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INTANGIBLES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
INTANGIBLES INTANGIBLES
Goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets are reviewed annually during the fourth quarter for impairment. For 2021, the Company opted to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test for all reporting units with goodwill. The discounted cash flow method and the market approach were used to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a weighting of 75% and 25%, respectively. The discounted cash flow model requires several assumptions including future sales growth, EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) margins, capital expenditures, a discount rate and a terminal revenue growth rate (the revenue growth rate for the period beyond the years forecasted by the reporting units) for each reporting unit. The market approach requires several assumptions including EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) multiples for comparable companies that operate in the same markets as the Company’s reporting units. For 2021, the discounted cash flow method was given more weight compared to the market approach due to a relatively reduced amount of publicly available data from companies with comparable operations to those of Wabtec; however, both valuations resulted in a conclusion that the estimated fair value of all three of the Company's reporting units was in excess of their respective carrying value, which resulted in a conclusion that no impairment existed.
Additionally, the Company proceeded directly to the quantitative impairment test for some trade names with indefinite lives. The fair value of all material trade names subject to the quantitative impairment test exceeded its respective carrying value, resulting in a conclusion that no material impairment existed. For trade names not subject to the quantitative testing, the Company opted to perform a qualitative trade name impairment assessment and determined from the qualitative assessment that it was not more likely than not that the estimated fair values of the trade names were less than their carrying values; therefore, no further analysis was required. In assessing the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a trade name is less than its carrying amount, the Company assessed relevant events and circumstances that may impact the fair value and the carrying amount of the trade name. The identification of relevant events and circumstances and how these may impact a trade name’s fair value or carrying amount involve significant judgments and assumptions. The judgment and assumptions include the identification of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, Wabtec specific events, share price trends and making the assessment on whether each relevant factor will impact the impairment test positively or negatively and the magnitude of any such impact.
The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is as follows:
In millionsFreight
Segment		Transit
Segment		Total
Balance at December 31, 2019$6,877 $1,484 $8,361 
Additions2 — 2 
Disposals(6)— (6)
Foreign currency impact(1)129 128 
Balance at December 31, 2020$6,872 $1,613 $8,485 
Additions214 15 229 
Foreign currency impact(13)(114)(127)
Balance at December 31, 2021$7,073 $1,514 $8,587 
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s trade names had a net carrying amount of $635 million and $651 million, respectively, and the Company believes these intangibles have indefinite lives, with the exception of the right to use the GE Transportation trade name, to which the Company has assigned a useful life of 5 years.
Intangible assets of the Company, other than goodwill and trade names, consist of the following:
 December 31,
In millions20212020
Intellectual property, patents, and other intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $334 and $223
$977 $1,008 
Backlog, net of accumulated amortization of $309 and $206
1,114 1,224 
Customer relationships, net of accumulated amortization of $331 and $276
979 986 
Total$3,070 $3,218 
The remaining weighted average useful lives of backlog, intellectual property, customer relationships, and other intangibles were 10 years, 11 years, 17 years, and 9 years, respectively. The backlog intangible primarily consists of in-place long-term service agreements acquired by the Company in conjunction with the acquisition of GE Transportation. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $287 million, $282 million, and $238 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
Estimated amortization expense for the five succeeding years is as follows (in millions):
2022$291 
2023$290 
2024$281 
2025$278 
2026$274