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INVESTMENTS
 12 Months Ended
Oct. 31, 2021
Schedule of Investments [Abstract]  
Investment Holdings, Schedule of Investments INVESTMENTS
The following table summarizes the company's equity investments as of October 31, 2021 and 2020 (net book value):

 October 31,
 20212020
 (in millions)
Short-Term
Equity investments - with readily determinable fair value$91 — 
Long-Term  
Equity investments - without readily determinable fair value$120 $103 
Equity investments - with readily determinable fair value31 25 
Trading securities34 30 
Total long-term investments$185 $158 

Equity investments without readily determinable fair value (RDFV) consist of non-marketable equity securities issued by private companies. These investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative at cost adjusting for impairments and observable price changes (orderly transactions for the identical or a similar security from the same issuer). The adjustments are included in net income in the period in which they occur. Equity investments with RDFV consist of marketable equity securities which are publicly traded and are reported at fair value, with gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value included in net income. Other investments with RDFV consist of shares we own in a special fund and are reported at fair value, with gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value included in net income.

Trading securities, which are comprised of mutual funds, bonds and other similar instruments, other investments and deferred compensation liability are reported at fair value, with gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value recognized currently in net income.

Our investments without RDFV and marketable equity securities with RDFV are subject to periodic impairment review. The impairment analysis requires significant judgment to identify events or circumstances that would likely have a significant adverse effect on the future value of the investment.
Gains and losses reflected in other income (expense), net for our equity investments with RDFV and equity investments without RDFV are summarized below:
Years Ended October 31,
202120202019
( in millions)
Net gain recognized during the period on equity securities$98 $27 $4 
Less: Net gain on equity securities sold during the period(6)— — 
Unrealized gain on equity securities held as of the end of the period$92 $27 $4 

Net unrealized gains on our equity securities without RDFV were $17 million, $27 million and $1 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Upon adoption of new accounting guidance relating to financial instruments beginning fiscal year 2019, the gains and losses on such securities are recognized in other income (expense) and therefore not applicable in prior periods. As of November 1, 2019, total impact of adoption of this accounting guidance to our consolidated balance sheet was an increase of $7 million to equity securities with RDFV (included within long-term investments) and a net increase of $5 million to beginning retained earnings.

Net unrealized gains on our trading securities portfolio were $8 million in 2021, $2 million in 2020 and $3 million in 2019.