v3.25.4
Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets
As of December 31, 2025, the Company has $4,962 million of other identifiable intangible assets. Amortization expense associated with other identifiable definite-lived intangible assets was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
202520242023
Amortization expense$984 $965 $974 

Estimated amortization expense for existing other identifiable intangible assets is expected to be approximately $976 million, $850 million, $706 million, $562 million and $411 million for the years ending December 31, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029 and 2030, respectively. Estimated amortization expense can be affected by various factors such as future acquisitions, divestitures, abandonments or impairments.

The following is a summary of other identifiable intangible assets:
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions)Gross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet AmountGross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Amount
Definite-lived identifiable intangible assets:
Client relationships and backlog$6,653 $(3,566)$3,087 $5,690 $(2,966)$2,724 
Software and related assets4,466 (2,782)1,684 3,914 (2,358)1,556 
Trademarks, trade names and other570 (406)164 539 (350)189 
Databases1,892 (1,873)19 1,773 (1,751)22 
Non-compete agreements11 (3)8 14 (6)8 
$13,592 $(8,630)$4,962 $11,930 $(7,431)$4,499 
The following is a summary of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(in millions)		Technology & Analytics SolutionsResearch & Development SolutionsContract Sales & Medical SolutionsConsolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2023$11,976 $2,439 $152 $14,567 
Business combinations346 186 — 532 
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations and other(365)(17)(7)(389)
Balance as of December 31, 202411,957 2,608 145 14,710 
Business combinations865 394 20 1,279 
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations and other602 23 2 627 
Balance as of December 31, 2025$13,424 $3,025 $167 $16,616 

There were no goodwill impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.
Effective January 1, 2026, the Company's reportable segments consist of Commercial Solutions and Research & Development Solutions. See Note 20 for further details. This change in management reporting necessitates the reallocation of goodwill between the two reportable segments and the performance of a goodwill impairment test, which the Company will perform in 2026.