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EMPLOYEE BENEFITS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Employee Benefits |
EMPLOYEE BENEFITS |
24. | EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
The Company sponsors post-employment benefits, such as retirement plans, medical and dental care, among others for employees in Brazil and subsidiaries located in the Dominican Republic, Barbados, Panama, Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina and Canada based on employees' salaries and length of service. The entities are governed by the local regulations and practices of each individual country as well as the relationship with the Company’s pension funds and their composition. Post-employment benefits of retirement are managed through pension funds and are classified as either defined contribution or defined benefit plans. Defined benefit plans and the other post-employment benefits are not granted to new retirees. Defined contribution plans These plans are funded by the participants and the sponsor and are managed by administered pension funds. During 2022, the Company contributed R$82.0 (R$74.1 and R$61.1 during 2021 and 2020) to these funds, which was recorded in expenses. Once the contributions have been paid, the Company has no further payment obligations. Defined benefit plans At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 the net liability for defined benefit plans consisted of the following:
Schedule of net liability for defined benefit plans |  |  |
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Present value of funded obligations | (5,476.5) | (7,354.3) | (7,582.0)
Fair value of plan assets | 4,543.3 | 5,638.0 | 5,533.3
Present value of net obligations | (933.2) | (1,716.3) | (2,048.7)
Present value of unfunded obligations | (921.0) | (1,165.4) | (1,195.6)
Present value of net obligations | (1,854.2) | (2,881.7) | (3,244.3)
Asset ceiling | (163.3) | (180.1) | (160.5)
Net liabilities | (2,017.5) | (3,061.8) | (3,404.8)
Other long term employee benefits | (87.1) | (104.3) | (105.5)
Total employee benefits | (2,104.6) | (3,166.1) | (3,510.3)
Employee benefits amount in the balance sheet |
Liabilities | (2,161.2) | (3,194.0) | (3,543.9)
Assets | 56.6 | 27.9 | 33.6
Net liabilities | (2,104.6) | (3,166.1) | (3,510.3)
The changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligations were as follow:
Schedule of defined benefit obligations |  |  |
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Defined benefit obligation at January 1 | (8,519.7) | (8,777.6) | (6,845.0)
Service costs | (47.0) | (58.0) | (51.4)
Interest costs | (353.2) | (324.3) | (339.4)
Gains and (losses) on settlements or reductions in benefits | 3.8 | 3.6 | 44.1
Contributions by plan participants | (5.6) | (6.9) | (6.1)
Actuarial gains and (losses) - geographical assumptions | - | 52.3 | 54.5
Actuarial gains and (losses) - financial assumptions | 1,333.6 | 726.8 | (443.6)
Experience adjustments | (171.5) | (213.0) | (180.9)
Reclassifications | - | (1.0) | -
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations | 787.7 | (495.3) | (1,531.7)
Benefits paid | 574.4 | 573.7 | 521.9
Defined benefit obligation at December, 31 | (6,397.5) | (8,519.7) | (8,777.6)
The present value of funded obligations includes R$665.4 at December 31, 2022 (R$603.9 at December 31, 2021 and R$705.0 at December 31, 2020) of two health care plans for which the benefits were provided directly by Fundação Zerrenner. Fundação Zerrenner is a legally distinct entity whose main goal is to provide the Company’s current and retired employees and managers with health care and dental assistance, technical and higher education courses, and to maintain facilities for assisting and helping elderly people, among other matters, either through direct initiatives or through financial assistance agreements with other entities. The changes in the fair value of plan assets are as follow:
Schedule of changes in the fair value of plan assets |  |  |
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Fair value of plan assets at January 1 | 5,638.0 | 5,533.3 | 4,582.4
Interest income | 262.1 | 223.9 | 245.2
Administrative costs | (5.2) | (5.8) | (5.2)
Expected return, excluding interest income | (614.6) | (148.3) | 89.4
Contributions by employer | 316.0 | 342.0 | 306.8
Contributions by plan participants | 5.8 | 7.1 | 6.3
Exchange differences | (482.6) | 263.1 | 812.1
Transfers | - | - | 20.0
Curtailments, settlements and other | (1.8) | (3.6) | (1.8)
Benefits paid, excluding administrative costs | (574.4) | (573.7) | (521.9)
Fair value of plan assets at December, 31 | 4,543.3 | 5,638.0 | 5,533.3
The real return on plan assets generated at December 31, 2022 was a gain/(loss) of R$(352.5) (gain/(loss) of R$75.5 at December 31, 2021). At December 31, 2022, the Company recorded R$56.6 (R$27.9 at December 31, 2021) up to the asset ceiling not exceeding the present value of future benefits. The changes in the asset ceiling not exceeding the present value of future benefits are as follow:
Schedule of asset ceiling |  |  |
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Asset ceiling impact at January 1 | 27.9 | 33.6 | 56.2
Interest income/(expenses) | - | 1.3 | 12.2
Change in asset ceiling excluding amounts included in interest income/(expenses) | 30.2 | (9.0) | (48.9)
Effects of exchange rate fluctuations | (1.5) | 2.0 | 14.1
Asset ceiling impact at December 31 | 56.6 | 27.9 | 33.6
The income/(expense) recognized in the income statement with regard to defined benefit plans is detailed as follows:
Schedule of defined benefit plans recognized in the income statement |  |  |
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Current service costs | (47.0) | (58.0) | (51.4)
Administrative costs | (5.2) | (5.8) | (5.2)
(Gains) losses on settlement and curtailment | 2.2 | 1.2 | 42.6
Income from operations | (50.0) | (62.6) | (14.0)
Financial costs | (107.8) | (115.6) | (117.2)
Total employee benefit expenses | (157.8) | (178.2) | (131.2)
The employee benefit revenue/(expenses) is included in the following line items in the income statement:
Schedule of employee benefit revenue |  |  |
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Other operating income/(expenses), net | (0.1) | (0.2) | -
Cost of sales | (26.4) | (33.0) | (28.9)
Sales and marketing expenses | (9.4) | (11.7) | (9.9)
Administrative income/(expenses) | (14.1) | (17.7) | 24.8
Financial expense | (107.8) | (115.6) | (117.2)
| (157.8) | (178.2) | (131.2)
The assumptions used in the calculation of the obligations are as follow:
Schedule of assumptions |  |  |
| 2022 (i) | 2021 (i) | 2020 (i)
Discount rate | 5.1% to 11.0% | 2.9% to 10.0% | 2.4% to 10.0%
Inflation | 2.0% to 3.5% | 2.0% to 3.5% | 2.0% to 3.5%
Future salary increases | 1.0% to 7.1% | 1.0% to 7.1% | 1.0% to 7.1%
Future pension increases | 2.7% to 3.8% | 2.5% to 3.8% | 2.0% to 3.8%
Medical cost trend rate | 6.4% to 7.1% p.a. reducing to 7.1% | 4.2% to 6.9% p.a. reducing to 6.9% | 4.5% to 6.9% p.a. reducing to 6.9%
Dental claims trend rate | 3.5% | 3.3% | 3.3%
Life expectancy for an over 65 years old male | 84 to 87 | 85 to 87 | 84 to 87
Life expectancy for an over 65 years old female | 86 to 89 | 87 to 89 | 86 to 89
(i) | Includes assumptions in Brazil, Central America and Caribbean, Latin America - South and Canada.
Through its defined benefit pension plans and post-employment medical plans, the Company is exposed to a number of risks, the most significant of which are detailed below: Asset volatility The plan liabilities are calculated using a discount rate pegged to high-quality private securities; if plan assets underperform this yield, the Company’s net defined benefit obligation may increase. Most of the Company’s funded plans hold a significant proportion of equities, which are expected to outperform corporate bonds in the long-term while providing volatility and risk in the short-term. As the plans mature, the Company usually reduces the level of investment risk by investing more in assets that better match the liabilities. Changes in bond yields A decrease in corporate bond yields will increase plan liabilities, although this will be partially offset by an increase in the value of the plans’ bond holdings. Inflation risk Some of the Company’s pension obligations are linked to inflation, and higher inflation will lead to higher liabilities. The majority of the plan’s assets are either unaffected by or only loosely correlated with inflation, meaning that an increase in inflation could potentially increase the Company’s net benefit obligation. Life expectancy Most of the plans’ obligations are to provide benefits for the life of the member, so increases in life expectancy will result in an increase in the plans’ liabilities. Investment strategy In the case of funded plans, the Company ensures that the investment positions are managed within an asset-liability matching (“ALM”) framework to ensure long-term investments that are in line with the Company’s obligations under the pension schemes. Within this framework, the Company’s ALM objective is to match the assets to the pension obligations by investing in long-term fixed interest securities with maturities that match the benefit payments as they fall due and in the appropriate currency. The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to changes in the weighted principal assumptions is as follows:
Schedule of weighted principal assumptions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In millions of Brazilian Reais |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Change in assumption | Increase in assumption | Decrease in assumption | Increase in assumption | Decrease in assumption | Increase in assumption | Decrease in assumption
Medical cost trend rate | 100 bases points | (94.3) | 81.8 |  | (114.7) | 98.6 |  | (139.4) | 118.6
Discount rate | 50 bases points | 307.9 | (328.0) |  | 442.0 | (470.3) |  | 461.0 | (492.6)
Future salary increase | 50 bases points | (17.6) | 16.5 |  | (19.8) | 18.6 |  | (24.3) | 23.3
Longevity | 1 One year | (221.5) | 213.5 |  | (287.6) | 279.5 |  | (295.6) | 287.1
The data presented in these tables are purely hypothetical and are based on changes in individual assumptions holding all other assumptions constant: economic conditions and changes therein always affect the other assumptions at the same time and their effects are not linear. Therefore, the above information is not necessarily a reasonable representation of future results. The plans assets at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following:
Schedule of plans assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Rated | Unrated | Total |  | Rated | Unrated | Total |  | Rated | Unrated | Total
Government bonds | 43% | - | 43% |  | 43% | - | 43% |  | 52% | - | 52%
Corporate bonds | 10% | - | 10% |  | 10% | - | 10% |  | 6% | - | 6%
Equity instruments | 15% | - | 15% |  | 15% | - | 15% |  | 6% | - | 6%
Cash | 6% | - | 6% |  | 6% | - | 6% |  | 1% | - | 1%
Others | 26% | - | 26% |  | 26% | - | 26% |  | 35% | - | 35%
The overall expected rate of return is calculated by weighting the individual rates in accordance with Ambev’s expected share of the total investment portfolio. Ambev expects to contribute approximately R$309.7 to its defined benefit plans in 2023.

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