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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
____________________________________
FORM 10-Q
____________________________________

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 033-90866
____________________________________
WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES
CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________________________

Delaware | 25-1615902
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
30 Isabella Street Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 15212
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip code)

412-825-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
____________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value per share | WAB | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
As of July 21, 2023, there were 179,130,334 shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share, of the registrant outstanding.

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE
TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
June 30, 2023
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
| PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements - (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 43
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 43
| PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 44
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 44
Item 6. | Exhibits | 45
| Signatures | 46

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| Unaudited |  |
In millions, except par value | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 541 |
Accounts receivable | 1,015 |  |  | 975 |
Unbilled accounts receivable | 683 |  |  | 544 |
Inventories, net | 2,317 |  |  | 2,034 |
Other current assets | 277 |  |  | 233 |
Total current assets | 4,663 |  |  | 4,327 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,443 |  |  | 1,429 |
Goodwill | 8,657 |  |  | 8,508 |
Other intangible assets, net | 3,359 |  |  | 3,402 |
Other noncurrent assets | 863 |  |  | 850 |
Total noncurrent assets | 14,322 |  |  | 14,189 |
Total Assets | $ | 18,985 |  |  | $ | 18,516 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 1,307 |  |  | $ | 1,301 |
Customer deposits | 731 |  |  | 772 |
Accrued compensation | 249 |  |  | 300 |
Accrued warranty | 223 |  |  | 215 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 989 |  |  | 251 |
Other accrued liabilities | 674 |  |  | 628 |
Total current liabilities | 4,173 |  |  | 3,467 |
Long-term debt | 3,401 |  |  | 3,751 |
Accrued postretirement and pension benefits | 64 |  |  | 57 |
Deferred income taxes | 359 |  |  | 326 |
Contingent consideration | 48 |  |  | 47 |
Other long-term liabilities | 713 |  |  | 721 |
Total Liabilities | 8,758 |  |  | 8,369 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |
Equity |  |  |
Common stock, $.01 par value; 500.0 shares authorized and 226.9 shares issued: 179.1 and 181.2 outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Additional paid-in capital | 7,949 |  |  | 7,953 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 47.8 and 45.7 shares, at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | (2,014) |  |  | (1,769) |
Retained earnings | 4,875 |  |  | 4,577 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (624) |  |  | (661) |
Total Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corporation shareholders’ equity | 10,188 |  |  | 10,102 |
Noncontrolling interest | 39 |  |  | 45 |
Total Equity | 10,227 |  |  | 10,147 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 18,985 |  |  | $ | 18,516 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
3

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

| Unaudited | Unaudited
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions, except per share data | 2023 |  | 2022 | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of goods | $ | 1,899 |  |  | $ | 1,584 |  | $ | 3,583 |  |  | $ | 3,089 |
Sales of services | 508 |  |  | 464 |  | 1,018 |  |  | 886 |
Total net sales | 2,407 |  |  | 2,048 |  | 4,601 |  |  | 3,975 |
Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods | (1,400) |  |  | (1,147) |  | (2,657) |  |  | (2,231) |
Cost of services | (284) |  |  | (256) |  | (556) |  |  | (504) |
Total cost of sales | (1,684) |  |  | (1,403) |  | (3,213) |  |  | (2,735) |
Gross profit | 723 |  |  | 645 |  | 1,388 |  |  | 1,240 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (285) |  |  | (259) |  | (548) |  |  | (497) |
Engineering expenses | (53) |  |  | (50) |  | (104) |  |  | (95) |
Amortization expense | (73) |  |  | (72) |  | (148) |  |  | (145) |
Total operating expenses | (411) |  |  | (381) |  | (800) |  |  | (737) |
Income from operations | 312 |  |  | 264 |  | 588 |  |  | 503 |
Other income and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (55) |  |  | (44) |  | (103) |  |  | (87) |
Other income, net | 2 |  |  | 7 |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |
Income before income taxes | 259 |  |  | 227 |  | 492 |  |  | 427 |
Income tax expense | (66) |  |  | (58) |  | (126) |  |  | (108) |
Net income | 193 |  |  | 169 |  | 366 |  |  | 319 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (2) |  |  | (3) |  | (6) |  |  | (4) |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 166 |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 315 |
Earnings Per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 178.9 |  |  | 181.9 |  | 179.4 |  |  | 183.2 |
Diluted | 179.4 |  |  | 182.4 |  | 180.0 |  |  | 183.7 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
4

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

| Unaudited | Unaudited
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022 | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 166 |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 315 |
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain | (1) |  |  | (195) |  | 24 |  |  | (182) |
Unrealized gain on derivative contracts | 13 |  |  | — |  | 18 |  |  | 3 |
Unrealized (loss) gain on pension benefit plans and post-retirement benefit plans | (3) |  |  | 4 |  | (2) |  |  | 5 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before tax | 9 |  |  | (191) |  | 40 |  |  | (174) |
Income tax expense related to components of other comprehensive income | (2) |  |  | (1) |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 7 |  |  | (192) |  | 37 |  |  | (175) |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | (26) |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 140 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
5

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Unaudited
| Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | 319 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 246 |  |  | 240 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 22 |  |  | 20 |
Below market intangible amortization | (26) |  |  | (25) |
Net loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment | 3 |  | 3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |
Accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable | (150) |  |  | 45 |
Inventories | (248) |  |  | (256) |
Accounts payable | (5) |  |  | 185 |
Accrued income taxes | (30) |  |  | 32 |
Accrued liabilities and customer deposits | (73) |  |  | (93) |
Other assets and liabilities | (15) |  |  | (46) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 90 |  |  | 424 |
Investing Activities |  |  |
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired | (223) |  |  | (69) |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (70) |  |  | (50) |
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment | — |  |  | 2 |
Net cash used for investing activities | (293) |  |  | (117) |
Financing Activities |  |  |
Proceeds from debt, net of issuance costs | 2,964 |  |  | 3,416 |
Payments of debt | (2,590) |  |  | (3,216) |
Repurchase of stock | (252) |  |  | (399) |
Cash dividends | (62) |  |  | (55) |
Payment of income tax withholding on share-based compensation | (15) |  |  | (1) |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest | (12) |  |  | — |
Other financing activities | (3) |  |  | (1) |
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | 30 |  |  | (256) |
Effect of changes in currency exchange rates | 3 |  |  | (23) |
(Decrease) increase in cash | (170) |  |  | 28 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 541 |  |  | 473 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 501 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
6

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

In millions |  | Common Stock Shares |  | Common Stock Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock Shares |  | Treasury Stock Amount |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Non-controlling Interest |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | 226.9 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7,953 |  |  | (45.7) |  |  | $ | (1,769) |  |  | $ | 4,577 |  |  | $ | (661) |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 10,147 |
Cash dividends ($0.17 dividend per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |
Proceeds from treasury stock issued from the exercise of stock options and other benefit plans, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |
Stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 173 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
Stock repurchase |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | (178) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (178) |
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | 226.9 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7,940 |  |  | (47.1) |  |  | $ | (1,941) |  |  | $ | 4,715 |  |  | $ | (631) |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 10,134 |
Cash dividends ($0.17 dividend per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |
Proceeds from treasury stock issued from the exercise of stock options and other benefit plans, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 193 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Stock repurchase |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (76) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |
Distribution to noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | (12) |
Balance, June 30, 2023 |  | 226.9 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7,949 |  |  | (47.8) |  |  | $ | (2,014) |  |  | $ | 4,875 |  |  | $ | (624) |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 10,227 |

In millions |  | Common Stock Shares |  | Common Stock Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock Shares |  | Treasury Stock Amount |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Non-controlling Interest |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | 226.9 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7,916 |  |  | (41.1) |  |  | $ | (1,306) |  |  | $ | 4,055 |  |  | $ | (466) |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 10,239 |
Cash dividends ($0.15 dividend per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |
Proceeds from treasury stock issued from the exercise of stock options and other benefit plans, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 150 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Stock repurchase |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (296) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (296) |
Balance, March 31, 2022 |  | 226.9 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7,917 |  |  | (44.0) |  |  | $ | (1,597) |  |  | $ | 4,176 |  |  | $ | (449) |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 10,088 |
Cash dividends ($0.15 dividend per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |
Proceeds from treasury stock issued from the exercise of stock options and other benefit plans, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 169 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (192) |  |  | — |  |  | (192) |
Stock repurchase |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (103) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (103) |
Balance, June 30, 2022 |  | 226.9 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7,926 |  |  | (45.0) |  |  | $ | (1,696) |  |  | $ | 4,314 |  |  | $ | (641) |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 9,947 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
7

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED JUNE 30, 2023 (UNAUDITED)
1. BUSINESS
Except as the context otherwise requires, all references to “we”, “our”, “us”, the “Company” and “Wabtec” refer to Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to the “Parent Company” refer to Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corporation alone. Wabtec is one of the world’s largest providers of value-added, technology-based locomotives, equipment, systems, and services for the global freight rail and passenger transit industries, as well as the mining, marine and industrial markets. Our highly engineered products, which are intended to enhance safety, improve productivity and reduce maintenance costs for customers, can be found on most locomotives, freight cars, passenger transit cars, and buses around the world. Our core products and services are essential in the safe and efficient operation of freight rail and passenger transit vehicles. Wabtec is a global company with operations in over 50 countries and our products can be found in more than 100 countries throughout the world. In the first six months of 2023, approximately 55% of the Company’s Net sales came from customers outside the United States.
2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States of America and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and include the accounts of Wabtec and its subsidiaries in which Wabtec has a controlling interest. These condensed consolidated interim financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements. In management’s opinion, these financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified, where necessary, to conform to the current year presentation.
Results for these interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year particularly in light of ongoing volatility in the macroeconomic environment caused by supply chain disruptions, labor availability, broad-based inflation, and the impacts resulting from Russia's invasion of Ukraine. These factors continue to impact our sales channels, supply chain, manufacturing operations, workforce, and other key aspects of our operations. We are unable to reasonably predict the full impact of these factors due to the high degree of uncertainty regarding their duration and severity, their potential impact on global economic activity, and the impact that current and new sanctions may have on our business, global supply chain operations and our customers, suppliers, and end-markets.
As of June 30, 2023, Wabtec had approximately $8 million of cash related to Russian operations which will be utilized to settle remaining obligations in Russia. During the second quarter of 2023, based on changes in facts and circumstances, management determined that assets related to Russian operations, excluding cash, were not expected to be recoverable and, as a result, a charge of approximately $3 million was recorded. Assets related to Ukraine and Belarus operations are not significant.
The Company operates on a four-four-five week accounting quarter, and the quarters end on or about March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31.
The notes included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in Wabtec’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The December 31, 2022 information has been derived from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP in the United States requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual amounts could differ from the estimates. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may result in revised estimates.
Revenue Recognition A majority of the Company’s revenues are derived from performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time when control passes to the customer. The remaining revenues are earned over time. Generally, for performance obligations satisfied at a point in time control passes at the time of shipment in accordance with agreed upon delivery terms.
The Company also has long-term customer agreements involving the design and production of highly engineered products that require revenue to be recognized over time because these products have no alternative use without significant economic loss and the agreements contain an enforceable right to payment including a reasonable profit margin from the customer in the event of contract termination. Additionally, the Company has customer agreements involving the creation or enhancement of an asset that the customer controls which also require revenue to be recognized over time. Generally, the Company uses an input method for determining the amount of revenue, cost and gross margin to recognize over time for these
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customer agreements. The input methods used for these agreements include costs of material and labor, both of which give an accurate representation of the progress made toward complete satisfaction of a particular performance obligation. The company may also use the output method which recognizes revenue based on direct measurements of the value transferred to the customer. Contract revenues and cost estimates are reviewed and revised periodically throughout the year and adjustments are reflected in the accounting period as such amounts are determined.
Due to the nature of work required to be performed on the Company’s long-term projects, the estimation of total revenue and cost at completion is subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. Contract estimates related to long-term projects are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that could span several years. These assumptions include cost of materials; labor availability and productivity; complexity of the work to be performed; and the performance of suppliers, customers and subcontractors that may be associated with the contract. We have a disciplined process where management reviews the progress of long term-projects periodically throughout the year. As part of this process, management reviews information including key contract matters, progress towards completion, identified risks and opportunities and any other information that could impact the Company’s estimates of revenue and costs. After completing this analysis, any adjustments to net sales, cost of goods sold, and the related impact to operating income are recognized as necessary in the period they become known.
Generally, the Company’s revenue contains a single performance obligation for each distinct good or service; however, a single contract may have multiple performance obligations comprising multiple promises to customers. When there are multiple performance obligations, revenue is allocated based on the relative stand-alone selling price. Pricing is defined in our contracts on a line item basis and includes an estimate of variable consideration when required by the terms of the individual customer contract. Types of variable consideration the Company typically has include volume discounts, prompt payment discounts, price escalation clauses, liquidating damages and performance bonuses. Sales returns and allowances are also estimated and recognized in the same period the related revenue is recognized, based upon the Company’s experience and future expectations.
Remaining performance obligations represent the allocated transaction price of unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations. As of June 30, 2023, the Company's remaining performance obligations were approximately $22.3 billion. The Company expects to recognize revenue of approximately 30% of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months, with the remainder recognized thereafter.
Revolving Receivables Program The Company utilizes a revolving facility to sell up to $350 million of certain receivables of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries (the "Originators"). The Originators contribute receivables to our bankruptcy-remote subsidiary, which sells the receivables to a financial institution on a recurring basis in exchange for cash equal to the gross receivables sold. The bankruptcy remote subsidiary is a separate legal entity with its own creditors, and its assets are not available to pay creditors of the Company or any other affiliates of the Company. As customers pay their balances, we transfer additional receivables into the program, which could result in our gross receivables sold being higher or lower than collections reinvested for any applicable period. The sold receivables are fully guaranteed by our bankruptcy-remote subsidiary, which holds additional receivables that are pledged as collateral under this facility. The Company has agreed to guarantee the performance of the Originators respective obligations under the revolving agreement. Neither the Company (except for the bankruptcy-remote consolidated subsidiary referenced above) nor the Originators guarantees the collectability of the receivables under the revolving agreements.
At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the bankruptcy-remote subsidiary held receivables of $599 million and $458 million, respectively, which are included in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The receivables held by the bankruptcy-remote subsidiary collateralize the outstanding receivables sold, which were $235 million and $80 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The transfers are recorded at the fair value of the proceeds received and obligations assumed less derecognized receivables. No obligation was recorded at June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022 as the estimated expected credit losses on receivables sold is insignificant. Our maximum exposure to losses related to these receivables transferred is limited to the amount outstanding.
The following table sets forth a summary of receivables sold:

In millions | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Gross receivables sold/cash proceeds received | $ | 1,216 |  |  | $ | 864 |
Collections reinvested under revolving receivables agreement | (1,061) |  |  | (684) |
Net cash proceeds received | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 180 |

Restricted Cash At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company classified cash of $7 million as restricted for cash held in escrow related to a 2022 acquisition.
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Depreciation Expense Depreciation of property, plant and equipment related to the manufacturing of products or services provided is included in Cost of goods or Cost of services. Depreciation of other property, plant and equipment that is not attributable to the manufacturing of products or services provided is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses or Engineering expenses to the extent the property, plant, and equipment is used for research and development purposes.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized. Other intangibles (with definite lives) are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic lives. Amortizable intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when indicators of impairment are present. The Company tests goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at the reporting unit level and at least annually. The Company performs its annual impairment test during the fourth quarter after the annual forecasting process is completed, and also tests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Periodically, management of the Company assesses whether or not an indicator of impairment is present that would necessitate an impairment analysis to be performed.
Accounting Standards Recently Adopted In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-04, Liabilities - Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Obligations. The amendments in this update outline specific quantitative and qualitative disclosure requirements for entities that use supplier finance programs in connection with the purchase of goods or services. The amendments in this update do not affect the recognition, measurement, or financial statement presentation of obligations covered by supplier finance programs. The amendments in this update were effective for Wabtec's reporting periods beginning January 1, 2023, except for the amendments on roll forward information which will be effective for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2024. The amendments will require increased interim and annual disclosures be provided on current and comparable reporting periods presented in annual and interim company filings.
Supply Chain Financing Program
The Company has entered into supply chain financing arrangements with third-party financial institutions to provide our vendors with enhanced payment options while providing the Company with added working capital flexibility. The Company does not provide any guarantees under these arrangements, does not have an economic interest in our supplier's voluntary participation, does not receive an economic benefit from the financial institutions, and no assets are pledged under the arrangements. The arrangements do not change the payable terms negotiated by the Company and our vendors, which range between net 45 and net 180 days, and does not result in a change in the classification of amounts due as Accounts payable in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Suppliers utilized the program to accelerate receipt of payment from these financial institutions for $341 million and $296 million of the Company's outstanding Accounts payable as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The supplier invoices included under the program require payment in full to the financial institutions consistent with the Company’s normal terms and conditions as agreed upon with the vendor.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive income (loss) comprises both Net income and Other comprehensive (loss) income resulting from the change in equity from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources.
The changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, including any tax impacts, for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

| Foreign currency translation |  | Derivative contracts |  | Pension and postretirement benefit plans |  | Total
In millions | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022
Balance at March 31 | $ | (571) |  | $ | (383) |  |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (55) |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | (631) |  | $ | (449) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (1) |  | (195) |  |  | 9 |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  | (192) |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net | (1) |  | (195) |  |  | 9 |  | — |  |  | (1) |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  | (192) |
Balance at June 30 | $ | (572) |  | $ | (578) |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (56) |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | (624) |  | $ | (641) |

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The changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, including any tax impacts, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

| Foreign currency translation |  | Derivative contracts |  | Pension and postretirement benefit plans |  | Total
In millions | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022
Balance at beginning of year | $ | (596) |  | $ | (396) |  |  | $ | (9) |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (56) |  | $ | (65) |  |  | $ | (661) |  | $ | (466) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 24 |  | (182) |  |  | 13 |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  | 3 |  |  | 36 |  | (176) |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | 24 |  | (182) |  |  | 13 |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | 4 |  |  | 37 |  | (175) |
Balance at June 30 | $ | (572) |  | $ | (578) |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (56) |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | (624) |  | $ | (641) |

Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss are recognized in "Other income, net" with the tax impact recognized in "Income tax expense" on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
3. ACQUISITIONS
During the second quarter of 2023, the Company acquired L&M Radiator, Inc., a leading manufacturer of heavy-duty equipment radiators and heat exchangers for the mining sector, for a purchase price of approximately $239 million.
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair value of the L&M Radiator, Inc. assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

In millions |
Assets acquired |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 16 |
Accounts receivable | 20 |
Inventory | 26 |
Other current assets | 1 |
Property, plant and equipment | 31 |
Goodwill | 102 |
Other intangible assets | 88 |
Other noncurrent assets | 1 |
Total assets acquired | 285 |
Liabilities assumed |
Current liabilities | 16 |
Noncurrent liabilities | 30 |
Total liabilities assumed | 46 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 239 |

The fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were determined using the income, cost and market approaches. Discounted cash flow models were used to estimate the fair values of acquired intangibles. The fair value measurements were primarily based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Intangible assets acquired include customer relationships and acquired technology that are subject to amortization, and trade names that were assigned an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. Contingent liabilities assumed as part of the transaction were not material. These estimates are preliminary in nature and subject to adjustments,
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which could be material as the Company has not completed its valuation of acquired assets and liabilities. Any necessary adjustments will be finalized within one year from the date of acquisition.
Goodwill was calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred and the fair value of the net assets acquired, and represents the assembled workforce and the future economic benefits, including synergies, that are expected to be achieved as a result of the acquisition. The purchased goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The pro forma impact on Wabtec’s sales and results of operations, including the pro forma effect of events that are directly attributable to the acquisition, was not significant.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Freight Segment made three strategic acquisitions for a combined purchase price of $89 million. Two of the acquisitions are reported in the Digital Intelligence product line and one is reported in the Services product line. Each of the acquisitions in 2022 are individually and collectively immaterial.
4. INVENTORIES
The components of inventory, net of reserves, were:

In millions | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Raw materials | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | 878 |
Work-in-progress | 545 |  |  | 515 |
Finished goods | 766 |  |  | 641 |
Total inventories | $ | 2,317 |  |  | $ | 2,034 |

5. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is as follows:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 7,085 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 8,508 |
Additions/adjustments | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |
Foreign currency impact | 15 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 40 |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | $ | 7,209 |  |  | $ | 1,448 |  |  | $ | 8,657 |

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s trade names had a net carrying amount of $626 million and $602 million, respectively. The Company believes these intangibles have indefinite lives, with the exception of the right to use the GE Transportation trade name, to which the Company has assigned a useful life of 5 years.
Intangible assets of the Company, other than goodwill and trade names, consist of the following:

|  | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
In millions |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Backlog |  | $ | 1,432 |  |  | $ | (472) |  |  | $ | 960 |  |  | $ | 1,425 |  |  | $ | (415) |  |  | $ | 1,010 |
Customer relationships |  | 1,325 |  |  | (396) |  |  | 929 |  |  | 1,274 |  |  | (362) |  |  | 912 |
Acquired technology |  | 1,290 |  |  | (446) |  |  | 844 |  |  | 1,273 |  |  | (395) |  |  | 878 |
Total |  | $ | 4,047 |  |  | $ | (1,314) |  |  | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | 3,972 |  |  | $ | (1,172) |  |  | $ | 2,800 |

At June 30, 2023 the weighted average remaining useful lives of backlog, customer relationships and acquired technology were 9 years, 16 years and 8 years, respectively. The backlog intangible asset primarily consists of in-place long-term service agreements acquired by the Company in conjunction with the acquisition of GE Transportation. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $73 million and $148 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $72 million and $145 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
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Amortization expense for the five succeeding years is estimated to be as follows:

In millions |
Remainder of 2023 | $ | 149 |
2024 | $ | 288 |
2025 | $ | 271 |
2026 | $ | 267 |
2027 | $ | 263 |

6. CONTRACT ASSETS AND CONTRACT LIABILITIES
Contract assets include unbilled amounts resulting from sales under long-term contracts where revenue is recognized over time and revenue exceeds the amount that can be billed to the customer based on the terms of the contract. The current portion of the contract assets are classified as current assets under the caption “Unbilled accounts receivable” while the noncurrent contract assets are classified as other assets under the caption "Other noncurrent assets" on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Noncurrent contract assets were $176 million at June 30, 2023 and $162 million at December 31, 2022. Included in noncurrent contract assets are certain costs that are specifically related to a contract but do not directly contribute to the transfer of control of the tangible product being created, such as non-recurring engineering costs. The Company has elected to use the practical expedient and does not consider unbilled amounts anticipated to be paid within one year as significant financing components.
Contract liabilities include customer deposits that are made prior to the incurrence of costs related to a newly agreed upon contract and advanced customer payments that are in excess of revenue recognized. The current portion of contract liabilities are classified as current liabilities under the caption “Customer deposits” while the noncurrent contract liabilities are classified as noncurrent liabilities under the caption "Other long-term liabilities" on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Noncurrent contract liabilities were $106 million at June 30, 2023 and $86 million at December 31, 2022. These contract liabilities are not considered a significant financing component because they are used to meet working capital demands that can be higher in the early stages of a contract or revenue associated with the contract liabilities is expected to be recognized within one year. Contract liabilities also include provisions for estimated losses from uncompleted contracts. Provisions for loss contracts were $97 million and $98 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These provisions for estimated losses are classified as current liabilities and included within the caption “Other accrued liabilities” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The change in the carrying amount of contract assets and contract liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

| Contract Assets
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 706 |  |  | $ | 545 |
Recognized in current year | 358 |  |  | 284 |
Reclassified to accounts receivable | (208) |  |  | (225) |
Acquisitions/adjustments | (2) |  |  | 28 |
Foreign currency impact | 5 |  |  | (20) |
Balance at June 30 | $ | 859 |  |  | $ | 612 |
| Contract Liabilities
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 956 |  |  | $ | 824 |
Recognized in current year | 561 |  |  | 453 |
Amounts in beginning balance reclassified to revenue | (439) |  |  | (277) |
Current year amounts reclassified to revenue | (149) |  |  | (169) |
Acquisitions | 1 |  |  | 12 |
Foreign currency impact | 4 |  |  | (17) |
Balance at June 30 | $ | 934 |  |  | $ | 826 |

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7. LEASES
The Company leases certain property, buildings and equipment. For leases with terms greater than 12 months, the Company records the related asset and obligation at the present value of lease payments. Many of the Company's leases include rental escalation clauses, renewal options, and/or termination options that are factored into our determination of lease payments when appropriate. The right-of-use assets are classified as noncurrent and included within the caption "Other noncurrent assets" on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The current portion of lease liabilities are classified under the caption "Other accrued liabilities," while the noncurrent portion of lease liabilities are classified under the caption "Other long-term liabilities" on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components. As most of the Company's leases do not provide a readily stated discount rate, the Company must estimate the rate to discount lease payments using its incremental borrowing rate.
Operating lease expense was $16 million and $32 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $14 million and $29 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. New operating leases of $6 million and $20 million were added during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $22 million and $24 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. Wabtec does not have material financing leases, short-term or variable leases or sublease income.
Scheduled payments of lease liabilities are as follows:

In millions | Operating Leases
Remaining 2023 | $ | 33 |
2024 | 57 |
2025 | 50 |
2026 | 44 |
2027 | 34 |
Thereafter | 136 |
Total lease payments | 354 |
Less: Present value discount | (26) |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 328 |

The following table summarizes the remaining lease term and discount rate assumptions used to develop the present value of operating lease liabilities:

| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | 8.1 |  | 8.3
Weighted-average discount rate | 2.3 | % |  | 2.3 | %

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8. LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt consisted of the following:

| Effective Interest Rate |  | Face Value |  | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
In millions |  |  | Book Value |  | Fair Value 1 |  | Book Value |  | Fair Value 1
Restated Credit Agreement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving Credit Facility | 7.0 | % |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Senior Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
4.375% Senior Notes, due 2023 | 4.5 | % |  | $ | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 248 |
4.15% Senior Notes, due 2024 | 4.6 | % |  | $ | 725 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 714 |
3.20% Senior Notes, due 2025 | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 500 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 471 |
3.45% Senior Notes, due 2026 | 3.5 | % |  | $ | 750 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 702 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 699 |
1.25% Senior Notes (EUR), due 2027 | 1.5 | % |  | € | 500 |  |  | 540 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 455 |
4.70% Senior Notes, due 2028 | 5.0 | % |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | 1,244 |  |  | 1,212 |  |  | 1,244 |  |  | 1,201 |
Other Borrowings |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 13 |
Total |  |  |  |  | 4,390 |  |  | 4,217 |  |  | 4,002 |  |  | 3,801 |
Less: current portion |  |  |  |  | (989) |  |  | (980) |  |  | (251) |  |  | (249) |
Long-term portion |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,401 |  |  | $ | 3,237 |  |  | $ | 3,751 |  |  | $ | 3,552 |

1. See Note 13 for information on the fair value measurement of the Company's long-term debt.
Variances between Face Value and Book Value are the result of unamortized discounts and debt issuance fees as well as foreign exchange on the Euro Notes. Amortization of discounts and debt issuance fees are included in the calculation of Effective Interest Rate.
For those debt securities that have a premium or discount at the time of issuance, the Company amortizes the amount through interest expense based on the maturity date or the first date the holders may require the Company to repurchase the debt securities, if applicable. A premium would result in a decrease in interest expense, and a discount would result in an increase in interest expense in future periods. Additionally, the Company has debt issuance costs related to certain financing transactions which are also amortized through interest expense. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had total combined unamortized discount and debt issuance costs of $18 million and $21 million, respectively.
Credit Agreement
On June 8, 2018, the Company entered into a credit agreement (“Original Credit Agreement”) consisting of (i) term loans denominated in euros and U.S. dollars ("Term Loans") and (ii) a multi-currency revolving loan facility, providing for an equivalent in U.S. dollars of up to $1.2 billion. On August 15, 2022, the Company entered into a new unsecured credit agreement ("Restated Credit Agreement"), which amended, restated and replaced the Original Credit Agreement. The Restated Credit Agreement is with a syndicate of lenders and provides for borrowings consisting of (i) a multi-currency revolving credit facility, providing for an equivalent in U.S. dollars of up to $1.5 billion (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and (ii) a new $250 million delayed draw term loan facility (the “Delayed Draw Term Loan”), all pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Restated Credit Agreement (which are substantially similar with the terms of the Original Credit Agreement). The Restated Credit Agreement allows the Company to request, at prevailing market rates, an aggregate amount not to exceed $750 million, (a) increases to the borrowing commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and/or (b) new incremental term loan commitments. The agreement contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants, and events of default customary for facilities of this type.
The Revolving Credit Facility matures on August 15, 2027. The Delayed Draw Term Loan is available for borrowings until February 15, 2024 and any borrowings under the Delayed Draw Term Loan will mature on August 15, 2027. Amounts borrowed and repaid under the Delayed Draw Term Loan may not be reborrowed. The applicable interest rate for borrowings under the Restated Credit Agreement includes a base rate (per the Interest Election terms of the agreement) plus an interest rate spread up to 1.75% based on the lower of the pricing corresponding to (i) the Company’s financial leverage or (ii) the Company’s public rating. Obligations under the Restated Credit Agreement have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries.
Under the Restated Credit Agreement, the Company has agreed to maintain an Interest Coverage Ratio of at least 3.0 to 1.0, and a Leverage Ratio not to exceed 3.5 to 1.0. The Interest Coverage Ratio is defined as EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) to Interest Expense for the four quarters then ended. The Leverage Ratio is defined as Net Debt as of the last day of such fiscal quarter to EBITDA for the four quarters then ended. Additionally, the Company may
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submit a request for an increased maximum Leverage Ratio in contemplation of a Material Acquisition. All terms are as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement.
The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants in the Restated Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2023.
The following table presents availability under the Restated Credit Agreement at June 30, 2023:

In millions |  |
Maximum Revolving Credit Facility Availability |  | $ | 1,500 |
Delayed Draw Term Loan |  | 250 |
Outstanding Borrowings |  | (372) |
Letters of Credit Under Credit Agreement |  | (1) |
Current Availability |  | $ | 1,377 |

Senior Notes
The Company or its subsidiaries may issue senior notes from time to time. These notes are comprised of our 4.375% Senior Notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes"), 4.15% Senior Notes due 2024 (the "2024 Notes"), 3.20% Senior Notes due 2025 (the "2025 Notes"), 3.45% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "2026 Notes"), 1.25% Senior Notes (EUR) due 2027 (the "Euro Notes"), and 4.70% Senior Notes due 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). The 2023 Notes, 2024 Notes, 2025 Notes, 2026 Notes and 2028 Notes are the “US Notes”, and collectively with the Euro Notes, the “Senior Notes.” Interest on the US Notes is payable semi-annually and interest on the Euro Notes is paid annually. Each series of the Senior Notes may be redeemed at any time in whole or from time to time in part in accordance with the provisions of the indenture, under which such series of notes was issued. Each of the Senior Notes may be redeemed at a redemption price of 100% of the principal amount plus a specified make-whole premium and accrued interest. The US Notes and the Company's guarantee of the Euro Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and rank pari passu with all existing and future senior debt, and are senior to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of the Company.
Beginning September 15, 2023, the effective interest rates for the 2024 Notes and the 2028 Notes will each be reduced by 0.25% due to a favorable change in Wabtec's corporate bond rating.
During the second quarter of 2022, the Company redeemed $25 million of principal from the 2024 Notes plus a premium and the related accrued interest.
The indentures under which the Senior Notes were issued contain covenants and restrictions which limit, subject to certain exceptions, certain sale and leaseback transactions with respect to principal properties, the incurrence of secured debt without equally and ratably securing the Senior Notes, and certain merger and consolidation transactions. The covenants do not require the Company to maintain any financial ratios or specified levels of net worth or liquidity. The US Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on an unsecured basis by each of the Company's subsidiaries that is a guarantor under the Restated Credit Agreement. The Euro Notes were issued by Wabtec Transportation Netherlands B.V. and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company.
The Company is in compliance with the restrictions and covenants in the indentures under which the Senior Notes were issued and expects that these restrictions and covenants will not be any type of limiting factor in executing our operating activities.
9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company maintains employee stock-based compensation plans for stock options, restricted stock, and incentive stock units as governed by the 2011 Stock Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (the “2011 Plan”) and the 2000 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2000 Plan”). The 2011 Plan has a term through May 10, 2027, and as of June 30, 2023, the number of shares available for future grants under the 2011 Plan was approximately 4.9 million shares. The Company also maintains a 1995 Non-Employee Directors’ Fee and Stock Option Plan as amended and restated (“the Directors Plan”).
Stock-based compensation expense was $14 million and $26 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $12 million and $23 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. At June 30, 2023, unamortized compensation expense related to stock options, non-vested restricted shares and incentive stock units expected to vest is approximately $80 million.
Stock Options Stock options are granted to eligible employees and directors at an exercise price equal to fair market value, which is the average of the high and low Wabtec stock price on the date of grant. Under the 2011 Plan and the 2000 Plan, options become exercisable over a three-year vesting period and expire 10 years from the date of grant. No stock options were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 or the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.
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The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the 2011 Plan, the 2000 Plan and the Directors Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 399,938 |  |  | $ | 77.32 |  |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 11 |
Exercised | (32,498) |  |  | $ | 72.87 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (1,319) |  |  | $ | 78.94 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2023 | 366,121 |  |  | $ | 77.71 |  |  | 5.5 |  | $ | 12 |
Exercisable at June 30, 2023 | 330,639 |  |  | $ | 77.50 |  |  | 5.5 |  | $ | 11 |

Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Units and Incentive Stock As provided for under the 2011 Plan and 2000 Plan, eligible employees are granted restricted stock that generally vests over three years from the date of grant. Under the Directors Plan, restricted stock awards vest one year from the date of grant. The restricted stock units are liability-classified equity awards as they can be settled in cash.
In addition, the Company has issued incentive stock units to eligible employees that vest upon attainment of certain cumulative three-year performance goals. Significant judgments and estimates are used in determining the estimated three-year performance, which is then used to estimate the total shares expected to vest over the three year vesting cycle and corresponding expense based on the grant date fair value of the award. When determining the estimated three-year performance, the Company utilizes a combination of historical actual results, budgeted results and forecasts. Upon the initial grant of a performance cycle, the Company estimates the three-year performance at 100%. Quarterly, the Company reviews and updates performance estimates based on actual performance results and current projections. Based on the Company’s performance for each three-year period then ended, the incentive stock units can vest and be awarded ranging from 0% to 200% of the initial incentive stock units granted. The incentive stock units included in the table below represent the number of incentive stock units that are expected to vest based on the Company’s estimate for meeting those established performance targets. As of June 30, 2023, the Company estimates that it will achieve 125%, 122% and 101% for the incentive stock awards expected to vest based on performance for the three-year periods ending December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively, and has recorded incentive compensation expense accordingly. If the estimates of the number of these incentive stock units expected to vest changes in a future accounting period, cumulative compensation expense could increase or decrease and will be recognized in the current period for the elapsed portion of the vesting period and would change future expense for the remaining vesting period.
Compensation expense for the non-vested restricted stock and incentive stock units is based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant and recognized over the applicable vesting period. Expense for incentive stock units is updated as necessary based on the Company's performance.
The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity and related information for the 2011 Plan, the 2000 Plan, and Directors Plan, and incentive stock units activity and related information for the 2011 Plan and the 2000 Plan with related information for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

| Restricted Stock and Units |  | Incentive Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 689,420 |  |  | 744,844 |  |  | $ | 84.73 |
Granted | 352,584 |  |  | 192,751 |  |  | $ | 104.51 |
Vested | (228,203) |  |  | (265,678) |  |  | $ | 81.40 |
Adjustment for incentive stock awards expected to vest | — |  |  | (842) |  |  | $ | 85.98 |
Canceled | (12,198) |  |  | (1,938) |  |  | $ | 89.08 |
Outstanding at June 30, 2023 | 801,603 |  |  | 669,137 |  |  | $ | 93.13 |

10. INCOME TAXES
The overall effective tax rate of 25.5% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the impact of state and foreign taxes.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into law. This act includes a new book minimum tax on certain large corporations and an excise tax on corporate stock buybacks among other provisions. This act has not had, and is not expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
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11. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders is as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions, except per share data | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 315 |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | 178.9 |  |  | 181.9 |  |  | 179.4 |  |  | 183.2 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assumed conversion of dilutive stock-based compensation plans | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.5 |
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted | 179.4 |  |  | 182.4 |  |  | 180.0 |  |  | 183.7 |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
Diluted | $ | 1.06 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |

12. WARRANTIES
The following table reconciles the changes in the Company’s product warranty reserve for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Warranty expense | 55 |  |  | 41 |
Warranty claim payments | (48) |  |  | (49) |
Acquisitions | — |  |  | 3 |
Foreign currency impact/other | 1 |  |  | (10) |
Balance at June 30 | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 244 |

13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT AND DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and explains the related disclosure requirements. ASC 820 indicates, among other things, that a fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability and defines fair value based upon an exit price model.
Valuation Hierarchy. ASC 820 establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs to valuation used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company’s cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less and are considered Level 1 on the fair value valuation hierarchy. The fair value of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash approximated the carrying value at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Senior Notes are considered Level 2 based on the fair value valuation hierarchy. Contingent consideration related to the GE Transportation acquisition is considered Level 3 based on the fair value valuation hierarchy. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $105 million was classified as "Other accrued liabilities" on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and $48 million and $47 million, respectively, was included within long-term liabilities classified as "Contingent consideration" on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value approximates the carrying value at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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Hedging Activities In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to market risk related to interest rates, commodity prices and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which may adversely affect our operating results and financial position. At times, we limit these risks through the use of derivatives such as cross-currency swaps, foreign currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, commodity swaps and options. These hedging contracts are valued using broker quotations, or market transactions in either the listed or over-the-counter markets. As such, these derivative instruments are classified within level 2. In accordance with our policy, derivatives are only used for hedging purposes. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
The Company uses forward contracts to hedge forecasted foreign currency denominated sales of finished goods and future settlement of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. Derivatives used to hedge firm commitments relevant to sales and purchases and forecasted transactions to be realized with high probability that meet the criteria for hedge accounting are designated as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of gains and losses is deferred as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss and is recognized in earnings at the time the hedged item affects earnings, in the same line item as the underlying hedged item. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the amounts reclassified into income were not material.
The Company has also established balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect its balance sheet against foreign currency exchange rate volatility. We conduct our business worldwide in U.S. dollars and the functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries, including euro, Indian rupee, British pound sterling, Australian dollars and several other foreign currencies. Changes in these foreign currency exchange rates could have a material adverse impact on our financial results that are reported in U.S. dollars. We are also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our foreign subsidiaries, including intercompany loans denominated in non-functional currencies. We hedge these exposures using foreign currency swap contracts and cross-currency swaps to offset the potential income statement effects on intercompany loans denominated in non-functional currencies. These programs reduce but do not eliminate foreign currency exchange rate risk entirely.
The Company enters into certain derivative contracts in accordance with its risk management strategy that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting, but which have the impact of largely mitigating foreign currency exposure. These foreign exchange contracts are accounted for on a full mark to market basis through earnings, with gains and losses recorded as a component of Other income, net. The net gain related to these contracts was $1 million and $2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, and the net loss related to these contracts was $7 million and $8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. These contracts typically mature within one year.
The following table summarizes the assets, liabilities, gross notional amounts, fair values, and fair value hierarchy classification of the designated and non-designated hedges discussed in the above sections as of June 30, 2023, which are included in other current assets and liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

|  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Notional Amount
In millions | Level |  | Designated |  | Non-Designated |  | Designated |  | Non-Designated
Foreign Exchange Contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets | 2 |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 61 |
Other current liabilities | 2 |  | (13) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 559 |  |  | 230 |
Interest Rate Contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets | 2 |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 291 |

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The following table summarizes the assets, liabilities, gross notional amounts, fair values, and fair value hierarchy classification of the designated and non-designated hedges discussed in the above sections as of December 31, 2022, which are included in other current assets and liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

|  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Notional Amount
In millions | Level |  | Designated |  | Non-Designated |  | Designated |  | Non-Designated
Foreign Exchange Contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets | 2 |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Other current liabilities | 2 |  | (11) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 769 |  |  | 152 |
Total |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,047 |  |  | $ | 308 |

Interest Rate Risk
The Company may use interest rate hedge contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to manage its overall cost of borrowing. Accordingly, the Company has entered into interest rate hedges to manage interest rate risk for a portion of future expected debt transactions. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal capital at risk. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 the amounts reclassified into income were not material.
Commodity Price Risk
The Company may use commodity forward swaps to manage its exposure to commodity price changes and to reduce its overall cost of manufacturing. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 the amounts recognized as income or expense were not material.
14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The Company is subject to a variety of environmental laws and regulations governing discharges to air and water, the handling, storage and disposal of hazardous or solid waste materials and the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances. The Company believes its operations currently comply in all material respects with all of the various environmental laws and regulations applicable to our business; however, there can be no assurance that environmental requirements will not change in the future or that we will not incur significant costs to comply with such requirements.
Claims have been filed against the Company and certain of its affiliates in various jurisdictions across the United States by persons alleging bodily injury as a result of exposure to asbestos-containing products. The vast majority of the claims are submitted to insurance carriers for defense and indemnity, or to non-affiliated companies that retain the liabilities for the asbestos-containing products at issue. We cannot, however, assure that all of these claims will be fully covered by insurance, or that the indemnitors or insurers will remain financially viable. Our ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to these claims, as is the case with other pending litigation, cannot be estimated. A limited number of claims are not covered by insurance, nor are they subject to indemnity from non-affiliated parties. Management believes that the costs of the Company’s asbestos-related cases will not be material to the Company’s overall financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Xorail, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Xorail”), has received notices from Denver Transit Constructors (“DTC”) alleging breach of contract related to the operating of constant warning wireless crossings, and late delivery of the Train Management & Dispatch System (“TMDS”) for the Denver Eagle P3 Project, which is owned by the Denver Regional Transit District ("RTD"). No damages have been asserted for the alleged late delivery of the TMDS, and no formal claim has been filed; Xorail has successfully completed a remediation plan concerning the TMDS issues. With regard to the wireless crossing issue, as of September 8, 2017, DTC alleged that total damages were $37 million through July 31, 2017 and were continuing to accumulate. The majority of the damages stems from a delay in approval of the wireless crossing system by the Federal Railway Administration ("FRA") and the Public Utility Commission ("PUC"), resulting in the use of flaggers at all of the crossings pending approval of the wireless crossing system and certification of the crossings. DTC has alleged that the delay is due to Xorail's failure to achieve constant warning times for the crossings in accordance with the approval requirements imposed by the FRA and PUC. Xorail has denied DTC's assertions, stating that its system satisfied the contractual requirements. Xorail has worked with DTC to modify its system and implement the FRA's and PUC's previously undefined approval requirements; the FRA and PUC have both approved modified wireless crossing system, and as of August 2018, DTC completed the process of certifying the crossings and eliminated the use of flaggers. DTC has not updated its claim notices or alleged damages against Xorail, nor have they filed any formal claim against Xorail. On September 21, 2018, DTC filed a complaint against RTD in Colorado state court for breach of contract related to non-payments and the costs for the flaggers, asserting a change-in-law arising from the FRA/PUC’s new certification requirements. DTC's claim against RTD proceeded to trial on September 21, 2020. On February 10, 2023, the court issued a decision in favor of RTD, denying DTC's damages claim. DTC has filed a Notice of Appeal.
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From time to time the Company is involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of its operations in the ordinary course of business. As of the date hereof, the Company is involved in no litigation that the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
15. SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company has two reportable segments—the Freight Segment and the Transit Segment. The key factors used to identify these reportable segments are the organization and alignment of the Company’s internal operations, the nature of the products and services and customer type. The Company's business segments are:
Freight Segment builds, rebuilds, upgrades, and overhauls locomotives, services locomotives and freight cars, and provides a range of component and digital solutions for customers in the freight and transit rail, mining, and marine industries. It also manufactures and services components for new and existing freight cars and locomotives, supplies railway electronics, positive train control equipment, signal design and engineering services, maintenance of way, and provides heat exchange and cooling systems for locomotives and power generation equipment. Customers include large, publicly traded railroads, leasing companies, manufacturers of original equipment such as locomotives and freight cars, and utilities, and also serves companies in the mining, marine, and industrial markets. We refer to sales of both goods, such as spare parts and equipment upgrades, and related services, such as monitoring, maintenance and repairs, as sales in our Services product line.
Transit Segment primarily manufactures and services components for new and existing passenger transit vehicles, typically regional trains, high speed trains, subway cars, light-rail vehicles, and buses. It also refurbishes subway cars and provides heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment and doors for buses and subway cars. Customers include public transit authorities and municipalities, leasing companies and manufacturers of subway cars and buses around the world.
The Company evaluates its business segments’ operating results based on income from operations. Intersegment sales are accounted for at prices that are generally established by reference to similar transactions with unaffiliated customers. Corporate activities include general corporate expenses, elimination of intersegment transactions, interest income and expense, and other unallocated charges.
Segment financial information for the three months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Corporate Activities and Elimination |  | Total
Sales to external customers | $ | 1,708 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,407 |
Intersegment sales/(elimination) | 16 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |
Total sales | $ | 1,724 |  |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | 2,407 |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 312 |
Interest expense and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | (53) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | (78) |  |  | $ | 259 |

Segment financial information for the three months ended June 30, 2022 is as follows:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Corporate Activities and Elimination |  | Total
Sales to external customers | $ | 1,490 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,048 |
Intersegment sales/(elimination) | 12 |  | 9 |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |
Total sales | $ | 1,502 |  |  | $ | 567 |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | 2,048 |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 264 |
Interest expense and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37) |  |  | (37) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (56) |  |  | $ | 227 |

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Segment financial information for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Corporate Activities and Elimination |  | Total
Sales to external customers | $ | 3,274 |  |  | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,601 |
Intersegment sales/(elimination) | 30 |  | 22 |  |  | (52) |  |  | — |
Total sales | $ | 3,304 |  |  | $ | 1,349 |  |  | $ | (52) |  |  | $ | 4,601 |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | 588 |
Interest expense and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96) |  |  | (96) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | (141) |  |  | $ | 492 |

Segment financial information for the six months ended June 30, 2022 is as follows:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Corporate Activities and Elimination |  | Total
Sales to external customers | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,975 |
Intersegment sales/(elimination) | 25 |  | 17 |  |  | (42) |  |  | — |
Total sales | $ | 2,837 |  |  | $ | 1,180 |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 3,975 |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 503 |
Interest expense and other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | (76) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (110) |  |  | $ | 427 |

Sales to external customers by product line are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Freight Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services |  | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | 711 |  |  | $ | 1,517 |  |  | $ | 1,377 |
Equipment |  | 415 |  |  | 381 |  |  | 808 |  |  | 655 |
Components |  | 288 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 463 |
Digital Intelligence |  | 195 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 317 |
Total Freight Segment |  | $ | 1,708 |  |  | $ | 1,490 |  |  | $ | 3,274 |  |  | $ | 2,812 |
Transit Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original Equipment Manufacturer |  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 551 |
Aftermarket |  | 374 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 612 |
Total Transit Segment |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | 1,163 |

16. OTHER INCOME, NET
The components of Other income, net are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Foreign currency (loss) gain |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 1 |
Equity income |  | 10 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |
Expected return on pension assets/amortization |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |
Other miscellaneous expense, net |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Total Other income, net |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 11 |

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17. RESTRUCTURING
During the first quarter of 2022, Wabtec announced a three-year strategic initiative (“Integration 2.0”) to review and consolidate our operating footprint, reduce headcount, streamline the end-to-end manufacturing process, restructure the North America distribution channels, expand operations in low-cost countries, and simplify the business through systems enablement. Through this initiative, Management will also evaluate additional capital investments to further simplify and streamline the business. The Company anticipates that it will incur one-time restructuring charges related to Integration 2.0 of approximately $135 million to $165 million.
A summary of restructuring charges related to the Integration 2.0 initiative is as follows:

In millions | Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Freight Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 1 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total Freight Segment | $ | 2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |
Transit Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 3 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Amortization expense | — |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total Transit Segment | $ | 6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |
Total Integration 2.0 restructuring charges | $ | 8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |

These charges are primarily for employee-related costs and asset write downs associated with site consolidations in Europe.
Total one-time restructuring charges related to Integration 2.0 to date are approximately $86 million, which includes amounts recorded in the fourth quarter 2021 and the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily for similar actions in Europe. Programs approved to date are expected to result in approximately 15 facility closures and impact approximately 1,100 employees. Cash payments made during three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022 were not material.
No significant programs related to Integration 2.0 were initiated during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the information in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included herein and Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corporation’s Financial Statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2023.
OVERVIEW
Wabtec is one of the world’s largest providers of value-added, technology-based locomotives, equipment, systems, and services for the global freight rail and passenger transit industries, as well as the mining, marine and industrial markets. Our highly engineered products, which are intended to enhance safety, improve productivity and reduce maintenance costs for customers, can be found on most locomotives, freight cars, passenger transit cars and buses around the world. Our core products and services are essential in the safe and efficient operation of freight rail and passenger transit vehicles. Wabtec is a global company with operations in over 50 countries and our products can be found in more than 100 countries throughout the world. In the first six months of 2023, approximately 55% of the Company’s net sales came from customers outside the United States.
Business Update
During the six months of 2023, Wabtec continued to execute on our value creation framework by signing strategic orders for 30 new locomotives with a North American railroad, new locomotives in Brazil, and mining drive systems in high altitude applications. We announced our largest certified pre-owned order for 69 locomotives for a North American customer and won a contract to supply pantograph and Passenger Information Systems for up to 504 Stadler cars. Wabtec completed the strategic acquisition of L&M Radiator, Inc., a leading manufacturer of heavy-duty equipment radiators and heat exchangers for the mining sector. We delivered our 500th locomotive to Indian Railways which was a significant milestone in our 10-year contract. Our senior unsecured debt was upgraded by Moody's, which reflects resiliency of the business, our balance sheet strength and strong cash generation. Additionally, Wabtec rebranded our Digital Electronics product line to Digital Intelligence; a change that more accurately reflects the complete digital products and services portfolio offered to our customers.
During the first quarter of 2022, Wabtec announced Integration 2.0, a three-year strategic initiative to target incremental run rate synergies estimated to be between $75 million and $90 million in 2025. The scope of the review includes consolidating our operating footprint, reducing headcount, streamlining the end-to-end manufacturing process, restructuring the North America distribution channels, expanding operations in low-cost countries and simplifying the business through systems enablement, including the source-to-pay process. Management will also consider additional capital investments to further simplify and streamline the business. The Company anticipates that it will incur one-time restructuring charges of approximately $135 million to $165 million related to this initiative, of which approximately $86 million has been incurred through June 30, 2023. Total estimated initiative charges could change based on the specific programs approved or changes to the scope of the review. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company incurred one-time restructuring charges for programs included in the initiative of approximately $8 million and $17 million, respectively, primarily for employee-related costs and asset write downs associated with site consolidations in Europe. Programs approved to date are expected to result in approximately 15 facility closures and impact approximately 1,100 employees. No significant charges related to Integration 2.0 were recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
The Company continues to navigate macroeconomic volatility which is impacting our supply chain, results of operations and business results. Impacts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 are discussed in more detail in the Results of Operations section below. Future supply chain disruptions and labor availability could cause component and raw material shortages resulting in an adverse effect on the timing of the Company’s revenue and cash flows. Additionally, broad-based inflation, metals, energy and other commodity costs, transportation and logistics costs, labor costs, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations all continue to impact our results.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resultant sanctions related to Russia and Belarus have further impacted our supply and distribution channels and caused significant price inflation which had, and are expected to continue to have, adverse effects on Wabtec’s business results. During the second quarter of 2023, based on changes in facts and circumstances, management determined that assets related to Russian operations, excluding cash, were not expected to be recoverable and, as a result, a charge of approximately $3 million was recorded. As of June 30, 2023, Wabtec had approximately $8 million of cash related to Russian operations which will be utilized to settle remaining obligations in Russia. Management determined that inventory related to operations in Ukraine were not expected to be recoverable and were written off resulting in an insignificant charge during the first quarter of 2022. Remaining assets related to Ukraine and those in Belarus were not significant.
The Company utilizes various mitigating actions intended to lessen the impact of macroeconomic volatility. These actions include implementing price escalations and surcharges, driving operational efficiencies through various cost mitigation
24

efforts and discretionary spend management, strategically sourcing materials, reviewing and modifying distribution logistics, and accelerating integration synergies through Integration 2.0.
A portion of our workers are represented by labor unions. The United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE), Locals 506 and 618 collective bargaining agreement, covering approximately 1,400 locomotive manufacturing workers in Erie, Pennsylvania, expired on June 9, 2023. Negotiations with UE officially began on April 27, 2023 and an agreement between the Company and the UE was not reached before the contract expired. On June 22, 2023, the UE voted against ratification of the Company's proposed agreement and authorized a strike. The Company and the UE are continuing negotiations with the assistance of a federal mediator. The Company continuously monitors its labor activity.
Cyber Incident
As previously announced, on June 26, 2022, we detected a cyber security incident which impacted the Company’s network. The Company promptly activated incident response protocols, which included shutting down certain systems, and commenced an investigation of the incident. The Company also notified law enforcement and engaged legal counsel and other third-party incident response and cybersecurity professionals.
Based on the Company's assessment, the incident has not had a significant financial impact and the Company does not believe the incident will have a material impact on its business, operations or financial results. The Company maintains cyber insurance, subject to certain deductibles and policy limitations typical for its size and industry.
25

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results
SECOND QUARTER 2023 COMPARED TO SECOND QUARTER 2022
The following table shows our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales: |  |  |
Sales of goods | $ | 1,899 |  |  | $ | 1,584 |
Sales of services | 508 |  |  | 464 |
Total net sales | 2,407 |  |  | 2,048 |
Cost of sales: |  |  |
Cost of goods | (1,400) |  |  | (1,147) |
Cost of services | (284) |  |  | (256) |
Total cost of sales | (1,684) |  |  | (1,403) |
Gross profit | 723 |  |  | 645 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (285) |  |  | (259) |
Engineering expenses | (53) |  |  | (50) |
Amortization expense | (73) |  |  | (72) |
Total operating expenses | (411) |  |  | (381) |
Income from operations | 312 |  |  | 264 |
Other income and expenses: |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (55) |  |  | (44) |
Other income, net | 2 |  |  | 7 |
Income before income taxes | 259 |  |  | 227 |
Income tax expense | (66) |  |  | (58) |
Net income | 193 |  |  | 169 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 166 |

The following table shows the major components of the change in Net sales in the three months ended June 30, 2023 from the three months ended June 30, 2022:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Total
Second Quarter 2022 Net sales | $ | 1,490 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | 2,048 |
Acquisitions | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Foreign Exchange | (9) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (7) |
Organic | 216 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 355 |
Second Quarter 2023 Net sales | $ | 1,708 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 2,407 |

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Net sales
Net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $359 million, or 17.5%, to $2.41 billion compared to the same period in 2022. Organic sales increased $355 million which was attributable to both Freight and Transit Segments driven by an increase across all product lines. Services sales increased from higher deliveries of locomotive modernizations and higher parts sales. Components sales increased from higher original equipment railcar build and increased market share for certain products due to product availability and growth in industrial end-markets. Equipment sales increased from higher locomotive sales and Digital Intelligence sales increased due to higher demand for on-board locomotive solutions and international Positive Train Control (PTC) sales. Transit sales increased from higher demand for Original Equipment and Aftermarket products driven by increased infrastructure investment. Sales from acquisitions contributed $11 million in the Freight Segment and unfavorable changes in foreign exchange rates decreased sales by $7 million.
Cost of sales
Cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $281 million, or 20.0%, to $1.68 billion compared to the same period in 2022. The increase is primarily due to the increase in sales. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 69.9% and 68.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to unfavorable product mix between and within business groups, manufacturing inefficiencies primarily related to labor, and higher restructuring costs, partially offset by benefits from structured cost actions taken through Integration 2.0 and prior years’ restructuring and integration projects. Costs of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 included $8 million and $2 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for headcount actions and footprint rationalization, with the amounts in 2023 primarily being related to Integration 2.0. The amounts in 2023 also include the write off of non-cash assets in Russia that were determined to not be recoverable in the second quarter.
Operating expenses
Total operating expenses increased $30 million, or 7.9%, for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Operating expenses as a percentage of sales was 17.1% and 18.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") increased $26 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase is primarily from costs incurred to support the higher sales volume, higher employee compensation and benefit costs and higher professional services spend, partially offset by the impacts of Integration 2.0 and prior years’ restructuring actions. Restructuring costs included in SG&A were $2 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and were primarily for headcount actions and footprint rationalization programs, with the amounts in 2023 primarily related to Integration 2.0. Engineering expense increased $3 million primarily due to investments in new technology.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, increased $11 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher average overall debt balances and higher effective interest rates in the current period.
Other Income, net
Other income, net, decreased $5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher foreign exchange losses in the current year compared to the prior year.
Income taxes
The effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was 25.5% consistent with the same period in 2022.
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Freight Segment
The following table shows our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for our Freight Segment for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of goods | $ | 1,203 |  |  | $ | 1,031 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | 16.7 | %
Sales of services | 505 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Total net sales | $ | 1,708 |  |  | $ | 1,490 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | 14.6 | %
Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods | $ | (886) |  |  | $ | (745) |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | 18.9 | %
Cost of services | (281) |  |  | (252) |  |  | 29 |  |  | 11.5 | %
Total cost of sales | $ | (1,167) |  |  | $ | (997) |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Cost of Sales (% of net sales) | 68.3 | % |  | 66.9 | % |  | 1.4 |  |
Gross profit | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Operating expenses | $ | (270) |  |  | $ | (260) |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Income from operations | $ | 271 |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | 16.3 | %
Income from operations (% of net sales) | 15.9 | % |  | 15.7 | % |  | 0.2 |  |

The following table shows the major components of the change in Net sales for the Freight Segment in the second quarter of 2023 from the second quarter of 2022:

In millions |
Second Quarter 2022 Net sales | $ | 1,490 |
Acquisitions | 11 |
Foreign Exchange | (9) |
Organic changes in Net sales by Product Line: |
Services | 100 |
Components | 55 |
Equipment | 40 |
Digital Intelligence | 21 |
Second Quarter 2023 Net sales | $ | 1,708 |

Net sales
Freight Segment organic sales increased across all product lines by $216 million driven primarily by:
•Services sales from higher deliveries of locomotive modernizations and higher parts sales
•Components sales from higher original equipment railcar build and increased market share for certain products due to product availability and growth in industrial end-markets
•Equipment sales from higher locomotive sales
•Digital Intelligence sales due to higher demand for on-board locomotive solutions and international PTC sales
Cost of sales
Freight Segment Cost of sales increased $170 million and Cost of sales as a percentage of Net sales increased 1.4 percentage points due to:
•Higher sales volume
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•Unfavorable mix within the Freight Segment product lines
•Manufacturing inefficiencies primarily related to labor negotiations at our Erie facility
•Higher restructuring costs
Cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 included $5 million and $1 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, with the amounts in 2023 primarily related to the write off of non-cash assets in Russia that were determined to not be recoverable in the second quarter.
Operating expenses
Freight Segment operating expenses increased by $10 million primarily driven by:
•Higher SG&A expenses of $6 million resulting from higher costs to support increased sales volume and higher professional services spend
•Higher employee compensation and benefit costs
•Higher investments in new technology increasing Engineering expense by $2 million
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Transit Segment
The following table shows our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for our Transit Segment for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net sales | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | 25.3 | %
Cost of sales | $ | (517) |  |  | $ | (406) |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | 27.3 | %
Cost of sales (% of net sales) | 74.0 | % |  | 72.7 | % |  | 1.3 |  |
Gross profit | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | 19.7 | %
Operating expenses | $ | (116) |  |  | $ | (102) |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | 13.7 | %
Income from operations | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | 32.0 | %
Income from operations (% of net sales) | 9.5 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 0.5 |  |

The following table shows the major components of the change in Net sales for the Transit Segment in the second quarter of 2023 from the second quarter of 2022:

In millions |
Second Quarter 2022 Net sales | $ | 558 |
Foreign Exchange | 2 |
Organic changes in Net sales by Product Line: |
Original Equipment Manufacturing | 82 |
Aftermarket | 57 |
Second Quarter 2023 Net sales | $ | 699 |

Net sales
Transit Segment organic sales increased by $139 million driven by strong Original Equipment Manufacturing and Aftermarket sales primarily as a result of increased demand for original equipment door, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and brake systems and increased infrastructure investment. Additionally, sales for the second quarter of 2022 were negatively impacted by a manufacturing disruption caused by a cyber incident which decreased net sales by approximately 5%.
Cost of sales
Transit Segment Cost of sales increased by $111 million and Costs of sales as a percentage of sales increased by 1.3 percentage points primarily due to:
•Higher sales volume
•Unfavorable mix within product lines
•Increased manufacturing costs
•Higher restructuring costs
Partially offset by:
•Benefits from structured cost actions taken through Integration 2.0 and prior years' restructuring and integration projects
Transit Cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 includes $3 million and $1 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for footprint rationalization and headcount actions in Europe, with the amounts in 2023 related to Integration 2.0.
Operating expenses
Transit Segment operating expenses increased by $14 million primarily driven by:
•Higher SG&A expenses of $11 million to support higher sales volume and higher employee compensation and benefit costs
•Higher Engineering expenses of $3 million for investments in new technology
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Partially offset by:
•Benefits from structured cost actions taken through restructuring actions
Transit Operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 includes $3 million and $2 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for footprint rationalization and headcount actions in Europe, with the amounts in 2023 related to Integration 2.0.
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FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 2023 COMPARED TO FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 2022
The following table shows our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods indicated.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales: |  |  |
Sales of goods | $ | 3,583 |  |  | $ | 3,089 |
Sales of services | 1,018 |  |  | 886 |
Total net sales | 4,601 |  |  | 3,975 |
Cost of sales: |  |  |
Cost of goods | (2,657) |  |  | (2,231) |
Cost of services | (556) |  |  | (504) |
Total cost of sales | (3,213) |  |  | (2,735) |
Gross profit | 1,388 |  |  | 1,240 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (548) |  |  | (497) |
Engineering expenses | (104) |  |  | (95) |
Amortization expense | (148) |  |  | (145) |
Total operating expenses | (800) |  |  | (737) |
Income from operations | 588 |  |  | 503 |
Other income and expenses: |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (103) |  |  | (87) |
Other income, net | 7 |  |  | 11 |
Income before income taxes | 492 |  |  | 427 |
Income tax expense | (126) |  |  | (108) |
Net income | 366 |  |  | 319 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (6) |  |  | (4) |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 315 |

The following table shows the major components of the change in Net sales in the six months ended June 30, 2023 from the six months ended June 30, 2022:

In millions | Freight Segment |  | Transit Segment |  | Total
First Six Months of 2022 Net sales | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | 3,975 |
Acquisitions | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
Foreign Exchange | (30) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (63) |
Organic | 460 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 657 |
First Six Months of 2023 Net sales | $ | 3,274 |  |  | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | 4,601 |

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Net sales
Net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $626 million, or 15.7%, to $4.60 billion compared to the same period in 2022. Organic sales increased $657 million which was primarily attributable to both the Freight and Transit Segments driven by an increase across all product lines. Equipment sales increased due to higher locomotive and mining sales and Services sales increased from a larger active locomotive fleet and higher deliveries of locomotive modernizations. In addition, Components sales increased due to a higher railcar build, increased railcars in operation, and growth in industrial end-markets, and Digital Intelligence sales increased due to higher demand for on-board locomotive and mining solutions, international Positive Train Control (PTC) sales and technology upgrades. Transit Segment organic sales increased by $197 million primarily as a result of increased demand for Aftermarket and Original Equipment Manufacturing products driven by increased infrastructure investment. Sales from acquisitions contributed $32 million in the Freight Segment and unfavorable changes in foreign exchange rates decreased sales by $63 million.
Cost of sales
Cost of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $478 million, or 17.5%, to $3.2 billion compared to the same period in 2022. The increase is primarily due to the increase in sales. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 69.8% and 68.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to unfavorable product mix between and within business groups, higher next generation product development costs in Digital Intelligence, manufacturing inefficiencies primarily related to labor, and increased restructuring costs in the current year, partially offset by benefits from structured cost actions taken through Integration 2.0 and prior years' restructuring and integration projects, and the effects of foreign exchange rates. Costs of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 included $12 million and $7 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for headcount actions and footprint rationalization, with the amounts in 2023 being related to Integration 2.0. The amounts in 2023 also include the write-off of non-cash assets in Russia that were determined to not be recoverable in the second quarter.
Operating expenses
Total operating expenses increased $63 million, or 8.5%, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Operating expenses as a percentage of sales was 17.4% and 18.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. SG&A increased $51 million primarily from costs incurred to support the higher sales volume, higher employee compensation and benefit costs, and higher professional services spend, partially offset by the effects of foreign exchange rates. Restructuring costs included in SG&A were $7 million and $4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and were primarily for headcount actions and footprint rationalization programs, with the amounts in 2023 primarily related to Integration 2.0. Engineering expenses increased $9 million primarily due to investments in new technology. Amortization expense increased $3 million primarily due to accelerated amortization related to restructuring actions.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net, increased $16 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher average overall debt balances and higher effective interest rates in the current period.
Other Income, net
Other income, net, decreased $4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher foreign exchange losses in the current year compared to the prior year.
Income taxes
The effective income tax rate was 25.5% and 25.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in the quarterly effective tax rate is primarily the result of a change in the mix of earnings across jurisdictions.
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Freight Segment
The following table shows our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for our Freight Segment for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of goods | $ | 2,263 |  |  | $ | 1,935 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | 17.0 | %
Sales of services | 1,011 |  |  | 877 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 15.3 | %
Total Net sales | $ | 3,274 |  |  | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 462 |  |  | 16.4 | %
Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods | $ | (1,703) |  |  | $ | (1,398) |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | 21.8 | %
Cost of services | (550) |  |  | (497) |  |  | 53 |  |  | 10.7 | %
Total cost of sales | $ | (2,253) |  |  | $ | (1,895) |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | 18.9 | %
Cost of Sales (% of net sales) | 68.8 | % |  | 67.4 | % |  | 1.4 |  |
Gross profit | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 917 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Operating expenses | $ | (523) |  |  | $ | (495) |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Income from operations | $ | 498 |  | $ | 422 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | 18.0 | %
Income from operations (% of net sales) | 15.2 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  | 0.2 |  |

The following table shows the major components of the change in Net sales for the Freight Segment in the first six months of 2023 from the first six months of 2022:

In millions |
First Six Months of 2022 Net Sales | $ | 2,812 |
Acquisitions | 32 |
Foreign Exchange | (30) |
Organic changes in Net sales by Product Line: |
Equipment | 164 |
Services | 144 |
Components | 112 |
Digital Intelligence | 40 |
First Six Months of 2023 Net Sales | $ | 3,274 |

Net sales
Freight Segment organic sales increased across all product lines by $460 million driven primarily by:
•Equipment sales increased due to higher locomotive and mining sales
•Services sales increased from a larger active locomotive fleet which drives higher parts and services sales, and higher deliveries of locomotive modernizations
•Components sales increased due to a higher railcar build, increased railcars in operation, and growth in industrial end-markets
•Digital Intelligence sales increased due to higher demand for on-board locomotive and mining solutions, international Positive Train Control (PTC) sales and technology upgrades
Cost of sales
Freight Segment Cost of sales increased $358 million and Cost of sales as a percentage of sales increased 1.4 percentage points due to:
•Higher sales volume
34

•Unfavorable mix within the Freight Segment product lines
•Higher next generation product development costs in Digital Intelligence
•Operational inefficiencies, including increased costs from labor negotiations at our Erie operations
•Higher restructuring costs
Cost of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 included $6 million and $3 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for headcount actions and footprint rationalization, with a portion of the amounts in 2023 related to Integration 2.0. The amounts in 2023 also include the write-off of non-cash assets in Russia that were determined to not be recoverable in the second quarter.
Operating expenses
Freight Segment operating expenses increased by $28 million primarily driven by:
•Higher Selling, general and administrative expenses of $20 million resulting from higher costs to support increased sales volume and higher employee compensation and benefits costs
•Higher investments in new technology increasing Engineering expense by $6 million
35

Transit Segment
The following table shows our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for our Transit Segment for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net sales | $ | 1,327 |  |  | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | 14.1 | %
Cost of sales | $ | (960) |  |  | $ | (840) |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Cost of sales (% of net sales) | 72.3 | % |  | 72.2 | % |  | 0.1 |  |
Gross profit | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | 13.6 | %
Operating expenses | $ | (232) |  |  | $ | (208) |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | 11.5 | %
Income from operations | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | 17.4 | %
Income from operations (% of net sales) | 10.2 | % |  | 9.9 | % |  | 0.3 |  |

The following table shows the major components of the change in net sales for the Transit Segment in the first six months of 2023 from the first six months of 2022:

In millions |
First Six Months of 2022 Net Sales | $ | 1,163 |
Foreign Exchange | (33) |
Changes in Sales by Product Line: |
Original Equipment Manufacturing | 79 |
Aftermarket | 118 |
First Six Months of 2023 Net Sales | $ | 1,327 |

Net sales
Transit Segment organic sales increased by $197 million primarily driven by strong Aftermarket and Original Equipment Manufacturing sales primarily as a result of increased infrastructure investment and demand for original equipment door, HVAC and brake systems.
Cost of sales
Transit Segment Cost of sales increased by $120 million and Cost of sales as a percentage of sales increased by 0.1 percentage points due to:
•Higher sales volume
•Unfavorable mix within product lines
•Increased manufacturing costs
•Higher restructuring costs
Partially offset by:
•Benefits from structured cost actions taken through Integration 2.0 and prior years' restructuring and integration projects
•The effects of foreign exchange rates
Transit Cost of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 includes $6 million and $4 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for footprint rationalization and headcount actions in Europe, with the amounts in 2023 related to Integration 2.0.
Operating expenses
Transit Segment operating expenses increased by $24 million primarily driven by:
•Higher SG&A expenses of $19 million to support higher sales volume and higher employee compensation and benefit costs
•Higher Engineering expenses of $4 million for investments in new technology
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Partially offset by:
•Benefits from structured cost actions taken through restructuring actions
•The effects of foreign currency
Transit Operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 includes $7 million and $3 million, respectively, of restructuring costs, primarily for footprint rationalization and headcount actions in Europe, with the amounts in 2023 related to Integration 2.0.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is provided by operating cash flows and borrowings under the Company’s Senior Notes and unsecured credit facility with a consortium of commercial banks. Additionally, the Company utilizes the revolving receivables program and supply chain financing program described below, as well as other short-term financing agreements with certain banks for added flexibility as part of our liquidity management strategy. The following is a summary of selected cash flow information and other relevant data:

| Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash provided by (used for): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 424 |
Investing activities | $ | (293) |  |  | $ | (117) |
Financing activities | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | (256) |

Operating activities In the first six months of 2023, cash provided by operating activities was $90 million compared to $424 million in the first six months of 2022, resulting in a decrease of $334 million. Significant changes to the sources and (uses) of cash causing the decrease include the following:
•$54 million attributable to higher Net income and other changes in the related statements of income amounts;
•$(377) million from net changes in working capital primarily driven by: $(195) million related to changes in receivables due to timing and volume of sales and the net change in the Revolving Receivables Program, $(190) million unfavorable change in Accounts payable and $8 million of favorable change in Inventory;
•$(45) million from changes in the timing of customer deposits; and,
•$52 million from changes to employee related benefit payments.
Investing activities In the first six months of 2023 and 2022, cash used for investing activities was $(293) million and $(117) million, respectively. During the first six months of 2023, Wabtec acquired L&M Radiator Inc., a leading manufacturer of heavy-duty equipment radiators and heat exchangers, for net cash of approximately $(223) million, and expended $(70) million in additions to property, plant and equipment for investments in our facilities and manufacturing processes. During the first six months of 2022, Wabtec made two strategic acquisitions for a combined purchase price of $(69) million and expended $(50) million for additions to property, plant, and equipment.
Financing activities In the first six months of 2023, cash provided by financing activities was $30 million which included $374 million from net changes in debt, $(252) million in stock repurchases, $(62) million of dividend payments, $(15) million of payments for income tax withholding on share-based compensation, and $(12) million for distributions to noncontrolling interest. In the first six months of 2022, cash used for financing activities was $(256) million, which included $200 million from net changes in debt, $(399) million in stock repurchases, $(55) million of dividend payments, and $(1) million of payments for income tax withholding on share-based compensation.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company held approximately $371 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, of which approximately $13 million was held within the United States and approximately $358 million was held outside of the United States, primarily in India, Europe, China, and Brazil. While repatriation of some cash held outside the United States may be restricted by local laws, most of the Company’s foreign cash could be repatriated to the United States net of any tax impacts.
Beginning September 15, 2023, the effective interest rates for the 2024 Notes and the 2028 Notes will each be reduced by 0.25% due to a favorable change in Wabtec's corporate bond rating. Additionally, Management is evaluating options to refinance the $250 million of Senior Notes due on August 15, 2023, including the option to utilize the Delayed Draw Term Loan in the Restated Credit Agreement. During 2023, the Company has also entered into $250 million of interest rate contracts to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and its overall cost of borrowing. These contracts may be utilized for future bond refinancing.
We or our affiliates may, from time to time, seek to retire or purchase outstanding debt through negotiated or open-market cash purchases, exchanges, or otherwise, and such transactions, if any, will be upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine, and will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.
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Revolving Receivables Program
The Company utilizes a revolving receivables facility to sell up to $350 million of certain receivables through our bankruptcy-remote subsidiary to a financial institution on a recurring basis in exchange for cash equal to the gross receivables sold. As customers pay their balances, we transfer additional receivables into the program, which could result in our gross receivables sold being higher or lower than collections reinvested for any applicable periods. Net cash proceeds from the revolving receivables program were $155 million and $180 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additional information with respect to the Revolving Receivables Program is included in Note 2 of "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements" included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Supply Chain Financing Program
The Company has entered into supply chain financing arrangements with third-party financial institutions to provide our vendors with enhanced payment options while providing the Company with added working capital flexibility. The Company does not provide any guarantees under these arrangements, does not have an economic interest in our supplier's voluntary participation, does not receive an economic benefit from the financial institutions, and no assets are pledged under the arrangements. The arrangements do not change the payable terms negotiated by the Company and our vendors and does not result in a change in the classification of amounts due as Accounts payable in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additional information with respect to the Supply Chain Financing Program is included in Note 2 of "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements" included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Guarantor Summarized Financial Information
The obligations under the Parent Company's US Notes have been fully and unconditionally guaranteed by certain of the Parent Company's U.S. subsidiaries. Each guarantor is 100% owned by the Parent Company, with the exception of GE Transportation, a Wabtec Company, which has 15,000 shares outstanding of Class A Non-Voting Preferred Stock held by General Electric Company. The Euro Notes are issued by Wabtec Transportation Netherlands B.V. ("Wabtec Netherlands") and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company.
The following tables present summarized financial information of the Parent Company and the guarantor subsidiaries on a combined basis. The combined summarized financial information eliminates intercompany balances and transactions among the Parent Company and guarantor subsidiaries and equity in earnings and investments in any guarantor subsidiaries or non-guarantor subsidiaries. The summarized financial information is provided in accordance with the reporting requirements of Rule 13-01 under SEC Regulation S-X for the issuer and guarantor subsidiaries.
Summarized Statement of Income

|  | Unaudited
|  | Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corp. and Guarantor Subsidiaries
In millions |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Net sales |  | $ | 2,731 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 698 |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders |  | $ | 283 |

Summarized Balance Sheet

|  | Unaudited
|  | Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corp. and Guarantor Subsidiaries
In millions |  | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current assets |  | $ | 1,357 |  |  | $ | 1,328 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 2,362 |  |  | $ | 2,384 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 2,747 |  |  | $ | 1,881 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 2,858 |  |  | $ | 3,209 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | $ | 606 |  |  | $ | 551 |

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The following is a description of the transactions between the combined Parent Company and guarantor subsidiaries with non-guarantor subsidiaries.

|  | Unaudited
|  | Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corp. and Guarantor Subsidiaries
In millions |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Net sales to non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | $ | 500 |
Purchases from non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | $ | 833 |
|  | Unaudited
|  | Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corp. and Guarantor Subsidiaries
In millions |  | June 30, 2023
Amount due from/(to) non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | $ | (6,861) |

Summarized Financial Information—Euro Notes
The obligations under Wabtec Netherlands’ Euro Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company. Wabtec Netherlands is a wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary of the Parent Company. Wabtec Netherlands is a holding company and does not have any independent operations. Its assets consist of its investments in subsidiaries, which are separate and distinct legal entities that are not guarantors of the Euro Notes and have no obligations to pay amounts due under Wabtec Netherlands’ obligations.
The following tables present summarized financial information of Wabtec Netherlands, as the Issuer of the Euro Notes, and the Parent Company, as the parent Guarantor, on a combined basis. The combined summarized financial information eliminates all intercompany balances and transactions among Wabtec Netherlands and the Parent Company as well as all equity in earnings from and investments in any subsidiary of the Parent Company, other than Wabtec Netherlands, which we refer to below as the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries. The summarized financial information is provided in accordance with the reporting requirements of Rule 13-01 under SEC Regulation S-X for the issuer and Parent Company guarantor.
Summarized Statement of Income

|  | Unaudited
|  | Issuer and Guarantor
In millions |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Net sales |  | $ | 272 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 48 |
Net income attributable to Wabtec shareholders |  | $ | (183) |

Summarized Balance Sheet

|  | Unaudited
|  | Issuer and Guarantor
In millions |  | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current assets |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 264 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 770 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 733 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 3,399 |  |  | $ | 3,740 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 128 |

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The following is a description of the transactions between the combined Parent Company and Wabtec Netherlands, with the subsidiaries of Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corp., other than Wabtec Netherlands, none of which are guarantors of the Euro Notes.

|  | Unaudited
|  | Issuer and Guarantor
In millions |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Net sales to non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | $ | 21 |
Purchases from non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | $ | 81 |
|  | Unaudited
|  | Issuer and Guarantor
In millions |  | June 30, 2023
Amount due from/(to) non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | $ | (7,704) |

Company Stock Repurchase Plan
On February 14, 2023, the Board of Directors reauthorized its stock repurchase program to refresh the amount available for stock repurchases to $750 million of the Company’s outstanding shares. This new stock repurchase authorization supersedes the previous authorization of $750 million, of which approximately $232 million remained at the reauthorization date. No time limit was set for the completion of the program which conforms to the requirements under the Restated Credit Agreement and the indentures for the Senior Notes currently outstanding. The Company may repurchase shares in the future at any time, depending upon market conditions, our capital needs and other factors. Purchases of shares may be made by open market purchases or privately negotiated purchases and may be made pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plan or otherwise. As of June 30, 2023, approximately $588 million was remaining under the stock repurchase plan.
Forward Looking Statements
We believe that all statements other than statements of historical facts included in this report, including certain statements under “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” may constitute forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Although we believe that our assumptions made in connection with the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure that our assumptions and expectations are correct.
These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, including, among other things:
Economic and industry conditions
•changes in general economic and/or industry specific conditions, including the impacts of tax and tariff programs, inflation, supply chain disruptions, foreign currency exchange, and industry consolidation;
•prolonged unfavorable economic and industry conditions in the markets served by us, including North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa;
•decline in demand for freight cars, locomotives, passenger transit cars, buses and related products and services;
•reliance on major original equipment manufacturer customers;
•original equipment manufacturers’ program delays;
•demand for services in the freight and passenger rail industry;
•demand for our products and services;
•orders either being delayed, canceled, not returning to historical levels or being reduced, and/or economic conditions affecting the ability of our customers to pay timely for goods and services delivered;
•consolidations in the rail industry;
•continued outsourcing by our customers;
•industry demand for faster and more efficient braking equipment;
•fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates;
•availability of credit or difficulty in obtaining debt or equity financing; or
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•changes in market consensus as to what attributes are required for projects to be considered "green" or "sustainable" or negative perceptions regarding determinations in such regard with respect to our Green Finance Framework;
Operating factors
•supply disruptions;
•technical difficulties;
•changes in operating conditions and costs;
•increases in raw material costs;
•successful introduction of new products;
•performance under material long-term contracts;
•labor availability and relations;
•the outcome of our existing or any future legal proceedings, including litigation involving our principal customers and any litigation with respect to environmental matters, asbestos-related matters, pension liabilities, warranties, product liabilities, competition and anti-trust matters or intellectual property claims;
•completion and integration of acquisitions;
•the development and use of new technology; or
•cybersecurity and data protection risks;
Competitive factors
•the actions of competitors; or
•the outcome of negotiations with partners, suppliers, customers or others;
Political/governmental factors
•political stability in relevant areas of the world, including the impacts of war and conflicts;
•future regulation/deregulation of our customers and/or the rail industry;
•levels of governmental funding on transit projects, including for some of our customers;
•political developments and laws and regulations, including those related to Positive Train Control;
•federal and state income tax legislation;
•sanctions imposed on countries and persons; or
•the outcome of negotiations with governments;
Natural hazards / health crises
•impacts of climate change, including evolving climate change policy;
•disruptive natural hazards, including earthquakes, fires, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes or weather conditions;
•epidemics, pandemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), or similar public health crises;
•deterioration of general economic conditions as a result of natural hazards or health crises;
•shutdown of one or more of our operating facilities as a result of natural hazards and health crises; or
•supply chain and sourcing disruptions as a result of natural hazards and health crises;
Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q apply only as of the date on which such statements are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Reference is also made to the risk factors set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Critical Accounting Estimates
A summary of critical accounting estimates is included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. In particular, judgment is used in areas such as accounts receivable and the allowance for doubtful accounts, inventories, business combinations, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, warranty reserves, income taxes, and revenue recognition. There have been no significant changes in the related accounting policies since December 31, 2022.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
See "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in Item 7A of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our exposure to market risk has not changed materially since December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 13 - Fair Value Measurement and Derivative Instruments of "Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements" included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information regarding interest rate and foreign currency exchange risk.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Wabtec’s principal executive officer and its principal financial officer have evaluated the effectiveness of Wabtec’s “disclosure controls and procedures,” (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of June 30, 2023. Based upon their evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that Wabtec’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by Wabtec in the reports filed or submitted by it under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by Wabtec in such reports is accumulated and communicated to Wabtec’s Management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There was no change in Wabtec’s “internal control over financial reporting” (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Wabtec’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Additional information with respect to legal proceedings is included in Note 14 of “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table summarizes the Company's stock repurchase activity for the three months ended June 30, 2023:

Issuer Purchases of Common Stock
In millions, except shares and price per share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs (1) |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Programs (1)
April 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 663 |
May 2023 |  | 770,808 |  |  | $ | 97.28 |  |  | 770,808 |  |  | $ | 588 |
June 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 588 |
Total quarter ended June 30, 2023 |  | 770,808 |  |  | $ | 97.28 |  |  | 770,808 |  |  | $ | 588 |

(1) On February 14, 2023, the Board of Directors reauthorized its stock repurchase program to refresh the amount available for stock repurchases to $750 million of the Company’s outstanding shares. This new stock repurchase authorization supersedes the previous authorization of $750 million, of which approximately $232 million remained at the reauthorization date. No time limit was set for the completion of the program which conforms to the requirements under the Restated Credit Agreement and the indentures for the Senior Notes currently outstanding. The Company may repurchase shares in the future at any time, depending upon market conditions, our capital needs and other factors. Purchases of shares may be made by open market purchases or privately negotiated purchases and may be made pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plan or otherwise. As of June 30, 2023, approximately $588 million was remaining under the stock repurchase plan.
None of Wabtec's Directors or Officers have adopted, terminated, or materially modified any trading plans, whether or not the plan was intended to qualify for the affirmative defense under Rule 10b5-1, during the second quarter ended June 30, 2023.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not Applicable
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Item 6. EXHIBITS
The following exhibits are being filed with this report:

22.1 | List of Subsidiary Guarantors
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer.
32.1 | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
By: | /s/ JOHN A. OLIN
| John A. Olin
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)
DATE: | July 27, 2023

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