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Software
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Research and Development [Abstract]  
Software Software
Software as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, consists of the following (in millions):
 20222021
Software from acquisitions$2,124 $2,181 
Capitalized software development costs3,766 3,286 
Purchased software717 728 
6,607 6,195 
Accumulated amortization(3,369)(2,896)
Total Software, net $3,238 $3,299 

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $32 million and $144 million, respectively, of software asset impairments and $156 million and $145 million, respectively, of incremental software amortization expense driven by the Company's platform modernization. Platform modernization includes sunsetting certain technology platforms, which resulted in shortened estimated useful lives and accelerated amortization methods primarily impacting the associated assets over an approximate three-year period, beginning in the third quarter of 2021.
Amortization expense for software was $1,068 million, $1,041 million and $837 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.