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Investments and Fair Value Measurements | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Investments and Fair Value Measurements | INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair Value Information. Accounting standards require us to use valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. These inputs are described in Note 7 of this report. The table below presents disclosures about the fair value of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Company's financial statements as of December 31 (in millions):
| 2019 |  | 2018
| Total |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,762 |  |  | $ | 2,762 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,694 |  |  | $ | 1,694 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt | 1,045 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | — |
Asset-backed securities | 690 |  |  | — |  |  | 690 |  |  | — |  |  | 746 |  |  | — |  |  | 746 |  |  | — |
U.S. government and agency notes | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |
Certificates of deposit placed through an account registry service ("CDARS") | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |
Other fixed-income securities | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | — |
Other investments measured at NAV | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted cash | 106 |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | 385 |  |  | 385 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
AVH Derivative Assets | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Available-for-sale investment maturities - T he short-term investments shown in the table above are classified as available-for-sale, with the exception of investments measured at NAV. As of December 31, 2019, asset-backed securities have remaining maturities of less than one year to approximately 15 years, corporate debt securities have remaining maturities of three years or less and CDARS have maturities of less than one year. U.S. government and agency notes have maturities of approximately three years or less and other fixed-income securities have maturities of two years or less. Restricted cash - Restricted cash primarily includes cash collateral for letters of credit and collateral associated with obligations for facility leases and other insurance-related obligations. Equity securities - Equity securities represent United's investment in Azul, consisting of approximately 8% of Azul's outstanding preferred shares (representing approximately 2% of the total capital stock of Azul). The Company recognizes changes to the fair value of its equity investment in Azul in Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net in its statements of consolidated operations. The carrying value of our investment in Azul was $385 million at December 31, 2019. AVH Derivative Assets - As part of the BRW Term Loan Agreement and related agreements with Kingsland, United obtained call options on AVH shares, AVH share appreciation rights and an AVH share-based upside sharing agreement (collectively, the "AVH Derivative Assets"). The AVH Derivative Assets are recorded at fair value as Other assets on the Company's balance sheet and are included in the table above. Changes in the fair value of the AVH Derivative Assets are recorded as part of Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net in its statements of consolidated operations. Investments presented in the table above have the same fair value as their carrying value. Other fair value information - The table below presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments not presented in the tables above as of December 31 (in millions). Carrying amounts include any related discounts, premiums and issuance costs:
| 2019 |  | 2018
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
|  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Long-term debt | $ | 14,552 |  |  | $ | 15,203 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,398 |  |  | $ | 3,805 |  |  | $ | 13,445 |  |  | $ | 13,450 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,525 |  |  | $ | 3,925 |
Fair value of the financial instruments included in the tables above was determined as follows:
Description | Fair Value Methodology
Cash and cash equivalents | The carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of these assets.
Short-term investments, Equity securities and Restricted cash | Fair value is based on (a) the trading prices of the investment or similar instruments, (b) an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts into a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts when observable trading prices are not available, or (c) broker quotes obtained by third-party valuation services.
Other investments measured at NAV | In accordance with the relevant accounting standards, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in the table above are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position. The investments measured using NAV are shares of mutual funds that invest in fixed-income instruments including bonds, debt securities, and other similar instruments issued by various U.S. and non-U.S. public- or private-sector entities. The Company can redeem its shares at any time at NAV subject to a three-day settlement period.
AVH Derivative Assets | Fair values are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Unobservable inputs include expected volatility, expected dividend yield and control and acquisition premiums.
Long-term debt | Fair values were based on either market prices or the discounted amount of future cash flows using our current incremental rate of borrowing for similar liabilities or assets.
Investments in Regional Carriers. United holds investments in several regional carriers that fly for the Company as United Express under its capacity purchase agreements ("CPAs"). The combined carrying value of the investments was approximately $126 million as of December 31, 2019. United accounts for each investment using the equity method. Each investment and United's ownership stake are listed below.
• | Republic Airways Holdings Inc. ("Republic"). United holds a 19% minority interest in Republic which the Company received in 2017 in consideration for its unsecured claim in Republic's bankruptcy case. Republic is the parent company of Republic Airline Inc.
• | ManaAir, LLC ("ManaAir"). United holds a 49.9% minority ownership stake in ManaAir. ManaAir is the parent company of ExpressJet Airlines LLC.
• | Champlain Enterprises, LLC ("Champlain"). United owns a 40% minority ownership stake in Champlain. Champlain does business as CommutAir.
Other Investments. United owns approximately 8% of the preferred shares (representing approximately 7% of the total capital stock) of Fulcrum BioEnergy, Inc. ("Fulcrum"), a company that is developing a process for transforming municipal solid waste into transportation fuels, including jet fuel and diesel. United records its investment in Fulcrum at cost less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. As of December 31, 2019, the carrying value of United's investment was $51 million.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=117815213&loc=d3e19207-110258 + Details
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