10-Q 1 efx10q20180630.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .
Commission File Number: 001-06605

EQUIFAX INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia | 58-0401110
(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) | Identification No.)

1550 Peachtree Street, N.W., Atlanta, Georgia | 30309
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

404-885-8000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ | Emerging growth company ☐
|  | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
On July 13, 2018, there were 120,412,168 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

EQUIFAX INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
QUARTER ENDED June 30, 2018
INDEX

|  | Page |
PART I. | Financial Information | 4 |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 4 |
| Consolidated Statements of Income—Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 4 |
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 6 |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets—June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 7 |
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 8 |
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and Other Comprehensive Income—Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 | 9 |
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 10 |
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29 |
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 43 |
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 43 |
PART II. | Other Information | 44 |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44 |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 46 |
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 46 |
Item 5. | Other Information | 48 |
Item 6. | Exhibits | 48 |
Signatures |  | 49 |

2

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains information that may constitute “forward-looking statements.” Generally, the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “project,” “will,” “may” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which generally are not historical in nature. All statements that address operating performance, events, plans or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, including statements relating to future operating results and statements related to the cybersecurity incident reported in the third quarter of 2017 and impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, are forward-looking statements. Management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made. However, forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our Company’s historical experience and our present expectations or projections, including without limitation our expectation regarding the Company's outlook and expected increases in costs related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident referenced below in Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — "Business Overview—Business Environment and Company Outlook." These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part II, “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. As a result of such risks and uncertainties, we urge you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date when made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
EQUIFAX INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  |
Operating revenue |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 856.7 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below) |  | 348.6 |  |  | 293.7 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 257.5 |  |  | 226.6 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 77.2 |  |  | 70.5 |
Total operating expenses |  | 683.3 |  |  | 590.8 |
Operating income |  | 193.6 |  |  | 265.9 |
Interest expense |  | (26.4 | ) |  | (24.6 | )
Other income, net |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.3 |
Consolidated income before income taxes |  | 169.4 |  |  | 242.6 |
Provision for income taxes |  | (23.3 | ) |  | (75.0 | )
Consolidated net income |  | 146.1 |  |  | 167.6 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests including redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | (1.3 | ) |  | (2.2 | )
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 144.8 |  |  | $ | 165.4 |
Basic earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.37 |
Weighted-average shares used in computing basic earnings per share |  | 120.3 |  |  | 120.3 |
Diluted earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted earnings per share |  | 121.4 |  |  | 121.9 |
Dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.39 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

EQUIFAX INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  |
Operating revenue |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1,689.0 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization below) |  | 691.5 |  |  | 594.6 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 558.0 |  |  | 468.1 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 155.3 |  |  | 141.8 |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,404.8 |  |  | 1,204.5 |
Operating income |  | 337.8 |  |  | 484.5 |
Interest expense |  | (50.3 | ) |  | (48.8 | )
Other income, net |  | 5.1 |  |  | 2.6 |
Consolidated income from operations before income taxes |  | 292.6 |  |  | 438.3 |
Provision for income taxes |  | (52.6 | ) |  | (115.3 | )
Consolidated net income |  | 240.0 |  |  | 323.0 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (4.3 | )
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 235.8 |  |  | $ | 318.7 |
Basic earnings per common share: |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 2.65 |
Weighted-average shares used in computing basic earnings per share |  | 120.3 |  |  | 120.1 |
Diluted earnings per common share: |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted earnings per share |  | 121.4 |  |  | 121.9 |
Dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

EQUIFAX INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Equifax Shareholders |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total |  | Equifax Shareholders |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Net income |  | $ | 144.8 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 146.1 |  |  | $ | 165.4 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 167.6 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (159.2 | ) |  | 5.3 |  |  | (153.9 | ) |  | 6.2 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 7.0 |
Change in unrecognized prior service cost and actuarial losses related to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net |  | 3.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.6 |
Change in cumulative loss from cash flow hedging transactions, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (10.5 | ) |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | (3.9 | ) |  | $ | 174.2 |  |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 177.2 |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Equifax Shareholders |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total |  | Equifax Shareholders |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Net income |  | $ | 235.8 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | $ | 240.0 |  |  | $ | 318.7 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 323.0 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (117.9 | ) |  | 6.9 |  |  | (111.0 | ) |  | 118.6 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 120.8 |
Change in unrecognized prior service cost and actuarial losses related to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net |  | 7.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.0 |
Change in cumulative loss from cash flow hedging transactions, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 125.8 |  |  | $ | 11.1 |  |  | $ | 136.9 |  |  | $ | 442.1 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 448.6 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

EQUIFAX INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

|  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(In millions, except par values) |  |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 327.4 |  |  | $ | 336.4 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $11.0 and $9.1 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | 473.5 |  |  | 444.8 |
Prepaid expenses |  | 87.7 |  |  | 94.3 |
Other current assets |  | 60.2 |  |  | 122.9 |
Total current assets |  | 948.8 |  |  | 998.4 |
Property and equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized internal-use software and system costs |  | 532.5 |  |  | 427.9 |
Data processing equipment and furniture |  | 309.3 |  |  | 306.6 |
Land, buildings and improvements |  | 212.3 |  |  | 212.5 |
Total property and equipment |  | 1,054.1 |  |  | 947.0 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (417.6 | ) |  | (380.0 | )
Total property and equipment, net |  | 636.5 |  |  | 567.0 |
Goodwill |  | 4,135.9 |  |  | 4,184.0 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets |  | 94.8 |  |  | 95.0 |
Purchased intangible assets, net |  | 1,154.9 |  |  | 1,247.0 |
Other assets, net |  | 146.0 |  |  | 142.0 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,116.9 |  |  | $ | 7,233.4 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 965.3 |
Accounts payable |  | 121.4 |  |  | 110.3 |
Accrued expenses |  | 171.6 |  |  | 160.9 |
Accrued salaries and bonuses |  | 94.4 |  |  | 119.4 |
Deferred revenue |  | 101.5 |  |  | 108.4 |
Other current liabilities |  | 184.7 |  |  | 209.2 |
Total current liabilities |  | 677.6 |  |  | 1,673.5 |
Long-term debt |  | 2,628.4 |  |  | 1,739.0 |
Deferred income tax liabilities, net |  | 293.2 |  |  | 305.1 |
Long-term pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities |  | 153.6 |  |  | 175.8 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 84.4 |  |  | 101.0 |
Total liabilities |  | 3,837.2 |  |  | 3,994.4 |
Commitments and Contingencies (see Note 5) |  |  |  |  |  |
Equifax shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: Authorized shares - 10.0; Issued shares - none |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $1.25 par value: Authorized shares - 300.0; Issued shares - 189.3 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; Outstanding shares - 120.4 and 120.1 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | 236.6 |  |  | 236.6 |
Paid-in capital |  | 1,339.8 |  |  | 1,332.7 |
Retained earnings |  | 4,748.3 |  |  | 4,600.6 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (522.0 | ) |  | (412.0 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 68.3 shares and 68.6 shares at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | (2,574.2 | ) |  | (2,577.6 | )
Stock held by employee benefit trusts, at cost, 0.6 shares at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (5.9 | )
Total Equifax shareholders' equity |  | 3,222.6 |  |  | 3,174.4 |
Noncontrolling interests including redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | 57.1 |  |  | 64.6 |
Total equity |  | 3,279.7 |  |  | 3,239.0 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,116.9 |  |  | $ | 7,233.4 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

EQUIFAX INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In millions)
Operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net income |  | $ | 240.0 |  |  | $ | 323.0 |
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 157.5 |  |  | 143.5 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 20.7 |  |  | 25.3 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (10.0 | ) |  | (6.8 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding effects of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (36.3 | ) |  | (24.1 | )
Other assets, current and long-term |  | 64.5 |  |  | (30.3 | )
Current and long term liabilities, excluding debt |  | (81.6 | ) |  | (101.5 | )
Cash provided by operating activities |  | 354.8 |  |  | 329.1 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (118.7 | ) |  | (99.9 | )
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (30.7 | ) |  | (9.6 | )
Cash received from sale of asset |  | — |  |  | 8.6 |
Cash used in investing activities |  | (149.4 | ) |  | (100.9 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net short-term (repayments) borrowings |  | (960.2 | ) |  | 208.8 |
Payments on long-term debt |  | (100.0 | ) |  | (50.0 | )
Borrowings on long-term debt |  | 994.8 |  |  | — |
Dividends paid to Equifax shareholders |  | (93.9 | ) |  | (93.9 | )
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests |  | (8.7 | ) |  | (6.6 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 5.7 |  |  | 13.0 |
Payment of taxes related to settlement of equity awards |  | (12.6 | ) |  | (27.0 | )
Purchase of redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | (21.3 | ) |  | — |
Debt issuance costs |  | (7.3 | ) |  | — |
Payment of contingent consideration |  | (1.5 | ) |  | — |
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (205.0 | ) |  | 44.3 |
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  | (9.4 | ) |  | 2.1 |
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (9.0 | ) |  | 274.6 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  | 336.4 |  |  | 129.3 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 327.4 |  |  | $ | 403.9 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
8

EQUIFAX INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

|  | Equifax Shareholders |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Stock Held By Employee Benefits Trusts |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares Outstanding |  | Amount |  | Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
|  | (In millions, except per share amounts)
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | 120.1 |  |  | $ | 236.6 |  |  | $ | 1,332.7 |  |  | $ | 4,600.6 |  |  | $ | (412.0 | ) |  | $ | (2,577.6 | ) |  | $ | (5.9 | ) |  | $ | 64.6 |  |  | $ | 3,239.0 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 240.0 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (102.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | (95.1 | )
Shares issued under stock and benefit plans, net of minimum tax withholdings |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (10.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.9 | )
Cash dividends ($0.78 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94.3 | )
Dividends paid to employee benefits trusts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.7 |
Purchases of redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.9 | ) |  | (19.6 | )
Redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  | — |
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8.7 | ) |  | (8.7 | )
Cumulative adjustment from change in accounting principle (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.2 |
Balance, June 30, 2018 |  | 120.4 |  |  | $ | 236.6 |  |  | $ | 1,339.8 |  |  | $ | 4,748.3 |  |  | $ | (522.0 | ) |  | $ | (2,574.2 | ) |  | $ | (5.9 | ) |  | $ | 57.1 |  |  | $ | 3,279.7 |

At June 30, 2018, $590.1 million was available for future purchases of common stock under our share repurchase authorization.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss consists of the following components:

|  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
|  | (In millions)
Foreign currency translation |  | $ | (221.2 | ) |  | $ | (103.3 | )
Unrecognized actuarial losses and prior service cost related to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net of accumulated tax of $92.8 and $95.6 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | (299.6 | ) |  | (257.5 | )
Cash flow hedging transactions, net of accumulated tax of $0.7 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively |  | (1.2 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 |  | — |  |  | (50.0 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (522.0 | ) |  | $ | (412.0 | )

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
9

EQUIFAX INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
June 30, 2018
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
As used herein, the terms Equifax, the Company, we, our and us refer to Equifax Inc., a Georgia corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries as a combined entity, except where it is clear that the terms mean only Equifax Inc.
Nature of Operations. We collect, organize and manage various types of financial, demographic, employment and marketing information. Our products and services enable businesses to make credit and service decisions, manage their portfolio risk, automate or outsource certain payroll-related tax and human resources business processes, and develop marketing strategies concerning consumers and commercial enterprises. We serve customers across a wide range of industries, including the financial services, mortgage, retail, telecommunications, utilities, automotive, brokerage, healthcare and insurance industries, as well as government agencies. We also enable consumers to manage and protect their financial health through a portfolio of products offered directly to consumers. As of June 30, 2018, we operated in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, or U.K., Uruguay and the United States of America, or U.S. We also offer Equifax branded credit services in India and Russia through joint ventures, we have investments in consumer and/or commercial credit information companies through joint ventures in Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore and Dubai, and have an investment in a consumer and commercial credit information company in Brazil.
We develop, maintain and enhance secured proprietary information databases through the compilation of consumer specific data, including credit, income, employment, asset, liquidity, net worth and spending activity, and business data, including credit and business demographics, that we obtain from a variety of sources, such as credit granting institutions, and income and tax information primarily from large to mid-sized companies in the U.S. We process this information utilizing our proprietary information management systems. We also provide information, technology and services to support debt collections and recovery management.
Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, the instructions to Form 10-Q and applicable sections of SEC Regulation S-X. To understand our complete financial position and results, as defined by GAAP, this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (“2017 Form 10-K”).
Our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the periods presented and are of a normal recurring nature.
Earnings Per Share. Our basic earnings per share, or EPS, is calculated as net income attributable to Equifax divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is calculated to reflect the potential dilution that would occur if stock options or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and resulted in additional common shares outstanding. The net income amounts used in both our basic and diluted EPS calculations are the same. A reconciliation of the weighted-average outstanding shares used in the two calculations is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In millions)
Weighted-average shares outstanding (basic) |  | 120.3 |  |  | 120.3 |  |  | 120.3 |  |  | 120.1 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options and restricted stock units |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.8 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding (diluted) |  | 121.4 |  |  | 121.9 |  |  | 121.4 |  |  | 121.9 |

For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, stock options that were anti-dilutive were no t material.
Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and short- and long-term debt. The carrying amounts of these items, other than long-term debt, approximate their fair market values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of our fixed-rate debt is
10

determined using Level 2 inputs such as quoted market prices for similar publicly traded instruments, and for non-publicly traded instruments through valuation techniques involving observable inputs based on the specific characteristics of the debt instrument. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of our long-term debt, including the current portion, was $2.7 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, compared to its carrying value of $2.7 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities. Although derivative financial instruments are not utilized for speculative purposes or as the Company’s primary risk management tool, derivatives have been used as a risk management tool to hedge the Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. We have used interest rate swaps and interest rate lock agreements to manage interest rate risk associated with our fixed and floating-rate borrowings. Forward contracts on various foreign currencies have been used to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk of certain firm commitments denominated in foreign currencies. We recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivative valuations reflect the value of the instrument including the value associated with any material counterparty risk.
Fair Value Measurements. Fair value is determined based on the assumptions marketplace participants use in pricing the asset or liability. We use a three level fair value hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in valuation techniques between observable inputs that reflect quoted prices in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices with observable market data and unobservable data (e.g., a company’s own data).
The following table presents items measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
Description |  | Fair Value of Assets (Liabilities) at June 30, 2018 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | (In millions)
Deferred Compensation Plan Assets(1) |  | $ | 35.8 |  |  | $ | 35.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred Compensation Plan Liability(1) |  | (35.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (35.8 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35.8 |  |  | $ | (35.8 | ) |  | $ | — |

(1) We maintain deferred compensation plans that allow for certain management employees to defer the receipt of compensation (such as salary, incentive compensation and commissions) until a later date based on the terms of the plan. The liability representing benefits accrued for plan participants is valued at the quoted market prices of the participants’ investment elections. The asset consists of mutual funds reflective of the participants’ investment selections and is valued at daily quoted market prices.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis. We completed various acquisitions during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2017. The values of net assets acquired and the resulting goodwill were recorded at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The majority of the related current assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their carrying values as of the date of acquisition, as their carrying values approximated their fair values due to their short-term nature. The fair values of goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets acquired in these acquisitions were internally estimated primarily based on the income approach. The income approach estimates fair value based on the present value of the cash flows that the assets are expected to generate in the future. We developed internal estimates for the expected cash flows and discount rates in the present value calculations.
Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Accounts receivable are stated at cost. Significant payment terms for customers are identified in the contract. We do not recognize interest income on our trade accounts receivable. Additionally, we generally do not require collateral from our customers related to our trade accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses on trade accounts receivable is based on historical write-off experience, an analysis of the aging of outstanding receivables, customer payment patterns and the establishment of specific reserves for customers in an adverse financial condition. We reassess the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts each reporting period. Increases to the allowance for doubtful accounts are recorded as bad debt expense, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.
Other Current Assets. Other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets primarily represent amounts in specifically designated accounts that hold the funds that are due to customers from our debt collection and recovery management services. As of June 30, 2018, these assets were approximately $24.8 million, with a corresponding balance in other current liabilities. These amounts are restricted as to their current use, and will be released according to the specific customer agreements. Other current assets also include the current portion of the Company's right to consideration in exchange
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for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer (contract assets) as well as insurance recoveries receivable and certain current tax accounts.
Other Assets. Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets primarily represents our investment in unconsolidated affiliates, our equity investment in Brazil, the long-term portion of the Company's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer (contract assets), assets related to life insurance policies covering certain officers of the Company, and employee benefit trust assets.
Other Current Liabilities. Other current liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of corresponding amounts of other current assets, related to amounts in specifically designated accounts that hold the funds that are due to customers from our debt collection and recovery management services. As of June 30, 2018, these funds were approximately $24.8 million. These amounts are restricted as to their current use and will be released according to the specific customer agreements. Other current liabilities also include various accrued liabilities such as costs related to the cybersecurity incident as described more fully in Note 5, interest expense, accrued employee benefits, accrued taxes, accrued payroll, and accrued legal expenses.
Change in Accounting Principle. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)." The guidance provides companies the option to eliminate the stranded tax effects associated with the change in the federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 31, 2018, with early adoption permitted for reporting periods for which financial statements have not been issued and can be applied retrospectively. As such, we have adopted this guidance as of December 31, 2017 resulting in the reclassification of $50.0 million from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings related to the change in tax rate, as prescribed in the guidance.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting." The amendments in ASU 2017-09 require entities to apply modification accounting in Topic 718 only when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award result in changes to fair value, vesting conditions or the classification of the award as equity or liability. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07 "Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (Topic 715)." This new guidance changes how employers that sponsor defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement plans present the net periodic benefit cost in the income statement. An employer is required to report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. Other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. The amendment also allows only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization, when applicable. The retrospective adoption of this guidance resulted in the reclassification of $1.8 million and $3.6 million from selling, general and administrative expenses to other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, and the recognition of $1.0 million and $2.0 million in selling, general, and administrative expenses and $2.2 million and $4.4 million in other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. We do not capitalize any components of pension costs.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01 "Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805)." This standard provides criteria to determine when an asset acquired or group of assets acquired is not a business. When substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. This reduces the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated to determine if what is being acquired meets the definition of a business. The prospective adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 "Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." This new guidance requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. However, an entity may choose to measure the equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at a new measurement alternative. Entities may choose to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The amendments in this update also simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, eliminate the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method and significant assumptions used to
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estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet and require these entities to use the exit price notion when measuring fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. This guidance also changes the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments as well as clarifying the guidance related to valuation allowance assessments when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 was originally effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within that period, beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption was not permitted. On July 9, 2015, the FASB voted to defer the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017 for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date and permitted early adoption of the standard, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016. Companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt ASU 2014-09
As of January 1, 2018, we adopted the standard using the modified retrospective method. The new standard impacted our contracts that have a known quantity over a defined term with price increases or decreases over the contract life. Under the standard applicable during the period ended December 31, 2017, revenue related to these contracts were limited by billings in a period. Under the new standard applicable for the period beginning January 1, 2018, the total contract value is recognized ratably over the defined term or by using a transactional standalone selling price resulting in the creation of a contract asset or contract liability as transactions are delivered. Additionally, the changes to the cost capitalization practices did not materially impact our Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 2 for further details.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements. Derivatives and Hedging. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (Topic 815).” The amendments in ASU 2017-12 provide targeted improvements to the accounting for hedging activities to better align an entity’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 will become effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, although early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied on a prospective basis. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Goodwill. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04 "Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350)." This standard eliminates Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test, instead requiring an entity to recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the goodwill carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. This guidance is effective for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. This guidance must be applied on a prospective basis. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 “Leases (Topic 842).” This standard requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets and expenses on their income statements in a manner similar to current lease accounting. The guidance also eliminates current real estate-specific provisions for all entities. For lessors, the guidance modifies the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct financing leases. All entities will classify leases to determine how to recognize lease-related revenue and expense. The guidance becomes effective for fiscal years and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We are evaluating the potential effects of the adoption of this standard on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Credit Losses. In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13 (ASU 2016-13) "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019. We do not expect the adoption of the standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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2. REVENUE
On January 1, 2018 we adopted ASU 2014-09 using the modified retrospective approach. Comparative financial statements of prior periods have not been adjusted to apply the new method retrospectively. The new method of accounting was applied only to contracts that were not completed at the date of application as well as to the contracts entered into on or after January 1, 2018. Additionally, we reflected the aggregate effect of all modifications to these contracts when identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, as well as determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price.
The effect of the adoption on key financial statement line items for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 | Change
Income Statement |  | Prior to ASU 2014-09 adoption |  | As reported under ASU 2014-09 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions, except per share data)
Operating revenue |  | $ | 876.5 |  |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | — | %
Consolidated income from operations before income taxes |  | $ | 169.0 |  |  | $ | 169.4 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | — | %
Consolidated net income |  | $ | 145.8 |  |  | $ | 146.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | — | %
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 144.5 |  |  | $ | 144.8 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | — | %
Basic earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Diluted earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 | Change
Income Statement |  | Prior to ASU 2014-09 adoption |  | As reported under ASU 2014-09 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions, except per share data)
Operating revenue |  | $ | 1,741.6 |  |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | — | %
Consolidated income from operations before income taxes |  | $ | 291.6 |  |  | $ | 292.6 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | — | %
Consolidated net income |  | $ | 239.3 |  |  | $ | 240.0 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | — | %
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 235.1 |  |  | $ | 235.8 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | — | %
Basic earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | 1 | %
Diluted earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %

|  | June 30, 2018 | Change
Balance Sheet |  | Prior to ASU 2014-09 adoption |  | As reported under ASU 2014-09 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions)
Other current assets |  | $ | 60.0 |  |  | $ | 60.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | — | %
Other assets, net |  | $ | 139.8 |  |  | $ | 146.0 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | 4 | %
Total assets |  | $ | 7,110.5 |  |  | $ | 7,116.9 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | — | %
Deferred income tax liabilities, net |  | $ | 291.8 |  |  | $ | 293.2 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | — | %
Total liabilities |  | $ | 3,835.8 |  |  | $ | 3,837.2 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | — | %
Retained earnings |  | $ | 4,743.3 |  |  | $ | 4,748.3 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | — | %
Total equity |  | $ | 3,274.7 |  |  | $ | 3,279.7 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | — | %
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 7,110.5 |  |  | $ | 7,116.9 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | — | %

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Revenue Recognition. Based on the information management reviews internally for evaluating operating segment performance and nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows affected by economic factors, we disaggregate revenue as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, | Change
Consolidated Operating Revenue |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions)
Online Information Solutions |  | $ | 224.1 |  |  | $ | 232.6 |  |  | $ | (8.5 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  | $ | 443.8 |  |  | $ | 457.7 |  |  | $ | (13.9 | ) |  | (3 | )%
Mortgage Solutions |  | 45.5 |  |  | 38.6 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 87.2 |  |  | 77.3 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | 13 | %
Financial Marketing Services |  | 55.0 |  |  | 60.7 |  |  | $ | (5.7 | ) |  | (9 | )% |  | 100.5 |  |  | 107.0 |  |  | $ | (6.5 | ) |  | (6 | )%
Total U.S. Information Solutions |  | 324.6 |  |  | 331.9 |  |  | $ | (7.3 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  | 631.5 |  |  | 642.0 |  |  | $ | (10.5 | ) |  | (2 | )%
Asia Pacific |  | 86.1 |  |  | 76.5 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 168.5 |  |  | 148.5 |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | 13 | %
Europe |  | 72.3 |  |  | 68.5 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 143.0 |  |  | 130.2 |  |  | $ | 12.8 |  |  | 10 | %
Latin America |  | 54.2 |  |  | 52.9 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 110.1 |  |  | 104.0 |  |  | $ | 6.1 |  |  | 6 | %
Canada |  | 37.7 |  |  | 33.5 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 73.2 |  |  | 65.0 |  |  | $ | 8.2 |  |  | 13 | %
Total International |  | 250.3 |  |  | 231.4 |  |  | $ | 18.9 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 494.8 |  |  | 447.7 |  |  | $ | 47.1 |  |  | 11 | %
Verification Services |  | 149.3 |  |  | 130.3 |  |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 277.7 |  |  | 245.4 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |  |  | 13 | %
Employer Services |  | 58.3 |  |  | 64.2 |  |  | $ | (5.9 | ) |  | (9 | )% |  | 141.0 |  |  | 149.1 |  |  | $ | (8.1 | ) |  | (5 | )%
Total Workforce Solutions |  | 207.6 |  |  | 194.5 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 418.7 |  |  | 394.5 |  |  | $ | 24.2 |  |  | 6 | %
Global Consumer Solutions |  | 94.4 |  |  | 98.9 |  |  | $ | (4.5 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  | 197.6 |  |  | 204.8 |  |  | $ | (7.2 | ) |  | (4 | )%
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 856.7 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1,689.0 |  |  | $ | 53.6 |  |  | 3 | %

Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation has been satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to a customer and the customer obtains control of the good or service. In order to recognize revenue, we note that the two parties must have an agreement that creates enforceable rights, the performance obligations must be distinct and the transaction price can be determined. Our revenue is derived from the provision of information services to our customers on a transactional basis, in which distinct services are delivered over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services delivered. To measure our performance over time, the output method is utilized to measure the value to the customer based on the transfer to date of the services promised, with no rights of return once consumed. In these cases, revenue on transactional contracts with defined price but an undefined quantity is recognized utilizing the right to invoice expedient resulting in revenue being recognized when the service is provided and billed. Additionally, multi-year contracts with defined price but an undefined quantity that utilize tier pricing would be defined as a series of distinct performance obligations satisfied over time utilizing the same method of measurement, the output method, with no rights of return once consumed. This measurement method is applied on a monthly basis resulting in revenue being recognized when the service is provided and billed.
Additionally, we recognize revenue from subscription-based contracts under which a customer pays a preset fee for a predetermined or unlimited number of transactions or services provided during the subscription period, generally one year. Revenue from subscription-based contracts having a preset number of transactions is recognized as the services are provided, using an effective transaction rate as the actual transactions are delivered. Any remaining revenue related to unfulfilled units is not recognized until the end of the related contract’s subscription period. Revenue from subscription-based contracts having an unlimited volume is recognized ratably during the contract term. Multi-year subscription contracts are analyzed to determine the full contract transaction price over the term of the contract and the subsequent price is ratably recognized over the full term of the contract.
Revenue is recorded net of sales taxes.
If at the outset of an arrangement, we determine that collectability is not reasonably assured, revenue is deferred until the earlier of when collectability becomes probable or the receipt of payment from the customer. If there is uncertainty as to the customer’s acceptance of the performance obligation, revenue is not recognized until the earlier of receipt of customer acceptance or expiration of the acceptance period.
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We sell certain offerings that contain multiple performance obligations. These obligations may include consumer or commercial information, file updates for certain solutions, services provided by our decisioning technologies personnel, training services, statistical models and other services. In order to account for each of these obligations separately, the delivered promises within our contracts must meet the criterion to be considered distinct performance obligations to our customer. If we determine that the arrangement does not contain separate distinct obligations, the performance obligations are bundled together until a distinct obligation is achieved. This may lead to the arrangement consideration being recognized as the final contract obligation is delivered to our customer or ratably over the term of the contract.
Some of our arrangements with multiple performance obligations involve the delivery of services generated by a combination of services provided by one or more of our operating segments. No individual information service impacts the value or usage of other information services included in an arrangement and each service can be sold alone or, in most cases, purchased from another vendor without affecting the quality of use or value to the customer of the other information services included in the arrangement. Some of our products require the installation of interfaces or platforms by our technology personnel that allow our customers to interact with our proprietary information databases. These installation services do not meet the requirement for being distinct, thus any related installation fees are deferred when billed and are recognized over the expected period that the customer will benefit from the related services. Revenue from the delivery of one-time files and models is recognized as the service is provided and accepted, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. The direct costs of installation of a customer are capitalized and amortized over the useful life of the identifiable asset.
We record revenue on a net basis for those sales in which we have in substance acted as an agent or broker in the transaction and therefore do not have control.
In certain instances within our debt collections and recovery management services in our International operating segment and within our Workforce Solutions operating segment, variable consideration is constrained due to the fact that the revenue is contingent on a particular outcome. Within our debt collections and recovery management businesses, revenue is calculated as a percentage of debt collected on behalf of the customer and, as such, is primarily recognized when the debt is collected assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. Within our Workforce Solutions operating segment, the fees for certain of our tax credits and incentives revenue are based on a percentage of the credit delivered to our clients. Revenue for these arrangements is recognized based on the achievement of milestones, upon calculation of the credit, approval from a regulatory agency or when the credit is utilized by our client, depending on the provisions of the client contract.
Judgments and Uncertainties – Each performance obligation within a contract must be considered separately to ensure that appropriate accounting is performed for these distinct goods or services. These considerations include assessing the price at which the element is sold compared to its standalone selling price; concluding when the element will be delivered; evaluating collectability; and determining whether any contingencies exist in the related customer contract that impact the prices paid to us for the services.
Contract Balances – The contract balances are generated when revenue recognized varies from billing in a given period. A contract asset is created when an entity transfers a good or service to a customer and recognizes more revenue than what has been billed. As of June 30, 2018, the contract asset balance was $6.4 million. A contract liability is created when an entity transfers a good or service to a customer and recognizes less than what has been billed. As of June 30, 2018 there was no contract liability balance.
Remaining Performance Obligation – We have elected to disclose only the remaining performance obligations for those contracts with an expected duration of greater than 1 year and do not disclose the value of remaining performance obligations for contracts in which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice. We expect to recognize as revenue the following amounts related to our remaining performance obligations as of June 30, 2018 inclusive of foreign exchange impact:

Performance Obligation |  | Balance
|  | (In millions)
Less than 1 year |  | $ | 51.1 |
1 to 3 years |  | 69.2 |
3 to 5 years |  | 32.0 |
Thereafter |  | 62.6 |
Total remaining performance obligation |  | $ | 214.9 |

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Capitalized Costs – We capitalize certain costs related to obtaining and fulfilling a contract with a customer that we expect to recover, specifically sales commissions. These costs are amortized over the life of the contract. If the amortization period of the assets associated with the cost is less than one year, we have elected to expense the costs as incurred. As of the adoption date and June 30, 2018, there were no costs that had been capitalized.
3. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the cost in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and on an interim basis if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. We perform our annual goodwill impairment tests as of September 30.
Changes in the amount of goodwill for the six months ended June 30, 2018, are as follows:

|  | U.S. Information Solutions |  | International |  | Workforce Solutions |  | Global Consumer Solutions |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 1,071.3 |  |  | $ | 1,969.4 |  |  | $ | 952.1 |  |  | $ | 191.2 |  |  | $ | 4,184.0 |
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.1 |
Adjustments to initial purchase price allocation |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 0.5 |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | (66.7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (67.7 | )
Balance, June 30, 2018 |  | $ | 1,071.3 |  |  | $ | 1,905.7 |  |  | $ | 969.7 |  |  | $ | 189.2 |  |  | $ | 4,135.9 |

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets. Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of indefinite-lived reacquired rights representing the value of rights which we had granted to various affiliate credit reporting agencies that were reacquired in the U.S. and Canada. At the time we acquired these agreements, they were considered perpetual in nature under the accounting guidance in place at that time and, therefore, the useful lives are considered indefinite. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized. We are required to test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that there may be an impairment of the asset value. We perform our annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test as of September 30. The estimated fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeded the carrying value as of September 30, 2017. As a result, no impairment was recorded. Our indefinite-lived intangible asset carrying amounts did no t change materially during the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Purchased Intangible Assets. Purchased intangible assets represent the estimated acquisition date fair value of acquired intangible assets used in our business. Purchased data files represent the estimated acquisition date fair value of consumer credit files acquired primarily through the purchase of independent credit reporting agencies in the U.S., Canada and Australia. We expense the cost of modifying and updating credit files in the period such costs are incurred. Our reacquired rights represent the value of rights which we had granted to Computer Sciences Corporation that were reacquired in connection with the acquisition of certain assets of CSC Credit Services (“CSC Credit Services Acquisition”) in the fourth quarter of 2012. These reacquired rights are being amortized over the remaining term of the affiliation agreement on a straight-line basis until August 1, 2018. We amortize all of our purchased intangible assets on a straight-line basis. For additional information about the useful lives related to our purchased intangible assets, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
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Purchased intangible assets at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

|  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
|  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Definite-lived intangible assets: |  | (In millions)
Purchased data files |  | $ | 925.9 |  |  | $ | (277.4 | ) |  | $ | 648.5 |  |  | $ | 955.7 |  |  | $ | (262.2 | ) |  | $ | 693.5 |
Acquired software and technology |  | 122.7 |  |  | (62.7 | ) |  | 60.0 |  |  | 142.3 |  |  | (66.6 | ) |  | 75.7 |
Customer relationships |  | 701.0 |  |  | (279.4 | ) |  | 421.6 |  |  | 772.4 |  |  | (326.7 | ) |  | 445.7 |
Reacquired rights |  | 73.3 |  |  | (72.2 | ) |  | 1.1 |  |  | 73.3 |  |  | (65.6 | ) |  | 7.7 |
Proprietary database |  | 24.0 |  |  | (9.9 | ) |  | 14.1 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | (8.7 | ) |  | 13.4 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 4.4 |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | (12.7 | ) |  | 1.4 |
Trade names and other intangible assets |  | 20.2 |  |  | (11.9 | ) |  | 8.3 |  |  | 20.2 |  |  | (10.6 | ) |  | 9.6 |
Total definite-lived intangible assets |  | $ | 1,871.5 |  |  | $ | (716.6 | ) |  | $ | 1,154.9 |  |  | $ | 2,000.1 |  |  | $ | (753.1 | ) |  | $ | 1,247.0 |

Amortization expense related to purchased intangible assets was $39.2 million and $41.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense related to purchased intangible assets was $81.4 million and $86.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Estimated future amortization expense related to definite-lived purchased intangible assets at June 30, 2018 is as follows:

Years ending December 31, |  | Amount
|  | (In millions)
2018 |  | $ | 70.6 |
2019 |  | 131.4 |
2020 |  | 123.7 |
2021 |  | 106.5 |
2022 |  | 100.8 |
Thereafter |  | 621.9 |
|  | $ | 1,154.9 |

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4. DEBT
Debt outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows:

|  | June 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
|  | (In millions)
Commercial paper |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 562.6 |
Revolver |  | — |  |  | 100.0 |
Term Loan, due Nov 2018 |  | — |  |  | 400.0 |
Notes, 2.30%, due June 2021 |  | 500.0 |  |  | 500.0 |
Notes, 3.60%, due Aug 2021 |  | 300.0 |  |  | — |
Notes, Floating Rate, due Aug 2021 |  | 300.0 |  |  | — |
Notes, 3.30%, due Dec 2022 |  | 500.0 |  |  | 500.0 |
Notes, 3.95%, due May 2023 |  | 400.0 |  |  | — |
Notes, 3.25%, due June 2026 |  | 275.0 |  |  | 275.0 |
Debentures, 6.90%, due July 2028 |  | 125.0 |  |  | 125.0 |
Notes, 7.00%, due July 2037 |  | 250.0 |  |  | 250.0 |
Other |  | 4.0 |  |  | 2.7 |
Total debt |  | 2,654.0 |  |  | 2,715.3 |
Less short-term debt and current maturities |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (965.3 | )
Less unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs |  | (21.6 | ) |  | (11.0 | )
Total long-term debt, net |  | $ | 2,628.4 |  |  | $ | 1,739.0 |

3.6%, 3.95%, and Floating Rate Senior Notes. In May 2018 we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.6% Senior Notes due 2021 (the "2021 Notes"), $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.95% Senior Notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes"), and $300.0 million aggregate principal amount Floating Rate Notes due 2021 (the "Floating Rate Notes") in an underwritten public offering. Interest on the 2021 Notes will accrue from their date of issuance at a rate of 3.6% per year and will be payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning February 15, 2019. Interest on the 2023 Notes will accrue from their date of issuance at a rate of 3.95% per year and will be payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2018. Interest on the Floating Rate Notes for a particular interest period will be a rate equal to three-month LIBOR on the interest determination date plus 0.87% per annum and will be payable in cash quarterly in arrears on February 15, May 15, August 15, and November 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2018. The net proceeds of the sale of the notes were used to repay borrowings under our Revolver, our prior $800.0 million three-year delayed draw term loan facility ("Term Loan") and our commercial paper ("CP") program. We must comply with various non-financial covenants, including certain limitations on mortgages, liens and sale-leaseback transactions, as well as mergers and sales of substantially all of our assets. The Senior Notes are unsecured and rank equally with all of our unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness.
Senior Credit Facility. We are party to a $900.0 million five-year unsecured revolving credit facility (the "Revolver") with a group of financial institutions. The Revolver also has an accordion feature that allows us to request an increase in the total commitment to $1.2 billion. Borrowings may be used for general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and share repurchase programs. The Revolver is scheduled to expire in November 2020. The Revolver includes an option to request a maximum of two one-year extensions of the maturity date. Availability of the Revolver for borrowings is reduced by the outstanding principal balance of our commercial paper notes and by any letters of credit issued under the facility. As of June 30, 2018, there were $15.5 million of letters of credit outstanding. As of June 30, 2018, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolver and $884.5 million was available for borrowing.
Commercial Paper Program. Our $900.0 million commercial paper program has been established through the private placement of commercial paper notes from time-to-time, in which borrowings bear interest at either a floating rate (based on LIBOR or other benchmarks), or a fixed rate, plus the applicable margin. Maturities of commercial paper can range from overnight to 397 days. Because the CP is backstopped by our Revolver, the amount of CP which may be issued under the program is reduced by the outstanding face amount of any letters of credit issued and by the outstanding borrowings under our Revolver. At June 30, 2018, there were no outstanding commercial paper notes.
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Receivables Funding Facility. In 2017, Equifax entered into a $225.0 million, two-year receivables funding facility (the "Receivables Facility"), which matures in November 2019. Under the Receivables Facility, Equifax and certain of its U.S. subsidiaries sell the eligible third-party receivables of its U.S. based business, to Equifax Receivables Funding LLC, a consolidated, wholly-owned, bankruptcy-remote subsidiary that may subsequently transfer, without recourse, an undivided interest in these accounts receivable to investors. The investors have no recourse to the Company’s other assets except for customary repurchase, warranty and indemnity claims. Creditors of Equifax do not have recourse to the assets of Equifax Receivables Funding LLC. The Receivables Facility contains standard representations, warranties and covenants made by Equifax and its U.S. subsidiaries in connection with the sale of the receivables, and any repurchase, warranty or indemnity obligations of the U.S. subsidiaries in connection with the sale of the receivables (but no obligations of Equifax Receivables Funding LLC) are guaranteed by Equifax.
There were no borrowings under the Receivables Facility at June 30, 2018. The Receivables Facility was supported by $216.8 million of accounts receivable as collateral at June 30, 2018 which, as a retained interest, is included in accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
For additional information about our debt agreements, see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
5. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Cybersecurity Incident. In fiscal 2017, we experienced a cybersecurity incident following a criminal attack on our systems that involved the theft of certain personally identifiable information of U.S., Canadian and U.K. consumers. Criminals exploited a U.S. website application vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to our network. Based on our forensic investigation, the unauthorized access occurred from mid-May through July 2017. The information accessed primarily includes names, Social Security numbers, birth dates, addresses and, in some instances, driver’s license numbers. In addition, payment card numbers for approximately 209,000 U.S. and Canadian consumers, and certain dispute documents with personal identifying information for approximately 182,000 U.S. consumers, were accessed. The investigation also determined that personal information of approximately 19,000 Canadian consumers was impacted and approximately 860,000 potentially affected U.K. consumers were contacted regarding access to personal information.
The Company acted promptly to notify the approximately 145.5 million U.S. consumers whose personally identifiable information the Company had identified in 2017 as potentially accessed. As a result of an ongoing analysis of data stolen in the 2017 cybersecurity incident, the Company announced in March 2018, that it had identified approximately 2.4 million U.S. consumers whose name and partial driver's license information were stolen, but who were not in the affected population of approximately 145.5 million consumers previously identified by the Company in 2017.
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Below is a rollforward of accrued liabilities and insurance receivable associated with the cybersecurity incident, beginning with the event date:

|  | Accrued Liabilities |  | Insurance Receivable
|  | (In millions)
Balance at September 7, 2017 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
(Expenses incurred) insurance receivable recorded |  | (87.5 | ) |  | — |
Payments made (received) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at September 30, 2017 |  | $ | (87.5 | ) |  | $ | — |
(Expenses incurred) insurance receivable recorded |  | (76.5 | ) |  | 50.0 |
Payments made (received) |  | 88.4 |  |  | (15.0 | )
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | (75.6 | ) |  | $ | 35.0 |
(Expenses incurred) insurance receivable recorded |  | (4.1 | ) |  | 10.0 |
Payments made (received) |  | 52.2 |  |  | (35.0 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 |  | $ | (27.5 | ) |  | $ | 10.0 |
(Expenses incurred) insurance receivable recorded |  | — |  |  | 35.0 |
Payments made (received) |  | 17.8 |  |  | (45.0 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 |  | $ | (9.7 | ) |  | $ | — |

Product Liability. As a result of the cybersecurity incident, we offered TrustedID® Premier, a credit file monitoring and identity theft protection product, for free to all U.S. consumers who signed up through January 31, 2018. We have recorded the expenses necessary to provide this service to those who signed up. Through December 31, 2017, we recorded $50.7 million of product costs in selling, general, and administrative expenses. We have not recorded any product expenses related to this service in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and we have recorded $4.1 million related to this service in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Expenses Incurred. Through December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $113.3 million of pretax expenses related to the cybersecurity incident. Expenses include costs to investigate and remediate the cybersecurity incident and legal and other professional services related thereto, all of which are expensed as incurred. We have included these costs in the above table through December 31, 2017. Beginning in 2018, expenses included in the above table include only costs incurred as part of the delivery of the free product.
Future Costs. We expect to incur significant professional services expenses associated with the cybersecurity incident in future periods. We will recognize these expenses as services are received. Costs related to the cybersecurity incident that will be incurred in future periods will also include increased expenses and capital investments for IT and security. We also expect to incur increased expenses for insurance, finance, compliance activities and to meet increased legal and regulatory requirements.
Insurance Coverage. We maintain $125.0 million of cybersecurity insurance coverage, above a $7.5 million deductible, to limit our exposure to losses such as those related to the cybersecurity incident. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company has recorded insurance recoveries of $35.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively. Since the announcement of the cybersecurity incident in September 2017, we have recorded and received insurance recoveries of $95.0 million for costs incurred through June 30, 2018.
Litigation, Claims and Government Investigations. As a result of the 2017 cybersecurity incident, we are subject to a significant number of proceedings and investigations. Following the 2017 cybersecurity incident, hundreds of class actions were filed against us in federal, state and Canadian courts relating to the 2017 cybersecurity incident. The plaintiffs in these cases, who purport to represent various classes of consumers and small businesses, generally claim to have been harmed by alleged actions and/or omissions by Equifax in connection with the 2017 cybersecurity incident and assert a variety of common law and statutory claims seeking monetary damages, injunctive relief and other related relief. In addition, certain class actions have been filed by financial institutions that allege their businesses have been placed at risk due to the 2017 cybersecurity incident and generally assert various common law claims such as claims for negligence and breach of contract, as well as, in some cases, statutory claims. The financial institution class actions seek compensatory damages and other related relief. Furthermore, a lawsuit has been filed against us by the City of Chicago with respect to the 2017 cybersecurity incident alleging violations of state laws and local ordinances governing protection of personal data, consumer fraud and breach notice requirements and business practices and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief and the imposition of fines the aggregate
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amount of which the complaint does not specifically quantify. Beginning on December 6, 2017 and pursuant to multiple subsequent orders, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the consolidation and transfer for pre-trial proceedings with respect to the U.S. cases pending in federal court discussed above, including the City of Chicago action, to the Northern District of Georgia as the single U.S. District Court for centralized pre-trial proceedings. Based on this order, consolidated proceedings with respect to U.S. consumer, small business, and financial institution federal class actions related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident have been conducted in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (“MDL Court”). The MDL Court has established separate tracks for the consumer and financial institution cases and appointed lead counsel on behalf of plaintiffs in both tracks. Separate consolidated nationwide class action complaints have been filed on behalf of consumer, small business, and financial institution plaintiffs. The cases before the MDL Court are in preliminary stages. We have moved to dismiss the consolidated complaints filed by the U.S. consumers and the financial institutions, and intend to file a motion to dismiss the small business complaint. In addition to these federal court proceedings, several putative class actions arising from the 2017 cybersecurity incident have been filed against us in the Fulton County Superior Court in Georgia based on similar allegations and theories as alleged in the U.S. consumer class actions seeking monetary damages, injunctive relief and other related relief on behalf of Georgia citizens. These cases have been transferred to a single judge in the Fulton County Business Court and three of the cases were consolidated into a single action. Six Canadian class actions, four of which are on behalf of a national class, have been filed against us in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Quebec and British Columbia. Each of the proposed Canadian class actions asserts a number of common law and statutory claims seeking monetary damages and other related relief in connection with the 2017 cybersecurity incident. All such actions are at the preliminary stages and one action has been stayed. In addition, civil enforcement actions have been filed against us by the Attorneys General of Massachusetts and West Virginia alleging violations of state/commonwealth consumer protection laws. The Massachusetts action is pending in Suffolk Superior Court and seeks permanent injunctive relief, civil penalties, restitution, disgorgement of profits, costs, and attorneys’ fees. The West Virginia action is pending in the Circuit Court of Boone County and seeks civil penalties and attorneys’ fees. The Attorney General of Puerto Rico filed an action against us in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico alleging negligence and seeking monetary damages on behalf of aggrieved residents of Puerto Rico, disgorgement of profits, costs, and attorneys’ fees. These three cases are all at the preliminary stages. Finally, a lawsuit has been filed against us by the City of San Francisco in Superior Court in the City of San Francisco alleging violations of California’s unfair competition law due to purported violations of statutory protections of personal data and statutory data breach requirements and seeking statutory penalties, injunctive relief, and restitution for California consumers among other relief. The City of San Francisco action has been stayed by the court. We dispute the allegations in the complaints described above and intend to defend against such claims.
In addition, we continue to cooperate with federal, state, city and foreign governmental agencies and officials investigating or otherwise seeking information and/or documents, including through Civil Investigative Demands and subpoenas, regarding the 2017 cybersecurity incident and related matters, including 48 state Attorneys General offices, as well as the District of Columbia, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the U.S. Department of Justice, the New York Department of Financial Services, the New York Department of State-Division of Consumer Protection, other U.S. state regulators, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, certain Congressional committees of both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), the Information Commissioner’s Office in the United Kingdom and the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. On June 13, 2018, the CFPB and FTC provided us with notice that the staff of the CFPB and FTC are considering recommending that their respective agencies take legal action against us, and that the agencies may seek injunctive relief against us, as well as damages and civil money penalties. We submitted a written response to the CFPB and FTC addressing their expected allegations and we continue to cooperate with the agencies in their investigation. Although we are actively cooperating with that above investigations and inquiries, an adverse outcome to any such investigations and inquiries could subject us to fines or other obligations, which may have an adverse effect on how we operate our business or our results of operations. In addition, we continue to cooperate with the SEC and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Georgia regarding investigations into the trading activities by certain of our current and former employees in relation to the 2017 cybersecurity incident.
On June 25, 2018, we entered into a Consent Order with state banking regulators in response to their multi-state review of the Company's information technology and security controls.
TransUnion Litigation. On November 27, 2017, Trans Union LLC and TransUnion Interactive, Inc. (collectively, “TransUnion”) filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against Equifax Information Services LLC, Equifax Inc., and Equifax Consumer Services LLC f/k/a Equifax Consumer Services, Inc. In its lawsuit, TransUnion asserts claims for declaratory relief, breach of contract, and anticipatory repudiation of contract based on our Reciprocal Data Supply Agreement (the “Agreement”), which sets forth the pricing terms for credit monitoring supplied by the parties to each other. TransUnion seeks a declaration regarding its contractual rights under the Agreement and monetary damages. On January 26, 2018, we moved to dismiss TransUnion’s claims. On June 19, 2018, the court granted in part and
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denied in part our motion to dismiss, dismissing Equifax Inc. from the case. Discovery has now commenced and is scheduled to end in January 2019. We dispute the allegations by TransUnion and intend to defend against its claims.
Securities Class Action Litigation. A consolidated putative class action lawsuit alleging violations of the federal securities laws in connection with statements regarding our cybersecurity systems and controls is pending against us and certain of our current and former officers and directors in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. The consolidated complaint seeks certification of a class of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Equifax securities from February 25, 2016 through September 15, 2017 and unspecified monetary damages, costs and attorneys’ fees. The defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint. We dispute the allegations in the complaint and intend to defend against the claims.
Shareholder Derivative Litigation. A consolidated putative shareholder derivative action naming certain of our current and former executives, officers, and directors as defendants and naming us as a nominal defendant is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Among other things, the consolidated complaint alleges claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, corporate waste, and insider selling by certain defendants, as well as certain claims under the federal securities laws. The complaint seeks unspecified damages on behalf of the Company, plus certain equitable relief. We have appointed a committee of independent directors empowered to evaluate and respond in our best interests to the claims and related litigation demands.
While we believe it is reasonably possible that we will incur losses associated with these proceedings and investigations, it is not possible to estimate the amount of loss or range of possible loss that might result from adverse judgments, settlements, penalties or other resolution of such proceedings and investigations based on the early stage of these proceedings and investigations, that alleged damages have not been specified, the uncertainty as to the certification of a class or classes and the size of any certified class, as applicable, and the lack of resolution on significant factual and legal issues. The Company will continue to evaluate information as it becomes known and will record an estimate for losses at the time or times when it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The Company believes that the ultimate amount paid on these actions, claims and investigations could be material to the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows in future periods.
Additional lawsuits and claims related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident may be asserted by or on behalf of consumers, customers, shareholders or others seeking damages or other related relief and additional inquiries from governmental agencies may be received or investigations by governmental agencies commenced.
Data Processing, Outsourcing Services and Other Agreements. We have separate agreements with IBM, Tata Consultancy Services and others to outsource portions of our computer data processing operations, applications development, business continuity and recovery services, help desk service and desktop support functions, operation of our voice and data networks, maintenance and related functions and to provide certain other administrative and operational services. Annual payment obligations in regard to these agreements vary due to factors such as the volume of data processed; changes in our servicing needs as a result of new product offerings, acquisitions or divestitures; the introduction of significant new technologies; foreign currency; or the general rate of inflation. In certain circumstances (e.g., a change in control or for our convenience), we may terminate these data processing and outsourcing agreements and, in doing so, certain of these agreements require us to pay significant termination fees.
Guarantees and General Indemnifications. We may issue standby letters of credit and performance bonds in the normal course of business. The aggregate notional amount of all performance bonds and standby letters of credit was no t material at June 30, 2018, and all have a remaining maturity of one year or less. We may issue other guarantees in the ordinary course of business. The maximum potential future payments we could be required to make under the guarantees in the ordinary course of business is no t material at June 30, 2018. We have agreed to guarantee the liabilities and performance obligations (some of which have limitations) of a certain debt collections and recovery management variable interest entity under its commercial agreements.
We have agreed to standard indemnification clauses in many of our lease agreements for office space, covering such things as tort, environmental and other liabilities that arise out of or relate to our use or occupancy of the leased premises. Certain of our credit agreements include provisions which require us to make payments to preserve an expected economic return to the lenders if that economic return is diminished due to certain changes in law or regulations. In conjunction with certain transactions, such as sales or purchases of operating assets or services in the ordinary course of business, or the disposition of certain assets or businesses, we sometimes provide routine indemnifications, the terms of which range in duration and sometimes are not limited. Additionally, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and executive officers to indemnify such individuals to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law against liabilities that arise by
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reason of their status as directors or officers. The Company maintains directors and officers liability insurance coverage to reduce its exposure to such obligations.
We cannot reasonably estimate our potential future payments under the guarantees and indemnities and related provisions described above because we cannot predict when and under what circumstances these provisions may be triggered. We had no accruals related to guarantees and indemnities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
Contingencies. We are involved in legal and regulatory matters, government investigations, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business other than those related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident. We periodically assess our exposure related to these matters based on the information which is available. We have recorded accruals in our Consolidated Financial Statements for those matters in which it is probable that we have incurred a loss and the amount of the loss, or range of loss, can be reasonably estimated.
For additional information about these and other commitments and contingencies, see Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
6. INCOME TAXES
We are subject to U.S. federal, state and international income taxes. We are generally no longer subject to federal, state, or international income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2015 with few exceptions. Due to the potential for resolution of state and foreign examinations, and the expiration of various statutes of limitations, it is reasonably possible that our gross unrecognized tax benefit balance may change within the next twelve months by a range of $0 to $5.1 million.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Act”), as signed by the President of the United States on December 22, 2017, significantly revises U.S. tax law. The legislation will positively impact the Company’s ongoing effective tax rate due to the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The Tax Act makes major changes to the U.S. international tax system. Under previous law, foreign earnings were subject to U.S. tax when repatriated to the U.S. Under the Tax Act, foreign earnings are generally exempt from U.S. tax. Additionally, there is a one-time deemed repatriation tax on undistributed foreign earnings and profits (the “transition tax”). The Tax Act imposes other U.S. taxes on “global intangible low taxed income” and “base erosion anti-abuse transactions.” Other significant changes include limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation, and repeal of the deduction for domestic production activities. As a result of the current interpretation and estimated impact of the Tax Act, the Company recorded adjustments totaling a net tax benefit of $48.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2017 to provisionally account for the estimated impact.
As permitted by Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, provisional amounts estimated based on information available as of December 31, 2017 have been made for the adjustments to deferred tax assets and liabilities, state taxes, equity compensation, the calculation of the transition tax, the valuation allowance related to the foreign tax credit carryover and the 2017 dividends. For 2018, provisional estimates based on information as of June 30, 2018 have been made for equity compensation, §163(j) interest limitation at a partnership level, expense allocation methodology for foreign tax credits and the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") tax. These amounts are subject to change as we obtain information necessary to complete the calculations and clarifications to the U.S. tax code as they occur. In all cases, we will continue to make and refine our calculations as additional analysis is completed. These changes could be material to income tax expense. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, no material adjustments were made to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017 and recorded through June 30, 2018.
The Tax Act subjects a U.S. shareholder to tax on GILTI earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in future years or provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred as a period expense only. Given the complexity of the GILTI provisions, we are still evaluating the effects of the GILTI provisions and have not yet determined our accounting policy. At June 30, 2018, because we are still evaluating the GILTI provisions and our analysis of future taxable income that is subject to GILTI, we have included GILTI related to current year operations only in our estimated annual effective tax rate and have not provided additional GILTI on deferred items.
Effective Tax Rate. Our effective income tax rate was 13.7% and 30.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017, respectively. Our effective income tax rate was 18.0% and 26.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017, respectively. Statutory U.S. income tax rates decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 due to the Tax Act that was enacted in the fourth quarter of 2017 which favorably impacts both quarterly and year-to-date effective tax rates. In
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addition, our second quarter tax rate was favorably impacted by a settlement with tax authorities of uncertain tax positions related to the 2016 and 2017 tax years. The decrease in the year-to-date rate is offset by an adjustment to uncertain tax positions related to a settlement of an income tax audit in the first quarter of 2017 and a lower tax benefit from stock-based compensation in 2018 versus 2017.
7. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, after tax, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, are as follows:

|  | Foreign currency |  | Pension and other postretirement benefit plans |  | Cash flow hedging transactions |  | Total
|  | (In millions)
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | $ | (103.3 | ) |  | $ | (307.5 | ) |  | $ | (1.2 | ) |  | $ | (412.0 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (117.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (117.9 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.9 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (117.9 | ) |  | 7.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (110.0 | )
Balance, June 30, 2018 |  | $ | (221.2 | ) |  | $ | (299.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.2 | ) |  | $ | (522.0 | )

Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the six months ended June 30, 2018, are as follows:

Details about accumulated other comprehensive income components |  | Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Affected line item in the statement where net income is presented
|  | (In millions) |  |
Amortization of pension and other postretirement plan items: |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | (1)
Recognized actuarial loss |  | 10.8 |  |  | (1)
|  | 10.4 |  |  | Total before tax
|  | (2.5 | ) |  | Tax benefit
|  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | Net of tax

(1)These accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (See Note 8 Benefit Plans for additional details).
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to noncontrolling interests were not material as of June 30, 2018.
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8. BENEFIT PLANS
We sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans. For additional information about our benefit plans, see Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit cost. The service cost component is included in selling, general and administrative expenses and the other components of net periodic benefit cost are included in other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Benefits
|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In millions)
Service cost |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Interest cost |  | 6.7 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (9.6 | ) |  | (9.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Amortization of prior service cost |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Recognized actuarial loss |  | 5.0 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Benefits
|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In millions)
Service cost |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Interest cost |  | 13.4 |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (19.2 | ) |  | (18.6 | ) |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Amortization of prior service cost |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | (0.6 | )
Recognized actuarial loss |  | 10.0 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |
Total net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |

9. SEGMENT INFORMATION
Reportable Segments. We manage our business and report our financial results through the following four reportable segments, which are the same as our operating segments:
- U.S. Information Solutions ("USIS")
- International
- Workforce Solutions
- Global Consumer Solutions
The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in our summary of significant accounting policies in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. We evaluate the performance of these reportable segments based on their operating revenues, operating income and operating margins, excluding unusual or infrequent items, if any. Inter-segment sales and transfers are not material for all periods presented. The measurement criteria for segment profit or loss and segment assets are substantially the same for each reportable segment. All transactions between segments are accounted for at fair market value or cost depending on the nature of the transaction, and no timing differences occur between segments.
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A summary of segment products and services is as follows:
U.S. Information Solutions. This segment includes consumer and commercial information services (such as credit information and credit scoring, credit modeling services and portfolio analytics (decisioning tools), which are derived from our databases of business credit and financial information, locate services, fraud detection and prevention services, identity verification services and other consulting services); mortgage loan information; financial marketing services; and identity management.
International. This segment includes information services products, which includes consumer and commercial services (such as credit and financial information, credit scoring and credit modeling services), credit and other marketing products and services. In Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America and Canada, we also provide information, technology and services to support debt collections and recovery management.
Workforce Solutions. This segment includes employment, income and social security number verification services as well as complementary payroll-based transaction services and employment tax management services.
Global Consumer Solutions. This segment includes credit information, credit monitoring and identity theft protection products sold directly and indirectly to consumers via the internet and in various hard-copy formats in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. We also sell consumer and credit information to resellers who combine our information with other information to provide direct to consumer monitoring, reports and scores.
Operating revenue and operating income by operating segment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
(In millions) |  | June 30, |  | June 30,
Operating revenue: |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
U.S. Information Solutions |  | $ | 324.6 |  |  | $ | 331.9 |  |  | $ | 631.5 |  |  | $ | 642.0 |
International |  | 250.3 |  |  | 231.4 |  |  | 494.8 |  |  | 447.7 |
Workforce Solutions |  | 207.6 |  |  | 194.5 |  |  | 418.7 |  |  | 394.5 |
Global Consumer Solutions |  | 94.4 |  |  | 98.9 |  |  | 197.6 |  |  | 204.8 |
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 856.7 |  |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1,689.0 |

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
(In millions) |  | June 30, |  | June 30,
Operating income: |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
U.S. Information Solutions |  | $ | 126.3 |  |  | $ | 149.7 |  |  | $ | 237.2 |  |  | $ | 279.4 |
International |  | 37.0 |  |  | 46.1 |  |  | 73.7 |  |  | 75.9 |
Workforce Solutions |  | 83.9 |  |  | 89.0 |  |  | 173.9 |  |  | 178.4 |
Global Consumer Solutions |  | 19.0 |  |  | 27.4 |  |  | 49.1 |  |  | 58.2 |
General Corporate Expense |  | (72.6 | ) |  | (46.3 | ) |  | (196.1 | ) |  | (107.4 | )
Total operating income |  | $ | 193.6 |  |  | $ | 265.9 |  |  | $ | 337.8 |  |  | $ | 484.5 |

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Total assets by operating segment at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:

|  | June 30, |  | December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total assets: |  |  |  |
U.S. Information Solutions |  | $ | 1,573.4 |  |  | $ | 1,587.3 |
International |  | 3,015.2 |  |  | 3,145.7 |
Workforce Solutions |  | 1,245.0 |  |  | 1,227.4 |
Global Consumer Solutions |  | 247.8 |  |  | 254.0 |
General Corporate |  | 1,035.5 |  |  | 1,019.0 |
Total assets |  | $ | 7,116.9 |  |  | $ | 7,233.4 |

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
As used herein, the terms Equifax, the Company, we, our and us refer to Equifax Inc., a Georgia corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries as a combined entity, except where it is clear that the terms mean only Equifax Inc.
All references to earnings per share data in Management’s Discussion and Analysis, or MD&A, are to diluted earnings per share, or EPS, unless otherwise noted. Diluted EPS is calculated to reflect the potential dilution that would occur if stock options or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and resulted in additional common shares outstanding.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
We are a leading global provider of information solutions, employment and income verifications and human resources business process outsourcing services. We leverage some of the largest sources of consumer and commercial data, along with advanced analytics and proprietary technology, to create customized insights which enable our business customers to grow faster, more efficiently and more profitably, and to inform and empower consumers.
Businesses rely on us for consumer and business credit intelligence, credit portfolio management, fraud detection, decisioning technology, marketing tools, debt management and human resources-related services. We also offer a portfolio of products that enable individual consumers to manage their financial affairs and protect their identity. Our revenue stream is diversified among businesses across a wide range of industries, international geographies and individual consumers.
2017 Cybersecurity Incident
In fiscal 2017, we experienced a cybersecurity incident following a criminal attack on our systems that involved the theft of certain personally identifiable information of U.S., Canadian and U.K. consumers. Criminals exploited a U.S. website application vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to our network. Based on our forensic investigation, the unauthorized access occurred from mid-May through July 2017. The information accessed primarily includes names, Social Security numbers, birth dates, addresses and, in some instances, driver’s license numbers. In addition, payment card numbers for approximately 209,000 U.S. and Canadian consumers, and certain dispute documents with personal identifying information for approximately 182,000 U.S. consumers, were accessed. The investigation also determined that personal information of approximately 19,000 Canadian consumers was impacted and approximately 860,000 potentially affected U.K. consumers were contacted regarding access to personal information. No evidence was found that the Company's core consumer, employment and income, or commercial reporting databases were accessed.
The Company acted promptly to notify the approximately 145.5 million U.S. consumers whose personally identifiable information the Company had identified in 2017 as potentially accessed. As a result of an ongoing analysis of data stolen in the 2017 cybersecurity incident, the Company announced in March 2018, that it had identified approximately 2.4 million U.S. consumers whose name and partial driver's license information were stolen, but who were not in the affected population of approximately 145.5 million consumers previously identified by the Company in 2017.
Product Liability. As a result of the cybersecurity incident, we offered TrustedID® Premier, a credit file monitoring and identity theft protection product, for free to all U.S. consumers who signed up through January 31, 2018. We have recorded the expenses necessary to provide this service to those who signed up. Through December 31, 2017, we recorded $50.7 million of product costs in selling, general, and administrative expenses. We have not recorded any product expenses related to this service in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and we have recorded $4.1 million related to this service in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Litigation, Claims and Government Investigations. As a result of the cybersecurity incident, we are subject to a significant number of proceedings and investigations as described in Part II, "Item 1. Legal Proceedings." While we believe it is reasonably possible that we will incur losses associated with these proceedings and investigations, it is not possible to estimate the amount of loss or range of possible loss that might result from adverse judgments, settlements, penalties or other resolution of such proceedings and investigations based on the early stage of these proceedings and investigations, that alleged damages have not been specified, the uncertainty as to the certification of a class or classes and the size of any certified class, as applicable, and the lack of resolution on significant factual and legal issues. The Company will continue to evaluate information as it becomes known and will record an estimate for losses at the time or times when it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The Company believes that the ultimate amount paid on
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these actions, claims and investigations could be material to the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows in future periods.
Future Costs. We expect to incur significant professional services expenses associated with the cybersecurity incident in future periods. We will recognize these expenses as services are received. Costs related to the cybersecurity incident that will be incurred in future periods will also include increased expenses and capital investments for IT and security. We also expect to incur increased expenses for insurance, finance, compliance activities and to meet increased legal and regulatory requirements.
Insurance Coverage. We maintain $125.0 million of cybersecurity insurance coverage, above a $7.5 million deductible, to limit our exposure to losses such as those related to the cybersecurity incident. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company has recorded insurance recoveries of $35.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively. Since the announcement of the cybersecurity incident in September 2017, we have recorded and received insurance recoveries of $95.0 million for costs incurred through June 30, 2018.
Segment and Geographic Information
Segments. The USIS segment, the largest of our four segments, consists of three service lines: Online Information Solutions; Mortgage Solutions; and Financial Marketing Services. Online Information Solutions and Mortgage Solutions revenue is principally transaction-based and is derived from our sales of products such as consumer and commercial credit reporting and scoring, identity management, fraud detection and modeling services. USIS also markets certain decisioning software services, which facilitate and automate a variety of consumer and commercial credit-oriented decisions. Financial Marketing Services revenue is principally project and subscription based and is derived from our sales of batch credit and consumer wealth information such as those that assist clients in acquiring new customers, cross selling to existing customers and managing portfolio risk.
The International segment consists of Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America and Canada. Canada’s services are similar to our USIS offerings, while Asia Pacific, Europe and Latin America are made up of varying mixes of service lines that are generally in our USIS segment. We also provide information and technology services to support lenders and other creditors in the collections and recovery management process.
The Workforce Solutions segment consists of the Verification Services and Employer Services business lines. Verification Services revenue is transaction-based and is derived primarily from employment and income verification. Employer Services revenues are derived from our provision of certain human resources business process outsourcing services that include both transaction and subscription based product offerings. These services include unemployment claims management, employment-based tax credit services and other complementary employment-based transaction services.
Global Consumer Solutions revenue is both transaction and subscription based and is derived from the sale of credit monitoring and identity theft protection products, which we deliver electronically to consumers primarily via the internet in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. We reach consumers directly and indirectly through partners. We also sell consumer and credit information to resellers who combine our information with other information to provide direct to consumer monitoring, reports and scores. Due to the cybersecurity incident we ceased advertising our consumer business in the U.S. in September 2017. We do not intend to advertise our U.S. paid products through the third quarter of 2018.
As part of our response to the cybersecurity incident announced in September 2017, we offered in the U.S. our TrustedID® Premier service, an identity theft protection and credit file monitoring product, for free to all consumers who signed up through January 31, 2018. Additionally, in January 2018, the Company introduced in the U.S., Lock & Alert TM, a new service that allows customers to quickly lock and unlock their Equifax credit report for free, for life. We also provide the ability for U.S. consumers to freeze and unfreeze their Equifax credit file for free. We provide U.S. consumers with a free annual credit report in accordance with the FACT Act. For consumers impacted by the cybersecurity incident in Canada and the U.K., we are providing free credit reports and scores, credit monitoring and identity theft protection for 12 months for those consumers who signed up by January 31, 2018.
Geographic Information. We currently have significant operations in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Spain, the U.K., Uruguay and the U.S. We also offer Equifax branded credit services in India and Russia through joint ventures, we have investments in consumer and/or commercial credit information companies through joint ventures in Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Dubai, and have an investment in a consumer and commercial credit information company in Brazil. Approximately 70% and 72% of our revenue was generated in the U.S. during the three months
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ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Approximately 70% and 72% of our revenue was generated in the U.S. during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Key Performance Indicators. Management focuses on a variety of key indicators to monitor operating and financial performance. These performance indicators include measurements of operating revenue, change in operating revenue, operating income, operating margin, net income, diluted earnings per share, cash provided by operating activities and capital expenditures. The key performance indicators for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

|  | Key Performance Indicators
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In millions, except per share data) |  | (In millions, except per share data)
Operating revenue |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 856.7 |  |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1,689.0 |
Operating revenue change |  | 2 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 10 | %
Operating income |  | $ | 193.6 |  |  | $ | 265.9 |  |  | $ | 337.8 |  |  | $ | 484.5 |
Operating margin |  | 22.1 | % |  | 31.0 | % |  | 19.4 | % |  | 28.7 | %
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 144.8 |  |  | $ | 165.4 |  |  | $ | 235.8 |  |  | $ | 318.7 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |
Cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 235.2 |  |  | $ | 225.4 |  |  | $ | 354.8 |  |  | $ | 329.1 |
Capital expenditures* |  | $ | (92.0 | ) |  | $ | (47.3 | ) |  | $ | (148.8 | ) |  | $ | (86.8 | )

*Amounts above exclude changes in accruals for capital expenditures.
Operational and Financial Highlights

• | We did not repurchase shares of our common stock during the first three and six months of 2018. At June 30, 2018, $590.1 million was available for future purchases of common stock under our share repurchase authorization.

• | We paid out $93.9 million or $0.78 per share in dividends to our shareholders during the first six months of 2018.

Business Environment and Company Outlook
In the United States, we expect calendar year 2018 economic activity, as measured by GDP, to be flat with levels seen in the second half of 2017. For the second half of 2018, we expect economic activity as measured by GDP to be down from the accelerated levels seen in the first half of 2018. We are also expecting moderate growth in consumer credit, excluding mortgage, in the second half of 2018, which is in line with the first half of 2018. Over the course of 2018, U.S. mortgage market originations are expected to be down mid-to-high single digits, with the second half of 2018 weakening relative to the first half of 2018. We anticipate economic activity in the second half of 2018, as measured by GDP, in Canada and Australia to be up slightly as compared to the levels seen in the first half of 2018. In the European markets we serve, the U.K. and Spain, we are expecting second half 2018 economic activity, as measured by GDP, to be down compared to the levels in the first half of 2018. In Latin America, our largest markets are in Argentina and Chile. In Argentina, the market weakened significantly during the first half of 2018, and we are anticipating continued weakness in the second half of 2018. In Chile, we are expecting economic activity in the second half of 2018 to be down compared to the first half of 2018, but better than the second half of 2017.
The cybersecurity incident announced in the third quarter of 2017 is expected to negatively impact revenue, principally in our U.S. businesses, and to a lesser extent in Canada and the U.K., in 2018. We will also incur, in 2018, legal, consulting and other costs related to the analysis and response to the cybersecurity incident. In 2018, we will incur costs and capital expenditures for providing the free TrustedID® credit file monitoring and identity theft protection, and free Lock & Alert TM, to U.S. consumers, as well as services to U.K. and Canadian consumers. Additionally, in 2018 and beyond, we will incur increased information technology and security costs and capital expenditures related to actions to improve information technology security and network resilience globally. In 2018 and beyond, we will have increases in the ongoing run-rate of IT and security spending. We also expect to incur increased expenses for insurance, finance, compliance activities, and to meet
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increased legal and regulatory requirements. The ultimate amount of these increases is yet to be determined but we expect them to be significant.
As a result of the cybersecurity incident, we are subject to a significant number of proceedings and investigations as described in Part II, "Item 1. Legal Proceedings." While we believe it is reasonably possible that we will incur losses associated with these proceedings and investigations, it is not possible to estimate the amount of loss or range of possible loss, if any, that might result from adverse judgments, settlements, penalties or other resolution of such proceedings and investigations based on the early stage of these proceedings and investigations, that alleged damages have not been specified, the uncertainty as to the certification of a class or classes and the size of any certified class, as applicable, and the lack of resolution on significant factual and legal issues.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS—THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 AND 2017
Consolidated Financial Results
Operating Revenue

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Consolidated Operating Revenue |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions) |  | (In millions)
U.S. Information Solutions |  | $ | 324.6 |  |  | $ | 331.9 |  |  | $ | (7.3 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  | $ | 631.5 |  |  | $ | 642.0 |  |  | $ | (10.5 | ) |  | (2 | )%
International |  | 250.3 |  |  | 231.4 |  |  | 18.9 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 494.8 |  |  | 447.7 |  |  | 47.1 |  |  | 11 | %
Workforce Solutions |  | 207.6 |  |  | 194.5 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 418.7 |  |  | 394.5 |  |  | 24.2 |  |  | 6 | %
Global Consumer Solutions |  | 94.4 |  |  | 98.9 |  |  | (4.5 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  | 197.6 |  |  | 204.8 |  |  | (7.2 | ) |  | (4 | )%
Consolidated operating revenue |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 856.7 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1,689.0 |  |  | $ | 53.6 |  |  | 3 | %

Revenue increased by $20.2 million and $53.6 million, or 2% and 3% , in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2017. The growth in both periods was driven by our International and Workforce Solutions segments. International had local currency growth across most regions. Workforce Solutions saw strong growth driven by Verification Services. Total revenue for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 was positively impacted by foreign exchange rates, which increased revenue, on a constant currency basis, by $0.5 million and $11.5 million when compared to the second quarter and first six months of 2017, respectively.
Operating Expenses

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Consolidated Operating Expenses |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions) |  | (In millions)
Consolidated cost of services |  | $ | 348.6 |  |  | $ | 293.7 |  |  | $ | 54.9 |  |  | 19 | % |  | $ | 691.5 |  |  | $ | 594.6 |  |  | $ | 96.9 |  |  | 16 | %
Consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 257.5 |  |  | 226.6 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 558.0 |  |  | 468.1 |  |  | 89.9 |  |  | 19 | %
Consolidated depreciation and amortization expense |  | 77.2 |  |  | 70.5 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 155.3 |  |  | 141.8 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 10 | %
Consolidated operating expenses |  | $ | 683.3 |  |  | $ | 590.8 |  |  | $ | 92.5 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 1,404.8 |  |  | $ | 1,204.5 |  |  | $ | 200.3 |  |  | 17 | %

Cost of services increased $54.9 million and $96.9 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases were due to increases in incremental IT and data security costs, people costs, and royalties. The impact of changes in foreign exchange rates increased cost of services by $2.1 million and $8.6 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $30.9 million and $89.9 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2017. The increases were due to costs related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident and incremental IT and data security costs as well as people, insurance, and technology costs, partially offset by lower advertising costs. For the six month period, these same cost increases were partially offset by a decrease in 2017 Veda integration costs which did not recur in 2018. The impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our selling, general and administrative expenses was flat in the second quarter of 2018 and an increase of $3.2 million in the first six months of 2018.
Depreciation and amortization expense for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 increased by $6.7 million and $13.5 million, compared to the same periods in 2017. The increase is due to amortization of capitalized internal-use software and system costs and depreciation of production equipment, partially offset by the decrease in amortization of purchased intangibles.
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Operating Income and Operating Margin

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |
Consolidated Operating Income |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Consolidated operating revenue |  | $ | 876.9 |  |  | $ | 856.7 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | 2 | % |  |  |  | $ | 1,742.6 |  |  | $ | 1,689.0 |  |  | $ | 53.6 |  |  | 3 | % |  |
Consolidated operating expenses |  | 683.3 |  |  | 590.8 |  |  | 92.5 |  |  | 16 | % |  |  |  | 1,404.8 |  |  | 1,204.5 |  |  | 200.3 |  |  | 17 | % |  |
Consolidated operating income |  | $ | 193.6 |  |  | $ | 265.9 |  |  | $ | (72.3 | ) |  | (27 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 337.8 |  |  | $ | 484.5 |  |  | $ | (146.7 | ) |  | (30 | )% |  |
Consolidated operating margin |  | 22.1 | % |  | 31.0 | % |  |  |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  | % pts |  | 19.4 | % |  | 28.7 | % |  |  |  |  | (9.3 | ) |  | % pts

Total company operating margin decreased in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, compared to the same periods in 2017, primarily due to the costs related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident, incremental IT and data security, people, and royalties as well as increased depreciation and amortization. For the sixth month period, these same cost increases were partially offset by a decrease in Veda integration costs from 2017 which did not recur in 2018.
Interest Expense and Other Income (Expense), net

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Consolidated Interest Expense and Other Income (Expense), net |  |  |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Consolidated interest expense |  | $ | (26.4 | ) |  | $ | (24.6 | ) |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | 7 | % |  | $ | (50.3 | ) |  | $ | (48.8 | ) |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  | 3 | %
Consolidated other income (expense), net |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | nm |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | nm |
Average cost of debt |  | 3.9 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  |  |
Total consolidated debt, net, at quarter end |  | $ | 2,632.4 |  |  | $ | 2,832.3 |  |  | $ | (199.9 | ) |  | (7 | )% |  | $ | 2,632.4 |  |  | $ | 2,832.3 |  |  | $ | (199.9 | ) |  | (7 | )%

Interest expense increased for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 when compared to the same periods in 2017. The slight increase for both periods in 2018 is due to the increase in our overall average cost of debt resulting from the issuance of the senior notes in May 2018.
Other income (expense), net, for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, increased as compared to the prior year period, due primarily to higher earnings on certain equity method investments.
Income Taxes

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Consolidated Provision for Income Taxes |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Consolidated provision for income taxes |  | $ | (23.3 | ) |  | $ | (75.0 | ) |  | $ | 51.7 |  |  | (69 | )% |  | $ | (52.6 | ) |  | $ | (115.3 | ) |  | $ | 62.7 |  |  | (54 | )%
Effective income tax rate |  | 13.7 | % |  | 30.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18.0 | % |  | 26.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Our effective income tax rate was 13.7% for the second quarter of 2018, down from 30.9% for the second quarter of 2017. The effective income tax rate was 18.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to 26.3% for the same period in 2017. Statutory U.S. income tax rates decreased in 2018 compared to 2017 due to the Tax Act that was enacted in the fourth quarter of 2017 which favorably impacts both quarterly and year-to-date effective tax rates. In addition, our second quarter tax rate was favorably impacted by a settlement with tax authorities of uncertain tax positions related to the 2016 and 2017 tax years. The decrease in the year-to-date rate is offset by an adjustment to uncertain tax positions related to a settlement of an income tax audit in the first quarter of 2017 and a lower tax benefit from stock-based compensation in 2018 versus 2017.
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Net Income

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Consolidated Net Income |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions, except per share amounts) |  | (In millions, except per share amounts)
Consolidated operating income |  | $ | 193.6 |  |  | $ | 265.9 |  |  | $ | (72.3 | ) |  | (27 | )% |  | $ | 337.8 |  |  | $ | 484.5 |  |  | $ | (146.7 | ) |  | (30 | )%
Consolidated other expense, net |  | (24.2 | ) |  | (23.3 | ) |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 4 | % |  | (45.2 | ) |  | (46.2 | ) |  | 1.0 |  |  | (2 | )%
Consolidated provision for income taxes |  | (23.3 | ) |  | (75.0 | ) |  | 51.7 |  |  | (69 | )% |  | (52.6 | ) |  | (115.3 | ) |  | 62.7 |  |  | (54 | )%
Consolidated net income |  | 146.1 |  |  | 167.6 |  |  | (21.5 | ) |  | (13 | )% |  | 240.0 |  |  | 323.0 |  |  | (83.0 | ) |  | (26 | )%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (1.3 | ) |  | (2.2 | ) |  | 0.9 |  |  | (41 | )% |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (4.3 | ) |  | 0.1 |  |  | (2 | )%
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 144.8 |  |  | $ | 165.4 |  |  | $ | (20.6 | ) |  | (12 | )% |  | $ | 235.8 |  |  | $ | 318.7 |  |  | $ | (82.9 | ) |  | (26 | )%
Diluted earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Equifax |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | (13 | )% |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | 2.61 |  |  | $ | (0.67 | ) |  | (26 | )%
Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted earnings per share |  | 121.4 |  |  | 121.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 121.4 |  |  | 121.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Consolidated net income decreased by $21.5 million, or 13%, and $83.0 million, or 26%, in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, primarily due to the costs related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident, incremental IT and data security, people, and royalties as well as increased depreciation and amortization, partially offset by decreased income tax expense.
Segment Financial Results
USIS

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |
U.S. Information Solutions |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Operating revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Online Information Solutions |  | $ | 224.1 |  |  | $ | 232.6 |  |  | $ | (8.5 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 443.8 |  |  | $ | 457.7 |  |  | $ | (13.9 | ) |  | (3 | )% |  |
Mortgage Solutions |  | 45.5 |  |  | 38.6 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 18 | % |  |  |  | 87.2 |  |  | 77.3 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | 13 | % |  |
Financial Marketing Services |  | 55.0 |  |  | 60.7 |  |  | (5.7 | ) |  | (9 | )% |  |  |  | 100.5 |  |  | 107.0 |  |  | (6.5 | ) |  | (6 | )% |  |
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 324.6 |  |  | $ | 331.9 |  |  | $ | (7.3 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 631.5 |  |  | $ | 642.0 |  |  | $ | (10.5 | ) |  | (2 | )% |  |
% of consolidated revenue |  | 37 | % |  | 39 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37 | % |  | 38 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating income |  | $ | 126.3 |  |  | $ | 149.7 |  |  | $ | (23.4 | ) |  | (16 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 237.2 |  |  | $ | 279.4 |  |  | $ | (42.2 | ) |  | (15 | )% |  |
Operating margin |  | 38.9 | % |  | 45.1 | % |  |  |  |  | (6.2 | ) |  | %pts |  | 37.6 | % |  | 43.5 | % |  |  |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  | %pts

USIS revenue decreased 2% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018 compared to the prior year periods due to declines in our core credit decisioning services and lower project related revenue, partially offset by growth in core mortgage.
Online Information Solutions
Revenue for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 decreased 4% and 3%, respectively, when compared to the prior year periods. The decreases were primarily driven by declines in our core credit decisioning volumes, and lower revenues from our identity and fraud and commercial risk products. The declines were partially offset by growth in revenue from mortgage resellers.
Mortgage Solutions
Revenue increased by 18% and 13% for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, when compared to the prior year periods. Although the mortgage market has declined as compared to the same period in 2017, revenue has increased in both periods primarily due to a new product offering. For the sixth month period, the increase was partially offset by declines in our other mortgage product offerings.
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Financial Marketing Services
Revenue decreased 9% and 6% for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The decreases for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 were due to a reduction in projects delivered.
USIS Operating Margin
USIS operating margin decreased from 45.1% in the second quarter of 2017 to 38.9% in the second quarter of 2018 and decreased from 43.5% in the first six months of 2017 to 37.6% in the first six months of 2018. The margin reductions were due to the decrease in revenue as well as the increase in royalties and incremental IT and data security costs.
International

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |
International |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Operating revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia Pacific |  | $ | 86.1 |  |  | $ | 76.5 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |  |  | 12 | % |  |  |  | $ | 168.5 |  |  | $ | 148.5 |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | 13 | % |  |
Europe |  | 72.3 |  |  | 68.5 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 6 | % |  |  |  | 143.0 |  |  | 130.2 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 10 | % |  |
Latin America |  | 54.2 |  |  | 52.9 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2 | % |  |  |  | 110.1 |  |  | 104.0 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 6 | % |  |
Canada |  | 37.7 |  |  | 33.5 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 13 | % |  |  |  | 73.2 |  |  | 65.0 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 13 | % |  |
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 250.3 |  |  | $ | 231.4 |  |  | $ | 18.9 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  |  | $ | 494.8 |  |  | $ | 447.7 |  |  | $ | 47.1 |  |  | 11 | % |  |
% of consolidated revenue |  | 28 | % |  | 27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28 | % |  | 27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating income |  | $ | 37.0 |  |  | $ | 46.1 |  |  | $ | (9.1 | ) |  | (20 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 73.7 |  |  | $ | 75.9 |  |  | $ | (2.2 | ) |  | (3 | )% |  |
Operating margin |  | 14.8 | % |  | 19.9 | % |  |  |  |  | (5.1 | ) |  | %pts |  | 14.9 | % |  | 17.0 | % |  |  |  |  | (2.1 | ) |  | %pts

nm - not meaningful.
International revenue increased 8% and 11% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. Local currency revenue growth for the second quarter and first six months of 2018 was 8% and 8%, respectively, driven by growth across the Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Canada regions. Local currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar were flat in the second quarter of 2018 and positively impacted revenue by $9.9 million in the first six months of 2018.
Asia Pacific
On a local currency basis, revenue increased 12% and 11% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The increase for both periods is driven by growth in Australia due to a 2017 acquisition as well as growth in our commercial business. Local currency fluctuations positively impacted revenue by $0.2 million, or 0%, and $3.0 million, or 2%, for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. Reported revenue increased 12% and 13% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively.
Europe
On a local currency basis, revenue decreased 1% and remained flat in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The changes are primarily due to a decline in debt management services, partially offset by growth in U.K. and Spain credit operations revenue. Local currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar positively impacted revenue by $4.8 million, or 7%, and $12.9 million, or 10%, for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. Reported revenue increased 6% and 10% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively.
Latin America
On a local currency basis, revenue increased 15% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, as compared to the prior year periods, driven by core revenue growth primarily in Argentina, Chile and Ecuador. Local currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar negatively impacted revenue by $6.6 million, or 12%, and $9.3 million, or 9%, in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. Reported revenue increased by 2% and 6% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively.
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Canada
On a local currency basis, revenue increased 8% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, as compared to the prior year periods, due to broad based revenue growth. Local currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar positively impacted revenue by $1.6 million, or 5%, and $3.2 million, or 5%, in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. Reported revenue increased by 13% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018.
International Operating Margin
Operating margin decreased from 19.9% in the second quarter of 2017 to 14.8% in the second quarter of 2018 and from 17.0% in the first six months of 2017 to 14.9% in the first six months of 2018. The reduced margins are due to an increase in incremental IT and data security costs.
Workforce Solutions

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |
Workforce Solutions |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Operating revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Verification Services |  | $ | 149.3 |  |  | $ | 130.3 |  |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | 15 | % |  |  |  | $ | 277.7 |  |  | $ | 245.4 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |  |  | 13 | % |  |
Employer Services |  | 58.3 |  |  | 64.2 |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  | (9 | )% |  |  |  | 141.0 |  |  | 149.1 |  |  | (8.1 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  |
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 207.6 |  |  | $ | 194.5 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | 7 | % |  |  |  | $ | 418.7 |  |  | $ | 394.5 |  |  | $ | 24.2 |  |  | 6 | % |  |
% of consolidated revenue |  | 24 | % |  | 23 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 | % |  | 23 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating income |  | $ | 83.9 |  |  | $ | 89.0 |  |  | $ | (5.1 | ) |  | (6 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 173.9 |  |  | $ | 178.4 |  |  | $ | (4.5 | ) |  | (3 | )% |  |
Operating margin |  | 40.4 | % |  | 45.7 | % |  |  |  |  | (5.3 | ) |  | %pts |  | 41.5 | % |  | 45.2 | % |  |  |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  | %pts

Workforce Solutions revenue increased by 7% and 6% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The increase for the second quarter and first six months was due to strong growth in verification services in the government, mortgage, talent solutions, and healthcare verticals.
Verification Services
Revenue increased 15% and 13% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods due to strong growth in government, mortgage, talent solutions, and healthcare verticals, and continued addition of new records to The Work Number database.
Employer Services
Revenue decreased 9% and 5% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The decrease in both periods is due to decreased revenue in unemployment claims and other employer services.
Workforce Solutions Operating Margin
Operating margin decreased from 45.7% for the second quarter of 2017 to 40.4% for the second quarter of 2018 and decreased from 45.2% for the first six months of 2017 to 41.5% for the first six months of 2018. The reduced margins were due to increased costs in people, incremental IT and data security, and royalties.
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Global Consumer Solutions

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  |
Global Consumer Solutions |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 94.4 |  |  | $ | 98.9 |  |  | $ | (4.5 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 197.6 |  |  | $ | 204.8 |  |  | $ | (7.2 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  |
% of consolidated revenue |  | 11 | % |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | % |  | 12 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating income |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | $ | 27.4 |  |  | $ | (8.4 | ) |  | (31 | )% |  |  |  | $ | 49.1 |  |  | $ | 58.2 |  |  | $ | (9.1 | ) |  | (16 | )% |  |
Operating margin |  | 20.1 | % |  | 27.7 | % |  |  |  |  | (7.6 | ) |  | %pts |  | 24.8 | % |  | 28.4 | % |  |  |  |  | (3.6 | ) |  | %pts

Revenue decreased 5% and 4% for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. Local currency revenue decreased 5% and 4% in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. The change is due to a decrease in our consumer direct revenue in the U.S. and UK as we ceased advertising our consumer business in the U.S. in September 2017 following the cybersecurity incident and were impacted by the Global Data Protection Regulations in the UK. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in our partner revenue, which includes revenue from the ID Watchdog acquisition. We do not intend to advertise our U.S. paid products through the third quarter of 2018 and expect a decrease in revenue for the corresponding period. Local currency fluctuations positively impacted the U.S. dollar by $0.5 million, or 1%, and $1.7 million, or 1%, on revenue for the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively. Operating margin decreased from 27.7% in the second quarter of 2017 to 20.1% in the second quarter of 2018 and from 28.4% in the first six months of 2017 to 24.8% in the first six months of 2018. The reduced margins are due to lower revenue and increases in IT and data security costs, partially offset by the decreased advertising costs.
General Corporate Expense

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
General Corporate Expense |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
General corporate expense |  | $ | 72.6 |  |  | $ | 46.3 |  |  | $ | 26.3 |  |  | 57 | % |  | $ | 196.1 |  |  | $ | 107.4 |  |  | $ | 88.7 |  |  | 83 | %

Our general corporate expenses are unallocated costs that are incurred at the corporate level and include those expenses impacted by corporate direction, including shared services, technology, administrative, legal, restructuring, and the portion of management incentive compensation determined by total company-wide performance. General corporate expense increased $26.3 million and $88.7 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The increase in both periods is due to costs related to the cybersecurity incident, incremental IT and data security as well as insurance, professional fees and people.
LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL CONDITION
Management assesses liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash to fund operating, investing and financing activities. We continue to generate substantial cash from operating activities, remain in a strong financial position, and manage our capital structure to meet short- and long-term objectives including reinvestment in existing businesses and strategic acquisitions.
Sources and Uses of Cash
Funds generated by operating activities, our commercial paper program, credit facilities and Receivables Facility are our most significant sources of liquidity. We expect that funds generated by operating activities will be sufficient to finance our anticipated working capital and other cash requirements (such as ongoing capital expenditures associated with near-term actions to enhance IT systems and data security, legal fees and other professional services costs associated with the cybersecurity incident, interest payments, debt payments, potential pension funding contributions, and dividend payments) for the foreseeable future. However, currently it is not possible to estimate the amount of loss or range of possible loss that might result from adverse judgments, settlements, penalties, or other resolution of the proceedings and investigations resulting from the 2017 cybersecurity incident. Such potential payments, if great enough, could have an adverse effect on our liquidity. In this case, funds generated from operating activities and our credit facilities may not be sufficient to pay such damages, costs, penalties, and fines. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors "The government investigations and litigation resulting from the 2017 cybersecurity incident will continue to adversely impact our business and results of operations" in our 2017 Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1. Legal Proceedings. At June 30, 2018, $884.5 million and $216.8 million was available to borrow under our
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Revolver and Receivables Facility, respectively, and we had cash and cash equivalents of $327.4 million included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In the event that additional financing is needed, we would finance using the public and private corporate bond markets and/or syndicated loan markets.
Fund Transfer Limitations. The ability of certain of our subsidiaries and associated companies to transfer funds to the U.S. is limited, in some cases, by certain restrictions imposed by foreign governments. These restrictions do not, individually or in the aggregate, materially limit our ability to service our indebtedness, meet our current obligations or pay dividends. As of June 30, 2018, we held $114.9 million of cash in our foreign subsidiaries.
Information about our cash flows, by category, is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Net cash provided by (used in): |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 vs. 2017
|  | (In millions)
Operating activities |  | $ | 354.8 |  |  | $ | 329.1 |  |  | $ | 25.7 |
Investing activities |  | $ | (149.4 | ) |  | $ | (100.9 | ) |  | $ | (48.5 | )
Financing activities |  | $ | (205.0 | ) |  | $ | 44.3 |  |  | $ | (249.3 | )

Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities in the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $25.7 million over the prior year, due to improvement in our working capital position, partially offset by the decrease in net income.
Investing Activities
Capital Expenditures

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Net cash used in: |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 vs. 2017
|  | (In millions)
Capital expenditures* |  | $ | (118.7 | ) |  | $ | (99.9 | ) |  | $ | (18.8 | )

*Amounts above are total cash outflows for capital expenditures.
Our capital expenditures are used for developing, enhancing and deploying new and existing software in support of our expanding product set, replacing or adding equipment, updating systems for regulatory compliance, the licensing of standard software applications, investing in system reliability, security and disaster recovery enhancements, and updating or expanding our office facilities. Capital expenditures in the first six months of 2018 increased by $18.8 million from the same period in 2017 as we are continuing to invest in enhanced IT systems and data security and technology infrastructure.
Acquisitions, Divestitures and Investments

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Net cash used in: |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 vs. 2017
|  | (In millions)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | $ | (30.7 | ) |  | $ | (9.6 | ) |  | $ | (21.1 | )
Cash received from sale of asset |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | (8.6 | )

During the first six months of 2018, we completed acquisitions in our Workforce Solutions and International segments. During the first six months of 2017, we did not have material acquisition, divestiture or investment activity.
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Financing Activities
Borrowings and Credit Facility Availability

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Net cash provided by (used in): |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 vs. 2017
|  | (In millions)
Net short-term borrowings (repayments) |  | $ | (960.2 | ) |  | $ | 208.8 |  |  | $ | (1,169.0 | )
Payments on long-term debt |  | $ | (100.0 | ) |  | $ | (50.0 | ) |  | $ | (50.0 | )
Borrowings on long-term debt |  | $ | 994.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 994.8 |

Credit Facility Availability
Our principal unsecured revolving credit facility with a group of banks, which we refer to as the Revolver, permits us to borrow up to $900.0 million through November 2020. The Revolver may be used for general corporate purposes. Availability of the Revolver for borrowings is reduced by the outstanding face amount of any letters of credit issued under the facility and, pursuant to our existing Board of Directors authorization, by the outstanding principal amount of our commercial paper (CP) notes. As a condition to borrow under our Revolver, we are required to certify certain representations and warranties (as defined in the Revolver). We believe we are currently in compliance with all such representations and warranties necessary as a condition for borrowing under the Revolver, but we cannot assure that we will be able to comply with all such conditions to borrowing in the future.
Our $900.0 million CP program has been established to allow for borrowing through the private placement of CP with maturities ranging from overnight to 397 days. We may use the proceeds of CP for general corporate purposes. The CP program is supported by our Revolver and the total amount of CP which may be issued is reduced by the amount of any outstanding borrowings under our Revolver.
At June 30, 2018, there were no outstanding commercial paper notes, $15.5 million of letters of credit outstanding and there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolver. At June 30, 2018, a total of $884.5 million was available under our Revolver.
At June 30, 2018, 89% of our debt was fixed-rate debt and 11% was effectively variable debt. Our variable-rate debt consists of the floating rate senior notes. The interest rates reset periodically, depending on the terms of the respective financing agreements. At June 30, 2018, the interest rate on our variable-rate debt is 3.2%.
Borrowing and Repayment Activity
Net short-term borrowings (repayments) primarily represent borrowings or repayments of outstanding amounts under our CP program. We primarily borrow under our CP program, as needed and availability allows. During the second quarter of 2018, we paid off the outstanding borrowings on our CP program and Term Loan with the proceeds from the issuance of the 2021, Floating Rate, and 2023 senior notes.
The increase in net short-term borrowings (repayments) in the first six months of 2017 primarily reflects the net activity of CP notes.
Payments on long-term debt reflect $100.0 million and $50.0 million payments made on our Revolver and Term Loan in the first six months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Borrowings on long-term debt represent the net proceeds received from the issuance of our 2021, Floating Rate, and 2023 senior notes in the second quarter of 2018.
There were no borrowings under the Receivables Facility at June 30, 2018. The Receivables Facility was supported by $216.8 million of accounts receivable as collateral at June 30, 2018 which, as a retained interest, is included in accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Debt Covenants. A downgrade in our credit ratings would increase the cost of borrowings under our CP program and Revolver, and could limit or, in the case of a significant downgrade, preclude our ability to issue CP. Our outstanding
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indentures and comparable instruments also contain customary covenants including, for example, limits on mortgages, liens, and sale/leaseback transactions. In addition, the Revolver require us to maintain a maximum leverage ratio of not more than 3.5 to 1.0. As of June 30, 2018, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants.
The Company does not have any credit rating triggers that would accelerate the maturity of a material amount of our outstanding debt; however, our 2.3% senior notes due 2021, 3.6% senior notes due 2021, Floating Rate Notes due 2021, 3.3% senior notes due 2022, 3.95% senior notes due 2023, 3.25% senior notes due 2026, and 7.0% senior notes due 2037 (together, the “Senior Notes”) contain change in control provisions. If the Company experiences a change in control or publicly announces the Company's intention to effect a change in control and the rating on the Senior Notes is lowered by each of Standard & Poor’s, or S&P, and Moody’s Investors Service, or Moody’s, below an investment grade rating within 60 days of such change in control or notice thereof, we will be required to offer to repurchase the Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest. As of June 30, 2018, our S&P credit rating was BBB+ with a negative outlook and our Moody's credit rating was Baa1 with a stable outlook. These ratings are subject to change as events and circumstances change.
For additional information about our debt, including the terms of our financing arrangements, basis for floating interest rates and debt covenants, see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Equity Transactions

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
Net cash provided by (used in): |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 vs. 2017
|  | (In millions)
Dividends paid to Equifax shareholders |  | $ | (93.9 | ) |  | $ | (93.9 | ) |  | $ | — |
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests |  | $ | (8.7 | ) |  | $ | (6.6 | ) |  | $ | (2.1 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 13.0 |  |  | $ | (7.3 | )
Payment of taxes related to settlement of equity awards |  | $ | (12.6 | ) |  | $ | (27.0 | ) |  | $ | 14.4 |
Purchase of redeemable noncontrolling interests |  | $ | (21.3 | ) |  | $ | (3.6 | ) |  | $ | (17.7 | )

Sources and uses of cash related to equity during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

- | During the first six months of 2018, we did not repurchase any shares of our stock.

- | We maintained our quarterly dividend of $0.39 per share in the second quarter of 2018. We paid cash dividends to Equifax shareholders of $93.9 million, or $0.78 per share, during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

- | We received cash of $5.7 million and $13.0 million during the first six months of 2018 and 2017, respectively, from the exercise of stock options.

At June 30, 2018, the Company had $590.1 million remaining for stock repurchases under the existing Board authorization.
Contractual Obligations, Commercial Commitments and Other Contingencies
Our contractual obligations have not changed materially from those reported in our 2017 Form 10-K. For additional information about certain obligations and contingencies, see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There have been no material changes with respect to our off-balance sheet arrangements from those presented in our 2017 Form 10-K.
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Benefit Plans
At December 31, 2017, our U.S. Retirement Income Plan, or USRIP, met or exceeded ERISA’s minimum funding requirements. In the future, we expect to make minimum funding contributions as required and may make discretionary contributions, depending on certain circumstances, including market conditions and our liquidity needs. We believe additional funding contributions, if any, would not prevent us from continuing to meet our liquidity needs, which are primarily funded from cash flows generated by operating activities, available cash and cash equivalents, and our committed Senior Credit Facilities.
For our non-U.S., tax-qualified retirement plans, we fund an amount sufficient to meet minimum funding requirements but no more than allowed as a tax deduction pursuant to applicable tax regulations. For our non-qualified supplementary retirement plans, we fund the benefits as they are paid to retired participants, but accrue the associated expense and liabilities in accordance with GAAP.
For additional information about our benefit plans, see Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Seasonality
We experience seasonality in certain of our revenue streams. Revenue generated by the online consumer information services component of our USIS operating segment are typically the lowest during the first quarter, when consumer lending activity is at a seasonal low. Revenue generated from the Employer Services business unit within the Workforce Solutions operating segment is generally higher in the first quarter due primarily to the provision of Form W-2, 1094, and 1095 preparation services which occur in the first quarter each year. Revenue generated from our financial wealth asset products and data management services in our Financial Marketing Services business are generally higher in the fourth quarter each year due to the significant portion of our annual renewals and deliveries which occur in the fourth quarter of each year.
Foreign Currency
Argentina has experienced multiple periods of increasing inflation rates, devaluation of the peso, and increasing borrowing rates. As such, Argentina has been deemed a highly inflationary economy by accounting policymakers. Beginning in the third quarter of 2018, we will account for Argentina as highly inflationary and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
For information about new accounting pronouncements and the potential impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q and Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. This requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe the most complex and sensitive judgments, because of their significance to the Consolidated Financial Statements, result primarily from the need to make estimates and assumptions about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. The “Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section in the MD&A, and Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, in our 2017 Form 10-K describe the significant accounting estimates and policies used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information available at the time. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
For information regarding our exposure to certain market risks, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” in Part II, Item 7A of our 2017 Form 10-K. There were no material changes to our market risk exposure during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out by the Company’s management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. In addition, no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Cybersecurity Incident Litigation, Claims and Government Investigations. Following the 2017 cybersecurity incident, hundreds of class actions were filed against us in federal, state and Canadian courts relating to the 2017 cybersecurity incident. The plaintiffs in these cases, who purport to represent various classes of consumers and small businesses, generally claim to have been harmed by alleged actions and/or omissions by Equifax in connection with the 2017 cybersecurity incident and assert a variety of common law and statutory claims seeking monetary damages, injunctive relief and other related relief. In addition, certain class actions have been filed by financial institutions that allege their businesses have been placed at risk due to the 2017 cybersecurity incident and generally assert various common law claims such as claims for negligence and breach of contract, as well as, in some cases, statutory claims. The financial institution class actions seek compensatory damages and other related relief. Furthermore, a lawsuit has been filed against us by the City of Chicago with respect to the 2017 cybersecurity incident alleging violations of state laws and local ordinances governing protection of personal data, consumer fraud and breach notice requirements and business practices and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief and the imposition of fines the aggregate amount of which the complaint does not specifically quantify. Beginning on December 6, 2017 and pursuant to multiple subsequent orders, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the consolidation and transfer for pre-trial proceedings with respect to the U.S. cases pending in federal court discussed above, including the City of Chicago action, to the Northern District of Georgia as the single U.S. District Court for centralized pre-trial proceedings. Based on this order, consolidated proceedings with respect to U.S. consumer, small business, and financial institution federal class actions related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident have been conducted in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (“MDL Court”). The MDL Court has established separate tracks for the consumer and financial institution cases and appointed lead counsel on behalf of plaintiffs in both tracks. Separate consolidated nationwide class action complaints have been filed on behalf of consumer, small business, and financial institution plaintiffs. The cases before the MDL Court are in preliminary stages. We have moved to dismiss the consolidated complaints filed by the U.S. consumers and the financial institutions, and intend to file a motion to dismiss the small business complaint. In addition to these federal court proceedings, several putative class actions arising from the 2017 cybersecurity incident have been filed against us in the Fulton County Superior Court in Georgia based on similar allegations and theories as alleged in the U.S. consumer class actions seeking monetary damages, injunctive relief and other related relief on behalf of Georgia citizens. These cases have been transferred to a single judge in the Fulton County Business Court and three of the cases were consolidated into a single action. Six Canadian class actions, four of which are on behalf of a national class, have been filed against us in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Quebec and British Columbia. Each of the proposed Canadian class actions asserts a number of common law and statutory claims seeking monetary damages and other related relief in connection with the 2017 cybersecurity incident. All such actions are at the preliminary stages and one action has been stayed. In addition, civil enforcement actions have been filed against us by the Attorneys General of Massachusetts and West Virginia alleging violations of state/commonwealth consumer protection laws. The Massachusetts action is pending in Suffolk Superior Court and seeks permanent injunctive relief, civil penalties, restitution, disgorgement of profits, costs, and attorneys’ fees. The West Virginia action is pending in the Circuit Court of Boone County and seeks civil penalties and attorneys’ fees. The Attorney General of Puerto Rico filed an action against us in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico alleging negligence and seeking monetary damages on behalf of aggrieved residents of Puerto Rico, disgorgement of profits, costs, and attorneys’ fees. These three cases are all at the preliminary stages. Finally, a lawsuit has been filed against us by the City of San Francisco in Superior Court in the City of San Francisco alleging violations of California’s unfair competition law due to purported violations of statutory protections of personal data and statutory data breach requirements and seeking statutory penalties, injunctive relief, and restitution for California consumers among other relief. The City of San Francisco action has been stayed by the court. We dispute the allegations in the complaints described above and intend to defend against such claims.
In addition, we continue to cooperate with federal, state, city and foreign governmental agencies and officials investigating or otherwise seeking information and/or documents, including through Civil Investigative Demands and subpoenas, regarding the 2017 cybersecurity incident and related matters, including 48 state Attorneys General offices, as well as the District of Columbia, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the U.S. Department of Justice, the New York Department of Financial Services, the New York Department of State-Division of Consumer Protection, other U.S. state regulators, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, certain Congressional committees of both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), the Information Commissioner’s Office in the United Kingdom and the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. On June 13, 2018, the CFPB and FTC provided us with notice that the staff of the CFPB and FTC are considering recommending that their respective agencies take legal action against us, and that the agencies may seek injunctive relief against us, as well as damages and civil money penalties. We submitted a written response to the CFPB and FTC addressing their expected allegations and we continue to cooperate with the agencies in their investigation. Although we are actively cooperating with that above investigations and inquiries, an adverse outcome to any
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such investigations and inquiries could subject us to fines or other obligations, which may have an adverse effect on how we operate our business or our results of operations. In addition, we continue to cooperate with the SEC and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Georgia regarding investigations into the trading activities by certain of our current and former employees in relation to the 2017 cybersecurity incident.
On June 25, 2018, we entered into a Consent Order with state banking regulators in response to their multi-state review of the Company's information technology and security controls.
TransUnion Litigation. On November 27, 2017, Trans Union LLC and TransUnion Interactive, Inc. (collectively, “TransUnion”) filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against Equifax Information Services LLC, Equifax Inc., and Equifax Consumer Services LLC f/k/a Equifax Consumer Services, Inc. In its lawsuit, TransUnion asserts claims for declaratory relief, breach of contract, and anticipatory repudiation of contract based on our Reciprocal Data Supply Agreement (the “Agreement”), which sets forth the pricing terms for credit monitoring supplied by the parties to each other. TransUnion seeks a declaration regarding its contractual rights under the Agreement and monetary damages. On January 26, 2018, we moved to dismiss TransUnion’s claims. On June 19, 2018, the court granted in part and denied in part our motion to dismiss, dismissing Equifax Inc. from the case. Discovery has now commenced and is scheduled to end in January 2019. We dispute the allegations by TransUnion and intend to defend against its claims.
Securities Class Action Litigation. A consolidated putative class action lawsuit alleging violations of the federal securities laws in connection with statements regarding our cybersecurity systems and controls is pending against us and certain of our current and former officers and directors in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. The consolidated complaint seeks certification of a class of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Equifax securities from February 25, 2016 through September 15, 2017 and unspecified monetary damages, costs and attorneys’ fees. The defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint. We dispute the allegations in the complaint and intend to defend against the claims.
Shareholder Derivative Litigation. A consolidated putative shareholder derivative action naming certain of our current and former executives, officers, and directors as defendants and naming us as a nominal defendant is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. Among other things, the consolidated complaint alleges claims for breaches of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, corporate waste, and insider selling by certain defendants, as well as certain claims under the federal securities laws. The complaint seeks unspecified damages on behalf of the Company, plus certain equitable relief. We have appointed a committee of independent directors empowered to evaluate and respond in our best interests to the claims and related litigation demands.
It is not possible at this time to estimate the amount of loss or range of possible loss that might result from adverse judgments, settlements, penalties or other resolution of the above described proceedings and investigations based on the early stage of these proceedings and investigations, that alleged damages have not been specified, the uncertainty as to the certification of a class or classes and the size of any certified class, as applicable, and the lack of resolution on significant factual and legal issues.
Additional lawsuits and claims related to the 2017 cybersecurity incident may be asserted by or on behalf of consumers, customers, shareholders or others seeking damages or other related relief and additional inquiries from governmental agencies may be received or investigations by governmental agencies commenced.
ACCC Investigation. In March 2017, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (the “ACCC”) commenced an investigation to determine whether the Company has been or is engaged in unlawful acts or practices relating to advertising, marketing and sale of consumer reports, credit scores or credit monitoring products in violation of the Australian Consumer Law, which prohibits misleading or deceptive conduct and false representations. The ACCC issued a number of notices to produce documents and information. On March 16, 2018, the ACCC commenced proceedings against the Company. The ACCC may seek restitution, civil monetary penalties, injunctive and declaratory relief or other corrective action. We dispute the allegations made by the ACCC in these proceedings and intend to defend against the claims.
California Bankruptcy Litigation. In consolidated actions filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, captioned Terri N. White, et al. v. Equifax Information Services LLC, Jose Hernandez v. Equifax Information Services LLC, Kathryn L. Pike v. Equifax Information Services LLC, and Jose L. Acosta, Jr., et al. v. Trans Union LLC, et al., plaintiffs asserted that Equifax violated federal and state law (the FCRA, the California Credit Reporting Act and the California Unfair Competition Law) by failing to follow reasonable procedures to determine whether credit accounts are discharged in bankruptcy, including the method for updating the status of an account following a bankruptcy discharge. On August 20, 2008, the District Court approved a Settlement Agreement and Release providing for certain changes in the procedures used by defendants to record discharges in bankruptcy on consumer credit files. That settlement resolved claims for injunctive relief,
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but not plaintiffs’ claims for damages. On May 7, 2009, the District Court issued an order preliminarily approving an agreement to settle remaining class claims. The District Court subsequently deferred final approval of the settlement and required the settling parties to send a supplemental notice to those class members who filed a claim and objected to the settlement or opted out, with the cost for the re-notice to be deducted from the plaintiffs’ counsel fee award. Mailing of the supplemental notice was completed on February 15, 2011 and the deadline for this group of settling plaintiffs to provide additional documentation to support their damage claims or to opt-out of the settlement was March 31, 2011. On July 15, 2011, the District Court approved the settlement. Several objecting plaintiffs subsequently filed notices of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which, on April 22, 2013, issued an order vacating the settlement and remanding the case to the District Court for further proceedings. On January 21, 2014, the District Court denied the objecting plaintiffs’ motion to disqualify counsel for the settling plaintiffs and granted the motion of counsel for the settling plaintiffs to be appointed as interim lead class counsel. On March 28, 2016, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the District Court’s lead counsel appointment. On January 9, 2017, the United States Supreme Court denied the objectors’ Petition for a Writ of Certiorari. The parties re-engaged in settlement discussions, including participation in mediations in August 2016 and November 2016, and reached an agreement to again settle the monetary claims. Settlement documents were filed with the District Court on April 14, 2017. On June 16, 2017, the Court granted preliminary approval of the proposed settlement, conditionally certified the settlement class, and appointed class counsel and administrator. A Final Fairness Hearing was held on December 11, 2017 and on April 6, 2018, the Court granted final approval. A Notice of Appeal was filed on May 7, 2018. Following the Notice of Appeal, the parties reached a Stipulation Regarding Attorneys’ Fees and Costs with the District Court subject to affirmance of the settlement with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The Ninth Circuit issued a briefing schedule on July 3, 2018.
Other. Equifax has been named as a defendant in various other legal actions, including administrative claims, regulatory matters, government investigations, class actions and other litigation arising in connection with our business. Some of the legal actions include claims for substantial compensatory or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. We believe we have defenses to and, where appropriate, will contest, many of these matters. Given the number of these matters, some are likely to result in adverse judgments, penalties, injunctions, fines or other relief. We may explore potential settlements before a case is taken through trial because of the uncertainty and risks inherent in the litigation process.
For information regarding our accounting for legal contingencies, see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes with respect to the risk factors disclosed in our 2017 Form 10-K.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table contains information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of Equifax or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a) (3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), of our common stock during our second quarter ended June 30, 2018:

|  | Total Number of Shares |  | Average Price Paid |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly-Announced |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or
Period |  | Purchased (1) |  | Per Share (2) |  | Plans or Programs |  | Programs (3)
April 1 - April 30, 2018 |  | 963 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 590,092,166 |
May 1 - May 31, 2018 |  | 501 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 590,092,166 |
June 1 - June 30, 2018 |  | 883 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 590,092,166 |
Total |  | 2,347 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The total number of shares purchased for the quarter includes shares surrendered, or deemed surrendered, in satisfaction of the exercise price and/or to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the exercise of employee stock options, totaling 963 shares for the month of April 2018, 501 shares for the month of May 2018, and 883 shares for the month of June 2018.

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(2) | Average price paid per share for shares purchased as part of our share repurchase program (includes brokerage commissions).

(3) | At June 30, 2018, the amount authorized for future share repurchases under the share repurchase program was $590.1 million. The program does not have a stated expiration date.

Dividend and Share Repurchase Restrictions
Our Revolver restricts our ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock or repurchase capital stock if a default or event of default exists or would result if these payments were to occur, according to the terms of the applicable credit agreements.
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ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
As previously disclosed, Richard Smith retired from Equifax on September 26, 2017. However, all decisions related to the characterization of Mr. Smith's departure and any benefits owed to him were deferred to allow the Board of Directors to complete an independent review of matters relating to the 2017 cybersecurity incident. The Compensation Committee of the Board, advised by independent counsel, completed its review and determined that Mr. Smith is entitled to receive equity previously awarded to him pursuant to the Company's 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, and that he has retired from Equifax under the terms of the governing award agreements. Consequently, the shares that he would have been entitled to receive upon vesting in February 2018 and that were placed in escrow were released to Mr. Smith during the third quarter of 2018. Mr. Smith also is eligible to participate in the Company's retiree medical program.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  | Description
4.1 |  |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2018, between Equifax Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of 2021 Note as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Equifax’s Form 8-K filed May 25, 2018)
4.2 |  |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2018, between Equifax Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of 2023 Note as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Equifax’s Form 8-K filed May 25, 2018)
4.3 |  |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2018, between Equifax Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, including the form of Floating Rate Note as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Equifax’s Form 8-K filed May 25, 2018)
31.1 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2 |  |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1 |  |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
32.2 |  |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
101.INS |  |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Equifax Inc.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: | July 26, 2018 | By: | /s/ Mark W. Begor
|  |  | Mark W. Begor
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | July 26, 2018 |  | /s/ John W. Gamble, Jr.
|  |  | John W. Gamble, Jr.
|  |  | Corporate Vice President and
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | July 26, 2018 |  | /s/ Nuala M. King
|  |  | Nuala M. King
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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