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SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Notes) | 9 Months Ended
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Jul. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION We account for share-based awards in accordance with the provisions of the authoritative accounting guidance which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to our employees and directors including employee stock options, restricted stock units, employee stock purchases made under our employee stock purchase plan and performance share awards granted to selected members of our senior management under the long-term performance plan (“LTPP”) based on estimated fair values. We have two LTPP performance stock award programs, which are administered under the 2018 Stock Plan, for our executive officers and other key employees. Participants in our LTPP Total Stockholders’ Return (“TSR”) and LTPP Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) programs are entitled to receive shares of the company's stock after the end of a three-year period, if specified performance targets for the programs are met. The LTPP-TSR awards are generally designed to meet the criteria of a performance award with the performance metrics and peer group comparison based on the TSR set at the beginning of the performance period. The LTPP-EPS awards are based on the company’s EPS performance over a three-year period. The performance targets for the LTPP-EPS for year 2 and year 3 of the performance period are set in the first quarter of year 2 and year 3, respectively. All LTPP awards are subject to a one-year post-vest holding period. The final LTPP award may vary from 0 percent to 200 percent of the target award. We consider the dilutive impact of these programs in our diluted net income per share calculation only to the extent that the performance conditions are expected to be met. Restricted stock units generally vest, with some exceptions, at a rate of 25 percent per year over a period of four years from the date of grant. In fiscal year 2021, we resumed granting stock options. Stock options granted under the 2018 Stock Plan may be either "incentive stock options", as defined in Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code, or non-statutory. Options generally vest at a rate of 25 percent per year over a period of four years from the date of grant with a maximum contractual term of ten years. The exercise price for stock options is generally not less than 100 percent of the fair market value of our common stock on the date the stock award is granted. We issue new shares of common stock when employee stock options are exercised. The impact on our results for share-based compensation was as follows:
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| July 31, |  | July 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (in millions)
Cost of products and services | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 24 |
Research and development | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 11 |
Selling, general and administrative | 16 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 65 |
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 100 |
At July 31, 2023 and October 31, 2022, no share-based compensation was capitalized within inventory. The following assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of awards granted.
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| July 31, |  | July 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Stock Option Plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average risk-free interest rate | 3.8% |  | 3.2% |  | 3.9% |  | 1.4%
Dividend yield | 0.7% |  | 0.7% |  | 0.6% |  | 0.5%
Weighted average volatility | 29% |  | 27% |  | 28% |  | 26%
Expected life | 5.5 years |  | 5.5 years |  | 5.5 years |  | 5.5 years
LTPP: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volatility of Agilent shares | 31% |  | 29% |  | 31% |  | 29%
Volatility of selected peer-company shares | 22%-84% |  | 23%-81% |  | 22%-84% |  | 23%-81%
Pair-wise correlation with selected peers | 42% |  | 41% |  | 42% |  | 41%
Post-vest holding restriction discount for all executive awards | 7.1% |  | 6.5% |  | 7.1% |  | 6.5%
The fair value of share-based awards for our employee stock option awards was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Shares granted under the LTPP (TSR) were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Monte Carlo simulation fair value model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, including the price volatility of the underlying stock. For the volatility of our LTPP (TSR) grants, we used our own historical stock price volatility. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at 85 percent of the price at purchase and uses the purchase date to establish the fair market value. We use historical volatility to estimate the expected stock price volatility assumption for employee stock option awards. In reaching the conclusion, we have considered many factors including the extent to which our options are currently traded and our ability to find traded options in the current market with similar terms and prices to the options we are valuing. In estimating the expected life of our options granted, we considered the historical option exercise behavior of our executives, which we believe is representative of future behavior. The estimated fair value of restricted stock units and LTPP (EPS) awards is determined based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant adjusted for expected dividend yield. The compensation cost for LTPP (EPS) reflects the cost of awards that are probable to vest at the end of the performance period. All LTPP awards granted to our senior management employees have a one-year post-vest holding restriction. The estimated discount associated with post-vest holding restrictions is calculated using the Finnerty model. The model calculates the potential lost value if the employees were able to sell the shares during the lack of marketability period, instead of being required to hold the shares. The model used the same historical stock price volatility and dividend yield assumption used for the Monte Carlo simulation model and an expected dividend yield to compute the discount.

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