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Software | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Research and Development [Abstract] |
Software | SoftwareSoftware as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, consists of the following (in millions):
| 2021 |  | 2020
Software from acquisitions | $ | 2,181 |  |  | $ | 2,077 |
Capitalized software development costs | 3,286 |  |  | 2,826 |
Purchased software | 728 |  |  | 632 |
| 6,195 |  |  | 5,535 |
Accumulated amortization | (2,896) |  |  | (2,165) |
Total Software, net | $ | 3,299 |  |  | $ | 3,370 |
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $144 million of software asset impairments and $145 million of incremental software amortization expense driven by the Company's platform modernization. Platform modernization includes sunsetting certain technology platforms, which resulted in shortened estimated useful lives and accelerated amortization methods primarily impacting the associated assets over approximately the next three years, beginning in the third quarter of 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded asset impairments of $87 million, primarily related to certain software resulting from the Company's net realizable value analysis.Amortization expense for software was $1,041 million, $837 million and $616 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for research, development, and computer software activities, including contracts and arrangements to be performed for others and with federal government. Includes costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility and in-process research and development acquired in a business combination consummated during the period. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 985 -SubTopic 730 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2197926 + Details
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