalTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherOther Businesses(2)Total
(in millions)
Benefit reserves$2,876 $406 $$1,726 $1,507 $490 $7,005 
Deferred profit liability227 148 152 531 
Additional insurance reserves488 490 
Total$3,103 $406 $488 $1,876 $1,659 $494 $8,026 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
Interest Expense
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational Businesses
InstitutionalTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherOther Businesses(2)Total
(in millions)
Benefit reserves$2,591 $395 $$1,706 $1,540 $464 $6,696 
Deferred profit liability214 123 143 486 
Additional insurance reserves435 438 
Total$2,805 $395 $435 $1,832 $1,683 $470 $7,620 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Interest Expense
Retirement StrategiesIndividual LifeInternational Businesses
InstitutionalTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherOther Businesses(2)Total
(in millions)
Benefit reserves$2,344 $367 $$1,735 $1,598 $445 $6,489 
Deferred profit liability202 94 127 429 
Additional insurance reserves347 352 
Total$2,546 $367 $347 $1,833 $1,726 $451 $7,270 
__________
(1)Represents “Gross premiums” for benefit reserves, “Revenue” for deferred profit liability and “Gross assessments” for additional insurance reserves.
(2)Includes remaining balances disclosed above and balances for which disaggregated rollforward disclosures may not be presented above.
POLICYHOLDERS’ ACCOUNT BALANCES
The balances of and changes in policyholders' account balances as of and for the periods ended are as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Retirement StrategiesGroup InsuranceIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesTotal
InstitutionalIndividual VariableIndividual FixedLife/DisabilityVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and Other
($ in millions)
Balance, beginning of period$17,376 $17,524 $4,643 $5,839 $26,502 $11,168 $35,325 $118,377 
Deposits5,657 4,638 2,659 1,212 2,447 2,417 6,611 25,641 
Interest credited677 305 129 165 773 709 736 3,494 
Dispositions
Policy charges(23)(24)(9)(323)(2,047)(312)(217)(2,955)
Surrenders and withdrawals(5,290)(704)(414)(1,552)(1,820)(218)(1,487)(11,485)
Benefit payments(659)(76)(76)(154)(266)(1,919)(3,150)
Net transfers (to) from separate account34 (48)1,393 1,379 
Change in market value and other adjustments(1)2,068 163 345 31 (9)2,598 
Foreign currency adjustment(580)(590)(1,170)
Balance, end of period17,738 23,765 7,095 5,293 27,439 12,949 38,450 132,729 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable(2)
20 21 
Policyholders' account balance net of reinsurance recoverable
$17,738 $23,765 $7,095 $5,293 $27,439 $12,948 $38,430 132,708 
Closed Block Division4,500 
Unearned revenue reserve, unearned expense credit, and additional interest reserve5,326 
Other(3)4,463 
Total Policyholders' account balance$147,018 
Weighted-average crediting rate3.85 %1.48 %2.21 %2.96 %2.87 %5.88 %1.99 %2.78 %
Net amount at risk(4)$$$$72,858 $382,399 $19,276 $6,453 $480,986 
Cash surrender value(5)$17,738 $21,640 $5,827 $4,021 $23,234 $11,268 $33,833 $117,561 
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Retirement StrategiesGroup InsuranceIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesTotal
InstitutionalIndividual VariableIndividual FixedLife/DisabilityVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and Other
($ in millions)
Balance, beginning of period$16,391 $14,125 $4,652 $6,273 $26,859 $11,555 $37,615 $117,470 
Deposits6,083 4,777 753 1,233 2,551 1,499 3,978 20,874 
Interest credited561 211 87 153 816 38 518 2,384 
Dispositions(6)(1,405)(440)(1,845)
Policy charges(22)(6)(5)(322)(2,040)(216)(174)(2,785)
Surrenders and withdrawals(5,075)(372)(163)(1,457)(1,657)(210)(2,816)(11,750)
Benefit payments(562)(92)(176)(197)(253)(1,966)(3,246)
Net transfers (to) from separate account246 (41)449 654 
Change in market value and other adjustments(1)40 (65)(279)28 (10)(286)
Foreign currency adjustment(1,273)(1,820)(3,093)
Balance, end of period17,376 17,524 4,643 5,839 26,502 11,168 35,325 118,377 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable(2)
12 22 35 
Policyholders' account balance net of reinsurance recoverable
$17,376 $17,524 $4,643 $5,839 $26,490 $11,167 $35,303 118,342 
Closed Block Division4,607 
Unearned revenue reserve, unearned expense credit, and additional interest reserve4,581 
Other(3)8,059 
Total Policyholders' account balance$135,624 
Weighted-average crediting rate3.33 %1.34 %1.88 %2.53 %3.06 %3.41 %1.42 %2.32 %
Net amount at risk(4)$$$$70,574 $367,698 $17,205 $7,138 $462,615 
Cash surrender value(5)$17,376 $15,297 $3,581 $4,147 $21,766 $9,612 $31,270 $103,049 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Retirement StrategiesGroup InsuranceIndividual LifeInternational BusinessesCorporate and OtherTotal
InstitutionalIndividual VariableIndividual FixedLife/DisabilityVariable/Universal LifeLife PlannerGibraltar Life and OtherFull Service
($ in millions)
Balance, beginning of period$18,456 $8,169 $4,215 $7,440 $26,597 $11,383 $39,716 $36,561 $152,537 
Deposits4,188 4,326 841 1,039 3,091 1,446 2,746 5,918 23,595 
Interest credited549 244 15 171 746 511 649 900 3,785 
Dispositions
Policy charges(23)(3)(5)(321)(1,993)(196)(101)(231)(2,873)
Surrenders and withdrawals(6,238)(346)(301)(2,058)(1,852)(222)(1,374)(6,503)(18,894)
Benefit payments(541)(190)(113)(221)(261)(2,257)(3,583)
Net transfers (to) from separate account837 406 433 1,678 
Change in market value and other adjustments(1)1,088 85 21 (19)(573)602 
Foreign currency adjustment(1,127)(1,745)(2,872)
Balance, end of period16,391 14,125 4,652 6,273 26,859 11,555 37,615 36,505 153,975 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable(2)
13 27 41 
Policyholders' account balance net of reinsurance recoverable
$16,391 $14,125 $4,652 $6,273 $26,846 $11,554 $37,588 $36,505 153,934 
Closed Block Division4,737 
Unearned revenue reserve, unearned expense credit, and additional interest reserve3,905 
Other339 
Reclassified to “Liabilities held-for-sale”(7)
(39,914)
Total Policyholders' account balance$123,042 
Weighted-average crediting rate3.15 %2.19 %0.34 %2.50 %2.79 %4.46 %1.68 %2.46 %2.47 %
Net amount at risk(4)$$$16 $67,471 $352,407 $15,362 $8,461 $$443,717 
Cash surrender value(5)$16,391 $13,903 $3,157 $3,736 $21,594 $10,441 $36,273 $36,505 $142,000 
__________
(1)Primarily relates to changes in the value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the indexed options of certain products.
(2)The amount of recoverable related to reinsurance agreements that reduce the risk of the policyholders' account balance gross liability.
(3)Includes $5,479 million and $8,133 million of Full Service account balances reinsured to Great-West for December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. See Note 1 for further information.
(4)The net amount at risk calculation includes both general account and separate account balances.
(5)Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contractholder's account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges. There are no cash surrender charges for the Institutional Retirement Strategies segment.
(6)Represents the net impact from the sale of PALAC in Individual Retirement Strategies.
(7)Represents “Liabilities held-for-sale” of $(11,750) million and $(28,164) million related to the sale of PALAC and Full Service Retirement Business, respectively.

Policyholders’ account balances for Institutional Retirement Strategies and Life Planner includes the Company’s Funding Agreement Notes Issuance Program (“FANIP”) at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are $5,597 million, $5,064 million and $4,959 million, respectively. Under this program, which has a maximum authorized amount of $15 billion of medium-term notes and $6 billion of commercial paper, Delaware statutory trusts issue short-term commercial paper and/or medium-term notes to investors that are secured by funding agreements issued to the trusts by PICA. The outstanding commercial paper and notes have fixed or floating interest rates that range from 0.0% to 5.6% and original maturities ranging from three months to five years. Included in the amounts at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are funding agreements which secure the medium-term note liability, which are carried at amortized cost, of $3,474 million, $2,968 million and $3,117 million, respectively, and short-term note liability of $2,156 million, $2,130 million and $1,847 million, respectively.

Also included in Policyholders’ account balances for Institutional Retirement Strategies are collateralized funding agreements issued to the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaling $2,628 million, $2,628 million, and $1,050 million, respectively. These obligations, which are carried at amortized cost, have
fixed interest rates that range from 1.925% to 4.510% and original maturities ranging from nine months to seven years. For additional details on the FHLBNY program, see Note 18.

The Company issues variable life and universal life insurance contracts which may also include a “no-lapse guarantee” where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a death benefit even when the account value drops to zero, as long as the “no-lapse guarantee” premium is paid.

The net amount at risk is generally defined as the current death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including contractholder mortality, contract lapses, and premium pattern, as well as interest rate and equity market returns.

The Company also issues annuity contracts that provide certain death benefit and/or living benefit guarantees and are accounted for as MRBs. See Note 14 for additional information, including the net amount at risk associated with these guarantees.
The balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points (“bps”), between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums are as follows:
December 31, 2023
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate (1)At guaranteed minimum
1 - 50 bps above guaranteed minimum
51 - 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Greater than 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Total
(in millions)
Retirement Strategies - Institutional
Less than 1.00%
$589 $$$$589 
1.00% - 1.99%
1,552 1,552 
2.00% - 2.99%
596 596 
3.00% - 4.00%
5,041 5,041 
Greater than 4.00%
1,906 1,906 
Total$9,684 $$$$9,684 
Retirement Strategies - Individual Variable
Less than 1.00%
$908 $807 $18 $$1,733 
1.00% - 1.99%
218 221 
2.00% - 2.99%
29 37 
3.00% - 4.00%
1,942 13 10 1,965 
Greater than 4.00%
95 95 
Total$3,192 $826 $33 $$4,051 
Retirement Strategies - Individual Fixed
Less than 1.00%
$$$$117 $118 
1.00% - 1.99%
526 122 250 80 978 
2.00% - 2.99%
550 469 562 17 1,598 
3.00% - 4.00%
321 11 332 
Greater than 4.00%
95 95 
Total$1,492 $602 $813 $214 $3,121 
Group Insurance - Life / Disability
Less than 1.00%
$$$$1,147 $1,147 
1.00% - 1.99%
2.00% - 2.99%
29 29 
3.00% - 4.00%
1,543 50 1,593 
Greater than 4.00%
73 73 
Total$1,645 $$$1,197 $2,842 
Individual Life - Variable / Universal Life
Less than 1.00%
$$$$368 $368 
1.00% - 1.99%
201 2,588 813 3,602 
2.00% - 2.99%
30 1,445 2,944 340 4,759 
3.00% - 4.00%
4,422 4,092 1,311 19 9,844 
Greater than 4.00%
5,491 5,491 
Total$10,144 $5,537 $6,843 $1,540 $24,064 
International Businesses - Life Planner
Less than 1.00%
$331 $43 $89 $1,996 $2,459 
1.00% - 1.99%
2,969 28 2,997 
2.00% - 2.99%
2,124 2,124 
3.00% - 4.00%
354 354 
Greater than 4.00%
400 400 
Total$6,178 $71 $89 $1,996 $8,334 
International Businesses - Gibraltar Life and Other
Less than 1.00%
$15,975 $$$$15,975 
1.00% - 1.99%
9,016 63 9,079 
2.00% - 2.99%
3,114 310 36 3,460 
3.00% - 4.00%
4,378 4,378 
Greater than 4.00%
5,419 5,419 
Total$37,902 $373 $36 $$38,311 
December 31, 2022
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate (1)At guaranteed minimum
1 - 50 bps above guaranteed minimum
51 - 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Greater than 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Total
(in millions)
Retirement Strategies - Institutional
Less than 1.00%
$401 $$$$401 
1.00% - 1.99%
1,575 1,575 
2.00% - 2.99%
672 672 
3.00% - 4.00%
5,697 5,697 
Greater than 4.00%
1,510 1,510 
Total$9,855 $$$$9,855 
Retirement Strategies - Individual Variable
Less than 1.00%
$1,009 $861 $19 $$1,889 
1.00% - 1.99%
246 249 
2.00% - 2.99%
33 34 
3.00% - 4.00%
2,289 10 10 2,309 
Greater than 4.00%
111 111 
Total$3,688 $874 $30 $$4,592 
Retirement Strategies - Individual Fixed
Less than 1.00%
$$$$$
1.00% - 1.99%
614 113 250 83 1,060 
2.00% - 2.99%
474 474 
3.00% - 4.00%
389 393 
Greater than 4.00%
105 105 
Total$1,582 $117 $250 $83 $2,032 
Group Insurance - Life / Disability
Less than 1.00%
$$$$1,564 $1,564 
1.00% - 1.99%
2.00% - 2.99%
53 53 
3.00% - 4.00%
1,658 1,658 
Greater than 4.00%
Total$1,721 $$$1,564 $3,285 
Individual Life - Variable / Universal Life
Less than 1.00%
$12 $$$$12 
1.00% - 1.99%
420 774 1,928 3,122 
2.00% - 2.99%
402 121 2,414 1,844 4,781 
3.00% - 4.00%
7,787 32 2,280 145 10,244 
Greater than 4.00%
5,594 5,594 
Total$14,215 $153 $5,468 $3,917 $23,753 
International Businesses - Life Planner
Less than 1.00%
$356 $27 $93 $404 $880 
1.00% - 1.99%
3,175 24 3,199 
2.00% - 2.99%
2,285 2,285 
3.00% - 4.00%
330 330 
Greater than 4.00%
405 405 
Total$6,551 $51 $93 $404 $7,099 
International Businesses - Gibraltar Life and Other
Less than 1.00%
$17,485 $$$$17,485 
1.00% - 1.99%
10,064 10,064 
2.00% - 2.99%
3,277 345 43 3,665 
3.00% - 4.00%
2,555 2,555 
Greater than 4.00%
1,303 1,303 
Total$34,684 $345 $43 $$35,072 
December 31, 2021
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate (1)At guaranteed minimum
1 - 50 bps above guaranteed minimum
51 - 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Greater than 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Total
(in millions)
Retirement Strategies - Institutional
Less than 1.00%
$$$$$
1.00% - 1.99%
1,470 1,470 
2.00% - 2.99%
832 832 
3.00% - 4.00%
5,119 5,119 
Greater than 4.00%
1,535 1,535 
Total$8,956 $$$$8,956 
Retirement Strategies - Individual Variable
Less than 1.00%
$1,394 $894 $19 $$2,307 
1.00% - 1.99%
271 274 
2.00% - 2.99%
115 116 
3.00% - 4.00%
3,167 10 3,182 
Greater than 4.00%
116 116 
Total$5,063 $901 $31 $$5,995 
Retirement Strategies - Individual Fixed
Less than 1.00%
$$$$$
1.00% - 1.99%
626 67 100 798 
2.00% - 2.99%
585 585 
3.00% - 4.00%
423 425 
Greater than 4.00%
116 116 
Total$1,750 $69 $100 $$1,924 
Group Insurance - Life / Disability
Less than 1.00%
$$$$2,026 $2,026 
1.00% - 1.99%
2.00% - 2.99%
55 55 
3.00% - 4.00%
1,689 1,689 
Greater than 4.00%
Total$1,755 $$$2,026 $3,781 
Individual Life - Variable / Universal Life
Less than 1.00%
$18 $$$$18 
1.00% - 1.99%
382 2,538 2,920 
2.00% - 2.99%
413 3,735 747 4,895 
3.00% - 4.00%
8,066 2,050 675 61 10,852 
Greater than 4.00%
5,602 5,602 
Total$14,481 $2,050 $4,410 $3,346 $24,287 
International Businesses - Life Planner
Less than 1.00%
$398 $28 $92 $$518 
1.00% - 1.99%
3,589 23 3,612 
2.00% - 2.99%
2,631 2,631 
3.00% - 4.00%
307 307 
Greater than 4.00%
439 439 
Total$7,364 $51 $92 $$7,507 
International Businesses - Gibraltar Life and Other
Less than 1.00%
$21,177 $$$$21,177 
1.00% - 1.99%
11,525 11,525 
2.00% - 2.99%
3,373 355 3,728 
3.00% - 4.00%
459 459 
Greater than 4.00%
326 326 
Total$36,860 $355 $$$37,215 
Corporate and Other - Full Services
Less than 1.00%
$448 $$$$448 
1.00% - 1.99%
13,224 14,162 1,980 29,366 
2.00% - 2.99%
3.00% - 4.00%
6,610 59 6,669 
Greater than 4.00%
16 16 
Total$20,298 $14,227 $1,980 $$36,505 
__________
(1)Excludes contracts without minimum guaranteed crediting rates, such as funds with indexed-linked crediting options and Japan variable products.
Unearned Revenue Reserve

The balance of and changes in URR as of and for the periods ended are as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2023
Individual LifeInternational Businesses
Variable/ Universal Life
Life Planner
Gibraltar Life and Other
Total
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of period$3,983 $231 $81 $4,295 
Unearned revenue841 147 22 1,010 
Amortization expense(211)(10)(5)(226)
Other adjustments
FX adjustment(12)(3)(15)
Balance, end of period4,613 359 95 5,067 
Less: Reinsurance recoverables
Unearned revenue reserve net of reinsurance recoverables$4,613 $359 $95 5,067 
Other49 
Total unearned revenue reserve balance$5,116 

Year Ended December 31, 2022
Individual LifeInternational Businesses
Variable/ Universal Life
Life Planner
Gibraltar Life and Other
Total
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of period$3,357 $181 $68 $3,606 
Unearned revenue815 67 24 906 
Amortization expense(189)(5)(6)(200)
Other adjustments
FX adjustment(17)(6)(23)
Balance, end of period3,983 231 81 4,295 
Less: Reinsurance recoverables
Unearned revenue reserve net of reinsurance recoverables$3,983 $231 $81 4,295 
Other51 
Total unearned revenue reserve balance$4,346 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
Individual LifeInternational Businesses
Variable/Universal Life
Life Planner
Gibraltar Life and Other
Total
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of period$2,743 $163 $50 $2,956 
Unearned revenue781 35 30 846 
Amortization expense(167)(5)(9)(181)
Other adjustments
FX adjustment(12)(3)(15)
Balance, end of period3,357 181 68 3,606 
Less: Reinsurance recoverables
Unearned revenue reserve net of reinsurance recoverables$3,357 $181 $68 3,606 
Other38 
Total unearned revenue reserve balance$3,644 
MARKET RISK BENEFITS
The following table shows a rollforward of MRB balances for variable annuity products within Individual Retirement Strategies, which is the only line of business that contains a material MRB balance, along with a reconciliation to the Company’s total net MRB positions as of the following dates:
 
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
(in millions)
Balance, BOP$4,987 $13,392 $19,677 
Effect of cumulative changes in NPR1,828 898 1,582 
Balance, BOP, before effect of changes in NPR6,815 14,290 21,259 
Attributed fees collected1,186 1,339 1,637 
Claims paid(114)(99)(78)
Interest accrual317 157 35 
Actual in force different from expected80 126 22 
Effect of changes in interest rates(1,480)(8,374)(4,439)
Effect of changes in equity markets(1,952)3,522 (3,816)
Effect of assumption update
342 (152)(330)
Issuances
23 
Other adjustments(1)
(42)(3,994)
Balance, EOP, before effect of changes in NPR5,175 6,815 14,290 
Effect of cumulative changes in NPR(1,137)(1,828)(898)
Balance, EOP4,038 4,987 13,392 
Less: Reinsured MRBs
616 24 109 
Balance, EOP, net of reinsurance3,422 4,963 13,283 
Other businesses64 101 288 
Reclassified to “Assets and Liabilities held-for-sale”(2)
(4,340)
Total net MRB balance$3,486 $5,064 $9,231 
__________
(1)2022 includes $(4,061) million related to the sale of PALAC. See Note 1 for additional information.
(2)2021 includes “Assets held-for-sale” of $(102) million and “Liabilities held-for-sale” of $(4,324) million related to the sale of PALAC and “Liabilities held-for-sale” of $(118) million related to the sale of Full Service (in Other businesses).

In 2023, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed MRBs, primarily due to updates to policyholder behavior assumptions on certain variable annuities. In 2022, the Company recognized a favorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed MRBs, primarily due to updates to mortality and policyholder behavior assumptions on certain variable annuities. In 2021, the Company recognized a favorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed MRBs, primarily due to updates to long-term asset mix assumptions supporting claims on certain variable annuities.

The Company issues certain variable annuity insurance contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than (1) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return, and/or (2) the highest anniversary contract value on a specified date adjusted for any withdrawals. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, annuitization or at specified dates during the accumulation period and withdrawal and income benefits payable during specified periods.

The Company also issues indexed variable annuity contracts for which the return is tied to the return of specific indices where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals upon death. In certain of these indexed variable annuity contracts, the Company also contractually guarantees to the contractholder withdrawal benefits payable during specific periods.
For guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including fixed income and equity market returns, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable at annuitization, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including fixed income and equity market returns, timing of annuitization, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable at withdrawal, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed withdrawal payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance.

For guarantees of accumulation balances, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the guaranteed minimum accumulation balance minus the current account balance. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, interest rates, market volatility and contractholder behavior.

The following table presents accompanying information to the rollforward table above.

December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
($ in millions)
Net amount at risk(1)$9,753 $13,180 $5,160 
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders706967
___________
(1)For contracts with multiple benefit features, the highest net amount at risk for each contract is included.
The tables below reconcile MRB asset and liability positions as of the following dates:
December 31, 2023
 Retirement Strategies
Individual VariableOther BusinessesTotal
(in millions)
MRB Assets$1,967 $14 $1,981 
MRB Liabilities5,389 78 5,467 
Net Liability$3,422 $64 $3,486 

December 31, 2022
 Retirement Strategies
Individual VariableOther BusinessesTotal
(in millions)
MRB Assets$787 $13 $800 
MRB Liabilities5,750 114 5,864 
Net Liability$4,963 $101 $5,064 

December 31, 2021
 Retirement Strategies
Individual VariableOther BusinessesTotal
(in millions)
MRB Assets(1)$927 $17 $944 
MRB Liabilities(2)9,988 187 10,175 
Net Liability$9,061 $170 $9,231 
__________
(1)Excludes “Assets held-for-sale” of $(102) million, as described above.
(2)Excludes “Liabilities held-for-sale” of $(4,442) million, as described above.