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Software
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Research and Development [Abstract]  
Software Software
Software as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, consists of the following (in millions):
 20242023
Software from acquisitions$880 $754 
Capitalized software development costs3,151 2,775 
Purchased software605 633 
4,636 4,162 
Accumulated amortization(2,110)(2,047)
Total Software, net $2,526 $2,115 

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company entered into long-term payment arrangements of $158 million, $28 million, and $3 million, respectively, for certain purchased software. The related long-term payment obligations are classified as Other noncurrent liabilities, with the current portion recorded in Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities, on our consolidated balance sheets. Periodic payments are included in Other investing activities, net, on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $19 million, $81 million and $31 million, respectively, of software asset impairments and $0 million, $18 million and $75 million, respectively, of incremental software amortization expense driven by the Company's platform modernization. Platform modernization includes sunsetting
certain technology platforms, which resulted in shortened estimated useful lives and accelerated amortization methods primarily impacting the associated assets over an approximate three-year period, beginning in the third quarter of 2021.

Amortization expense for software was $585 million, $588 million and $640 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.