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Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] |
Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits | Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits NRG sponsors and operates defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. NRG pension benefits are available to eligible non-union and union employees through various defined benefit pension plans. These benefits are based on pay, service history and age at retirement. Most pension benefits are provided through tax-qualified plans. NRG also provides postretirement health and welfare benefits for certain groups of employees. Cost sharing provisions vary by the terms of any applicable collective bargaining agreements. NRG maintains three separate qualified pension plans, the NRG Pension Plan for Bargained Employees, the NRG Pension Plan and the Pension Plan for Employees of Direct Energy Marketing Limited ("DEML"). Participation in the NRG Pension Plan for Bargained Employees depends upon whether an employee is covered by a bargaining agreement. The NRG Pension plan was frozen for non-union employees on December 31, 2018. The Pension Plan for Employees of DEML is closed to new participants. NRG expects to contribute $43 million to the Company's pension plans in 2024, of which $23 million relates to the GenOn plan. NRG Defined Benefit Plans The annual net periodic benefit cost/(credit) related to NRG's pension and other postretirement benefit plans include the following components:
| Year Ended December 31,
| Pension Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Service cost benefits earned | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Interest cost on benefit obligation | 50 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 27 |
Expected return on plan assets | (39) |  |  | (47) |  |  | (66) |
Amortization of unrecognized net loss | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Curtailment and special termination benefits (income)/expense | (1) |  |  | 14 |  |  | 2 |
Net periodic benefit cost/(credit) | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (27) |
| Year Ended December 31,
| Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest cost on benefit obligation | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost | (8) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (10) |
Amortization of unrecognized net loss | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Curtailment expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Net periodic benefit credit | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (6) |
A comparison of the pension benefit obligation, other postretirement benefit obligations and related plan assets for NRG's plans on a combined basis is as follows:
| As of December 31,
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Benefit obligation at January 1 | $ | 1,036 |  |  | $ | 1,452 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Service cost | 5 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest cost | 50 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Actuarial loss/(gain) | 22 |  |  | (289) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (11) |
Employee and retiree contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Curtailment and special termination benefit loss | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Benefit payments | (89) |  |  | (171) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (15) |
Foreign exchange translation | 1 |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at December 31 | 1,023 |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 84 |
Fair value of plan assets at January 1 | 844 |  |  | 1,336 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Actual return on plan assets | 93 |  |  | (317) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employee and retiree contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Employer contributions | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 12 |
Benefit payments | (89) |  |  | (171) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (15) |
Foreign exchange translation | 1 |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at December 31 | 851 |  |  | 844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funded status at December 31 — excess of obligation over assets | $ | (172) |  |  | $ | (192) |  |  | $ | (75) |  |  | $ | (84) |
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the actuarial loss of $22 million on pension benefits was primarily driven by decreasing discount rates. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the actuarial gain of $289 million on pension benefits was primarily driven by increasing discount rates. Amounts recognized in NRG's balance sheets were as follows:
| As of December 31,
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Other current liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Other non-current liabilities | 172 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 77 |
Amounts recognized in NRG's accumulated OCI that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
| As of December 31,
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net loss/(gain) | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | (7) |
Prior service cost/(credit) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (12) |
Total accumulated OCI | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (19) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net actuarial (gain)/loss | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (11) |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | (6) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Effect of settlement/curtailment | (1) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Total recognized in OCI | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (5) |
Net periodic benefit cost/(credit) | 21 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |
Net recognized in net periodic pension (credit)/cost and OCI | $ | (17) |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (9) |
The following table presents the balances of significant components of NRG's pension plan:
| As of December 31,
| Pension Benefits
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 1,023 |  |  | $ | 1,036 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,015 |  |  | 1,022 |
Fair value of plan assets | 851 |  |  | 844 |
NRG's market-related value of its plan assets is the fair value of the assets. The fair values of the Company's pension plan assets by asset category and their level within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Total
Common/collective trust investment — U.S. equity | $ | — |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Common/collective trust investment — non-U.S. equity | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 58 |
Common/collective trust investment — non-core assets | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | 81 |
Common/collective trust investment — fixed income | — |  |  | 188 |  |  | 188 |
Short-term investment fund | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Subtotal fair value | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 483 |  |  | $ | 502 |
Measured at net asset value practical expedient: |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trust investment — non-U.S. equity |  | 32 |
Common/collective trust investment — fixed income |  | 243 |
Common/collective trust investment — non-core assets |  | 47 |
Partnerships/joint ventures |  | 27 |
Total fair value |  | $ | 851 |
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Total
Common/collective trust investment — U.S. equity | $ | — |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 155 |
Common/collective trust investment — non-U.S. equity | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |
Common/collective trust investment — non-core assets | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | 90 |
Common/collective trust investment — fixed income | — |  |  | 181 |  |  | 181 |
Short-term investment fund | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Subtotal fair value | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 491 |  |  | $ | 513 |
Measured at net asset value practical expedient: |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trust investment — non-U.S. equity |  | 33 |
Common/collective trust investment — fixed income |  | 220 |
Common/collective trust investment — non-core assets |  | 55 |
Partnerships/joint ventures |  | 23 |
Total fair value |  | $ | 844 |
In accordance with ASC 820, the Company determines the level in the fair value hierarchy within which each fair value measurement in its entirety falls, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The fair value of the common/collective trust investments is valued at fair value which is equal to the sum of the market value of all of the fund's underlying investments. Certain common/collective trust investments have readily determinable fair value as they publish daily net asset value, or NAV, per share and are categorized as Level 2. Certain other common/collective trust investments and partnerships/joint ventures use NAV per share, or its equivalent, as a practical expedient for valuation, and thus have been removed from the fair value hierarchy table. The following table presents the significant assumptions used to calculate NRG's benefit obligations:
| As of December 31,
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
Weighted-Average Assumptions | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rate | 4.97 | % |  | 5.18 | % |  | 4.96 | % |  | 5.19 | %
Interest crediting rate | 5.67 | % |  | 5.21 | % |  | 4.66 | % |  | 4.00 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 3.06 | % |  | 3.06 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Health care trend rate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.7% grading to 4.5% in 2033 |  | 7% grading to 4.4% in 2031
The following table presents the significant assumptions used to calculate NRG's benefit expense:
| As of December 31,
| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
Weighted-Average Assumptions | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rate | 5.18 | % |  | 2.89%/4.71%/5.41% |  | 2.55 | % |  | 5.19 | % |  | 2.82 | % |  | 2.81 | %
Interest crediting rate | 5.21 | % |  | 3.07 | % |  | 3.13 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | 1.94 | % |  | 1.62 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 5.55 | % |  | 4.99 | % |  | 5.62 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Rate of compensation increase | 3.06 | % |  | 3.06 | % |  | 3.06 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Health care trend rate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.2% grading to 4.5% in 2028 |  | 6.9% grading to 4.4% in 2028 |  | 7.0% grading to 4.4% in 2028
NRG uses December 31 of each respective year as the measurement date for the Company's pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The Company sets the discount rate assumptions on an annual basis for each of NRG's defined benefit retirement plans as of December 31. The discount rate assumptions represent the current rate at which the associated liabilities could be effectively settled at December 31. The Company utilizes the Aon AA Above Median, or AA-AM, yield curve and the AON Canada yield curve to select the appropriate discount rate assumption for its retirement plans. The AA-AM yield curve is a hypothetical AA yield curve represented by a series of annualized individual spot discount rates from 6 months to 99 years. Under the AA-AM yield curve, each bond issue used to build this yield curve must be non-callable, and have an average rating of AA when averaging available Moody's Investor Services, Standard & Poor's and Fitch ratings. The AON Canada yield curve is based on high quality corporate bonds. Under the AON Canada yield curve, expected plan cash flows were discounted using the yield curve, and then a single rate is determined which produces an equivalent present value. NRG employs a total return investment approach, whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The Investment Committee reviews the asset mix periodically and as the plan assets increase in future years, the Investment Committee may examine other asset classes such as real estate or private equity. NRG employs a building block approach to determining the long-term rate of return assumption for plan assets, with proper consideration given to diversification and rebalancing. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equities and fixed income are preserved, consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonableness and appropriateness. The target allocations of NRG's pension plan assets were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2023:
U.S. equity | 19 | %
Non-U.S. equity | 12 | %
Non-core assets | 17 | %
Fixed Income | 52 | %
Plan assets are currently invested in a diversified blend of equity and fixed-income investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S., non-U.S., global, and emerging market equities, as well as among growth, value, small and large capitalization stocks. Investment risk and performance are monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly portfolio reviews of each asset fund class to a related performance benchmark, if applicable, and annual pension liability measurements. Performance benchmarks are composed of the following indices:
Asset Class |  | Index
U.S. equities |  | Dow Jones U.S. Total Stock Market Index
Non-U.S. equities |  | MSCI All Country World Index
Non-core assets(a) |  | Various (per underlying asset class)
Fixed income securities |  | Barclays Short, Intermediate and Long Credits/Barclays Strips 20+ Index and FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index
(a)Non-Core Assets are defined as diversifying asset classes approved by the Investment Committee that are intended to enhance returns and/or reduce volatility of the U.S. and non-U.S. equities. Asset classes considered Non-Core include, but may not be limited to: Emerging Market Equity, Emerging Market Debt, Non-US Developed Market Small Cap, High Yield Fixed Income, Real Estate, Bank Loans, Global Infrastructure and other Alternatives NRG's expected future benefit payments for each of the next five years, and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter, are as follows:
| Pension |  | Other Postretirement Benefit
(In millions) | Benefit Payments |  | Benefit Payments |  | Medicare Prescription Drug Reimbursements
2024 | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |
2025 | 81 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
2026 | 79 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
2027 | 78 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
2028 | 76 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
2029-2033 | 360 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 2 |
STP Defined Benefit Plans STPNOC, which operates and maintains STP, provides its employees a defined benefit pension plan, as well as postretirement health and welfare benefits. Although NRG did not sponsor the STP plan, it reimbursed STPNOC for 44% of the contributions made towards its retirement plan obligations. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, NRG reimbursed STPNOC $3 million and $18 million, respectively, for its contribution to the plans. On November 1, 2023, the Company closed on the sale of its 44% equity interest in STP. Following the sale, the Company is no longer responsible for further reimbursements to the STP pension plan. The Company recognized the following in its statement of financial position, statement of operations and accumulated OCI related to its former 44% interest in STP:
|  |  | As of December 31,
|  |  | Pension Benefits |  |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2022
Funded status — STPNOC benefit plans |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  |  |  | $ | (13) |
Net periodic benefit cost/(credit) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | (4) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income |  |  | (27) |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Defined Contribution Plans NRG's employees are also eligible to participate in defined contribution 401(k) plans. The Company's costs related to these plans were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cost recognized for defined contribution plans | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 35 |
The Company's costs, which are primarily related to employer matching of a portion of employee contributions to defined contribution plans, increased during 2023 primarily due to an increase in retirement saving plan match and the Vivint acquisition.

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