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Software
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Research and Development [Abstract]  
Software SoftwareSoftware as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, consists of the following (in millions):
 20212020
Software from acquisitions$2,181 $2,077 
Capitalized software development costs3,286 2,826 
Purchased software728 632 
6,195 5,535 
Accumulated amortization(2,896)(2,165)
Total Software, net $3,299 $3,370 
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $144 million of software asset impairments and $145 million of incremental software amortization expense driven by the Company's platform modernization. Platform modernization includes sunsetting certain technology platforms, which resulted in shortened estimated useful lives and accelerated amortization methods primarily impacting the associated assets over approximately the next three years, beginning in the third quarter of 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded asset impairments of $87 million, primarily related to certain software resulting from the Company's net realizable value analysis.Amortization expense for software was $1,041 million, $837 million and $616 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.