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Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Liability for Future Policy Benefits and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract]  
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses
The following table represents an analysis of losses and loss adjustment expenses and a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20252024
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at beginning of period
$29,369 $22,752 
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses recoverable
7,821 6,690 
Net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at beginning of period
21,548 16,062 
Net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to losses occurring in:
Current year
2,784 1,852 
Prior years
(197)(124)
Total net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses
2,587 1,728 
Net foreign exchange (gains) losses and other
193 (84)
Net paid losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to losses occurring in:
Current year
(441)(92)
Prior years
(1,320)(978)
Total net paid losses and loss adjustment expenses
(1,761)(1,070)
Net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at end of period
22,567 16,636 
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses recoverable
8,379 7,069 
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at end of period
$30,946 $23,705 
Prior year development (“PYD”) arises from changes in loss estimates during the current period related to events occurring in prior calendar years. Long-tailed lines include lines of business that typically take many years for claims to settle such as third-party liability; short-tailed lines are those that settle more quickly such as property. The table below summarizes (favorable) and adverse net PYD by segment and tail length:
Three Months Ended
(Favorable) AdverseMarch 31,
2025Short-tailedLong-tailedTotal
Insurance$(15)$(2)$(17)
Reinsurance(127)8 (119)
Mortgage(61)— (61)
Total$(203)$6 $(197)
2024
Insurance$(17)$7 $(10)
Reinsurance(42)2 (40)
Mortgage(74)— (74)
Total$(133)$9 $(124)
2025 First Quarter
The insurance segment’s short-tailed lines included $8 million of favorable development in property and marine, primarily from the 2024 accident year (i.e., the year in which a loss occurred), and $8 million of favorable development in travel and accident, primarily from the 2023 accident year. Long tailed lines included favorable development in executive assurance, from the 2022 and prior accident years, partially offset by adverse development in programs, mainly from the 2024 accident year.
The reinsurance segment’s short-tailed lines included $64 million of favorable development from property catastrophe, primarily from the 2023 and 2024 underwriting years (i.e., all premiums and losses attributable to contracts having an inception or renewal date within the given 12 month period), and $35 million of favorable development from specialty lines, primarily from the 2021 to 2024 underwriting years. Long-tailed lines included $8 million of adverse development in casualty, primarily from the 2021 to 2024 underwriting years.
The mortgage segment’s favorable development was driven by reductions on reserves for delinquent loans associated with the U.S. first lien portfolio from the 2023 and 2024 accident years, with the credit risk transfer and international businesses also contributing.
2024 First Quarter
The insurance segment’s short-tailed lines included $9 million of favorable development in travel and accident, primarily from the 2022 and 2023 accident years. Long-tailed lines included $8 million of adverse development in programs business, primarily from 2021 and 2023 accident years.
The reinsurance segment’s short-tailed lines included $33 million of favorable development related to specialty business, primarily from the 2019 to 2023 underwriting years.
The mortgage segment’s favorable development was driven by reserve releases associated with the U.S. first lien portfolio from the 2022 and 2023 accident years, with the credit risk transfer and international businesses also contributing.