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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income taxes | Income taxes The components of income tax expense were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 367 |
State and local | 169 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 143 |
Total current | 568 |  |  | 808 |  |  | 510 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (21) |  |  | (64) |  |  | (18) |
State and local | (6) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (12) |
Total deferred | (27) |  |  | (97) |  |  | (30) |
Amortization of investments in partnerships under proportional amortization method | 181 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 140 |
Total income taxes | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | 878 |  |  | $ | 620 |
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return reflecting taxable income earned by all domestic subsidiaries. In prior years, applicable federal tax law allowed certain financial institutions the option of deducting as bad debt expense for tax purposes amounts in excess of actual losses. In accordance with GAAP, such financial institutions were not required to provide deferred income taxes on such excess. Recapture of the excess tax bad debt reserve established under the previously allowed method will result in taxable income if M&T Bank fails to maintain bank status as defined in the Internal Revenue Code or charges are made to the reserve for other than bad debt losses. At December 31, 2024, M&T Bank’s tax bad debt reserve for which no federal income taxes have been provided was $137 million. No actions are planned that would cause this reserve to become wholly or partially taxable. Total income taxes differed from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income taxes at statutory federal income tax rate | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | 548 |
Increase (decrease) in taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt income | (53) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (37) |
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect | 136 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 110 |
Tax benefits for investments in partnerships under proportional amortization method, net | (38) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (22) |
Other | (18) |  |  | 34 |  |  | 21 |
Total income taxes | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | 878 |  |  | $ | 620 |
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) were comprised of the following at December 31:
(Dollars in millions) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |
Losses on loans and other assets | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 641 |
Operating lease liabilities | 170 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 183 |
Postretirement and other employee benefits | 63 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |
Incentive and other compensation plans | 36 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 34 |
Unrealized losses | 52 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 115 |
Interest on loans | 28 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 54 |
Losses on cash flow hedges | 34 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 87 |
Stock-based compensation | 49 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 51 |
Other | 139 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 81 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 1,242 |  |  | 1,310 |  |  | 1,246 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Retirement benefits | (304) |  |  | (198) |  |  | (88) |
Leases | (150) |  |  | (171) |  |  | (204) |
Right-of-use assets | (147) |  |  | (165) |  |  | (163) |
Depreciation and amortization | (56) |  |  | (157) |  |  | (155) |
Capitalized servicing rights | (36) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (51) |
Postretirement and other employee benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |
Other | (68) |  |  | (59) |  |  | (69) |
Gross deferred tax liabilities | (761) |  |  | (788) |  |  | (759) |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 487 |
The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized through taxable earnings or alternative tax strategies. The income tax credits shown in the statement of income of M&T in note 24 arise principally from operating losses before dividends from subsidiaries. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits follows:
(Dollars in millions) | Federal, State and Local Tax |  | Accrued Interest |  | Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2022 | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Unrecognized tax benefits assumed in a business combination | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years | (11) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (15) |
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022 | 30 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 38 |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years | (13) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (16) |
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 | 22 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 28 |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years | 13 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in prior years | (10) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (12) |
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024 | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Less: Federal, state and local income tax benefits |  |  |  |  | (7) |
Net unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024 that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate |  |  |  |  | $ | 29 |
The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in Income taxes in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The Company’s federal, state and local income tax returns are routinely subject to examinations from various governmental taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgment used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should determinations rendered by tax authorities ultimately indicate that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, the result and adjustments required could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations. Examinations by the Internal Revenue Service of the Company’s federal income tax returns have been largely concluded through 2022, although under statute the income tax returns from 2021 through 2023 could be adjusted. The Company also files income tax returns in over forty states and numerous local jurisdictions. Substantially all material state and local matters have been concluded for years through 2018. It is not reasonably possible to estimate when examinations for any subsequent years will be completed.

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