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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Investments [Abstract]  
Fixed Maturities, Available-for-sale, Debt Securities
The following tables set forth the composition of fixed maturity securities (excluding investments classified as trading), as of the dates indicated:
 
 December 31, 2023
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$24,874 $1,091 $4,169 $$21,796 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions8,650 267 459 8,458 
Foreign government bonds71,556 3,895 5,208 53 70,190 
U.S. public corporate securities105,593 2,357 9,711 67 98,172 
U.S. private corporate securities(1)42,801 807 2,574 14 41,020 
Foreign public corporate securities20,473 487 1,298 19 19,643 
Foreign private corporate securities35,128 613 3,446 32,290 
Asset-backed securities(2)12,514 202 119 12,595 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities10,571 34 713 9,892 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(3)2,438 24 197 2,265 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale(1)(4)
$334,598 $9,777 $27,894 $160 $316,321 
__________
(1)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $12,370 million (fair value, $12,370 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
(2)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans, home equity loans and other asset types.
(3)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
(4)In the third quarter of 2023, the Company changed its intent to hold a portion of its held-to-maturity portfolio, which was redeemed as part of a recently announced reinsurance transaction. As a result, the entire held-to-maturity portfolio was reclassified to available-for-sale and recorded at fair value.
 December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$29,372 $1,110 $4,413 $$26,069 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions10,179 238 728 9,689 
Foreign government bonds74,103 4,503 5,379 73,226 
U.S. public corporate securities99,854 1,311 13,563 16 87,586 
U.S. private corporate securities(1)
39,867 507 3,438 57 36,879 
Foreign public corporate securities22,235 416 1,945 19 20,687 
Foreign private corporate securities32,755 150 5,201 44 27,660 
Asset-backed securities(2)
12,972 166 286 12,851 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities11,497 19 861 10,655 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(3)
2,613 29 225 2,417 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale(1)$335,447 $8,449 $36,039 $138 $307,719 
__________
(1)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $8,040 million (fair value, $8,040 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
(2)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans, home equity loans and other asset types.
(3)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
(4)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $4,250 million (fair value, $4,250 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
Fixed Maturities, Held-to-maturity Securities
 December 31, 2023
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Allowance
for Credit
Losses
Amortized Cost,
Net of Allowance
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity:
Foreign government bonds$$$$$$
Foreign public corporate securities
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Total fixed maturities, held-to-maturity(4)$$$$$$
__________
(1)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $12,370 million (fair value, $12,370 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
(2)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans, home equity loans and other asset types.
(3)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
(4)In the third quarter of 2023, the Company changed its intent to hold a portion of its held-to-maturity portfolio, which was redeemed as part of a recently announced reinsurance transaction. As a result, the entire held-to-maturity portfolio was reclassified to available-for-sale and recorded at fair value.
 December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Allowance
for Credit
Losses
Amortized Cost,
Net of Allowance
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity:
Foreign government bonds$725 $128 $$853 $$725 
Foreign public corporate securities430 24 454 428 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(3)
143 148 143 
Total fixed maturities, held-to-maturity(4)$1,298 $157 $$1,455 $$1,296 
__________
(1)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $8,040 million (fair value, $8,040 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
(2)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans, home equity loans and other asset types.
(3)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
(4)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $4,250 million (fair value, $4,250 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Fair Value
The following tables set forth the fair value and gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities without an allowance for credit losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated:

 December 31, 2023
 Less Than
Twelve Months
Twelve Months
or More
Total
 Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$2,718 $95 $12,642 $4,074 $15,360 $4,169 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions862 14 3,816 445 4,678 459 
Foreign government bonds9,098 542 19,589 4,664 28,687 5,206 
U.S. public corporate securities4,881 103 61,204 9,604 66,085 9,707 
U.S. private corporate securities3,026 69 27,062 2,504 30,088 2,573 
Foreign public corporate securities1,766 37 10,812 1,246 12,578 1,283 
Foreign private corporate securities1,578 120 22,145 3,324 23,723 3,444 
Asset-backed securities846 30 5,886 89 6,732 119 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities287 8,251 710 8,538 713 
Residential mortgage-backed securities92 1,599 195 1,691 197 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$25,154 $1,015 $173,006 $26,855 $198,160 $27,870 
 December 31, 2022
 Less Than
Twelve Months
Twelve Months
or More
Total
 Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$18,009 $3,143 $2,563 $1,270 $20,572 $4,413 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions5,510 526 558 202 6,068 728 
Foreign government bonds16,932 2,384 9,877 2,971 26,809 5,355 
U.S. public corporate securities58,816 7,790 15,780 5,726 74,596 13,516 
U.S. private corporate securities24,610 2,065 6,705 1,373 31,315 3,438 
Foreign public corporate securities10,168 932 4,098 993 14,266 1,925 
Foreign private corporate securities16,909 2,521 8,196 2,678 25,105 5,199 
Asset-backed securities5,385 130 5,059 156 10,444 286 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities9,289 655 1,080 206 10,369 861 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,322 130 402 93 1,724 223 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$166,950 $20,276 $54,318 $15,668 $221,268 $35,944 
Fixed Maturities Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities by contractual maturities, as of the date indicated:
 
December 31, 2023
 Available-for-Sale
 Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities:
Due in one year or less$8,999 $9,130 
Due after one year through five years50,907 50,417 
Due after five years through ten years(1)
63,462 63,184 
Due after ten years(1)185,707 168,838 
Asset-backed securities12,514 12,595 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities10,571 9,892 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,438 2,265 
Total$334,598 $316,321 
__________
(1)Excludes notes with amortized cost of $12,370 million (fair value, $12,370 million) which have been offset with the associated debt under a netting agreement.
Sources of Fixed Maturity Proceeds and Related Investment Gains (Losses) as well as Losses on Impairments
The following table sets forth the sources of fixed maturity proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on write-downs and the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturities, for the periods indicated:
 
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Proceeds from sales(1)$27,161 $33,010 $36,333 
Proceeds from maturities/prepayments17,010 17,957 27,976 
Gross investment gains from sales and maturities973 1,240 2,565 
Gross investment losses from sales and maturities(2,183)(2,589)(648)
Write-downs recognized in earnings(2)(81)(116)(1)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses(22)(24)19 
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity:
Proceeds from maturities/prepayments(3)$21 $37 $239 
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses
__________
(1)Excludes activity from non-cash related proceeds due to the timing of trade settlements of $(74) million, $(144) million and $450 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)Amounts represent securities actively marketed for sale and write-downs on credit adverse securities.
(3)Excludes activity from non-cash related proceeds due to the timing of trade settlements of $1 million, less than $1 million and less than $(1) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings on Fixed Maturity Securities Held by the Company for which a Portion of the OTTI Loss was Recognized in OCI
The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities, as of the dates indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$136 $$$$138 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded62 99 161 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(162)(162)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance(10)49 40 
Write-offs charged against the allowance
(17)(17)
Balance, end of period$$53 $105 $$$$160 


Year Ended December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$107 $$$$114 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded11 109 124 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(6)(80)(86)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell
(13)(68)(81)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance68 (3)67 
Balance, end of period$$$136 $$$$138 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$123 $$10 $$133 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded89 96 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(48)(9)(57)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance(56)(1)(57)
Reclassified to “Assets held-for sale”
(1)(1)
Balance, end of period$$$107 $$$$114 


Year Ended December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in millions)
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity:
Balance, beginning of period$$$$$$$
Current period provision for
expected losses(1)
(2)(2)
Change in foreign exchange
Balance, end of period$$$$$$$
__________ 
(1)In the third quarter of 2023, the Company changed its intent to hold a portion of its held-to-maturity portfolio, which was redeemed as part of a recently announced reinsurance transaction. As a result, the entire held-to-maturity portfolio was reclassified to available-for-sale and recorded at fair value.

Year Ended December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in millions)
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity:
Balance, beginning of period$$$$$$$
Current period provision for
expected losses.
(2)(2)
Change in foreign exchange(1)(1)
Balance, end of period$$$$$$$
Year Ended December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in millions)
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity:
Balance, beginning of period$$$$$$$
Current period provision for expected losses.
(3)(3)
Change in foreign exchange
(1)(1)
Balance, end of period$$$$$$$
Assets Supporting Experience-Rated Contractholder Liabilities
The following table sets forth the composition of “Assets supporting experience-rated contractholder liabilities” as of the dates indicated:
 
 December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost or Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost or
Cost
Fair
Value
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities:
Corporate securities$81 $79 $91 $88 
Foreign government bonds606 604 705 668 
Obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies and obligations of U.S. states
202 206 188 189 
Total fixed maturities(1)
889 889 984 945 
Equity securities1,607 2,279 1,628 1,899 
Total assets supporting experience-rated contractholder liabilities(2)$2,496 $3,168 $2,612 $2,844 
__________
(1)As a percentage of amortized cost, 99% and 98% of the portfolio was considered high or highest quality based on NAIC or equivalent ratings, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2)The portfolio consisted of all public securities as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Securities Concentrations of Credit Risk
As of the dates indicated, the Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk of single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s equity included securities of the U.S. government and certain U.S. government agencies and securities guaranteed by the U.S. government, as well as the securities disclosed below:
 
 December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
(in millions)
Investments in Japanese government and government agency securities:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$62,591 $61,484 $65,198 $64,959 
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity706 831 
Fixed maturities, trading 19 19 20 19 
Assets supporting experience-rated contractholder liabilities522 514 613 587 
Total$63,132 $62,017 $66,537 $66,396 
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
(in millions)
Investments in Brazil government and government agency securities:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$3,028 $2,992 $2,264 $2,010 
Short-term investments60 61 
Cash equivalents427 427 210 210 
Total$3,455 $3,419 $2,534 $2,281 
Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans
The following table sets forth the composition of “Commercial mortgage and other loans” as of the dates indicated:
 
 December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 Amount
(in millions)
% of
Total
Amount
(in millions)
% of
Total
Commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type:
Office$8,402 14.2 %$9,096 16.2 %
Retail5,384 9.1 6,103 10.8 
Apartments/Multi-Family16,555 28.0 15,381 27.3 
Industrial15,263 25.8 13,079 23.2 
Hospitality2,086 3.5 2,027 3.6 
Other4,069 6.9 3,791 6.7 
Total commercial mortgage loans51,759 87.5 49,477 87.8 
Agricultural property loans7,426 12.5 6,857 12.2 
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans
59,185 100.0 %56,334 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses(459)(201)
Total net commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans
58,726 56,133 
Other loans:
Uncollateralized loans425 463 
Residential property loans30 43 
Other collateralized loans125 108 
Total other loans580 614 
Allowance for credit losses(1)(2)
Total net other loans
579 612 
Total net commercial mortgage and other loans(1)
$59,305 $56,745 
__________
(1)Includes loans which are carried at fair value under the fair value option and are collateralized primarily by apartment complexes. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the net carrying value of these loans was $519 million and $137 million, respectively.
Commercial Mortgage Loan Commitments 
 
As of December 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Total outstanding mortgage loan commitments
$1,798 $1,995 
Portion of commitment where prearrangement to sell to investor exists$366 $582 
Indemnification of Serviced Mortgage Loans 
 
As of December 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Maximum exposure under indemnification agreements for mortgage loans serviced by the Company$3,102 $2,972 
First-loss exposure portion of above$898 $862 
Accrued liability associated with guarantees(1)$28 $33 
__________ 
(1)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the accrued liability associated with guarantees includes an allowance for credit losses of $14 million and $17 million, respectively. The change in allowance is a reduction of $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022..
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table sets forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage and other loans, as of the dates indicated: 

 Commercial
Mortgage
Loans
Agricultural
Property
Loans
Residential
Property
Loans
Other
Collateralized
Loans
Uncollateralized
Loans
Total
(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2020
$218 $$$$$235 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses(92)(5)(1)(98)
Reclassified to “Assets held-for-sale”
(15)(15)
Other(3)(3)
Balance at December 31, 2021
111 119 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses72 (1)80 
Other(1)
Balance at December 31, 2022
188 13 203 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses282 (1)284 
Write-offs charged against allowance
(29)(29)
Other
Balance at December 31, 2023
$443 $16 $$$$460 
Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators
The following tables set forth key credit quality indicators based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as of the date indicated:

December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
2023
2022202120202019PriorRevolving LoansTotal
(in millions)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$1,822 $911 $2,264 $1,437 $3,205 $16,569 $$26,208 
60%-69.99%2,765 1,440 2,541 1,107 2,146 4,530 14,529 
70%-79.99%1,001 1,004 1,278 401 1,013 2,277 6,974 
80% or greater145 357 203 330 209 2,804 4,048 
Total$5,733 $3,712 $6,286 $3,275 $6,573 $26,180 $$51,759 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$5,237 $3,194 $6,122 $3,182 $5,988 $23,196 $$46,919 
1.0 - 1.2x346 366 82 38 265 1,713 2,810 
Less than 1.0x150 152 82 55 320 1,271 2,030 
Total$5,733 $3,712 $6,286 $3,275 $6,573 $26,180 $$51,759 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$360 $880 $2,027 $774 $455 $1,481 $74 $6,051 
60%-69.99%586 668 25 50 20 1,353 
70%-79.99%
80% or greater15 15 
Total$953 $1,548 $2,052 $824 $490 $1,485 $74 $7,426 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$948 $1,535 $2,040 $750 $489 $1,290 $74 $7,126 
1.0 - 1.2x58 151 218 
Less than 1.0x16 44 82 
Total$953 $1,548 $2,052 $824 $490 $1,485 $74 $7,426 
December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
2022
2021202020192018PriorRevolving Loans
Total
(in millions)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$971 $1,747 $1,282 $2,831 $4,697 $15,111 $$26,639 
60%-69.99%1,997 3,502 1,553 2,804 1,732 3,780 15,368 
70%-79.99%865 1,127 519 1,025 645 1,445 5,626 
80% or greater26 119 24 1,666 1,844 
Total$3,835 $6,402 $3,361 $6,779 $7,098 $22,002 $$49,477 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$3,249 $6,135 $3,013 $5,749 $6,505 $18,318 $$42,969 
1.0 - 1.2x586 252 164 454 383 2,183 4,022 
Less than 1.0x15 184 576 210 1,501 2,486 
Total$3,835 $6,402 $3,361 $6,779 $7,098 $22,002 $$49,477 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$931 $1,994 $853 $461 $326 $1,348 $74 $5,987 
60%-69.99%675 85 47 823 
70%-79.99%
80% or greater13 34 47 
Total$1,606 $2,079 $861 $508 $347 $1,382 $74 $6,857 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$1,593 $2,035 $781 $507 $323 $1,272 $74 $6,585 
1.0 - 1.2x44 80 68 203 
Less than 1.0x18 42 69 
Total$1,606 $2,079 $861 $508 $347 $1,382 $74 $6,857 
Aging of Past Due Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans and Nonaccrual Status
The following tables set forth an aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as well as the amount of commercial mortgage and other loans on non-accrual status, as of the dates indicated:
 
 December 31, 2023
 Current30-59 Days
Past Due
60-89 Days
Past Due
90 Days or More Past Due(1)(2)
Total Past
Due
Total
Loans
Non-Accrual
Status(3)
 (in millions)
Commercial mortgage loans$51,665 $34 $$60 $94 $51,759 $94 
Agricultural property loans7,392 15 15 34 7,426 38 
Residential property loans30 30 
Other collateralized loans125 125 
Uncollateralized loans425 425 25 
Total$59,637 $49 $15 $64 $128 $59,765 $157 
__________
(1)As of December 31, 2023, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)Primarily includes loans for which no credit losses are expected due to U.S. agency guarantees.
(3)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2.
 December 31, 2022
 Current30-59 Days
Past Due
60-89 Days
Past Due
90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total Past
Due
Total
Loans
Non-Accrual
Status(2)
 (in millions)
Commercial mortgage loans$49,465 $$$$12 $49,477 $11 
Agricultural property loans6,844 11 13 6,857 17 
Residential property loans43 43 
Other collateralized loans108 108 
Uncollateralized loans463 463 
Total$56,923 $$14 $11 $25 $56,948 $28 
__________
(1)As of December 31, 2022, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2.
Other Invested Assets
The following table sets forth the composition of “Other invested assets,” as of the dates indicated:
 
December 31,
20232022
 (in millions)
LPs/LLCs:
Equity method:
Private equity$8,929 $7,215 
Hedge funds3,164 3,220 
Real estate-related2,578 2,793 
Subtotal equity method14,671 13,228 
Fair value:
Private equity1,247 1,476 
Hedge funds2,078 1,908 
Real estate-related800 305 
Subtotal fair value4,125 3,689 
Total LPs/LLCs18,796 16,917 
Real estate held through direct ownership(1)1,794 1,617 
Derivative instruments1,100 1,457 
Other(2)1,165 1,108 
Total other invested assets$22,855 $21,099 
__________ 
(1)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, real estate held through direct ownership had mortgage debt of $158 million and $208 million, respectively.
(2)Primarily includes strategic investments made by investment management operations, equity investments accounted for under the measurement alternative, member activity stock held in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York and leveraged leases. For additional information regarding the Company’s holdings in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, see Note 18.
Equity Method Investments
The following tables set forth summarized combined financial information for significant LP/LLC interests accounted for under the equity method, including the Company’s investments in operating joint ventures that are described in more detail in Note 9. Changes between periods in the tables below reflect changes in the activities within the operating joint ventures and LPs/LLCs, as well as changes in the Company’s level of investment in such entities:
 
December 31,

20232022
 (in millions)
STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Total assets(1)$681,739 $707,192 
Total liabilities(2)$61,785 $83,634 
Partners’ capital619,954 623,558 
Total liabilities and partners’ capital$681,739 $707,192 
Total liabilities and partners’ capital included above$14,895 $13,683 
Equity in LP/LLC interests not included above968 726 
Carrying value$15,863 $14,409 
__________
(1)Amount represents gross assets of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These assets consist primarily of investments in real estate, investments in securities and other miscellaneous assets.
(2)Amount represents gross liabilities of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These liabilities consist primarily of third party borrowed funds, securities repurchase agreements and other miscellaneous liabilities.

Years Ended December 31,

202320222021
 (in millions)
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Total revenue(1)$43,325 $28,299 $128,429 
Total expenses(2)(14,551)(3,608)(21,235)
Net earnings (losses)$28,774 $24,691 $107,194 
Equity in net earnings (losses) included above$620 $641 $2,085 
Equity in net earnings (losses) of LP/LLC interests not included above22 16 161 
Total equity in net earnings (losses)$642 $657 $2,246 
__________
(1)Amount represents gross revenue of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. This revenue consists of income from investments in real estate, investments in securities and other income.
(2)Amount represents gross expenses of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These expenses consist primarily of interest expense, investment management fees, salary expenses and other expenses.
The following table sets forth information related to the Company’s investments in operating joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31:
 
2023(1)20222021(2)
 (in millions)
Investment in operating joint ventures$1,192 $1,211 $1,306 
Dividends received from operating joint ventures$66 $81 $116 
After-tax equity in earnings of operating joint ventures$49 $(62)$98 
__________
(1)In September of 2023, the Company acquired a 20% equity interest as a limited partner in Prismic. See Note 1 for additional information.
(2)In March of 2021, the Company sold its 35% ownership stake in Pramerica SGR, an asset management joint venture within PGIM. See Note 1 for additional information.
Accrued Investment Income
The following table sets forth the composition of “Accrued investment income,” as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
 20232022
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities$2,727 $2,517 
Equity securities
Commercial mortgage and other loans224 190 
Policy loans259 253 
Other invested assets23 18 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents48 28 
Total accrued investment income$3,287 $3,012 
Net Investment Income
The following table sets forth “Net investment income” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
 
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale(1)$13,305 $11,773 $11,999 
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity(1)148 213 226 
Fixed maturities, trading 292 233 193 
Assets supporting experience-rated contractholder liabilities45 167 601 
Equity securities197 160 162 
Commercial mortgage and other loans2,279 2,196 2,552 
Policy loans499 499 533 
Other invested assets 1,347 1,240 2,617 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents954 406 63 
Gross investment income19,066 16,887 18,946 
Less: investment expenses(1,201)(850)(659)
Net investment income$17,865 $16,037 $18,287 
__________
(1)Includes income on credit-linked notes which are reported on the same financial statement line items as related surplus notes, as conditions are met for right to offset.
Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
The following table sets forth “Realized investment gains (losses), net” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
 
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities(1)$(1,311)$(1,487)$1,939 
Commercial mortgage and other loans(255)(133)173 
Investment real estate45 83 108 
LPs/LLCs72 (120)(14)
Derivatives(2,234)(2,851)(113)
Other68 22 
Realized investment gains (losses), net$(3,615)$(4,507)$2,115 
__________
(1)Excludes fixed maturity securities classified as trading.
Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment
The following table sets forth net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, as of the dates indicated:
 
December 31,
202320222021
 (in millions)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale with an allowance
$(72)$(45)$23 
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale without an allowance(1)
(18,045)(27,545)39,467 
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges(2)
869 2,616 1,019 
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges(2)
(60)(54)(35)
Other investments(3)
57 24 (36)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments
$(17,251)$(25,004)$40,438 
__________
(1)Includes $126 million of net unrealized gains related to the September 30, 2023 transfer of held-to-maturity securities to available-for-sale securities.
(2)For additional information regarding cash flow and fair value hedges, see Note 5.
(3)Includes net unrealized gains (losses) on certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and are included in “Other assets.”
Repurchase Agreements and Securities Lending The following table sets forth the composition of “Securities sold under agreements to repurchase,” as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Remaining Contractual Maturities of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturities of the Agreements
 Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 Days30 to 90 DaysTotal  Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 Days30 to 90 DaysTotal
(in millions)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$5,693 $$$5,693 $6,179 $200 $200 $6,579 
U.S. public corporate securities
118 118 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities245 245 
Residential mortgage-backed securities10 10 
Total securities sold under agreements to repurchase
$5,938 $118 $$6,056 $6,189 $200 $200 $6,589 
 
The following table sets forth the composition of “Cash collateral for loaned securities” which represents the liability to return cash collateral received for the following types of securities loaned, as of the dates indicated:

December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Remaining Contractual Maturities of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturities of the Agreements
 Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal  Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
(in millions)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$$$$$$
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions67 67 61 61 
Foreign government bonds242 242 285 14 299 
U.S. public corporate securities4,399 420 4,819 4,109 395 4,504 
Foreign public corporate securities649 76 725 806 69 875 
Equity securities623 623 360 360 
Total cash collateral for loaned securities(1)
$5,981 $496 $6,477 $5,622 $478 $6,100 
__________ 
(1)The Company did not have any agreements with remaining contractual maturities greater than thirty days, as of the dates indicated.
Securities Pledged The following table sets forth the carrying value of investments pledged to third parties, as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20232022
 (in millions)
Fixed maturities(1)$21,187 $21,339 
Fixed maturities, trading50 30 
Separate account assets1,468 2,606 
Equity securities827 719 
Other336 355 
Total securities pledged(2)$23,868 $25,049 
__________
(1)Includes fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity and excludes fixed maturity securities classified as trading.
(2)These assets are reported on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

The following table sets forth the carrying amount of the associated liabilities supported by the pledged collateral, as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20232022
 (in millions)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase$6,056 $6,589 
Cash collateral for loaned securities6,477 6,100 
Separate account liabilities1,507 2,703 
Long-term debt27 29 
Total liabilities supported by the pledged collateral$14,067 $15,421 
The following table provides assets on deposit, assets held in trust, and securities restricted as to sale, as of the dates indicated:

December 31,
20232022
 (in millions)
Assets on deposit with governmental authorities or trustees$$10 
Assets held in voluntary trusts(1)510 476 
Assets held in trust related to reinsurance and other agreements(2)13,214 12,815 
Securities restricted as to sale(3)144 149 
Total assets on deposit, assets held in trust and securities restricted as to sale$13,876 $13,450 
__________
(1)Represents assets held in voluntary trusts established primarily to fund guaranteed dividends to certain policyholders and to fund certain employee benefits.
(2)Represents assets held in trust related to reinsurance agreements excluding reinsurance agreements between wholly-owned subsidiaries. Assets valued at $25.7 billion and $26.0 billion were held in trust related to reinsurance agreements between wholly-owned subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3)Includes member and activity stock associated with memberships in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York.