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Share-Based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-Based Compensation
Long Term Incentive and Share Award Plans
The Company utilizes share-based compensation plans for officers, other employees and directors of Arch Capital and its subsidiaries to provide competitive compensation opportunities, to encourage long-term service, to recognize individual contributions and reward achievement of performance goals and to promote the creation of long-term value for shareholders by aligning the interests of such persons with those of shareholders.
The 2018 Long-Term Incentive and Share Award Plan (the “2018 Plan”) became effective as of May 9, 2018 following approval by shareholders of the Company. The 2018 Plan provides for the issuance of restricted stock units, performance units, restricted shares, performance shares, stock options and stock appreciation rights and other equity-based awards to our employees and directors. The 2018 Plan authorizes the issuance of 34,500,000 common shares and will terminate as to future awards on February 28, 2028. At December 31, 2020, 17,284,108 shares are available for future issuance.
The 2015 Long Term Incentive and Share Award Plan (the (“2015 Plan”) authorizes the issuance of 12,900,000 common shares and became effective as of May 7, 2015 following approval by shareholders of the Company. The 2015 Plan provides for the issuance of share-based awards to our employees and directors and will terminate as to future awards on February 26, 2025. At December 31, 2020, 555,759 shares are available for future issuance.
The 2012 Long Term Incentive and Share Award Plan (the “2012 Plan”) became effective as of May 9, 2012 following approval by shareholders of the Company. The 2012 Plan authorizes the issuance of 22,301,772 common shares and will terminate as to future awards on February 28, 2022. At December 31, 2020, 502,994 shares are available for grant under the 2012 Plan.
Upon shareholder approval on May 6, 2016, the Amended and Restated Arch Capital Group Ltd. 2007 Employee Share
Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) became effective and a total of 4,689,777 common shares were reserved for issuance. The purpose of the ESPP is to give employees of Arch Capital and its subsidiaries an opportunity to purchase common shares through payroll deductions, thereby encouraging employees to share in the economic growth and success of Arch Capital and its subsidiaries. The ESPP is designed to qualify as an “employee share purchase plan” under Section 423 of the Code. At December 31, 2020, 2,267,676 shares remain available for issuance.
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights
The Company generally issues stock options and SARs to eligible employees, with exercise prices equal to the fair market values of the Company’s Common Shares on the grant dates. Such grants generally vest over a three year period with one-third vesting on the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date.
The grant date fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The expected life assumption is based on an expected term analysis, which incorporates the Company’s historical exercise experience. Expected volatility is based on the Company’s daily historical trading data of its common shares. The table below summarizes the assumptions used.
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Dividend yield— %— %— %
Expected volatility16.6 %18.1 %21.3 %
Risk free interest rate1.2 %2.5 %2.8 %
Expected option life6.0 years6.0 years6.0 years
A summary of stock option and SAR activity under the Company’s Long Term Incentive and Share Award Plans during 2020 is presented below:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Number of
Options / SARs		Weighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Contractual TermAggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, beginning of year18,853,018 $20.94 
Granted1,121,833 $42.34 
Exercised(1,981,216)$10.92 
Forfeited or expired(154,302)$30.13 
Outstanding, end of year17,839,333 $23.32 4.74$234,659 
Exercisable, end of year15,132,810 $21.30 4.10$223,908 
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and SARs exercised represents the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and SARs and the closing market price of the Company’s common shares on the exercise dates. During 2020, the Company received proceeds of $5.0 million from the exercise of stock options and recognized a tax benefit of $3.0 million from the exercise of stock options and SARs.
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Weighted average grant date fair value$8.14 $7.90 $7.50 
Aggregate intrinsic value of Options/SARs exercised$59,723 $51,350 $43,468 
Restricted Common Shares and Restricted Units
The Company also issues restricted share and unit awards to eligible employees and directors, for which the fair value is equal to the fair market values of the Company’s Common Shares on the grant dates. Restricted share and unit awards generally vest over a three year period with one-third vesting on the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date.
A summary of restricted share and restricted unit activity under the Company’s Long Term Incentive and Share Award Plans for 2020 is presented below:
Restricted
Common
Shares
Restricted
Unit
Awards
Unvested Shares:
Unvested balance, beginning of year1,045,921 1,563,012 
Granted1,328,033 207,297 
Vested(697,090)(620,905)
Forfeited(41,019)(27,685)
Unvested balance, end of year1,635,845 1,121,719 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value:
Unvested balance, beginning of year$31.02 $30.07 
Granted$37.58 $37.32 
Vested$30.86 $29.99 
Forfeited$33.91 $30.76 
Unvested balance, end of year$36.34 $31.43 
The following table presents the weighted average grant date fair value of restricted shares and restricted unit awards granted and the aggregate fair value of restricted shares and unit awards vesting in each year.
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Restricted shares and restricted unit awards granted1,535,330 1,195,741 1,563,287 
Weighted average grant date fair value$37.55 $32.89 $26.86 
Aggregate fair value of vested restricted share and unit awards$39,703 $46,262 $39,898 
The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted units outstanding at December 31, 2020 was $40.5 million.
Performance Awards
The Company also issues performance share and unit awards (“performance awards”) to eligible employees, which are earned based on the achievement of pre-established threshold, target and maximum goals over three-year performance periods. Final payouts depend on the level of achievement along with each employees continued service through the vest date. The grant date fair value of the performance awards is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which incorporated the assumptions summarized in the table below. Expected volatility is based on the Company’s daily historical trading data of its common shares. The cumulative compensation expense recognized and unrecognized as of any reporting period date represents the adjusted estimate of performance shares and units that will ultimately be awarded, valued at their original grant date fair values.
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Expected volatility18.1 %17.1 %16.2 %
Risk free interest rate1.1 %2.5 %2.6 %
Performance
Shares
Performance
Units
Unvested Shares:
Unvested balance, beginning of year1,400,914 23,767 
Granted548,906 8,298 
Vested— — 
Forfeited(98,438)— 
Unvested balance, end of year1,851,382 32,065 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value:
Unvested balance, beginning of year$30.29 $29.75 
Granted$44.17 $44.17 
Vested$— $— 
Forfeited$30.01 $— 
Unvested balance, end of year$34.42 $33.48 
The following table presents the weighted average grant date fair values of performance awards granted.
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Performance awards557,204 696,360 743,513 
Weighted average grant date fair value$44.17 $36.05 $24.77 
The issuance of share-based awards and amortization thereon has no effect on the Company’s consolidated shareholders’ equity.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
The following tables present pre-tax and after-tax share-based compensation expense recognized as well as the unrecognized compensation cost associated with unvested awards and the weighted average period over which it is expected to be recognized.
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Pre-Tax
Stock options and SARs$11,744 $12,866 $16,272 
Restricted share and unit awards41,284 38,988 34,025 
Performance awards14,729 8,949 4,414 
ESPP2,135 3,045 1,224 
Total$69,892 $63,848 $55,935 
After-Tax
Stock options and SARs$10,388 $11,450 $14,894 
Restricted share and unit awards34,599 32,999 29,044 
Performance awards13,380 8,295 4,127 
ESPP1,978 2,758 1,114 
Total$60,345 $55,502 $49,179 
December 31, 2020
Stock Options and SARsRestricted Common
Shares and Units		Performance Common Shares and Units
Unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested awards$9,333 $52,726 $9,450 
Weighted average recognition period (years)1.021.480.66