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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022
| or
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-39606
SoFi Technologies, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 98-1547291
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
234 1st Street San Francisco, California |  | 94105
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(855) 456-7634
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share |  | SOFI |  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of July 29, 2022 was 922,377,054 shares.

SOFI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 4
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | 5
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Temporary Equity and Permanent Equity | 6
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
| Note 1. Organization, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Standards | 11
| Note 2. Business Combinations | 19
| Note 3. Investments in AFS Debt Securities | 24
| Note 4. Loans | 26
| Note 5. Variable Interest Entities | 31
| Note 6. Transfer s of Financial Assets | 33
| Note 7. Allowance for Credit Losses | 35
| Note 8. Fair Value Measurements | 37
| Note 9. Debt | 49
| Note 10, Temporary Equity | 52
| Note 11. Permanent Equity | 53
| Note 12. Share-Based Compensation | 54
| Note 13. Income Taxes | 57
| Note 14. Related Parties | 57
| Note 15. Commitments, Guarantees, Concentrations and Contingencies | 57
| Note 16. Loss Per Share | 59
| Note 17. Business Segment Information | 60
| Note 18. Regulatory Capital | 65
| Note 19. Subsequent Events | 66
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 67
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 106
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 108
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 109
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 109
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 158
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 158
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 158
Item 5. | Other Information | 158
Item 6. | Exhibits | 159
Signatures | 160
Supplemental Information | F-1

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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context requires otherwise, references to “SoFi”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, and “our”, and similar references refer to SoFi Technologies, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries following the Business Combination (as defined herein) and to Social Finance, Inc. prior to the Business Combination.
Social Finance, Inc. (“Social Finance”) entered into a merger agreement (the “Agreement”) with Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. V (“SCH”) on January 7, 2021. The transactions contemplated by the terms of the Agreement were completed on May 28, 2021 (the “Closing”), in conjunction with which SCH changed its name to SoFi Technologies, Inc. (hereafter referred to, collectively with its subsidiaries, as “SoFi”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”, unless the context otherwise requires). The transactions contemplated in the Agreement are collectively referred to as the “Business Combination”. As a result of the Business Combination, which was completed on May 28, 2021, share and per share amounts for periods prior to the Business Combination for Social Finance, Inc. have been retroactively converted by application of the exchange ratio of 1.7428.
In March 2021, we entered into an agreement to acquire Golden Pacific Bancorp, Inc. (“Golden Pacific”), a bank holding company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Golden Pacific Bank, National Association, a national bank (the “Bank Merger”). The Bank Merger closed in February 2022, after which we became a bank holding company and renamed Golden Pacific Bank as SoFi Bank, National Association (“SoFi Bank”).
In February 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire Technisys S.A. (“Technisys”), a cloud-native digital multi-product core banking platform (the “Technisys Merger”). The Technisys Merger closed in March 2022.
See Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our acquisitions.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements that are forward-looking and as such are not historical facts. This includes, without limitation, statements regarding the financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for our future operations; anticipated trends and prospects in the industries in which our business operates; new products, services and related strategies; and macroeconomic conditions. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward-looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, words such as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “opportunity”, “plan”, “possible”, “potential”, “predict”, “project”, “should”, “strive”, “will”, “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and include, among other things:
•our ability to achieve and maintain profitability in the future;
•the impact on our business of the regulatory environment and complexities with compliance;
•the effect and impact of any further extension of the federal student loan payment moratorium or any governmental actions taken to forgive student loans;
•our ability to manage our growth effectively and our expectations regarding the development and expansion of our business;
•our ability to access sources of capital on favorable terms, if at all, including debt financing, deposits and other sources of capital to finance operations and growth;
•the impact of and our ability to respond to general economic conditions and other macroeconomic and geopolitical factors, such as increasing interest rates, inflationary pressures, counterparty risk, changing customer demand, capital markets volatility and domestic or international conflicts or disputes;
•the success of our marketing efforts and our ability to expand our member base;
•our ability to grow market share in existing markets or any new markets we may enter;
•our ability to develop new products, features and functionality that are competitive and meet market needs;
•our ability to diversify our business and broaden our suite of financial services offerings;
•our ability to realize the benefits of our strategy, including what we refer to as our Financial Services Productivity Loop, and achieve scale in our Financial Services segment;
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•our ability to successfully operate as a bank holding company, and to own and operate SoFi Bank;
•our ability to make accurate credit and pricing decisions or effectively forecast our loss rates;
•our ability to establish and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting;
•our ability to maintain the listing of our securities on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”);
•our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Bank Merger and the Technisys Merger;
•our ability to successfully expand our operations into foreign jurisdictions, including compliance with a variety of foreign laws;
•the outcome of any legal or governmental proceedings that may be instituted against us; and
•the effect of and uncertainties related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (including any emergence of additional variants or government responses thereto) and any continued recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and reflect current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.
TRADEMARKS
This document contains references to trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this document may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we or the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our or its rights to these trademarks, service marks and trade names. SoFi Technologies does not intend its use or display of other companies’ trademarks, service marks or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of it by, any other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included in this document are the property of their respective owners.
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In Thousands, Except for Share Data)

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 707,302 |  |  | $ | 494,711 |
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents(1) | 291,631 |  |  | 273,726 |
Investments in available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $205,168 and $195,796, respectively) | 197,933 |  |  | 194,907 |
Loans, less allowance for credit losses on loans at amortized cost of $23,178 and $7,037, respectively(1)(2) | 8,212,494 |  |  | 6,068,884 |
Servicing rights | 176,964 |  |  | 168,259 |
Securitization investments | 288,717 |  |  | 374,688 |
Equity method investments | — |  |  | 19,739 |
Property, equipment and software | 148,744 |  |  | 111,873 |
Goodwill | 1,625,375 |  |  | 898,527 |
Intangible assets | 481,124 |  |  | 284,579 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 108,736 |  |  | 115,191 |
Other assets, less allowance for credit losses of $2,720 and $2,292, respectively | 431,866 |  |  | 171,242 |
Total assets | $ | 12,670,886 |  |  | $ | 9,176,326 |
Liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | $ | 82,801 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-bearing deposits | 2,629,463 |  |  | — |
Total deposits | 2,712,264 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities(1) | 542,336 |  |  | 298,164 |
Operating lease liabilities | 131,735 |  |  | 138,794 |
Debt(1) | 3,723,561 |  |  | 3,947,983 |
Residual interests classified as debt(1) | 54,436 |  |  | 93,682 |
Total liabilities | 7,164,332 |  |  | 4,478,623 |
Commitments, guarantees, concentrations and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |
Temporary equity(3): |  |  |
Redeemable preferred stock, $0.00 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized; 3,234,000 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 | 320,374 |  |  | 320,374 |
Permanent equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $0.00 par value: 3,100,000,000 and 3,100,000,000 shares authorized; 922,103,100 and 828,154,462 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively(4) | 92 |  |  | 83 |
Additional paid-in capital | 6,583,405 |  |  | 5,561,831 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (8,011) |  |  | (1,471) |
Accumulated deficit | (1,389,306) |  |  | (1,183,114) |
Total permanent equity | 5,186,180 |  |  | 4,377,329 |
Total liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity | $ | 12,670,886 |  |  | $ | 9,176,326 |

______________
(1)Financial statement line items include amounts in consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”). See Note 5.
(2)As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, includes loans held for sale measured at fair value of $7,959,382 and $5,952,972, respectively.
(3)Redemption amount is $323,400 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(4)Includes 100,000,000 non-voting common shares authorized and no non-voting common shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. See Note 11 for additional information.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(In Thousands, Except for Share and Per Share Data)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | $ | 145,337 |  |  | $ | 79,678 |  |  | $ | 259,722 |  |  | $ | 156,899 |
Securitizations | 2,567 |  |  | 3,794 |  |  | 5,325 |  |  | 8,261 |
Related party notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 211 |
Other | 1,608 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | 1,265 |
Total interest income | 149,512 |  |  | 84,108 |  |  | 267,924 |  |  | 166,636 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securitizations and warehouses | 18,599 |  |  | 26,250 |  |  | 38,505 |  |  | 56,058 |
Deposits | 4,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,974 |  |  | — |
Corporate borrowings | 3,450 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 6,099 |  |  | 6,386 |
Other | 191 |  |  | 468 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 900 |
Total interest expense | 26,783 |  |  | 28,096 |  |  | 50,262 |  |  | 63,344 |
Net interest income | 122,729 |  |  | 56,012 |  |  | 217,662 |  |  | 103,292 |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan origination and sales | 144,414 |  |  | 109,719 |  |  | 302,118 |  |  | 220,064 |
Securitizations | (11,737) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (23,018) |  |  | (2,062) |
Servicing | 10,471 |  |  | (224) |  |  | 22,707 |  |  | (12,333) |
Technology products and solutions | 81,670 |  |  | 44,950 |  |  | 141,527 |  |  | 90,609 |
Other | 14,980 |  |  | 20,843 |  |  | 31,875 |  |  | 27,688 |
Total noninterest income | 239,798 |  |  | 175,262 |  |  | 475,209 |  |  | 323,966 |
Total net revenue | 362,527 |  |  | 231,274 |  |  | 692,871 |  |  | 427,258 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and product development | 99,366 |  |  | 69,389 |  |  | 181,274 |  |  | 135,337 |
Sales and marketing | 143,854 |  |  | 94,951 |  |  | 281,992 |  |  | 182,185 |
Cost of operations | 79,091 |  |  | 60,624 |  |  | 149,528 |  |  | 118,194 |
General and administrative | 125,829 |  |  | 171,216 |  |  | 262,334 |  |  | 332,913 |
Provision for credit losses | 10,103 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 23,064 |  |  | 486 |
Total noninterest expense | 458,243 |  |  | 396,666 |  |  | 898,192 |  |  | 769,115 |
Loss before income taxes | (95,716) |  |  | (165,392) |  |  | (205,321) |  |  | (341,857) |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (119) |  |  | 78 |  |  | (871) |  |  | (1,021) |
Net loss | $ | (95,835) |  |  | $ | (165,314) |  |  | $ | (206,192) |  |  | $ | (342,878) |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net | (1,991) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,446) |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net | (56) |  |  | (266) |  |  | (94) |  |  | (346) |
Total other comprehensive loss | (2,047) |  |  | (266) |  |  | (6,540) |  |  | (346) |
Comprehensive loss | $ | (97,882) |  |  | $ | (165,580) |  |  | $ | (212,732) |  |  | $ | (343,224) |
Loss per share (Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss per share – basic | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | (0.48) |  |  | $ | (0.26) |  |  | $ | (1.50) |
Loss per share – diluted | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | (0.48) |  |  | $ | (0.26) |  |  | $ | (1.50) |
Weighted average common stock outstanding – basic | 910,046,750 |  |  | 365,036,365 |  |  | 881,608,165 |  |  | 241,282,003 |
Weighted average common stock outstanding – diluted | 910,046,750 |  |  | 365,036,365 |  |  | 881,608,165 |  |  | 241,282,003 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Temporary Equity and Permanent Equity
(In Thousands, Except for Share Data)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Permanent Equity |  |  | Temporary Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at March 31, 2022 | 915,673,855 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 6,509,643 |  |  | $ | (5,964) |  |  | $ | (1,293,471) |  |  | $ | 5,210,299 |  |  |  | 3,234,000 |  |  | $ | 320,374 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,902 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,902 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of RSUs | 6,360,894 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock withheld related to taxes on vested RSUs | (318,764) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,253) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,253) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 387,115 |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Redeemable preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,079) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,079) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,835) |  |  | (95,835) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,047) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,047) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | 922,103,100 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 6,583,405 |  |  | $ | (8,011) |  |  | $ | (1,389,306) |  |  | $ | 5,186,180 |  |  |  | 3,234,000 |  |  | $ | 320,374 |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Permanent Equity |  |  | Temporary Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 828,154,462 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 5,561,831 |  |  | $ | (1,471) |  |  | $ | (1,183,114) |  |  | $ | 4,377,329 |  |  |  | 3,234,000 |  |  | $ | 320,374 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,519 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,519 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of RSUs | 11,312,098 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock withheld related to taxes on vested RSUs | (662,462) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,846) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,846) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 1,442,890 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,060 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,060 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock in acquisition | 81,856,112 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 875,034 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 875,042 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vested awards assumed in acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,855 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,855 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Redeemable preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,047) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,047) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206,192) |  |  | (206,192) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,540) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,540) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | 922,103,100 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 6,583,405 |  |  | $ | (8,011) |  |  | $ | (1,389,306) |  |  | $ | 5,186,180 |  |  |  | 3,234,000 |  |  | $ | 320,374 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Temporary Equity and Permanent Equity (Continued)
(In Thousands, Except for Share Data)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Permanent Equity (Deficit) |  |  | Temporary Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at March 31, 2021 | 119,018,914 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 583,349 |  |  | $ | (246) |  |  | $ | (876,741) |  |  | $ | (293,638) |  |  |  | 469,150,522 |  |  | $ | 3,173,686 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,154 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of RSUs | 291,264 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock withheld related to taxes on vested RSUs | (134,008) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,614) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,614) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 523,956 |  |  | — |  |  | 741 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Redeemable preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,079) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,079) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of contingently issuable stock | 1,281,132 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cancellation of redeemable preferred stock related to a business combination | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (83,856) |  |  | (743) |
Conversion of redeemable preferred stock warrants into permanent equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161,775 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161,775 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Conversion of redeemable preferred stock to common stock | 450,832,666 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 2,702,524 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,702,569 |  |  |  | (450,832,666) |  |  | (2,702,569) |
Issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE Investment | 222,878,889 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 1,789,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,789,601 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Costs directly attributable to the issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE Investment | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,539) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,539) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchase of redeemable common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,000,000) |  |  | (150,000) |
Change in par for historical SoFi common stock | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (165,314) |  |  | (165,314) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (266) |  |  | — |  |  | (266) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | 794,692,813 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 5,249,878 |  |  | $ | (512) |  |  | $ | (1,042,055) |  |  | $ | 4,207,390 |  |  |  | 3,234,000 |  |  | $ | 320,374 |
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Permanent Equity (Deficit) |  |  | Temporary Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at January 1, 2021 | 115,084,358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 579,228 |  |  | $ | (166) |  |  | $ | (699,177) |  |  | $ | (120,115) |  |  |  | 469,150,522 |  |  | $ | 3,173,686 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89,608 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89,608 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Vesting of RSUs | 3,945,698 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock withheld related to taxes on vested RSUs | (1,533,724) |  |  | — |  |  | (28,603) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28,603) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 2,203,794 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,365 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,365 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Redeemable preferred stock dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,047) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,047) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of contingently issuable stock | 1,281,132 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cancellation of redeemable preferred stock related to a business combination | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (83,856) |  |  | (743) |
Conversion of redeemable preferred stock warrants into permanent equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161,775 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161,775 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Conversion of redeemable preferred stock to common stock | 450,832,666 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 2,702,524 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,702,569 |  |  |  | (450,832,666) |  |  | (2,702,569) |
Issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE Investment | 222,878,889 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 1,789,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,789,601 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Costs directly attributable to the issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE Investment | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,539) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,539) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchase of redeemable common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,000,000) |  |  | (150,000) |
Change in par for historical SoFi common stock | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (342,878) |  |  | (342,878) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (346) |  |  | — |  |  | (346) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | 794,692,813 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 5,249,878 |  |  | $ | (512) |  |  | $ | (1,042,055) |  |  | $ | 4,207,390 |  |  |  | 3,234,000 |  |  | $ | 320,374 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In Thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Operating activities |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (206,192) |  |  | $ | (342,878) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 68,754 |  |  | 50,966 |
Deferred debt issuance and discount expense | 8,118 |  |  | 11,450 |
Share-based compensation expense | 157,163 |  |  | 89,608 |
Deferred income taxes | (2,319) |  |  | 637 |
Fair value changes in residual interests classified as debt | 5,625 |  |  | 13,668 |
Fair value changes in securitization investments | 9,981 |  |  | (5,502) |
Fair value changes in warrant liabilities | — |  |  | 160,909 |
Fair value adjustment to related party notes receivable | — |  |  | (169) |
Other | 29,929 |  |  | (3,937) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Originations and purchases of loans | (6,875,281) |  |  | (5,749,363) |
Proceeds from sales and repayments of loans | 4,846,705 |  |  | 5,848,655 |
Other changes in loans | 22,166 |  |  | 5,231 |
Servicing assets | (8,705) |  |  | (10,170) |
Related party notes receivable interest income | — |  |  | 1,399 |
Other assets | (49,569) |  |  | (21,752) |
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities | 36,902 |  |  | 33,856 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (1,956,723) |  |  | $ | 82,608 |
Investing activities |  |  |
Purchases of property, equipment, software and intangible assets | $ | (50,028) |  |  | $ | (26,808) |
Purchases of available-for-sale investments | (44,974) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investments | 23,497 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of available-for-sale investments | 13,906 |  |  | — |
Changes in loans, net | (81,850) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from non-securitization investments | — |  |  | 107,534 |
Proceeds from securitization investments | 75,991 |  |  | 141,920 |
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired | 58,540 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from repayment of related party notes receivable | — |  |  | 16,693 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | (4,918) |  |  | $ | 239,339 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
(In Thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Financing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from debt issuances | $ | 4,710,980 |  |  | $ | 3,849,645 |
Repayment of debt | (4,986,952) |  |  | (6,355,653) |
Payment of debt issuance costs | (3,976) |  |  | (4,520) |
Net change in deposits | 2,496,253 |  |  | — |
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of share-based awards | (5,846) |  |  | (28,603) |
Proceeds from stock option exercises | 2,060 |  |  | 3,365 |
Payment of redeemable preferred stock dividends | (20,047) |  |  | (20,047) |
Finance lease principal payments | (241) |  |  | (278) |
Purchases of common stock | — |  |  | (526) |
Redemptions of redeemable common and preferred stock | — |  |  | (282,859) |
Proceeds from Business Combination and PIPE Investment | — |  |  | 1,989,851 |
Payment of costs directly attributable to the issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE Investment | — |  |  | (26,951) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 2,192,231 |  |  | $ | (876,576) |
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (94) |  |  | (346) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 230,496 |  |  | $ | (554,975) |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period | 768,437 |  |  | 1,323,428 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 998,933 |  |  | $ | 768,453 |
Reconciliation to amounts on unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets (as of period end) |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 707,302 |  |  | $ | 461,920 |
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | 291,631 |  |  | 306,533 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 998,933 |  |  | $ | 768,453 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
(In Thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |
Issuance of common stock in acquisition | $ | 875,042 |  |  | $ | — |
Vested awards assumed in acquisition | 2,855 |  |  | — |
Loans received in acquisition | 84,485 |  |  | — |
Debt assumed in acquisition | 2,000 |  |  | — |
Deposits assumed in acquisition | 158,016 |  |  | — |
Deposits credited but not yet received in cash | 57,995 |  |  | — |
Available-for-sale securities received in acquisition | 10,014 |  |  | — |
Property, equipment and software received in acquisition | 3,192 |  |  | — |
Non-cash loan reduction | 886 |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation capitalized related to internally-developed software | 10,356 |  |  | — |
Non-cash property, equipment, software and intangible asset additions | 191 |  |  | 896 |
Deferred debt issuance costs accrued but unpaid | 163 |  |  | 550 |
Securitization investments acquired via loan transfers | — |  |  | 47,265 |
Costs directly attributable to the issuance of common stock paid in 2020 | — |  |  | 588 |
Reduction to temporary equity associated with purchase price adjustments | — |  |  | 743 |
Warrant liabilities recognized in conjunction with the Business Combination | — |  |  | 200,250 |
Series H warrant liabilities conversion to common stock warrants | — |  |  | 39,959 |
Conversion of temporary equity into permanent equity in conjunction with the Business Combination | — |  |  | 2,702,569 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Note 1. Organization, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Standards
Organization
Social Finance, Inc. (“Social Finance”) entered into a merger agreement (the “Agreement”) with Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings Corp. V (“SCH”) on January 7, 2021. The transactions contemplated by the terms of the Agreement were completed on May 28, 2021 (the “Closing”), in conjunction with which SCH changed its name to SoFi Technologies, Inc. (hereafter referred to, collectively with its subsidiaries, as “SoFi”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”, unless the context otherwise requires). The transactions contemplated in the Agreement are collectively referred to as the “Business Combination.”
Upon the closing of the Business Combination, holders of Social Finance common stock received shares of SoFi Technologies common stock in an amount determined by application of the exchange ratio of 1.7428 (“Exchange Ratio”), which was based on Social Finance’s implied price per share prior to the Business Combination. Additionally, holders of Social Finance preferred stock (with the exception of the holders of our Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock, as defined in Note 10) received shares of SoFi Technologies common stock in amounts determined by application of either the Exchange Ratio or a multiplier of the Exchange Ratio, as provided by the Agreement.
SoFi is a financial services platform that was founded in 2011 to offer an innovative approach to the private student loan market by providing student loan refinancing options. The Company conducts its business through three reportable segments: Lending, Technology Platform and Financial Services. Since its founding, SoFi has expanded its lending strategy to offer home loans, personal loans and credit cards. The Company has also developed non-lending financial products, such as money management and investment product offerings, and has also leveraged its financial services platform to empower other businesses. The Company has continued to expand its product offerings through strategic acquisitions. During 2020, the Company expanded its investment product offerings into Hong Kong through the acquisition of 8 Limited, and also began to operate as a platform-as-a-service for a variety of financial service providers, providing the infrastructure to facilitate core client-facing and back-end capabilities, such as account setup, account funding, direct deposit, authorizations and processing, payments functionality and check account balance features through the acquisition of Galileo. During 2022, the Company became a bank holding company and began operating as SoFi Bank, National Association, through its acquisition of Golden Pacific Bancorp, Inc., and expanded its platform to include a cloud-native digital and core banking platform with customers in Latin America through its acquisition of Technisys S.A., allowing the Company to expand its technology platform services to a broader international market. For additional information on our recent business combinations, see Note 2. For additional information on our reportable segments, see Note 17.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries and certain consolidated VIEs. All intercompany accounts were eliminated in consolidation. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. We condensed or omitted certain notes and other financial information from the interim financial statements presented herein. The financial data and other information disclosed in these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with the annual consolidated statements included in our annual filing on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2022. In our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), we renamed the financial statement line item for noninterest income—technology platform fees to noninterest income—technology products and solutions to accommodate noninterest income earned from Technisys, which we acquired in the first quarter of 2022. See Note 1 for our presentation of disaggregated revenue and Note 2 for our discussion of business combinations.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Use of Judgments, Assumptions and Estimates
The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other factors it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of our assets and liabilities. These judgments, assumptions and estimates include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) fair value measurements; (ii) share-based compensation expense; (iii) consolidation of variable interest entities; and (iv) business combinations. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are inherently subjective in nature and, therefore, actual results may differ from our estimates and assumptions.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents primarily include unrestricted deposits with financial institutions in checking, money market and short-term certificate of deposit accounts and certain short-term commercial paper. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents consist primarily of cash deposits, certificate of deposit accounts held on reserve, money market funds held by consolidated VIEs, and collection balances. These accounts are earmarked as restricted because the balances are either member balances held in our custody, cash segregated for regulatory purposes associated with brokerage activities, escrow requirements for certain debt facilities and derivative agreements, deposits required by various bank holding companies we partner with (“Member Banks”) that support one or more of our products, loan collection balances awaiting disbursement, consolidated VIE cash balances that we cannot use for general operating purposes, or other legally restricted balances.
Loans
Our loan portfolio consists of (i) personal loans, student loans and home loans, which are held for sale and measured at fair value, and (ii) credit card loans, and commercial and consumer banking loans, which are measured at amortized cost. The commercial and consumer banking portfolio is primarily inclusive of commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and residential real estate and other consumer loans.
Loans Measured at Fair Value
Loans that we intend to sell to third-party purchasers or for which we do not have the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for sale. We elected the fair value option to measure our personal loans, student loans and home loans, as we believe that fair value best reflects the expected economic performance of the loans, as well as our intentions given our gain-on-sale origination model. Therefore, these loans are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. All direct fees and costs related to the origination process are recognized in earnings as earned or incurred. We record the initial fair value measurement and subsequent measurement changes in fair value in the period in which the changes occur within noninterest income—loan origination and sales in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). We record cash flows related to loans held for sale within cash flows from operating activities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Securitized loans are assets held by consolidated special purpose entities (“SPE”) as collateral for bonds issued, for which fair value changes are recorded within noninterest income—securitizations in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Gains or losses recognized upon deconsolidation of a VIE are also recorded within noninterest income—securitizations.
Loans Measured at Amortized Cost
For our loans measured at amortized cost, direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the privilege period (12 months) for credit card loans and amortized using the effective interest method over the contractual term of the loans for commercial and consumer banking loans, within interest income—loans in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
June 30, 2022, we amortized $2,088 and $3,685, respectively, of deferred costs into interest income and had a remaining balance of deferred costs of $4,600 as of June 30, 2022.
Commercial and consumer banking loans are reported as delinquent when they become 30 or more days past due. For all commercial and consumer banking loans, we stop accruing interest and reverse all accrued but unpaid interest after 90 days of delinquency. For consumer banking loans, delinquent loans are charged off after 120 days of delinquency or on the date of confirmed loss.
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Assets
In connection with the Bank Merger, as further discussed in Note 2, we obtained purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. PCD loans are acquired financial assets (or groups of financial assets with similar risk characteristics) that, as of the date of acquisition, have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. Indicators that an acquired asset may meet the definition of a PCD asset include days past due status, nonaccrual status, troubled debt restructuring status and other loan agreement violations. We were required to record an allowance for the acquired PCD loans, with a corresponding increase to the amortized cost basis as of the acquisition date. Recognition of the initial allowance for credit losses upon the acquisition of PCD loans does not impact net income. Changes in estimates of expected credit losses after acquisition are recognized through the provision for credit losses. See Note 7 for the rollforward of our allowance for credit losses.
Troubled Debt Restructuring
In connection with the Bank Merger, as further discussed in Note 2, we obtained troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) loans. TDR loans are those for which the contractual terms have been restructured to grant one or more concessions to a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty. Concessions may include several types of assistance to aid customers and maximize payments received, and vary by borrower-specific characteristics. Loans with short-term and other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs. TDRs identified by Golden Pacific prior to the acquisition were recorded at fair value with a new accounting basis established as of the date of acquisition. There were no modifications subsequent to acquisition.
Allowance for Credit Losses
As of June 30, 2022, we applied ASC 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (“ASC 326”), to the following: (i) cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents, (ii) accounts receivable from contracts with customers, inclusive of servicing related receivables, (iii) margin receivables, which were attributable to our activities at 8 Limited, (iv) certain loan repurchase reserves representing guarantees of credit exposure, (v) loans measured at amortized cost, including credit card, and commercial and consumer banking loans acquired during the first quarter of 2022, and (vi) investments in available-for-sale debt securities. Our approaches to measuring the allowance for credit losses are disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
See Note 7 for a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses.
Investments in Available-For-Sale Debt Securities
An allowance for credit losses on our investments in available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities is required for any portion of impaired securities that is attributable to credit-related factors. As of June 30, 2022, we concluded that the credit-related impairment was immaterial. We did not recognize an allowance for credit losses on impaired investments in AFS debt securities as of June 30, 2022.
Investments in Equity Securities
Our investments in equity securities consist of investments for which fair values are not readily determinable, which we elect to measure using the alternative method of accounting, under which they are measured at cost less any impairment and adjusted for changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuers. Our investments in equity securities are presented within other assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Adjustments to the carrying values of our investments in equity securities, such as impairments and unrealized gains, are recognized within noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Restricted Investments
Subsequent to operating SoFi Bank, we have investments in Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock and Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock, which are restricted investment securities that are not marketable. These investments are presented within other assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and are carried at cost and reviewed for impairment if indicators of impairment exist at the reporting date.
Equity Method Investments
In August 2021, we purchased a 5% interest in Lower Holding Company (“Lower”) for $20,000 and were granted a seat on Lower’s board of directors. We accounted for the investment under the equity method of accounting. The investment was not deemed to be significant under either Regulation S-X, Rule 3-09 or Rule 4-08(g).
In January 2022, we relinquished our seat on Lower’s board of directors, and have no further rights to a seat on Lower’s board of directors. As such, we no longer have significant influence over the investee, and we ceased recognizing Lower equity investment income subsequent to that date. Our equity method investment income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was immaterial. Additionally, we did not receive any distributions during the six months ended June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, our investment was presented within other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and was measured using the measurement alternative method of accounting, which is further discussed in Note 8.
Property, Equipment and Software
Software includes software acquired in business combinations, purchased software and capitalized software development costs. The capitalization of software development costs is based on whether the software is for internal use, or is to be sold or otherwise marketed. Costs related to internally-developed software for internal use are capitalized when preliminary project efforts are successfully completed, and it is probable that both the project will be completed and the software will be used as intended. For software to be sold or marketed, development costs are capitalized after the technological feasibility of the software has been established. Capitalized costs consist of salaries and compensation costs for employees, fees paid to third-party consultants who are directly involved in development efforts and costs incurred for upgrades and functionality enhancements. Research and development costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility (for software to be sold or marketed) or prior to completion of preliminary project efforts (for internal use software) are expensed as incurred.
Deposits
We commenced offering deposit accounts (referred to as “SoFi Checking and Savings” accounts) to our members through SoFi Bank in the first quarter of 2022. Our interest-bearing deposits primarily consist of demand deposits, savings deposits and, to a lesser extent, time deposits. We also have noninterest-bearing deposits.
The following table presents a detail of interest-bearing deposits as of the date indicated:

|  | June 30, 2022
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |
Demand deposits(1) |  | $ | 1,561,339 |
Savings deposits(1) |  | 1,049,650 |
Time deposits |  | 18,474 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 2,629,463 |

_____________________
(1) For deposit liabilities with no defined maturities, the fair value of the liabilities reflects the amount payable on demand at the reporting date.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
As of June 30, 2022, the amount of time deposits that exceeded the insured limit (referred to as “uninsured deposits”) totaled $10,969. As of June 30, 2022, future maturities of our total time deposits were as follows:

Remainder of 2022 | $ | 13,842 |
2023 | 3,565 |
2024 | 654 |
2025 | 30 |
2026 | 281 |
Thereafter | 102 |
Total | $ | 18,474 |

Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the gains (losses) recognized on our derivative instruments during the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Derivative contracts to manage future loan sale execution risk(1) | $ | 69,535 |  |  | $ | (13,937) |  |  | $ | 230,142 |  |  | $ | 22,134 |
Derivative contracts to manage securitization investment interest rate risk(1)(2) | 2,749 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,068 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”)(1) | 4,159 |  |  | 642 |  |  | (2,639) |  |  | (7,860) |
Interest rate caps(1) | (903) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,027) |  |  | — |
Purchase price earn-out(1) | 211 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | — |
Third-party warrants(3) | (244) |  |  | — |  |  | (169) |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 75,507 |  |  | $ | (13,295) |  |  | $ | 234,417 |  |  | $ | 14,274 |

_____________________
(1) Recorded within noninterest income—loan origination and sales in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
(2) Represents derivative instruments utilized to manage interest rate risk associated with certain of our securitization investments.
(3) For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, includes $(461) and $(603), respectively, recorded within noninterest income—other and $217 and $434, respectively, recorded within noninterest expense—general and administrative in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), the latter of which represents the amortization of a deferred liability recognized at the initial fair value of the third party warrants acquired of $964, as we are also a customer of the third party.
The following table presents information about derivative instruments subject to enforceable master netting arrangements as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Gross Derivative Assets |  | Gross Derivative Liabilities |  | Gross Derivative Assets |  | Gross Derivative Liabilities
Interest rate swaps | $ | — |  |  | $ | (21,762) |  |  | $ | 5,444 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate caps | — |  |  | (3,695) |  |  | — |  |  | (668) |
Home loan pipeline hedges | 2,243 |  |  | (259) |  |  | 117 |  |  | (313) |
Total, gross | $ | 2,243 |  |  | $ | (25,716) |  |  | $ | 5,561 |  |  | $ | (981) |
Derivative netting | (1,371) |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | (117) |  |  | 117 |
Total, net(1) | $ | 872 |  |  | $ | (24,345) |  |  | $ | 5,444 |  |  | $ | (864) |

_____________________
(1) As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had a cash collateral requirement of $21,762 and $299, respectively, related to these instruments.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the notional amounts of derivative contracts outstanding as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Derivative contracts to manage future loan sale execution risk: |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 5,360,000 |  |  | $ | 4,210,000 |
Home loan pipeline hedges | 326,000 |  |  | 421,000 |
Interest rate caps | 405,000 |  |  | 405,000 |
Interest rate swaps(1) | 310,000 |  |  | — |
IRLCs(2) | 314,096 |  |  | 357,529 |
Interest rate caps(3) | 405,000 |  |  | 405,000 |
Total | $ | 7,120,096 |  |  | $ | 5,798,529 |

_____________________
(1) Represents interest rate swaps utilized to manage interest rate risk associated with certain of our securitization investments.
(2) Amounts correspond with home loan funding commitments subject to IRLC agreements.
(3) We sold an interest rate cap that was subject to master netting to offset an interest rate cap purchase made in conjunction with a contract to manage future loan sale execution risk.
While the notional amounts of derivative instruments give an indication of the volume of our derivative activity, they do not necessarily represent amounts exchanged by parties and are not a direct measure of our financial exposure.
See Note 8 for additional information on our derivative assets and liabilities.
Safeguarding Asset and Liability
Through our SoFi Invest product (via our wholly-owned subsidiary, SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a licensed money transmitter), our members can invest in digital assets. We engage third parties to provide custodial services for our digital assets offering, which includes holding the cryptographic key information and working to protect the digital assets from loss or theft. The third-party custodians hold digital assets as custodial assets in an account in SoFi’s name for the benefit of our members. We maintain the internal recordkeeping of our members’ digital assets, including the amount and type of digital assets owned by each of our members in the custodial accounts. We currently utilize two third-party custodians. Therefore, we have concentration risk in the event the custodian is not able to perform in accordance with our agreement.
In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121 (“SAB 121”), which is further discussed under “Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” in this Note 1, we recognize a digital assets safeguarding liability within accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets reflecting our obligation to safeguard the digital assets held by third-party custodians for the benefit of our members. We also recognize a corresponding safeguarding asset within other assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset are measured and recorded at the fair value of the digital assets held by the custodians at each reporting date, as measured in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”). Subsequent changes to the fair value measure are reflected as equal and offsetting adjustments to the carrying values of the safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset. We evaluate any potential loss events, such as theft, loss or destruction of the cryptographic keys, that may affect the measurement of the safeguarding asset, which would be reflected in our results of operations in the period the loss occurs. Measurement changes do not impact our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) unless such a loss event is identified. As of June 30, 2022, we did not identify any loss events. See Note 8 for additional information on the fair value measurement of the safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset.
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
We revalue assets, liabilities, income and expense denominated in non-United States currencies into United States dollars using applicable exchange rates. For foreign subsidiaries in which the functional currency is the subsidiary’s local currency, gains and losses relating to foreign currency translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. For foreign subsidiaries in which the functional currency is the United States Dollar, gains and losses relating to foreign currency transaction adjustments are included within earnings in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Due to the highly inflationary economic environment in Argentina, we use the United States Dollar as the functional currency of our Argentinian operations in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. Our activities in Argentina are related to our Technology Platform segment and commenced in the first quarter of 2022 with the Technisys Merger.
Revenue Recognition
In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), in each of our revenue arrangements, revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects our expected consideration in exchange for those goods or services. Our arrangements accounted for under ASC 606 are discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, with notable updates provided herein.
Technology Products and Solutions
We earn fees for providing an integrated platform as a service for financial and non-financial institutions. Within our technology products and solutions fee arrangements, certain contracts contain a provision for a fixed, upfront implementation fee related to setup activities, which represents an advance payment for future technology platform services. In these arrangements, our implementation fees are recognized ratably over the contract life, as we consider the implementation fee partially earned each month that we meet our performance obligation over the life of the contract.
Commencing in March 2022 with the Technisys Merger, we earn subscription and service fees for providing software licenses and associated services. Software license and service arrangements comprise one or more software licenses, implementation, maintenance, and other software-related services. We recognize revenue related to software licenses upon delivery of the license, as we consider the license to be satisfied at a point in time. Software is considered delivered when control passes to the customer following the user-acceptance testing period.
We charge a recurring subscription fee for the software license and related maintenance services. Other software-related services are billed on a periodic basis as the services are provided. Certain arrangements for software and related services contain a provision for a fixed upfront payment, which in some cases may provide a material right to the customer with respect to the start and renewal of the subscription. Fees charged are part of the transaction price and are allocated to the performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis, as follows:
•The standalone selling price of maintenance varies in proportion with the standalone selling price of the underlying license. We allocate the subscription fee between the license and maintenance based upon this proportion. We recognize the maintenance fees ratably over the maintenance period, as we stand ready to provide maintenance services during the period.
•Non-maintenance software-related services fees are recognized over the period during which the services are provided, as we consider these services to be satisfied over time. We use an input model based on hours incurred to provide the services, which directly correspond with the value to which the customer is entitled.
•If a contract contains a substantive upfront payment that creates a material right to subscribe or renew a subscription, the upfront payment is allocated to the material right and is recognized over the period of benefit associated with the right to subscribe or renew a subscription, typically the product life.
We had deferred revenues of $7,602 and $2,553 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which are presented within accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized revenue of $1,989 and $2,774, respectively, associated with deferred revenues within noninterest income—technology products and solutions in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized revenue of $182 and $338, respectively, associated with deferred revenues.
Sales commissions: Capitalized sales commissions presented within other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, which are incurred in connection with obtaining our technology products and solutions, were $1,087 and $678 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Additionally, we incur ongoing monthly commissions, which are expensed as incurred, as the benefit of such sales efforts are realized only in the period in which the commissions are earned. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, commissions recorded within noninterest expense—sales and marketing in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) were $1,096 and $2,217, respectively, of which $107 and $189, respectively, represented amortization of capitalized sales
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
commissions. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, commissions were $961 and $1,770, respectively, of which $79 and $143, respectively, represented amortization of capitalized sales commissions.
Referrals
We earn specified referral fees in connection with referral activities we facilitate through our platform. This arrangement contains variable consideration that is constrained due to the potential reversal of referral fulfillment fees. We recognize a liability within accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets for the estimated referral fulfillment fee penalty, which represents the amount of consideration received that we estimate will reverse. The liability was $522 and $118 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Contract Balances
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, accounts receivable, net associated with revenue from contracts with customers were $60,562 and $33,748, respectively, which were reported within other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The increase in contract balances during the current period includes the effect of the Technisys Merger, which contributed $18,192 to the balance as of June 30, 2022.
Disaggregated Revenue
The table below presents revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by type of service, which best depicts how the revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors, and by the reportable segment to which each revenue stream relates. Revenues from contracts with customers are presented within noninterest income—technology products and solutions and noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). There were no revenues from contracts with customers attributable to our Lending segment for any of the periods presented.

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Financial Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Referrals | $ | 8,805 |  |  | $ | 3,140 |  |  | $ | 16,573 |  |  | $ | 5,394 |
Brokerage | 4,156 |  |  | 7,054 |  |  | 8,886 |  |  | 11,666 |
Payment network | 3,007 |  |  | 1,473 |  |  | 7,293 |  |  | 2,675 |
Equity capital markets services | — |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,760 |
Enterprise services | 225 |  |  | 2,696 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 2,754 |
Total | $ | 16,193 |  |  | $ | 16,123 |  |  | $ | 33,180 |  |  | $ | 24,249 |
Technology Platform |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology services | $ | 81,111 |  |  | $ | 44,950 |  |  | $ | 140,268 |  |  | $ | 90,609 |
Software licenses | 558 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | — |
Payment network | 558 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 736 |  |  | 821 |
Total | $ | 82,227 |  |  | $ | 45,329 |  |  | $ | 142,262 |  |  | $ | 91,430 |
Total Revenue from Contracts with Customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology services | $ | 81,111 |  |  | $ | 44,950 |  |  | $ | 140,268 |  |  | $ | 90,609 |
Software licenses | 558 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | — |
Referrals | 8,805 |  |  | 3,140 |  |  | 16,573 |  |  | 5,394 |
Brokerage | 4,156 |  |  | 7,054 |  |  | 8,886 |  |  | 11,666 |
Payment network | 3,565 |  |  | 1,852 |  |  | 8,029 |  |  | 3,496 |
Equity capital markets services | — |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,760 |
Enterprise services | 225 |  |  | 2,696 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 2,754 |
Total | $ | 98,420 |  |  | $ | 61,452 |  |  | $ | 175,442 |  |  | $ | 115,679 |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In October 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The ASU requires entities to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606, rather than at fair value. The standard should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. We early adopted the standard effective January 1, 2022 and applied its provisions to our acquisitions in 2022. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2022, the SEC released SAB 121, which provides interpretive guidance for an entity to consider when it has obligations to safeguard crypto-assets held for its platform users, whether directly or through an agent or another third party acting on its behalf. SAB 121 requires an entity to record a liability to reflect its obligation to safeguard the crypto-assets, as well as a corresponding safeguarding asset, both of which should be measured at the fair value of the crypto-assets being safeguarded for the entity’s users. Entities should evaluate any potential loss events, such as theft, loss or destruction of the cryptographic keys, that may affect the measurement of the asset. SAB 121 also requires financial statement disclosure, including the nature and amount of crypto-assets that the entity holds for its users, any vulnerabilities that may arise as a result of any concentration in crypto-assets, and information about who is responsible for the record-keeping of the crypto-assets, the holding of the cryptographic keys and safeguarding the crypto-assets, among other disclosure considerations. Disclosures must also be made in accordance with ASC 820. SAB 121 was effective for us for the interim period ending June 30, 2022. We applied the guidance through retrospective application as of January 1, 2022, at which time the value of our members’ digital assets was $266,014. As of June 30, 2022, the adoption date, the value of our members’ digital assets was $112,010, which is reflected as a digital assets safeguarding liability and corresponding digital assets safeguarding asset within accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities and other assets, respectively, in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our application of this guidance did not impact our results of operations. We also enhanced our disclosures around our digital assets arrangements and our role in safeguarding them. See Note 1 and Note 8 for the applicable disclosures.
Recent Accounting Standards Issued, But Not Yet Adopted
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU addresses two topics: (i) TDR by creditors, and (ii) vintage disclosures for gross write offs. Under the TDR provisions, the ASU eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance under ASC 310-40, Receivables — Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, and instead requires that an entity evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications. Additionally, the ASU enhances existing disclosure requirements around TDRs and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Under the vintage disclosure provisions, the ASU requires the entity to disclose current period gross write offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of ASC 326-20, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses — Measured at Amortized Cost. The standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity elects to early adopt this standard in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. An entity may elect to early adopt either of the two topics separately, or both. The standard should be applied prospectively; however, for the TDR provisions, an entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method. We are currently evaluating the effect of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Note 2. Business Combinations
Acquisition of Golden Pacific Bancorp, Inc.
On February 2, 2022, we acquired Golden Pacific Bancorp, Inc., a bank holding company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, which is a national bank (collectively referred to as “Golden Pacific”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of March 8, 2021 by and among the Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and Golden Pacific. In the business combination, we acquired all of the outstanding equity interests in Golden Pacific for total cash purchase consideration of $22.3 million (the “Bank Merger”). After closing the Bank Merger, we became a bank holding company and Golden Pacific began operating as SoFi Bank, National Association (“SoFi Bank”). We are duly registered as a bank holding company with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). SoFi Bank is a national banking association whose primary federal regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”).
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Deposit accounts of SoFi Bank are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) through the Deposit Insurance Fund to the fullest extent permitted by law.
The closing of the Bank Merger was subject to regulatory approval. On January 18, 2022, we received approval from the Federal Reserve of our application to become a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act, and we received conditional approval from the OCC to close the Bank Merger. The OCC also approved our application to change the composition of Golden Pacific’s assets in connection with the Bank Merger. The OCC conditional approval imposed a number of conditions, including that SoFi Bank have initial paid-in capital of no less than $750 million and adhere to an operating agreement. Golden Pacific’s community bank business continues to operate as a division of SoFi Bank.
A portion of the total cash purchase consideration ($0.6 million) was held back by the Company to satisfy any indemnification or certain other obligations (“Holdback Amount”), as certain legal proceedings with which Golden Pacific is involved as a plaintiff were not resolved at the time the Bank Merger closed. The Holdback Amount will be used for further financing or costs incurred associated with the litigation, which we began incurring during the second quarter of 2022, and the remaining amount upon resolution of the litigation, if any, will be released to the Golden Pacific shareholders. Additionally, we held back a $3.3 million payable to a dissenting Golden Pacific shareholder pending resolution of the shareholder’s appraisal claim, which could possibly result in a lower or higher amount paid to the dissenting shareholder once a ruling is made regarding the appraisal claim.
The Bank Merger was accounted for as a business combination. The preliminary purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, which were measured in accordance with the principles outlined in ASC 820. The excess of the total purchase consideration over the fair value of the net assets acquired of $11.2 million was allocated to goodwill, none of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes, and which is allocated to our Financial Services segment. Goodwill is primarily attributable to the expected benefits of operating a national bank. The results of operations of Golden Pacific are included in SoFi’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. As the acquisition was not determined to be a significant acquisition under ASC 805, Business Combinations, we are not disclosing the pro forma impact of this acquisition to the results of operations in our interim and annual filings with the SEC.
Identifiable intangible net assets at the date of acquisition included finite-lived intangible assets for core deposits with an aggregate fair value of $1.0 million. The intangible assets are being amortized over a period of 7.3 years based on the estimated economic life of the underlying assets.
We incurred total acquisition-related costs related to the Bank Merger of $2.2 million, which were incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2021, and are presented within noninterest expense—general and administrative in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Acquisition of Technisys S.A.
On March 3, 2022, we acquired Technisys S.A., a Luxembourg société anonyme (“Technisys”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of February 19, 2022 and amended as of March 3, 2022, by and among the Company, Technisys, Atom New Delaware, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Atom, and Atom Merger Sub Corporation, a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of SoFi Technologies (“Technisys Merger”). In the business combination, we acquired all of the outstanding equity interests in Technisys. Technisys is a cloud-native digital and core banking platform with an existing footprint of financial services customers in Latin America. The Technisys Merger was accounted for as a business combination.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the components of the purchase consideration to acquire Technisys:

Fair value of common stock issued(1) | $ | 875,042 |
Fair value of awards assumed(2) | 2,855 |
Amounts payable to settle vested employee performance awards(3) | 37,297 |
Settlement of pre-combination transactions between acquirer and acquiree | 235 |
Total purchase consideration | $ | 915,429 |

___________________
(1) Reflects the shares of SoFi common stock issued upon closing the acquisition of 81,856,112, inclusive of 6,903,663 shares held in escrow, multiplied by the closing stock price of SoFi common stock on the closing date of the Technisys Merger. As of June 30, 2022, the purchase price allocation process for Technisys was not finalized, as further discussed below.
(2) We contemporaneously converted outstanding performance awards into restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to acquire common stock of SoFi (“Replacement Awards”). The fair value of awards assumed in the purchase consideration was based on the closing stock price of SoFi common stock on the closing date of the Technisys Merger. Refer to Note 12 for additional information on our RSUs, including the Replacement Awards.
(3) We made payments of $14,773 and $17,641 related to this component of purchase consideration during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
As of June 30, 2022, the equity component of the total purchase consideration remained subject to further adjustment, pending final agreement regarding a closing net working capital calculation specified in the merger agreement. Any further adjustment to the equity consideration, which may increase or decrease by up to 598,068 shares, would similarly impact the carrying value of recognized goodwill, but would not impact the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in conjunction with the transaction.
The following table presents the allocation of the preliminary total purchase consideration to the estimated fair values of the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed of Technisys as of the date of acquisition, as well as measurement period adjustments reflected in the second quarter of 2022, which also impacted the amount of goodwill:

| Preliminary Purchase Price Allocation |  | Measurement Period Adjustments(1) |  | Updated Purchase Price Allocation
Assets acquired |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 25,710 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,710 |
Accounts receivable(2) | 15,354 |  |  | (2,303) |  |  | 13,051 |
Intangible assets(3) | 239,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,000 |
Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets | 587 |  |  | — |  |  | 587 |
Other assets | 1,011 |  |  | 2,361 |  |  | 3,372 |
Total identifiable assets acquired | 281,662 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 281,720 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities | 16,462 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 23,962 |
Operating lease liabilities | 587 |  |  | — |  |  | 587 |
Deferred income taxes(4) | 55,104 |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | 57,343 |
Total liabilities assumed | 72,153 |  |  | 9,739 |  |  | 81,892 |
Total identified net assets acquired | 209,509 |  |  | (9,681) |  |  | 199,828 |
Goodwill(5) | 705,920 |  |  | 9,681 |  |  | 715,601 |
Total consideration | $ | 915,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 915,429 |

_________________
(1)The measurement period adjustments did not have a significant impact on our results of operations. The adjustment to accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities includes a tax payable adjustment of $6,548.
(2)Included accounts receivable and unbilled revenue with a gross contractual amount of $15,407. At the date of acquisition, the Company expected $2,356 to be uncollectible.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
(3)Intangible assets consist of finite-lived intangible assets, as follows:

| Gross carrying amount |  | Weighted-average useful life (years)
Developed technology(a) | $ | 187,000 |  |  | 8.8
Customer-related(b) | 42,000 |  |  | 4.8
Trade names, trademarks and domain names(c) | 10,000 |  |  | 8.8

__________________
(a) Valued using the Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method (“MPEEM”), which is a form of the income approach. The significant assumptions include: (i) the estimated annual net cash flows, which are a function of expected earnings attributable to the asset (and include an assumed technology migration curve), contributory asset charges and the applicable tax rate, and (ii) an assumed discount rate, which reflects the risk of the asset relative to the overall risk of Technisys.
(b) Valued using the With and Without Method, which is a form of the income approach. The significant assumptions include: (i) the estimated annual revenues and net cash flows both with the existing customer base and without the existing customer base, which include assumptions regarding revenue ramp-up periods and attrition rates, and (ii) an assumed discount rate, consistent with (a) above.
(c) Valued using the Relief from Royalty Method, which is a form of the income approach. The significant assumptions include: (i) the estimated annual net cash flows, which are a function of expected earnings attributable to the asset, the probability of use of the asset, the royalty rate and the applicable tax rate, and (ii) the discount rate, consistent with (a) above.
(4)The deferred tax liabilities recognized in the acquisition were primarily related to the acquired intangible assets, in which the acquiree had a significantly lower tax basis compared to the fair value.
(5)The excess of the total purchase consideration over the fair value of the identified net assets acquired was allocated to goodwill, none of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill is subject to additional changes based on the outcome of the net working capital calculation referenced earlier in this footnote. Goodwill is primarily attributable to expected growth opportunities at Technisys, and secondarily attributable to the expected synergies from leveraging the Technisys technology to enhance and expand Galileo’s product offerings and operations, as well as expand its market reach. As such, all of the goodwill is allocated to the Technology Platform segment.
The Company incurred total acquisition-related costs related to the Technisys Merger of $20.6 million, of which $3.3 million were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021, and $17.3 million were incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2022, which were presented within noninterest expense—general and administrative in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
From the date of acquisition through June 30, 2022, the acquired results of operations for Technisys contributed total net revenue of $26.5 million and net loss of $9.4 million to the Company’s consolidated results, which was inclusive of amortization expense recognized on the acquired intangible assets.
The following unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information presents the Company’s consolidated results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2021, and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 as if the business combination had occurred on January 1, 2021:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total net revenue |  | $ | 248,149 |  |  | $ | 703,775 |  |  | $ | 457,252 |
Net loss |  | (172,431) |  |  | (197,369) |  |  | (373,368) |

The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information is presented for comparative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the actual results of operations that would have been achieved, nor is it indicative of future results of operations. The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information reflects pro forma adjustments that give effect to applying the Company’s accounting policies and certain events the Company believes to be directly attributable to the acquisition. The pro forma adjustments primarily include:
•incremental straight-line amortization expense associated with acquired intangible assets;
•an adjustment to reflect post-combination share-based compensation expense associated with the Replacement Awards as if the conversion had occurred on January 1, 2021;
•an adjustment to reflect acquisition-related costs for both parties as if they were incurred during the earliest period presented; and
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
•the related income tax effects, at the statutory tax rate applicable for each period, of the pro forma adjustments noted above.
The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information does not give effect to any anticipated cost savings, operating efficiencies or other synergies that may be associated with the acquisition, or any estimated costs that have been or will be incurred by the Company to integrate the assets and operations of Technisys.
Goodwill
A rollforward of our goodwill balance is presented below as of the date indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 898,527 |  |  |  |  |
Less: accumulated impairment | — |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, net | 898,527 |  |  |  |  |
Additional goodwill recognized(1) | 726,848 |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance(2) | $ | 1,625,375 |  |  |  |  |

_____________________
(1) The additional goodwill recognized as of June 30, 2022 includes $715,601 related to the Technisys Merger (inclusive of a measurement period adjustment in the second quarter of 2022) and $11,247 related to the Bank Merger.
(2) As of June 30, 2022, we had goodwill attributable to the following reportable segments: $1,588,216 to Technology Platform and $37,159 to Financial Services.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Note 3. Investments in AFS Debt Securities
In the third quarter of 2021, we began investing in debt securities. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, all of our investments in debt securities were classified as available-for-sale. During the first quarter of 2022, we acquired additional investments in AFS debt securities with the Bank Merger. The following table presents our investments in AFS debt securities as of the dates indicated:

|  | June 30, 2022
|  | Amortized Cost(1) |  | Accrued Interest |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses(2) |  | Fair Value
Investments in AFS debt securities(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 121,284 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,249) |  |  | $ | 118,186 |
Multinational securities(4) |  | 19,785 |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | (692) |  |  | 19,202 |
Corporate bonds |  | 42,125 |  |  | 256 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,477) |  |  | 39,904 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 9,650 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | (731) |  |  | 8,943 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 9,583 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (466) |  |  | 9,122 |
Other(5) |  | 2,741 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | (186) |  |  | 2,576 |
Total investments in AFS debt securities |  | $ | 205,168 |  |  | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7,801) |  |  | $ | 197,933 |
|  | December 31, 2021
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Accrued Interest |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses(2) |  | Fair Value
Investments in AFS debt securities(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 103,014 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (584) |  |  | $ | 102,503 |
Multinational securities(4) |  | 19,911 |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | (154) |  |  | 19,866 |
Corporate bonds |  | 39,894 |  |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | (480) |  |  | 39,649 |
Agency TBA(6) |  | 7,457 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 7,466 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 4,153 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | 4,136 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 9,610 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (91) |  |  | 9,524 |
Commercial paper |  | 9,939 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,939 |
Other(5) |  | 1,818 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 1,824 |
Total investments in AFS debt securities |  | $ | 195,796 |  |  | $ | 462 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (1,355) |  |  | $ | 194,907 |

_____________________
(1) Amortized cost basis reflects the amortization of premiums of $186 and $477 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
(2) As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we determined that our unrealized loss positions related to credit losses were immaterial. Additionally, we do not intend to sell the securities in loss positions nor is it more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. Further, no such investments have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months.
(3) Investments in AFS debt securities are recorded at fair value.
(4) Includes sovereign foreign and supranational bonds.
(5) Includes state and city municipal bond securities.
(6) Represented to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities, which were securities that were delivered under the purchase contract at a later date when the underlying security was issued. The December 31, 2021 balance was paid in cash during 2022.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of our investments in AFS debt securities by contractual maturity as of the date indicated:

|  | Due Within One Year |  | Due After One Year Through Five Years |  | Due After Five Years Through Ten Years |  | Due After Ten Years |  | Total
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in AFS debt securities—Amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 45,021 |  |  | $ | 76,263 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 121,284 |
Multinational securities |  | 3,942 |  |  | 15,843 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,785 |
Corporate bonds |  | 328 |  |  | 38,441 |  |  | 3,356 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,125 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 8,868 |  |  | 9,650 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 7,600 |  |  | 1,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,583 |
Other |  | 600 |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 934 |  |  | 2,741 |
Total investments in AFS debt securities |  | $ | 49,891 |  |  | $ | 139,458 |  |  | $ | 6,017 |  |  | $ | 9,802 |  |  | $ | 205,168 |
Weighted average yield for investments in AFS debt securities(1) |  | (1.19) | % |  | (4.49) | % |  | (4.73) | % |  | (22.78) | % |  | (4.57) | %
Investments in AFS debt securities—Fair value(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 43,986 |  |  | $ | 74,049 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 118,035 |
Multinational securities |  | 3,841 |  |  | 15,252 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,093 |
Corporate bonds |  | 318 |  |  | 36,158 |  |  | 3,172 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,648 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 8,191 |  |  | 8,919 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | — |  |  | 7,224 |  |  | 1,893 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,117 |
Other |  | 598 |  |  | 1,174 |  |  | — |  |  | 783 |  |  | 2,555 |
Total investments in AFS debt securities |  | $ | 48,743 |  |  | $ | 133,955 |  |  | $ | 5,695 |  |  | $ | 8,974 |  |  | $ | 197,367 |

_____________________
(1) The weighted average yield represents the effective yield for the investment securities and is computed based on the amortized cost of each security as of June 30, 2022.
(2) Presentation of fair values of our investments in AFS debt securities by contractual maturity excludes total accrued interest of $566 as of June 30, 2022.
The following table presents the gross proceeds and gross realized gains and losses from sales, maturities and paydowns of our investments in AFS debt securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. Realized gains and losses are presented within noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). There were no transfers between classifications of our investments in AFS debt securities during the periods presented.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Investments in AFS debt securities |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains included in earnings |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Gross realized losses included in earnings |  | (124) |  |  | (285) |
Net realized losses |  | (124) |  |  | (285) |
Gross proceeds from sales, maturities and paydowns(1) |  | $ | 7,788 |  |  | $ | 37,403 |

_____________________
(1) Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of investments in AFS debt securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were $1,942 and $13,906, respectively.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
See Note 11 for unrealized gains and losses on our investments in AFS debt securities and amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”).
Note 4. Loans
As of June 30, 2022, our loan portfolio consisted of personal loans, student loans and home loans, which are measured at fair value under the fair value option election, and loans measured at amortized cost, including credit card, and commercial and consumer banking loans. Below is a disaggregated presentation of our loans, inclusive of fair market value adjustments and accrued interest income and net of the allowance for credit losses, as applicable, as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Loans at fair value |  |  |
Securitized student loans | $ | 466,865 |  |  | $ | 574,328 |
Securitized personal loans | 132,133 |  |  | 234,576 |
Student loans | 3,247,510 |  |  | 2,876,509 |
Home loans | 135,262 |  |  | 212,709 |
Personal loans | 3,977,612 |  |  | 2,054,850 |
Total loans at fair value | 7,959,382 |  |  | 5,952,972 |
Loans at amortized cost(1) |  |  |
Credit card | 173,867 |  |  | 115,912 |
Commercial and consumer banking: |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 67,742 |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 8,097 |  |  | — |
Residential real estate and other consumer | 3,406 |  |  | — |
Total commercial and consumer banking | 79,245 |  |  | — |
Total loans at amortized cost | 253,112 |  |  | 115,912 |
Total loans | $ | 8,212,494 |  |  | $ | 6,068,884 |

_____________________
(1) Amounts are presented net of the allowance for credit losses. See Note 1 for additional information on our loans at amortized cost as it pertains to the allowance for credit losses pursuant to ASC 326.
Loans Measured at Fair Value
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair value of our loans measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

| Student Loans |  | Home Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid principal(1) | $ | 3,657,693 |  |  | $ | 142,118 |  |  | $ | 3,943,768 |  |  | $ | 7,743,579 |
Accumulated interest | 9,601 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 23,055 |  |  | 32,815 |
Cumulative fair value adjustments(1) | 47,081 |  |  | (7,015) |  |  | 142,922 |  |  | 182,988 |
Total fair value of loans | $ | 3,714,375 |  |  | $ | 135,262 |  |  | $ | 4,109,745 |  |  | $ | 7,959,382 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid principal(1) | $ | 3,356,344 |  |  | $ | 210,111 |  |  | $ | 2,188,773 |  |  | $ | 5,755,228 |
Accumulated interest | 9,990 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 12,310 |  |  | 22,490 |
Cumulative fair value adjustments(1) | 84,503 |  |  | 2,408 |  |  | 88,343 |  |  | 175,254 |
Total fair value of loans | $ | 3,450,837 |  |  | $ | 212,709 |  |  | $ | 2,289,426 |  |  | $ | 5,952,972 |

__________________
(1) These items are impacted by charge-offs during the period.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair value of loans 90 days or more delinquent as of the dates indicated. As delinquent personal loans and student loans are charged off after 120 days of delinquency, amounts presented below represent the fair value of loans that are 90 to 120 days delinquent. There were no home loans that were 90 days or more delinquent as of the dates presented.

| Student Loans |  |  |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid principal | $ | 1,372 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,260 |  |  | $ | 9,632 |
Accumulated interest | 18 |  |  |  |  | 304 |  |  | 322 |
Cumulative fair value adjustments | (733) |  |  |  |  | (7,266) |  |  | (7,999) |
Fair value of loans 90 days or more delinquent | $ | 657 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,298 |  |  | $ | 1,955 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid principal | $ | 1,589 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,765 |  |  | $ | 6,354 |
Accumulated interest | 32 |  |  |  |  | 149 |  |  | 181 |
Cumulative fair value adjustments | (865) |  |  |  |  | (4,189) |  |  | (5,054) |
Fair value of loans 90 days or more delinquent | $ | 756 |  |  |  |  | $ | 725 |  |  | $ | 1,481 |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the changes in our loans measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| Student Loans |  | Home Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2022 | $ | 3,737,439 |  |  | $ | 146,658 |  |  | $ | 3,118,788 |  |  | $ | 7,002,885 |
Origination of loans | 398,722 |  |  | 332,047 |  |  | 2,471,849 |  |  | 3,202,618 |
Principal payments | (167,049) |  |  | (701) |  |  | (461,178) |  |  | (628,928) |
Sales of loans | (259,690) |  |  | (342,780) |  |  | (1,123,898) |  |  | (1,726,368) |
Purchases(1) | 5,274 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 67,189 |  |  | 72,793 |
Change in accumulated interest | (139) |  |  | (23) |  |  | 5,162 |  |  | 5,000 |
Change in fair value(2) | (182) |  |  | (269) |  |  | 31,833 |  |  | 31,382 |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 3,714,375 |  |  | $ | 135,262 |  |  | $ | 4,109,745 |  |  | $ | 7,959,382 |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2021 | $ | 2,666,793 |  |  | $ | 231,903 |  |  | $ | 1,573,908 |  |  | $ | 4,472,604 |
Origination of loans | 859,497 |  |  | 792,228 |  |  | 1,294,384 |  |  | 2,946,109 |
Principal payments | (235,889) |  |  | (1,280) |  |  | (247,808) |  |  | (484,977) |
Sales of loans | (610,941) |  |  | (841,642) |  |  | (970,135) |  |  | (2,422,718) |
Purchases(1) | 44,779 |  |  | 422 |  |  | 103,538 |  |  | 148,739 |
Change in accumulated interest | (403) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (153) |  |  | (539) |
Change in fair value(2) | 15,657 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 9,808 |  |  | 26,130 |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 2,739,493 |  |  | $ | 182,313 |  |  | $ | 1,763,542 |  |  | $ | 4,685,348 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 3,450,837 |  |  | $ | 212,709 |  |  | $ | 2,289,426 |  |  | $ | 5,952,972 |
Origination of loans | 1,382,526 |  |  | 644,430 |  |  | 4,497,853 |  |  | 6,524,809 |
Principal payments | (394,164) |  |  | (5,101) |  |  | (833,632) |  |  | (1,232,897) |
Sales of loans | (803,840) |  |  | (708,150) |  |  | (2,101,818) |  |  | (3,613,808) |
Purchases(1) | 121,707 |  |  | 828 |  |  | 227,937 |  |  | 350,472 |
Change in accumulated interest | (389) |  |  | (31) |  |  | 10,745 |  |  | 10,325 |
Change in fair value(2) | (42,302) |  |  | (9,423) |  |  | 19,234 |  |  | (32,491) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 3,714,375 |  |  | $ | 135,262 |  |  | $ | 4,109,745 |  |  | $ | 7,959,382 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 2,866,459 |  |  | $ | 179,689 |  |  | $ | 1,812,920 |  |  | $ | 4,859,068 |
Origination of loans | 1,864,182 |  |  | 1,527,832 |  |  | 2,100,073 |  |  | 5,492,087 |
Principal payments | (486,108) |  |  | (2,759) |  |  | (506,007) |  |  | (994,874) |
Sales of loans | (1,547,101) |  |  | (1,519,208) |  |  | (1,749,576) |  |  | (4,815,885) |
Purchases(1) | 44,850 |  |  | 541 |  |  | 104,539 |  |  | 149,930 |
Change in accumulated interest | (1,652) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (2,340) |  |  | (4,010) |
Change in fair value(2) | (1,137) |  |  | (3,764) |  |  | 3,933 |  |  | (968) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 2,739,493 |  |  | $ | 182,313 |  |  | $ | 1,763,542 |  |  | $ | 4,685,348 |

__________________
(1) Purchases reflect unpaid principal balance and relate to previously transferred loans. Purchase activity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 included securitization clean-up calls of $60,240 and $335,739, respectively. Additionally, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company elected to purchase $7,290 and $7,290, respectively, of previously sold loans from certain investors. Purchase activity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 included securitization clean-up calls of $131,372 and $131,372, respectively. Additionally, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company elected to purchase $15,185 and $15,185, respectively, of previously sold loans from certain investors. The Company was not required to buy back these loans. The remaining purchases during the periods presented related to standard representations and warranties pursuant to our various loan sale agreements.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
(2) Changes in fair value of loans are recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within noninterest income—loan origination and sales for loans held on the balance sheet prior to transfer to a third party through a sale or to a VIE and within noninterest income—securitizations for loans in a consolidated VIE. Changes in fair value are impacted by valuation assumption changes, as well as sales price execution and amount of time the loans are held prior to sale. The estimated amount of losses included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were $23,221 and $16,725 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and $9,038 and $2,111 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. The losses attributable to instrument-specific credit risk were estimated by incorporating our current default and loss severity assumptions for the loans. These assumptions are based on historical performance, market trends and performance expectations over the term of the underlying instrument.
Loans Measured at Amortized Cost
Loan Portfolio Composition and Aging
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our credit card and commercial and consumer banking portfolios (excluding accrued interest and before the allowance for credit losses) by either current status or delinquency status as of the dates indicated:

|  |  | Delinquent Loans |  |
| Current |  | 30–59 Days |  | 60–89 Days |  | ≥ 90 Days(1) |  | Total Delinquent Loans |  | Total Loans(2)
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card | $ | 177,732 |  |  | $ | 3,570 |  |  | $ | 3,105 |  |  | $ | 8,417 |  |  | $ | 15,092 |  |  | $ | 192,824 |
Commercial and consumer banking: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | 68,479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,479 |
Commercial and industrial | 8,299 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8,306 |
Residential real estate and other consumer(3) | 3,417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,417 |
Total commercial and consumer banking | 80,195 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 80,202 |
Total loans | $ | 257,927 |  |  | $ | 3,577 |  |  | $ | 3,105 |  |  | $ | 8,417 |  |  | $ | 15,099 |  |  | $ | 273,026 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card | $ | 115,356 |  |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 1,683 |  |  | $ | 2,658 |  |  | $ | 6,234 |  |  | $ | 121,590 |

_______________
(1)All of the credit card loans ≥ 90 days past due continued to accrue interest. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no credit card loans on nonaccrual status. As of June 30, 2022, commercial and consumer banking loans on nonaccrual status were immaterial, and there were no loans that were 90 days or more past due.
(2)For credit card, the balance is presented before allowance for credit losses of $21,974 and $7,037 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and accrued interest of $3,017 and $1,359, respectively. For commercial and consumer banking, the balance is presented before allowance for credit losses of $1,204 and accrued interest of $247 as of June 30, 2022.
(3)Includes residential real estate loans acquired in the Bank Merger, for which we did not elect the fair value option.
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Credit Quality Indicators
Credit Card
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our credit card portfolio (excluding accrued interest and before the allowance for credit losses) as of the dates indicated based on FICO scores, which are obtained at the origination of the account, and are updated as new credit information is available. The pools estimate the likelihood of borrowers with similar FICO scores to pay credit obligations based on aggregate credit performance data.

FICO |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
≥ 800 |  | $ | 9,560 |  |  | $ | 10,016 |
780 – 799 |  | 8,388 |  |  | 8,624 |
760 – 779 |  | 9,882 |  |  | 9,976 |
740 – 759 |  | 12,289 |  |  | 13,581 |
720 – 739 |  | 16,471 |  |  | 18,358 |
700 – 719 |  | 22,579 |  |  | 22,579 |
680 – 699 |  | 26,430 |  |  | 21,736 |
660 – 679 |  | 26,513 |  |  | 14,044 |
640 – 659 |  | 19,889 |  |  | 1,969 |
< 640 |  | 40,823 |  |  | 707 |
Total credit card |  | $ | 192,824 |  |  | $ | 121,590 |

Commercial and Consumer Banking
We evaluate the credit quality of our commercial and consumer banking loan portfolio on a quarterly basis based on regulatory risk ratings. Loans are categorized into risk ratings based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, historical payment experience, collateral adequacy, credit documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. We analyze loans individually by classification based on their associated credit risk, and perform an analysis on an ongoing basis as new information is obtained. Risk rating classifications are further described below. Loans with a lower expectation of credit losses are classified as Pass, while loans with a higher expectation of credit losses are classified as Substandard.
•Pass — Loans that management believes will fully repay in accordance with the contractual loan terms.
•Watch —  Loans that management believes will fully repay in accordance with the contractual loan terms, but for which certain credit attributes have changed from origination and warrant further monitoring.
•Special mention — Loans with a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or our credit position at some future date.
•Substandard — Loans that are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the full repayment. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our commercial and consumer banking portfolio (excluding accrued interest and before the allowance for credit losses) by origination year and credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2022:

| Term Loans by Origination Year |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Total Term Loans |  | Revolving Loans
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 8,987 |  |  | $ | 5,811 |  |  | $ | 7,680 |  |  | $ | 9,413 |  |  | $ | 5,692 |  |  | $ | 16,364 |  |  | $ | 53,947 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Watch | 1,246 |  |  | 1,703 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,064 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | 2,959 |  |  | 10,118 |  |  | — |
Special mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 687 |  |  | 2,263 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 3,363 |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 845 |  |  | 845 |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate | $ | 10,233 |  |  | $ | 7,514 |  |  | $ | 7,680 |  |  | $ | 12,164 |  |  | $ | 10,101 |  |  | $ | 20,581 |  |  | $ | 68,273 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 5,093 |  |  | $ | 5,324 |  |  | $ | 367 |
Watch | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 355 |  |  | 491 |  |  | 26 |
Special mention | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 757 |  |  | 757 |  |  | — |
Substandard | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 234 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 942 |  |  | 1,341 |  |  | — |
Total commercial and industrial | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 7,147 |  |  | $ | 7,913 |  |  | $ | 393 |
Residential real estate and other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,307 |  |  | $ | 3,307 |  |  | $ | 69 |
Watch | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |
Total residential real estate and other consumer | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,348 |  |  | $ | 3,348 |  |  | $ | 69 |
Total commercial and consumer banking | $ | 10,233 |  |  | $ | 7,529 |  |  | $ | 7,793 |  |  | $ | 12,534 |  |  | $ | 10,369 |  |  | $ | 31,076 |  |  | $ | 79,534 |  |  | $ | 668 |

Note 5. Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIE s
The Company consolidates certain securitization trusts in which we have a variable interest and are deemed to be the primary beneficiary.
The VIEs are SPEs with portfolio loans securing debt obligations. The SPEs were created and designed to transfer credit and interest rate risk associated with consumer loans through the issuance of collateralized notes and trust certificates. The Company makes standard representations and warranties to repurchase or replace qualified portfolio loans. Aside from these representations, the holders of the asset-backed debt obligations have no recourse to the Company if the cash flows from the underlying portfolio loans securing such debt obligations are not sufficient to pay all principal and interest on the asset-backed debt obligations. We hold a significant interest in these financing transactions through our ownership of a portion of the residual interest in certain VIEs. In addition, in some cases, we invest in the debt obligations issued by the VIE. Our investments in consolidated VIEs eliminate in consolidation. The residual interest is the first VIE interest to absorb losses should the loans securing the debt obligations not provide adequate cash flows to satisfy more senior claims and is the interest that we expect to absorb the expected gains and losses of the VIE. The Company’s exposure to credit risk in sponsoring SPEs is limited to our investment in the VIE. VIE creditors have no recourse against our general credit.
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had 12 and 13 consolidated VIEs, respectively, on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs that were included in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The assets in the below table may only be used to settle
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
obligations of consolidated VIEs and were in excess of those obligations as of the dates presented. Additionally, the assets and liabilities in the table below exclude intercompany balances, which eliminate upon consolidation.

| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Assets: |  |  |
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 32,449 |  |  | $ | 53,161 |
Loans | 598,998 |  |  | 808,904 |
Total assets | $ | 631,447 |  |  | $ | 862,065 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 388 |
Debt(1) | 508,012 |  |  | 660,419 |
Residual interests classified as debt | 54,436 |  |  | 93,682 |
Total liabilities | $ | 562,762 |  |  | $ | 754,489 |

___________________
(1)Debt is presented net of debt issuance costs and debt premiums (discounts).
Nonconsolidated VIEs
We have created and designed personal loan and student loan trusts to transfer associated credit and interest rate risk associated with the loans through the issuance of collateralized notes and residual certificates. We have a variable interest in the nonconsolidated loan trusts, as we own collateralized notes and residual certificates in the loan trusts that absorb variability. We also have continuing, non-controlling involvement with the trusts as the servicer. As servicer, we have the power to perform the activities which most impact the economic performance of the VIE, but since we hold an insignificant financial interest in the trusts, we are not the primary beneficiary. We define an insignificant financial interest as less than 10% of the expected gains and losses of the VIE. This financial interest represents the equity ownership interest in the loan trusts, wherein there is an obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from residual certificate ownership. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with the nonconsolidated VIEs is limited to our investment. There are no liquidity arrangements, guarantees or other commitments by third parties that may affect the fair value or risk of our variable interests in nonconsolidated VIEs.
Personal Loans
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had investments in eight and nine nonconsolidated personal loan VIEs, respectively. We did not establish any personal loan trusts during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and established one personal loan trust during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
We did not provide financial support to any personal loan trusts beyond our initial equity investment and we did not deconsolidate any personal loan VIEs during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
Student Loans
As of each of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had investments in 24 nonconsolidated student loan VIEs. We did not establish any student loan trusts during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and established three student loan trusts during the six months ended June 30, 2021, which were not consolidated as of the balance sheet date.
We did not provide financial support to any student loan trusts beyond our initial equity investment during the periods presented. We deconsolidated one student loan VIE during the six months ended June 30, 2022. We did not deconsolidate any student loan VIEs during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the aggregate outstanding value of asset-backed bonds and residual interests owned by the Company in nonconsolidated VIEs as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Personal loans | $ | 42,238 |  |  | $ | 62,925 |
Student loans | 246,479 |  |  | 311,763 |
Securitization investments | $ | 288,717 |  |  | $ | 374,688 |

Note 6. Transfers of Financial Assets
We regularly transfer financial assets and account for such transfers as either sales or secured borrowings depending on the facts and circumstances. When a transfer of financial assets qualifies as a sale, in many instances we have continued involvement as the servicer of those financial assets. As we expect the benefits of servicing to be more than just adequate, we recognize a servicing asset. Further, in the case of securitization-related transfers that qualify as sales, we have additional continued involvement as an investor, albeit at insignificant levels relative to the expected gains and losses of the securitization. In instances where a transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing, we perform servicing (but we do not recognize a servicing asset) and typically maintain a significant investment relative to the expected gains and losses of the securitization. In whole loan sales, we do not have a residual financial interest in the loans, nor do we have any other power over the loans that would constrain us from recognizing a sale. Additionally, we have no repurchase requirements related to transfers of personal loans, student loans and non-Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) home loans other than standard origination representations and warranties, for which we record a liability based on expected repurchase obligations. For FNMA home loans, we have customary FNMA repurchase requirements, which do not constrain sale treatment but result in a liability for the expected repurchase requirement.
The following table summarizes our student and personal loan securitization transfers qualifying for sale accounting treatment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. There were no loan securitization transfers qualifying for sale accounting treatment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

|  |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2021
Student loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of consideration received: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  | $ | 196,223 |  |  |  |  | $ | 696,264 |
Securitization investments |  |  | 10,403 |  |  |  |  | 36,784 |
Servicing assets recognized |  |  | 2,370 |  |  |  |  | 31,101 |
Total consideration |  |  | 208,996 |  |  |  |  | 764,149 |
Aggregate unpaid principal balance and accrued interest of loans sold |  |  | 200,379 |  |  |  |  | 726,505 |
Gain from loan sales |  |  | $ | 8,617 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,644 |
Personal loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of consideration received: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  | $ | 198,491 |  |  |  |  | $ | 198,491 |
Securitization investments |  |  | 10,481 |  |  |  |  | 10,481 |
Servicing assets recognized |  |  | 1,238 |  |  |  |  | 1,238 |
Total consideration |  |  | 210,210 |  |  |  |  | 210,210 |
Aggregate unpaid principal balance and accrued interest of loans sold |  |  | 200,806 |  |  |  |  | 200,806 |
Gain from loan sales |  |  | $ | 9,404 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,404 |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table summarizes our whole loan sales during the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Student loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of consideration received: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 257,859 |  |  | $ | 425,369 |  |  | $ | 806,770 |  |  | $ | 847,710 |
Servicing assets recognized | 2,991 |  |  | 3,740 |  |  | 8,815 |  |  | 8,598 |
Repurchase liabilities recognized | (41) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (121) |  |  | (158) |
Total consideration | 260,809 |  |  | 429,030 |  |  | 815,464 |  |  | 856,150 |
Aggregate unpaid principal balance and accrued interest of loans sold | 261,324 |  |  | 412,222 |  |  | 807,611 |  |  | 825,312 |
Gain (loss) from loan sales | $ | (515) |  |  | $ | 16,808 |  |  | $ | 7,853 |  |  | $ | 30,838 |
Home loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of consideration received: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 322,219 |  |  | $ | 856,317 |  |  | $ | 681,919 |  |  | $ | 1,552,514 |
Servicing assets recognized | 4,482 |  |  | 9,367 |  |  | 8,720 |  |  | 15,906 |
Repurchase liabilities recognized | (315) |  |  | (1,035) |  |  | (735) |  |  | (1,974) |
Total consideration | 326,386 |  |  | 864,649 |  |  | 689,904 |  |  | 1,566,446 |
Aggregate unpaid principal balance and accrued interest of loans sold | 342,952 |  |  | 841,734 |  |  | 708,512 |  |  | 1,519,303 |
Gain (loss) from loan sales | $ | (16,566) |  |  | $ | 22,915 |  |  | $ | (18,608) |  |  | $ | 47,143 |
Personal loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of consideration received: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 1,163,029 |  |  | $ | 801,437 |  |  | $ | 2,181,718 |  |  | $ | 1,612,689 |
Servicing assets recognized | 7,659 |  |  | 5,078 |  |  | 14,083 |  |  | 11,081 |
Repurchase liabilities recognized | (2,789) |  |  | (1,980) |  |  | (5,087) |  |  | (4,064) |
Total consideration received | 1,167,899 |  |  | 804,535 |  |  | 2,190,714 |  |  | 1,619,706 |
Aggregate unpaid principal balance and accrued interest of loans sold | 1,129,237 |  |  | 773,194 |  |  | 2,111,092 |  |  | 1,555,723 |
Gain from loan sales | $ | 38,662 |  |  | $ | 31,341 |  |  | $ | 79,622 |  |  | $ | 63,983 |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents information as of the dates indicated about the unpaid principal balances of transferred loans that are not recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, but with which we have a continuing involvement through our servicing agreements:

| Student Loans |  | Home Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans in repayment | $ | 8,911,840 |  |  | $ | 4,971,034 |  |  | $ | 5,291,541 |  |  | $ | 19,174,415 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment | 39,721 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,721 |
Loans in forbearance | 46,176 |  |  | 14,092 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 60,810 |
Loans in delinquency | 102,946 |  |  | 8,565 |  |  | 100,602 |  |  | 212,113 |
Total loans serviced | $ | 9,100,683 |  |  | $ | 4,993,691 |  |  | $ | 5,392,685 |  |  | $ | 19,487,059 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans in repayment | $ | 9,852,957 |  |  | $ | 4,575,001 |  |  | $ | 5,138,299 |  |  | $ | 19,566,257 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment | 37,949 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,949 |
Loans in forbearance | 44,833 |  |  | 40,353 |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 86,306 |
Loans in delinquency | 112,885 |  |  | 7,465 |  |  | 75,275 |  |  | 195,625 |
Total loans serviced | $ | 10,048,624 |  |  | $ | 4,622,819 |  |  | $ | 5,214,694 |  |  | $ | 19,886,137 |

The following table presents additional information during the periods indicated about the servicing cash flows received and net charge-offs related to transferred loans with which we have a continuing involvement:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Student loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing fees collected | $ | 11,045 |  |  | $ | 14,269 |  |  | $ | 20,213 |  |  | $ | 23,294 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries(1) | 9,192 |  |  | 4,651 |  |  | 17,412 |  |  | 7,704 |
Home Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing fees collected | $ | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 1,918 |  |  | $ | 5,566 |  |  | $ | 3,531 |
Personal Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing fees collected | $ | 8,951 |  |  | $ | 7,785 |  |  | $ | 17,588 |  |  | $ | 17,275 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries(1) | 23,908 |  |  | 28,359 |  |  | 41,046 |  |  | 66,176 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing fees collected | $ | 22,926 |  |  | $ | 23,972 |  |  | $ | 43,367 |  |  | $ | 44,100 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries | 33,100 |  |  | 33,010 |  |  | 58,458 |  |  | 73,880 |

_____________________
(1)Student loan and personal loan charge-offs, net of recoveries, are impacted by the timing of charge-off sales performed on behalf of the purchasers of our loans, which lower the net amount disclosed.
Note 7. Allowance for Credit Losses
We measure our allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable under ASC 326, which primarily relates to our Technology Platform segment, and on loans measured at amortized cost, including credit card as well as commercial and consumer banking loans acquired in the Bank Merger. Given our methods of collecting funds on servicing receivables, our historical experience of infrequent write offs, and that we have not observed meaningful changes in our counterparties’ abilities to pay, we determined that the future exposure to credit losses on servicing related receivables was immaterial.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table summarizes the activity in the balances of allowance for credit losses during the periods indicated:

| Accounts Receivable(1) |  | Credit Card(1) |  | Commercial and Consumer Banking(1)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | 1,652 |  |  | $ | 16,500 |  |  | $ | 1,366 |
Provision for credit losses(2) | 1,112 |  |  | 10,265 |  |  | (162) |
Write-offs charged against the allowance(3) | (44) |  |  | (4,791) |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | 21,974 |  |  | $ | 1,204 |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 919 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for credit losses(2) | 645 |  |  | 526 |  |  | — |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | (334) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | $ | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | — |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 2,292 |  |  | $ | 7,037 |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for credit losses(2) | 521 |  |  | 22,242 |  |  | 822 |
Allowance for PCD loans(4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 382 |
Write-offs charged against the allowance(3) | (93) |  |  | (7,305) |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | $ | 2,720 |  |  | $ | 21,974 |  |  | $ | 1,204 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | — |
Provision for credit losses(2) | 1,780 |  |  | 526 |  |  | — |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | (1,112) |  |  | (54) |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | $ | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | — |

_____________________
(1)Accounts receivable balances, net of allowance for credit losses, are presented within other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Credit card and commercial and consumer banking loans measured at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses, are presented within loans in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2)The provision for credit losses on accounts receivable is presented within noninterest expense—general and administrative in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, recoveries of amounts previously reserved related to accounts receivable were $368 and $1,760, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, recoveries of amounts previously reserved related to accounts receivable were $199 and $746, respectively. The provision for credit losses on credit card and commercial and consumer banking loans is presented within noninterest expense—provision for credit losses. There were immaterial recoveries of credit card losses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and immaterial recoveries on the commercial and consumer banking portfolio through June 30, 2022.
(3)The increases in credit card write-offs charged against the allowance during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were commensurate with our increased loan portfolio combined with elevated loss rates.
(4)We measured a PCD allowance for the loans acquired in the Bank Merger upon acquisition, which resulted in a gross-up to the allowance for credit losses, but had no impact on earnings.
Credit card: Accrued interest receivables written off during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were $834 and $1,285, respectively. Accrued interest receivables written off during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were immaterial.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Note 8. Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize, by level within the fair value hierarchy, the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our assets and liabilities (i) measured at fair value on a recurring basis, (ii) measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, or (iii) disclosed but not carried at fair value in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of the dates presented:

| June 30, 2022
|  |  | Fair Value
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 707,302 |  |  | $ | 707,302 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 707,302 |
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents(1) | 291,631 |  |  | 291,631 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 291,631 |
Investments in AFS debt securities(2)(4) | 197,933 |  |  | 137,388 |  |  | 60,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 197,933 |
Loans at fair value(2) | 7,959,382 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,959,382 |  |  | 7,959,382 |
Loans at amortized cost(1) | 253,112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 264,348 |  |  | 264,348 |
Servicing rights(2) | 176,964 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 176,964 |  |  | 176,964 |
Asset-backed bonds(2)(5) | 193,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 193,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 193,739 |
Residual investments(2)(5) | 94,978 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,978 |  |  | 94,978 |
Non-securitization investments – other(3) | 22,780 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,780 |  |  | 22,780 |
Third party warrants(2)(6) | 766 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 766 |  |  | 766 |
Derivative assets(2)(7)(8) | 2,243 |  |  | 2,243 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,243 |
Purchase price earn-out(2)(9) | 625 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 625 |  |  | 625 |
IRLCs(2)(10) | 1,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 1,120 |
Interest rate caps(2)(8) | 3,987 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,987 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,987 |
Digital assets safeguarding asset(2)(11) | 112,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,010 |
Total assets | $ | 10,018,572 |  |  | $ | 1,138,564 |  |  | $ | 370,281 |  |  | $ | 8,520,963 |  |  | $ | 10,029,808 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits(1) | $ | 18,474 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,455 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,455 |
Debt(1) | 3,723,561 |  |  | 783,600 |  |  | 2,556,006 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,339,606 |
Residual interests classified as debt(2) | 54,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,436 |  |  | 54,436 |
Derivative liabilities(2)(7)(8) | 25,716 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 25,457 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,716 |
Student loan commitments(2)(10) | 254 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 254 |  |  | 254 |
Digital assets safeguarding liability(2)(11) | 112,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,010 |
Total liabilities | $ | 3,934,451 |  |  | $ | 783,859 |  |  | $ | 2,711,928 |  |  | $ | 54,690 |  |  | $ | 3,550,477 |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)

| December 31, 2021
|  |  | Fair Value
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 494,711 |  |  | $ | 494,711 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 494,711 |
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents(1) | 273,726 |  |  | 273,726 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273,726 |
Investments in AFS debt securities(2)(4) | 194,907 |  |  | 129,835 |  |  | 65,072 |  |  | — |  |  | 194,907 |
Loans at fair value(2) | 5,952,972 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,952,972 |  |  | 5,952,972 |
Loans at amortized cost(1) | 115,912 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118,412 |  |  | 118,412 |
Servicing rights(2) | 168,259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168,259 |  |  | 168,259 |
Asset-backed bonds(2)(5) | 253,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 253,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 253,669 |
Residual investments(2)(5) | 121,019 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,019 |  |  | 121,019 |
Non-securitization investments – ETFs(2) | 1,486 |  |  | 1,486 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,486 |
Non-securitization investments – other(3) | 6,054 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,054 |  |  | 6,054 |
Third party warrants(2)(6) | 1,369 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,369 |  |  | 1,369 |
Derivative assets(2)(7)(8) | 5,444 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,444 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,444 |
Purchase price earn-out(2)(9) | 4,272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,272 |  |  | 4,272 |
IRLCs(2)(10) | 3,759 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,759 |  |  | 3,759 |
Student loan commitments(2)(10) | 2,220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,220 |  |  | 2,220 |
Interest rate caps(2)(8) | 493 |  |  | — |  |  | 493 |  |  | — |  |  | 493 |
Total assets | $ | 7,600,272 |  |  | $ | 899,758 |  |  | $ | 324,678 |  |  | $ | 6,378,336 |  |  | $ | 7,602,772 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt(1) | $ | 3,947,983 |  |  | $ | 1,240,560 |  |  | $ | 2,807,253 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,047,813 |
Residual interests classified as debt(2) | 93,682 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,682 |  |  | 93,682 |
Derivative liabilities(2)(7)(8) | 864 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 668 |  |  | — |  |  | 864 |
Total liabilities | $ | 4,042,529 |  |  | $ | 1,240,756 |  |  | $ | 2,807,921 |  |  | $ | 93,682 |  |  | $ | 4,142,359 |

_____________________
(1)Disclosed but not carried at fair value. The carrying value of our debt is net of unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs. The fair value of our convertible notes issued in October 2021 was classified as Level 1, as it was based on an observable market quote. The fair values of our warehouse facility debt, revolving credit facility debt and credit card loans were based on market factors and credit factors specific to these financial instruments. The fair value of our securitization debt was valued using a discounted cash flow model, with key inputs relating to the underlying contractual coupons, terms, discount rate and expectations for defaults and prepayments. The fair value of our commercial and consumer banking loans was determined using a discounted cash flow model with key inputs relating to the underlying contractual coupons, terms, discount rate and expectations for defaults. The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities and highly liquid nature of these accounts. The fair value of our time-based deposits is estimated by a discounted cash flow method using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
(2)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
(3)Measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
(4)Investments in AFS debt securities were classified as Level 1 or Level 2. The Level 1 investments utilize quoted prices in actively traded markets. The Level 2 investments rely upon observable inputs other than quoted prices, dealer quotes in markets that are not active and implied pricing derived from new issuances of similar securities. See Note 3 for additional information.
(5)These assets represent the carrying value of our holdings in VIEs wherein we were not deemed the primary beneficiary. As we do not provide financial support beyond our initial equity investment, our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with nonconsolidated VIEs is limited to the investment amount. See Note 5 for additional information.
(6)The key unobservable assumption used in the fair value measurement of the third party warrants is the price of the stock underlying the warrants. The fair value is measured as the difference between the stock price and the strike price of the warrants. As the strike price is insignificant, we concluded that the impact of time value on the fair value measure was immaterial.
(7)For certain derivative instruments for which an enforceable master netting agreement exists, we elected to net derivative assets and derivative liabilities by counterparty. These instruments are presented on a gross basis herein. See Note 1 for additional information.
(8)Derivative liabilities classified as Level 1 are based on broker quotes in active markets and represent economic hedges of either loans or securitization investment fair values. Interest rate swaps and interest rate caps are classified as Level 2, because these financial instruments do not trade in active markets with observable prices, but rely on observable inputs other than quoted prices. As of June 30, 2022, interest rate swaps and interest rate caps were valued using the overnight Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) curve and the implied volatilities suggested by the SOFR rate curve. As of December 31, 2021, interest rate swaps were valued using the three-month LIBOR swap yield curve. These were determined to be observable inputs from active markets.
(9)The purchase price earn-out provision is classified as Level 3 because of our reliance on unobservable inputs, such as conditional prepayment rates, annual default rates and discount rates.
(10)IRLCs and student loan commitments are classified as Level 3 because of our reliance on assumed loan funding probabilities. The assumed probabilities are based on our internal historical experience with home loans and student loans similar to those in the funding pipelines on the measurement date.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
(11)The digital assets safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset are classified as Level 2, because they do not trade in active markets, and are valued using quoted prices on an active exchange that has been identified as the principal market for the underlying digital assets that are being held by our third-party custodians for the benefit of our members.
Loans
The following key unobservable assumptions were used in the fair value measurement of our loans as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |
| Range |  | Weighted Average |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
Student loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 16.9% – 25.3% |  | 20.2% |  | 16.5% – 26.3% |  | 19.2% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 0.2% – 4.4% |  | 0.4% |  | 0.2% – 4.2% |  | 0.4% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.2% – 8.0% |  | 3.6% |  | 1.9% – 7.1% |  | 2.9% |  |  |  |
Home loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 2.5% – 7.9% |  | 7.3% |  | 4.8% – 16.4% |  | 12.4% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 0.1% – 0.4% |  | 0.1% |  | 0.1% – 0.2% |  | 0.1% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 4.5% – 13.0% |  | 4.8% |  | 2.5% – 13.0% |  | 2.6% |  |  |  |
Personal loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 16.1% – 43.8% |  | 19.1% |  | 18.4% – 37.7% |  | 20.5% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 4.3% – 35.1% |  | 4.6% |  | 4.2% – 30.0% |  | 4.4% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 5.1% – 9.4% |  | 5.4% |  | 3.9% – 7.0% |  | 4.0% |  |  |  |

The key assumptions included in the above table are defined as follows:
•Conditional prepayment rate— The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Annual default rate— The annualized rate of borrowers who do not make loan payments on time. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Discount rate— The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the loans. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
See Note 4 for additional loan fair value disclosures.
Servicing Rights
Servicing rights for student loans and personal loans do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices. Similarly, home loan servicing rights infrequently trade in an active market. At the time of the underlying loan sale or the assumption of servicing rights, the fair value of servicing rights is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology based on observable and unobservable inputs. Management classifies servicing rights as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following key unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurement of our classes of servicing rights as of the dates presented:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |
| Range |  | Weighted Average |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
Student loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market servicing costs | 0.1% – 0.2% |  | 0.1% |  | 0.1% – 0.2% |  | 0.1% |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 15.1% – 23.3% |  | 19.1% |  | 15.2% – 25.6% |  | 20.4% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 0.2% – 4.3% |  | 0.4% |  | 0.2% – 4.3% |  | 0.4% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 7.3% – 7.3% |  | 7.3% |  | 7.3% – 7.3% |  | 7.3% |  |  |  |
Home loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market servicing costs | 0.1% –0.1% |  | 0.1% |  | 0.1% –0.1% |  | 0.1% |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 5.0% – 11.2% |  | 5.2% |  | 10.0% – 16.4% |  | 11.5% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 0.1% – 0.1% |  | 0.1% |  | 0.1% – 0.2% |  | 0.1% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 8.0% – 8.0% |  | 8.0% |  | 7.5% – 7.5% |  | 7.5% |  |  |  |
Personal loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Market servicing costs | 0.2% – 1.3% |  | 0.3% |  | 0.2% – 1.1% |  | 0.2% |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 17.0% – 44.0% |  | 25.1% |  | 22.5% – 41.4% |  | 26.0% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 3.3% – 7.0% |  | 4.5% |  | 3.2% – 7.0% |  | 4.4% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 7.3% –7.3% |  | 7.3% |  | 7.3% –7.3% |  | 7.3% |  |  |  |

The key assumptions included in the above table are defined as follows:
•Market servicing costs— The fee a willing market participant, which we validate through actual third-party bids for our servicing, would require for the servicing of student loans, home loans and personal loans with similar characteristics as those in our serviced portfolio. An increase in the market servicing cost, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Conditional prepayment rate— The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Annual default rate— The annualized rate of default within the total serviced loan balance. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Discount rate— The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the servicing rights. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the estimated decrease to the fair value of our servicing rights as of the dates indicated if the key assumptions had each of the below adverse changes:

| June 30, 2022 |  |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |
Market servicing costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2.5 basis points increase | $ | (11,074) |  |  |  |  | $ | (10,822) |  |  |
5.0 basis points increase | (22,191) |  |  |  |  | (21,644) |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10% increase | $ | (5,442) |  |  |  |  | $ | (6,260) |  |  |
20% increase | (10,780) |  |  |  |  | (12,031) |  |  |
Annual default rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10% increase | $ | (215) |  |  |  |  | $ | (205) |  |  |
20% increase | (428) |  |  |  |  | (408) |  |  |
Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
100 basis points increase | $ | (4,810) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,782) |  |  |
200 basis points increase | (9,408) |  |  |  |  | (7,349) |  |  |

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. The effect on fair value of a variation in assumptions generally cannot be determined because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the fair value may not be linear. Additionally, the effect of an adverse variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of our servicing rights is calculated while holding the other assumptions constant. In reality, changes in one factor may lead to changes in other factors, which could impact the above hypothetical effects.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the changes in the Company’s servicing rights, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| Student Loans |  | Home Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2022 | $ | 85,957 |  |  | $ | 59,585 |  |  | $ | 27,963 |  |  | $ | 173,505 |
Recognition of servicing from transfers of financial assets | 2,991 |  |  | 4,482 |  |  | 7,659 |  |  | 15,132 |
Servicing rights assumed from third parties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 1,317 |
Derecognition of servicing via loan purchases | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | (146) |  |  | (177) |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | 5,707 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | 2,189 |  |  | 9,098 |
Realization of expected cash flows and other changes | (9,705) |  |  | (3,103) |  |  | (9,103) |  |  | (21,911) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 84,919 |  |  | $ | 62,166 |  |  | $ | 29,879 |  |  | $ | 176,964 |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2021 | $ | 106,338 |  |  | $ | 32,038 |  |  | $ | 22,864 |  |  | $ | 161,240 |
Recognition of servicing from transfers of financial assets | 6,110 |  |  | 9,367 |  |  | 6,316 |  |  | 21,793 |
Derecognition of servicing via loan purchases | (392) |  |  | — |  |  | (188) |  |  | (580) |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | (387) |  |  | (1,783) |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | (224) |
Realization of expected cash flows and other changes | (12,068) |  |  | (2,065) |  |  | (8,329) |  |  | (22,462) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 99,601 |  |  | $ | 37,557 |  |  | $ | 22,609 |  |  | $ | 159,767 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 90,003 |  |  | $ | 50,533 |  |  | $ | 27,723 |  |  | $ | 168,259 |
Recognition of servicing from transfers of financial assets | 8,815 |  |  | 8,720 |  |  | 14,083 |  |  | 31,618 |
Servicing rights assumed from third parties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | 1,946 |
Derecognition of servicing via loan purchases | (1,072) |  |  | — |  |  | (515) |  |  | (1,587) |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | 6,999 |  |  | 8,942 |  |  | 4,737 |  |  | 20,678 |
Realization of expected cash flows and other changes | (19,826) |  |  | (6,029) |  |  | (18,095) |  |  | (43,950) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 84,919 |  |  | $ | 62,166 |  |  | $ | 29,879 |  |  | $ | 176,964 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 100,637 |  |  | $ | 23,914 |  |  | $ | 25,046 |  |  | $ | 149,597 |
Recognition of servicing from transfers of financial assets | 39,699 |  |  | 15,906 |  |  | 12,319 |  |  | 67,924 |
Derecognition of servicing via loan purchases | (392) |  |  | — |  |  | (188) |  |  | (580) |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | (16,115) |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | 2,236 |  |  | (12,333) |
Realization of expected cash flows and other changes | (24,228) |  |  | (3,809) |  |  | (16,804) |  |  | (44,841) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 99,601 |  |  | $ | 37,557 |  |  | $ | 22,609 |  |  | $ | 159,767 |

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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Asset-Backed Bonds
The fair value of asset-backed bonds is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. Management classifies asset-backed bonds as Level 2 due to the use of quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are not active, as well as certain factors specific to us. The following key inputs were used in the fair value measurement of our asset-backed bonds as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |
Discount rate (range) | 1.6% – 5.0% |  |  |  | 0.6% – 3.7% |  |
Conditional prepayment rate (range) | 19.4% – 33.0% |  |  |  | 19.5% – 32.2% |  |

As of the dates indicated, the fair value of our asset-backed bonds was not materially impacted by default assumptions on the underlying securitization loans, as the subordinate residual interests are expected to absorb all estimated losses based on our default assumptions for the respective periods.
Residual Investments and Residual Interests Classified as Debt
Residual investments and residual interests classified as debt do not trade in active markets with readily observable prices, and there is limited observable market data for reference. The fair values of residual investments and residual interests classified as debt are determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. Management classifies residual investments and residual interests classified as debt as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurements.
The following key unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurements of our residual investments and residual interests classified as debt as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |
| Range |  | Weighted Average |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
Residual investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 19.2% – 35.6% |  | 21.6% |  | 19.5% – 33.6% |  | 23.0% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 0.3% – 5.3% |  | 0.9% |  | 0.3% – 5.7% |  | 0.9% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.9% – 10.5% |  | 5.4% |  | 2.6% – 10.5% |  | 4.4% |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conditional prepayment rate | 19.1% – 50.7% |  | 30.2% |  | 20.0% – 41.8% |  | 31.5% |  |  |  |
Annual default rate | 0.5% – 5.8% |  | 2.7% |  | 0.5% – 5.6% |  | 3.2% |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 6.0% – 9.5% |  | 6.4% |  | 5.0% – 9.5% |  | 5.7% |  |  |  |

The key assumptions included in the above table are defined as follows:
•Conditional prepayment rate— The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period for the pool of loans in the securitization. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Annual default rate— The annualized rate of borrowers who fail to remain current on their loans for the pool of loans in the securitization. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Discount rate— The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the residual investments and residual interests classified as debt. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the changes in the residual investments and residual interests classified as debt, which are both measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We record changes in fair value within noninterest income—securitizations in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), a portion of which is subsequently reclassified to interest expense—securitizations and warehouses for residual interests classified as debt and to interest income—securitizations for residual investments, but does not impact the liability or asset balance, respectively.

| Residual Investments |  | Residual Interests Classified as Debt
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2022 | $ | 106,677 |  |  | $ | 70,532 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions(1) | 290 |  |  | 2,662 |
Payments | (11,989) |  |  | (18,758) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 94,978 |  |  | $ | 54,436 |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2021 | $ | 150,961 |  |  | $ | 114,882 |
Additions | 11,787 |  |  | 2,170 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions(1) | 3,355 |  |  | 5,717 |
Payments | (23,003) |  |  | (10,224) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 143,100 |  |  | $ | 112,545 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 121,019 |  |  | $ | 93,682 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions(1) | 1,052 |  |  | 5,625 |
Payments(2) | (27,093) |  |  | (44,871) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 94,978 |  |  | $ | 54,436 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 139,524 |  |  | $ | 118,298 |
Additions | 38,168 |  |  | 2,170 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions(1) | 6,852 |  |  | 13,668 |
Payments(2) | (41,444) |  |  | (21,591) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 143,100 |  |  | $ | 112,545 |

___________________
(1)For residual investments, the estimated amounts of gains and losses included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were immaterial during the periods presented.
(2)Payments of residual investments included residual investment sales of $220 and $220 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and $2,676 and $2,676 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Loan Commitments
We classify student loan commitments as Level 3 because the assets do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices and, as such, our valuations utilize significant unobservable inputs. Additionally, we classify IRLCs as Level 3, as our IRLCs are inherently uncertain and unobservable given that a home loan origination is contingent on a plethora of factors. The following key unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurements of our IRLCs and student loan commitments as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |
| Range |  | Weighted Average |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
IRLCs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan funding probability(1) | 26.0% – 56.0% |  | 53.9% |  | 75.0% – 75.0% |  | 75.0% |  |  |  |
Student loan commitments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan funding probability(1) | 95.0% – 95.0% |  | 95.0% |  | 95.0% – 95.0% |  | 95.0% |  |  |  |

___________________
(1)The probability of honoring IRLCs and student loan commitments, which reflects the percentage likelihood that an approved loan application will close based on historical experience. A significant difference between the actual funded rate and the assumed funded rate at the measurement date could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement of our IRLCs and student loan commitments. The aggregate amount of student loans we committed to fund was $34,668 as of June 30, 2022. See Note 1 under “Derivative Financial Instruments” for the aggregate notional amount associated with IRLCs.
The key assumption included in the above table is defined as follows:
•Loan funding probability— Our expectation of the percentage of IRLCs or student loan commitments which will become funded loans. An increase in the loan funding probabilities, in isolation, would result in an increase in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumptions were weighted based on relative fair values.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the changes in our IRLCs and student loan commitments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes in the fair values of IRLCs and student loan commitments are recorded within noninterest income—loan origination and sales in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

| IRLCs |  | Student Loan Commitments
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2022 | $ | (3,039) |  |  | $ | 23 |
Revaluation adjustments | 1,120 |  |  | (254) |
Funded loans(1) | 1,636 |  |  | (19) |
Unfunded loans(1) | 1,403 |  |  | (4) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | (254) |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |
Fair value as of March 31, 2021 | $ | 7,118 |  |  | $ | — |
Revaluation adjustments | 7,760 |  |  | — |
Funded loans(1) | (5,275) |  |  | — |
Unfunded loans(1) | (1,843) |  |  | — |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 7,760 |  |  | $ | — |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 3,759 |  |  | $ | 2,220 |
Revaluation adjustments | (1,919) |  |  | (231) |
Funded loans(1) | (565) |  |  | (2,140) |
Unfunded loans(1) | (155) |  |  | (103) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | (254) |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |
Fair value as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 15,620 |  |  | $ | — |
Revaluation adjustments | 14,878 |  |  | — |
Funded loans(1) | (15,485) |  |  | — |
Unfunded loans(1) | (7,253) |  |  | — |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | 7,760 |  |  | $ | — |

___________________
(1)For each quarter presented, funded and unfunded loan fair value adjustments represent the unpaid principal balance of funded and unfunded loans, respectively, during the quarter multiplied by the IRLC or student loan commitment price in effect at the beginning of the quarter. For the year-to-date periods presented, amounts represent the summation of the per-quarter effects.
Non-Securitization Investments
Non-securitization investments — Other of $22,780 and $6,054 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, include investments for which fair values are not readily determinable, which we elect to measure using the measurement alternative method of accounting. The fair value measurements are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs in the fair value measurements. Adjustments to the carrying value, such as impairments and unrealized gains, are recognized within noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
In the first quarter of 2022, we measured a former equity method investment under the measurement alternative method, which primarily drove the increase in the balance from year end. The fair value of this investment was $19,739 as of June 30, 2022.
In the second quarter of 2022, we wrote off an investment with a carrying value of $2,168 for a loss, which reflected the impact of observable market changes. We had previously recognized a gain of $3,967 on this investment during the second quarter of 2021, which reflected a value based on the investee’s latest round of financing in an orderly transaction in an issuance similar to our investment holding. In that same quarter in 2021, we sold a portion of our investment for $2,000 at the same valuation.
We also had another investment with a fair value of $2,000 as of both June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. We did not make any adjustments to the investment value through June 30, 2022.
Purchase Price Earn-Out
We recognize a derivative asset for a purchase price earn-out in conjunction with a loan sale agreement we entered in 2018. We receive a capped contractual payout based on the respective loan pool internal rate of return over a certain hurdle rate, which is adjusted for the loan purchaser’s expenses, which are generally immaterial.
The fair value of the purchase price earn-out is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. Management classifies the purchase price earn-out as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement. A significant difference between the expected performance of the loans included in the loan sale agreement and the actual results as of the measurement date could result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. Our key valuation inputs were as follows as of the dates indicated:

Purchase Price Earn-Out |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Conditional prepayment rate |  | 22.7% |  | 22.9%
Annual default rate |  | 35.6% |  | 30.0%
Discount rate |  | 25.0% |  | 25.0%

The key assumptions included in the above table are defined as follows:
•Conditional prepayment rate — The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of the pool of loans included in the loan sale agreement that is assumed to be paid off prematurely. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement.
•Annual default rate — The annualized rate of borrowers who fail to remain current on their loans for the pool of loans included in the loan sale agreement. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement.
•Discount rate — The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the purchase price earn-out derivative. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the changes in our purchase price earn-out, which is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes in the fair value are recorded within noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Changes during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were immaterial.

| Purchase Price Earn-Out
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |
Fair value as of March 31, 2022 | $ | 2,285 |
Payments | (1,872) |
Changes in valuation inputs or assumptions(1) | 212 |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 625 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |
Fair value as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 4,272 |
Payments | (4,689) |
Changes in valuation inputs or assumptions(1) | 1,042 |
Fair value as of June 30, 2022 | $ | 625 |

___________________
(1)The estimated amount of losses included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were immaterial during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. The losses attributable to instrument-specific credit risk were estimated by incorporating our current default and loss severity assumptions for the purchase price earn-out. These assumptions are based on historical performance and performance expectations over the term of the underlying instrument.
Safeguarding Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the significant digital assets held by our third-party custodians on behalf of our members as of the date indicated:

| June 30, 2022 |  |
Bitcoin (BTC) | $ | 48,143 |  |  |
Ethereum (ETH) | 34,135 |  |  |
Cardano (ADA) | 8,383 |  |  |
Dogecoin (DOGE) | 4,182 |  |  |
Solana (SOL) | 3,778 |  |  |
Ethereum Classic (ETC) | 2,289 |  |  |
All other(1) | 11,100 |  |  |
Digital assets safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset | $ | 112,010 |  |  |

___________________
(1)Includes 25 digital assets, none of which was determined to be individually significant.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Note 9. Debt
The following table summarizes the Company’s principal outstanding debt, debt discounts/premiums and debt issuance costs as of the dates indicated:

Borrowing Description |  | Collateral Balances(1) |  | Interest Rate(2) |  | Termination/ Maturity(3) |  | Total Capacity(4) |  | Outstanding as of |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | June 30, 2022(5) |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Student Loan Warehouse Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding I |  | $ | 95,308 |  |  | 1M SOFR + 100 bps |  | April 2023 |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 88,402 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding III(6) |  | — |  |  | PR –134 bps |  | September 2024 |  | 75,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,930 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding V(7) |  | 21,704 |  |  | SOFR + 105 bps |  | November 2023 |  | 225,000 |  |  | 19,977 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding VI |  | — |  |  | 3ML + 125 bps |  | March 2024 |  | 600,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,709 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding VII |  | 173,720 |  |  | SOFR + 85 bps |  | September 2024 |  | 500,000 |  |  | 157,227 |  |  | 284,475 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding VIII |  | — |  |  | 1ML + 90 bps |  | May 2023 |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 245,723 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding IX(8) |  | — |  |  | SOFR+ 210 bps and CP + 87.5 bps |  | May 2025 |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,816 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding X(9) |  | 249,150 |  |  | CP + 95 bps |  | April 2025 |  | 500,000 |  |  | 222,176 |  |  | 29,647 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding XI(10) |  | 152,121 |  |  | CP + 100 bps |  | November 2024 |  | 500,000 |  |  | 143,196 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding XII(11) |  | — |  |  | CP + 115 bps |  | November 2024 |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,267 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding XIII |  | 432,343 |  |  | SOFR + 55 bps |  | April 2024 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 380,559 |  |  | 424,348 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs |  | $ | 1,124,346 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,050,000 |  |  | $ | 1,011,537 |  |  | $ | 1,074,915 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (7,719) |  |  | $ | (7,540) |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal Loan Warehouse Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL I(12) |  | $ | — |  |  | CP + 137.5 bps |  | September 2023 |  | $ | 250,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,911 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL II |  | — |  |  | 3ML + 225 bps |  | July 2023 |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL III |  | — |  |  | SOFR + 125 bps |  | November 2023 |  | 175,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL IV(13) |  | — |  |  | CP + 170 bps |  | November 2023 |  | 500,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL VI(14) |  | — |  |  | CP + 170 bps |  | September 2024 |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL VII |  | — |  |  | 1ML + 115 bps |  | June 2023 |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,572 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL X |  | — |  |  | 1ML + 142.5 bps |  | February 2023 |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL XI |  | — |  |  | 1M SOFR + 125 bps |  | January 2023 |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL XIII |  | 143,104 |  |  | 1M SOFR + 110 bps |  | January 2032 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 120,366 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL XIV |  | 67,025 |  |  | SOFR + 100 bps |  | October 2024 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 56,830 |  |  | 144,662 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding PL XV |  | 279,861 |  |  | SOFR + 80 bps |  | October 2024 |  | 325,000 |  |  | 238,933 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs |  | $ | 489,990 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,950,000 |  |  | $ | 416,129 |  |  | $ | 228,145 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,774) |  |  | $ | (3,898) |  |  |  |  |  |
Home Loan Warehouse Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage Warehouse VI |  | $ | — |  |  | SOFR + 200 bps |  | October 2022 |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit Card Warehouse Facilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Funding CC I LLC(15) |  | $ | — |  |  | CP + 100 bps |  | December 2023 |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,810 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,810 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (141) |  |  | $ | (312) |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Retention Warehouse Facilities(16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi RR Funding I |  | $ | 32,627 |  |  | 3ML + 200 bps |  | January 2024 |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | 22,117 |  |  | $ | 22,608 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi RR Repo |  | — |  |  | 3ML + 185 bps |  | January 2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,843 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi RR Funding II |  | 27,347 |  |  | 1ML + 125 bps |  | November 2024 |  |  |  | 19,223 |  |  | 98,031 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi RR Funding III |  | 36,180 |  |  | 1ML + 125 bps |  | November 2024 |  |  |  | 34,981 |  |  | 39,158 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi RR Funding IV |  | 66,550 |  |  | SOFR + 150 bps |  | October 2027 |  | 100,000 |  |  | 51,313 |  |  | 66,555 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi RR Funding V |  | 38,065 |  |  | 298 bps |  | December 2025 |  |  |  | 9,767 |  |  | 29,453 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs |  | $ | 200,769 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 137,401 |  |  | $ | 325,648 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,481) |  |  | $ | (2,086) |  |  |  |  |  |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)

Borrowing Description |  | Collateral Balances(1) |  | Interest Rate(2) |  | Termination/ Maturity(3) |  | Total Capacity(4) |  | Outstanding as of |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | June 30, 2022(5) |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Revolving Credit Facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Corporate Revolver(17) |  | n/a |  | 1ML + 100 bps |  | September 2023 |  | $ | 560,000 |  |  | $ | 486,000 |  |  | $ | 486,000 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 560,000 |  |  | $ | 486,000 |  |  | $ | 486,000 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (446) |  |  | $ | (626) |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Financing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible senior notes |  | n/a |  | —% |  | October 2026 |  |  |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs and discount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,464) |  |  | $ | (1,634) |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized discount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (20,493) |  |  | (22,858) |  |  |  |  |  |
Other financing(18) |  | $ | 18,273 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,964 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Student Loan Securitizations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2016-B LLC |  | $ | 39,401 |  |  | 1ML + (120–380 bps) |  | April 2037 |  |  |  | $ | 34,635 |  |  | $ | 43,186 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2016-C LLC |  | 45,217 |  |  | 1ML + (110–335 bps) |  | May 2037 |  |  |  | 40,060 |  |  | 49,685 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2016-D LLC |  | 59,093 |  |  | 1ML + (95–323 bps) |  | January 2039 |  |  |  | 52,414 |  |  | 61,760 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2016-E LLC |  | 67,693 |  |  | 1ML + (344–443 bps) |  | October 2041 |  |  |  | 60,562 |  |  | 74,242 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2017-A LLC |  | 85,536 |  |  | 1ML + (70–443 bps) |  | March 2040 |  |  |  | 76,904 |  |  | 92,972 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2017-B LLC |  | 71,639 |  |  | 274–444 bps |  | May 2040 |  |  |  | 64,794 |  |  | 78,811 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi PLP 2017-C LLC |  | 95,241 |  |  | 1ML + (60–421 bps) |  | July 2040 |  |  |  | 85,837 |  |  | 102,814 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs and discount |  | $ | 463,820 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 415,206 |  |  | $ | 503,470 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,020) |  |  | $ | (3,851) |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized discount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (873) |  |  | (1,094) |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal Loan Securitizations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi CLP 2018-3 LLC |  | $ | 49,965 |  |  | 467bps |  | August 2027 |  |  |  | $ | 44,614 |  |  | $ | 76,535 |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi CLP 2018-4 LLC |  | 57,683 |  |  | 417–476 bps |  | November 2027 |  |  |  | 53,370 |  |  | 86,835 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discount |  | $ | 107,648 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 97,984 |  |  | $ | 163,370 |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,397) |  |  | $ | (1,683) |  |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized premium |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112 |  |  | 207 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total, before unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,764,257 |  |  | $ | 3,993,358 |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40,696) |  |  | (45,375) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total reported debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,723,561 |  |  | $ | 3,947,983 |  |  |  |  |  |

_________________
(1)As of June 30, 2022, represents unpaid principal balances, with the exception of the risk retention warehouse facilities, which include securitization-related investments carried at fair value. In addition, certain securitization interests that eliminate in consolidation are pledged to risk retention warehouse facilities. Collateral balances relative to debt balances as presented may vary period to period due to the timing of the next scheduled payment to the warehouse facility.
(2)Unused commitment fees ranging from 0 to 70 basis points (“bps”) on our various warehouse facilities are recognized within noninterest expense—general and administrative in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). “ML” stands for “Month LIBOR”. As of June 30, 2022, 1ML and 3ML was 1.79% and 2.29%, respectively. “SOFR” in this table refers to the overnight SOFR, unless otherwise indicated. “1M SOFR” stands for “one-month SOFR”. As of June 30, 2022, SOFR was 1.50% and 1M SOFR was 1.69%. “PR” stands for “Prime Rate”. As of June 30, 2022, PR was 4.75%.
(3)For securitization debt, the maturity of the notes issued by the various trusts occurs upon either the maturity of the loan collateral or full payment of the loan collateral held in the trusts. Our maturity date represents the legal maturity of the last class of maturing notes. Securitization debt matures as loan collateral payments are made.
(4)Represents total capacity as of June 30, 2022.
(5)There were no debt discounts or premiums issued during the six months ended June 30, 2022. We paid $700 during the six months ended June 30, 2022 related to debt issuance costs accrued in 2021.
(6)Warehouse facility has a prime rate floor of 309 bps.
(7)Warehouse facility has a SOFR floor of 0%.
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
(8)Warehouse facility incurs different interest rates on its two types of asset classes. One such class incurs interest based on a commercial paper (“CP”) rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.36%.
(9)Warehouse facility incurs interest based on a CP rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.71%.
(10)Warehouse facility incurs interest based on a CP rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.46%. The facility was amended in the first quarter of 2022 to allow up to $250 million of securitization risk retention securities to be pledged to the warehouse. As of June 30, 2022, $85.9 million of the collateral balance for the facility was related to securitization risk retention securities, with the remainder of the collateral balance related to student loans.
(11)Warehouse facility incurs interest based on a CP rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.46%. Under certain conditions, warehouse facility could incur an interest rate spread of 215 bps.
(12)Warehouse facility incurs interest based on a CP rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.40%.
(13)Warehouse facility incurs interest based on a CP rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.46%.
(14)Warehouse facility incurs interest based on a CP rate, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.46%.
(15)Warehouse facility incurs interest at a spread (as indicated in the table) plus the lower of (a) three-month SOFR plus 35 bps or (b) the CP rate for this facility, which is determined by the facility lender. As of June 30, 2022, the CP rate for this facility was 1.92%, and the three-month SOFR rate was 2.12%.
(16)Financing was obtained for both asset-backed bonds and residual investments in various personal loan and student loan securitizations, and the underlying collateral are the underlying asset-backed bonds and residual investments. We only state capacity amounts in this table for risk retention facilities wherein we can pledge additional asset-backed bonds and residual investments as of June 30, 2022.
(17)As of June 30, 2022, $6.0 million of the revolving credit facility total capacity was not available for general borrowing purposes because it was utilized to secure a letter of credit. Refer to our letter of credit disclosures in Note 15 for more details. Additionally, the interest rate presented is the interest rate on standard withdrawals on our revolving credit facility, while same-day withdrawals incur interest based on PR.
(18)Includes $18.3 million of loans pledged as collateral to secure $11.4 million of available borrowing capacity with the FHLB, of which $9.7 million was not available as it was utilized to secure letters of credit. Refer to our letter of credit disclosures in Note 15 for more details. Also includes unsecured available borrowing capacity of $7.6 million with correspondent banks.
Material Changes to Debt Arrangements
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we opened one personal loan warehouse facility with a maximum available capacity of $325,000, and closed one risk retention warehouse facility that had a maximum available capacity of $192,141.
Our warehouse and securitization debt is secured by a continuing lien and security interest in the loans financed by the proceeds. Within each of our debt facilities, we must comply with certain operating and financial covenants. These financial covenants include, but are not limited to, maintaining: (i) a certain minimum tangible net worth, (ii) minimum cash and cash equivalents, and (iii) a maximum leverage ratio of total debt to tangible net worth. Our debt covenants can lead to restricted cash classifications in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our subsidiaries are restricted in the amount that can be distributed to the parent company only to the extent that such distributions would cause the financial covenants to not be met. We were in compliance with all financial covenants.
We assumed $2,000 of debt in the Bank Merger, which was paid off during the first quarter of 2022.
We act as a guarantor for our wholly-owned subsidiaries in several arrangements in the case of default. As of June 30, 2022, we have not identified any risks of nonpayment by our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Maturities of Borrowings
As of June 30, 2022, future maturities of our outstanding debt with scheduled payments, which included our revolving credit facility and convertible notes, were as follows:

Remainder of 2022 | $ | — |
2023 | 486,000 |
2024 | — |
2025 | — |
2026 | 1,200,000 |
Thereafter | — |
Total | $ | 1,686,000 |

Note 10. Temporary Equity
Pursuant to SoFi Technologies’ Certificate of Incorporation dated May 28, 2021, the Company is authorized to issue 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock having a par value of $0.0001 per share (“SoFi Technologies Preferred Stock”) and 100,000,000 shares of redeemable preferred stock having a par value of $0.0000025 per share (“SoFi Technologies Redeemable Preferred Stock”). The Company’s Board of Directors has the authority to issue SoFi Technologies Preferred Stock and SoFi Technologies Redeemable Preferred Stock and to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, of those shares. The authorized shares of SoFi Technologies Redeemable Preferred Stock is inclusive of 4,500,000 shares of Series 1 redeemable preferred stock (“Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock”), which reflect the conversion on a one-for-one basis of shares of Social Finance Series 1 preferred stock in conjunction with the Business Combination. Shares of SoFi Technologies Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock that are redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired by the Company will be canceled and may not be reissued by the Company. The Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock remains classified as temporary equity because the Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock is not fully controlled by the issuer, SoFi Technologies.
As of June 30, 2022, there were no shares of SoFi Technologies Preferred Stock issued and outstanding and there were 3,234,000 shares of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, which had an original issuance price of $100.00. In conjunction with the Business Combination, we made a one-time special payment of $21.2 million to the holders of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock, which was paid from the proceeds of the Business Combination and settled contemporaneously with the Business Combination in 2021. The special payment was recognized within noninterest expense—general and administrative in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), as this feature was accounted for as an embedded derivative that was not clearly and closely related to the host contract, and will not have a subsequent impact on our consolidated financial results.
Dividends
During the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the holders of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock were entitled to dividends of $10,079 and $10,079, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the holders of the Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock were entitled to dividends of $20,047 and $20,047, respectively. There were no dividends payable as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
There have been no dividend deferrals related to the Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock.
Warrants
In connection with the Series 1 and Series H preferred stock issuances during the year ended December 31, 2019, we also issued 12,170,990 Series H warrants, which were initially accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and were included within accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Prior to the Business Combination, the Series H warrants were measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3 because of our reliance on unobservable assumptions, with fair value changes recognized within noninterest expense—general and administrative in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). On May 28, 2021, in conjunction with the Closing of the Business Combination, we measured the final fair value of our Series H warrants. At that time, we reclassified the Series H warrant
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
liability into permanent equity, as the terms of the Series H instrument no longer necessitated liability accounting. Therefore, we did not measure the warrants at fair value subsequent to May 28, 2021.
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the Series H warrant liabilities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, which was prior to the reclassification to permanent equity:

| Warrant Liabilities
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |
Fair value as of March 31, 2021 | $ | 129,879 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | 31,896 |
Reclassification to permanent equity in conjunction with the Business Combination | (161,775) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | — |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |
Fair value as of January 1, 2021 | $ | 39,959 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | 121,816 |
Reclassification to permanent equity in conjunction with the Business Combination | (161,775) |
Fair value as of June 30, 2021 | $ | — |

Note 11. Permanent Equity
On June 1, 2021, the Company’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “SOFI”. Pursuant to SoFi Technologies’ Certificate of Incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 3,000,000,000 shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.0001 per share, and 100,000,000 shares of non-voting common stock, with a par value of $0.0001 per share. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had 922,103,100 shares of common stock and no shares of non-voting common stock issued and outstanding.
The Company reserved the following common stock for future issuance as of the dates indicated:

| June 30, |  | December 31, |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Outstanding stock options, RSUs and performance stock units (“PSUs”) | 102,173,952 |  |  | 92,829,067 |  |  |
Outstanding common stock warrants | 12,170,990 |  |  | 12,170,990 |  |  |
Conversion of convertible notes(1) | 53,538,000 |  |  | 53,538,000 |  |  |
Possible future issuance under stock plans | 15,550,144 |  |  | 32,470,481 |  |  |
Potentially issuable contingent common stock(2) | 598,068 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total common stock reserved for future issuance | 184,031,154 |  |  | 191,008,538 |  |  |

____________________
(1)Represents the number of common stock issuable upon conversion of all convertible notes at the conversion rate in effect at the balance sheet date.
(2)As of June 30, 2022, includes potentially issuable contingent common stock in connection with the Technisys Merger, which determination is pending final agreement regarding a closing net working capital calculation specified in the merger agreement. See Note 2 for additional information.
Dividends
There were no dividends declared or paid to common stockholders during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
AOCI primarily consists of accumulated net unrealized gains or losses associated with our investments in AFS debt securities, which commenced during the third quarter of 2021, and foreign currency translation adjustments.
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table presents the rollforward of AOCI, inclusive of the changes in the components of other comprehensive loss for the periods indicated:

| AFS Debt Securities |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
AOCI, beginning balance | $ | (5,806) |  |  | $ | (158) |  |  | $ | (5,964) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(1) | (2,115) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (2,171) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings | 124 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
Net current-period other comprehensive loss(2) | (1,991) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (2,047) |
AOCI, ending balance | $ | (7,797) |  |  | $ | (214) |  |  | $ | (8,011) |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
AOCI, beginning balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | (246) |  |  | $ | (246) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(1) | — |  |  | (266) |  |  | (266) |
Net current-period other comprehensive loss(2) | — |  |  | (266) |  |  | (266) |
AOCI, ending balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | (512) |  |  | $ | (512) |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
AOCI, beginning balance | $ | (1,351) |  |  | $ | (120) |  |  | $ | (1,471) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(1) | (6,731) |  |  | (94) |  |  | (6,825) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |
Net current-period other comprehensive loss(2) | (6,446) |  |  | (94) |  |  | (6,540) |
AOCI, ending balance | $ | (7,797) |  |  | $ | (214) |  |  | $ | (8,011) |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
AOCI, beginning balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | (166) |  |  | $ | (166) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(1) | — |  |  | (346) |  |  | (346) |
Net current-period other comprehensive loss(2) | — |  |  | (346) |  |  | (346) |
AOCI, ending balance | $ | — |  |  | $ | (512) |  |  | $ | (512) |

____________________
(1)Gross realized gains and losses from sales of our investments in AFS debt securities that were reclassified from AOCI to earnings are recorded within noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). We did not have investments in AFS debt securities during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Additionally, there were no reclassifications related to foreign currency translation adjustments during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
(2)There were no tax impacts during any of the periods presented due to reserves against deferred tax assets in jurisdictions where other comprehensive loss activity was generated.
For gross amounts of realized gains and losses on our investments in AFS debt securities, see Note 3. Interest income associated with our investments in AFS debt securities is recognized within interest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Note 12. Share-Based Compensation
2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan
In connection with the Closing of the Business Combination, the Company adopted the 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which authorized for issuance 63,575,425 shares of common stock in connection with the Business Combination. The 2021 Plan allowed for the number of authorized shares to increase on the first day of each fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2030. Effective January 1, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the issuance of an additional 8,937,242 shares under this provision. Refer to Note 19 for discussion of an amendment and restatement of the 2021 Plan during the subsequent event period. The 2021 Plan allows for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units (including performance stock units), dividend
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
equivalents and other stock or cash based awards for issuance to its employees, non-employee directors and non-employee third parties. Shares associated with option exercises and RSU vesting are issued from the authorized pool.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we incurred cash outflows of $5,846 and $28,603, respectively, related to the payment of withholding taxes for vested RSUs. These cash outflows are presented within net cash provided by (used in) financing activities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Share-based compensation expense related to stock options, RSUs and PSUs is presented within the following line items in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Technology and product development | $ | 18,342 |  |  | $ | 16,618 |  |  | $ | 35,834 |  |  | $ | 28,234 |
Sales and marketing | 6,008 |  |  | 3,695 |  |  | 11,141 |  |  | 6,140 |
Cost of operations | 4,816 |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 8,959 |  |  | 4,190 |
General and administrative | 50,976 |  |  | 29,132 |  |  | 101,229 |  |  | 51,044 |
Total | $ | 80,142 |  |  | $ | 52,154 |  |  | $ | 157,163 |  |  | $ | 89,608 |

Stock Options
The following is a summary of stock option activity for the period indicated:

| Number of Stock Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022 | 21,171,147 |  |  | $ | 6.81 |  |  | 5.8
Granted(1) | — |  |  | n/a |  |
Exercised | (1,442,890) |  |  | 1.43 |  |  |
Forfeited | (1,126) |  |  | 6.84 |  |  |
Expired | (92,419) |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022 | 19,634,712 |  |  | $ | 7.23 |  |  | 5.4
Exercisable as of June 30, 2022 | 19,526,150 |  |  | $ | 7.23 |  |  | 5.4

____________________
(1)There were no stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized as of June 30, 2022 was $3.2 million and will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 0.7 years.
Restricted Stock Units
RSUs are equity awards granted to employees that entitle the holder to shares of our common stock when the awards vest. For employees hired on or after January 1, 2022, new hire RSU grants typically vest 12.5% on the first vesting date, which occurs approximately six months after the date of grant, and ratably each quarter of the ensuing 14-quarter period. For employees hired before January 1, 2022, new hire RSU grants typically vest 25% on the first vesting date, which occurs approximately one year after the date of grant, and ratably each quarter of the ensuing 12-quarter period. RSUs have been issued under other vesting schedules, including grants to existing employees.
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table summarizes RSU activity for the period indicated:

| Number of RSUs |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022 | 48,687,524 |  | $ | 12.23 |
Granted | 27,687,968 |  | 8.87 |
Replacement Awards(1) | 630,654 |  | 10.69 |
Vested(2) | (11,312,098) |  | 11.74 |
Forfeited | (4,952,182) |  | 10.13 |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022(3) | 60,741,866 |  | $ | 10.95 |

________________________
(1)In connection with the Technisys Merger, we converted outstanding Technisys performance awards into RSUs to acquire common stock of SoFi, and for which $2,855 of the fair value was attributed to pre-combination services. See Note 2 for additional information.
(2)The total fair value, based on grant date fair value, of RSUs that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $132.8 million.
(3)Includes 178,021 RSUs that were granted in 2020 and later modified in an improbable-to-probable modification (Type III), related to which $741 and $1,695 of share-based compensation expense was recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The awards were fully expensed as of June 30, 2022.
As of June 30, 2022, there was $631.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.1 years.
Performance Stock Units
The following table summarizes PSU activity for the period indicated:

| Number of PSUs |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022 | 22,970,396 |  | $ | 9.52 |
Granted | 122,190 |  | 3.71
Vested | — |  | n/a
Forfeited | (1,295,212) |  | 7.53
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022 | 21,797,374 |  | $ | 9.60 |

Compensation cost associated with PSUs is recognized using the accelerated attribution method for each of the three vesting tranches over the respective derived service period. We determine the grant-date fair value of PSUs utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model. The following table summarizes the inputs used for estimating the fair value of PSUs granted during the period indicated:

Input |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.6%
Expected volatility |  | 37.7%
Fair value of common stock |  | $12.06
Dividend yield |  | —%

Our use of a Monte Carlo simulation model requires the use of subjective assumptions:
•The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. Treasury rate at the time of grant commensurate with the remaining term of the PSUs.
•The expected volatility assumption was based on the implied volatility of our common stock from a set of comparable publicly-traded companies.
•The fair value of our common stock was based on the closing stock price on the date of grant.
•We assumed no dividend yield because we have historically not paid out dividends to common stockholders.
As of June 30, 2022, there was $103.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested PSUs, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.4 years.
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Note 13. Income Taxes
For interim periods, we follow the general recognition approach whereby tax expense is recognized through the use of an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is applied to the year-to-date operating results. Additionally, we recognize tax expense or benefit for any discrete items occurring within the interim period that were excluded from the estimated annual effective tax rate. Our effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year due to impacts from the following items: (i) changes in forecasted pre-tax and taxable income or loss, (ii) changes in statutory law or regulations in jurisdictions where we operate, (iii) audits or settlements with taxing authorities, (iv) the tax impact of expanded product offerings or business acquisitions, and (v) changes in valuation allowance assumptions.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded income tax expense of $(119) and $(871), respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded income tax benefit (expense) of $78 and $(1,021), respectively. Income taxes were primarily due to income tax expense associated with the profitability of SoFi Lending Corp. and, for the 2022 periods, SoFi Bank, in some state jurisdictions where separate company filing is required. In the 2022 periods, this expense was partially offset by income tax benefits from foreign losses in jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities related to the Technisys Merger. See Note 2 for additional information.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we increased our unrecognized tax benefits by $9,885, of which $6,548 would impact the Company’s effective tax rate if realized. The increase resulted from the recognition of historical tax reserves that existed at the time of the Technisys Merger and were recorded through goodwill. See Note 2 for additional information. As part of our purchase consideration, there are shares held in escrow, which could be returned to SoFi to indemnify us against future tax settlements during the escrow period. We do not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we maintained a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets in applicable jurisdictions. In certain foreign and state jurisdictions where sufficient deferred tax liabilities exist, no valuation allowance is recognized. Management reviews all available positive and negative evidence in assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets. We will continue to recognize a full valuation allowance until there is sufficient positive evidence to support its release.
Note 14. Related Parties
The Company defines related parties as members of our Board of Directors, entity affiliates, executive officers and principal owners of the Company’s outstanding stock and members of their immediate families. Related parties also include any other person or entity with significant influence over the Company’s management or operations.
Apex Loan
In February 2021, Apex Clearing Holdings, LLC (“Apex”), in which we historically had a minority ownership, paid us $18,304 in settlement of all of their outstanding obligations to us, which consisted of outstanding principal balances of $16,693 and accrued interest of $1,611.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized interest income of $— and $211, respectively, within interest income—related party notes, and we reversed the remainder of the loss for the discount to fair value that had not yet been accreted of $169 within noninterest income—other in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), which was only applicable to the six-month period.
Note 15. Commitments, Guarantees, Concentrations and Contingencies
Leases
We primarily lease our office premises under multi-year, non-cancelable operating leases. Our operating leases have terms expiring from 2022 to 2040, exclusive of renewal option periods. Our office leases contain renewal option periods ranging from one to ten years from the expiration dates. These options were not recognized as part of our ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, as we did not conclude at the commencement date of the leases that we were reasonably certain to exercise these options. However, in our normal course of business, we expect our office leases to be renewed, amended or replaced by other leases. Associated with these leases, we obtained non-cash operating lease ROU assets in exchange for new
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
operating lease liabilities of $764 during the six months ended June 30, 2022, which were related to our recent acquisitions. Our finance leases expire in 2040.
Lease Concession
The lessor for one of our operating leases allowed us to defer payments on the lease beginning in April 2020 as a result of our inability to use the leased premises during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the concession period, we did not recognize operating lease cost and we did not remeasure the right-of-use asset or lease liability. We regained access to the leased premises in September 2021 and resumed lease amortization at that time. In the absence of this concession, we would have recognized additional operating lease cost of $566 and $1,132 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.
Concentrations
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, residual investments and loans. We hold cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in accounts at regulated domestic financial institutions in amounts that may exceed FDIC insured amounts. We believe these institutions are of high credit quality.
We are dependent on third-party funding sources to originate loans. Additionally, we sell loans to various third parties. We have historically sold loans to a limited pool of third-party buyers. No individual third-party buyer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated total net revenues for any of the periods presented.
The Company is exposed to default risk on borrower loans originated and financed by us. There is no single borrower or group of borrowers that comprise a significant concentration of the Company’s loan portfolio. Likewise, the Company is not overly concentrated within a group of channel partners or other customers, with the exception of our distribution of personal loan residual interests in our sponsored personal loan securitizations, which we market to third parties, and the aforementioned whole loan buyers. Given we have a limited number of prospective buyers for our personal loan securitization residual interests, this might result in us utilizing a significant amount of our own capital to fund future residual interests in personal loan securitizations, or impact the execution of future securitizations if we are limited in our own ability to invest in the residual interest portion of future securitizations, or find willing buyers for securitization residual interests.
Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
In limited instances, the Company may be subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the final outcome, defending lawsuits, claims, government investigations, and proceedings in which we are involved is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees, and there can be no assurances that we will receive favorable final outcomes.
SoFi Stadium. In September 2019, we established a 20-year partnership with LA Stadium and Entertainment District at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California (“StadCo”), through a naming and sponsorship agreement, which, among other things, provides SoFi with exclusive naming rights of SoFi Stadium and an official partnership with the Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams and with the performance venue, which shares a roof with the stadium, and the surrounding planned entertainment district, which is anticipated to include office space, retail space and hotel and dining options. In September 2020, we discussed certain provisions of the naming and sponsorship agreement with StadCo in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on these discussions, SoFi paid sponsorship fees for the initial contract year (July 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021) of $9.8 million, of which $6.5 million was paid during 2020 and $3.3 million was paid in January 2021.
The parties are revisiting the sponsorship fees to determine the ultimate amount payable for the initial contract year and have agreed to seek to engage a third party with expertise in the valuation of sports media rights and sports sponsorship or promotional rights (“Valuation Expert”) to perform an evaluation of the delivered value during the initial contract year. The valuation has not begun as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Therefore, the Company is exposed to additional potential sales and marketing expense of up to $12.7 million, which reflects the difference between the actual sponsorship fees paid during the initial contract year and the commitment for the initial contract year made under the Naming and Sponsorship Agreement. As of June 30, 2022, we are unable to estimate the amount of reasonably possible additional costs we may incur
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
with respect to this contingency. Moreover, we have not determined that the likelihood of additional cost is probable. Therefore, as of June 30, 2022, we have not recorded additional expense related to this contingency.
Juarez et al v. SoFi Lending Corp. During January 2022, the parties advised the court that they had reached agreement on nearly all material terms of the settlement and were in the process of documenting the settlement and accompanying class action settlement notice and claim form. The settlement agreement was fully executed in April 2022 and the plaintiffs have moved for preliminary approval of the settlement. The proposed class settlement, which contemplates an aggregate payment by SoFi in an immaterial amount, remains subject to final court review and approval, which we expect to occur in 2023.
In re Renren Inc. Derivative Litigation. In April 2022, the Supreme Court of New York held a mediation with the plaintiffs and announced that, given the parties' inability to reach an agreement, the Court is going to approve a settlement over objections. On June 9, 2022, the Court issued a final order and judgment approving the settlement. During July 2022, two sets of shareholders that had objected to the settlement filed notices of appeal from the Court’s order and judgment approving the settlement. We do not expect these objections ultimately to affect the provision in the settlement agreement in which all claims against Social Finance are dismissed with prejudice.
Guarantees
We have three types of repurchase obligations that we account for as financial guarantees, which are disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the event of a repurchase, we are typically required to pay the purchase price of the loans transferred.
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company accrued liabilities within accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets of $4,844 and $7,441, respectively, related to our estimated repurchase obligation, with the corresponding charges recorded within noninterest income—loan origination and sales in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). As of each of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the amount associated with loans sold that were subject to the terms and conditions of our repurchase obligations totaled $6.5 billion.
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had a total of $9.1 million in letters of credit outstanding with financial institutions, which were issued for the purpose of securing certain of the Company’s operating lease obligations. A portion of the letters of credit was collateralized by $3.1 million of the Company’s cash, which is included within restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
As of June 30, 2022, the Company had a total of $9.7 million in letters of credit outstanding with the FHLB, which serve as collateral for public deposits and were collateralized by loans.
Mortgage Banking Regulatory Mandates
The Company is subject to certain state-imposed minimum net worth requirements for the states in which the Company is engaged in the business of a residential mortgage lender. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all minimum net worth requirements and, therefore, has not accrued any liabilities related to fines or penalties.
Retirement Plans
The Company has a 401(k) plan that covers all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. The Company’s contributions to the plan are discretionary. The Company has not made any contributions to the plan to date.
Note 16. Loss Per Share
We compute loss per share attributable to common stock using the two-class method required for participating interests. Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock has preferential cumulative dividend rights. Pursuant to ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, for each period presented, we increased net loss by the contractual amount of dividends payable to holders of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock. Subsequent to the Business Combination, we did not have any participating interests.
Basic loss per share of common stock was computed by dividing net loss, adjusted for the impact of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock dividends, by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
period. We excluded the effect of all potentially dilutive common stock elements from the denominator in the computation of diluted loss per share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.
The calculation of basic and diluted loss per share was as follows for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (95,835) |  |  | $ | (165,314) |  |  | $ | (206,192) |  |  | $ | (342,878) |
Less: Redeemable preferred stock dividends | (10,079) |  |  | (10,079) |  |  | (20,047) |  |  | (20,047) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders – basic and diluted | $ | (105,914) |  |  | $ | (175,393) |  |  | $ | (226,239) |  |  | $ | (362,925) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common stock outstanding – basic | 910,046,750 |  |  | 365,036,365 |  |  | 881,608,165 |  |  | 241,282,003 |
Weighted average common stock outstanding – diluted | 910,046,750 |  |  | 365,036,365 |  |  | 881,608,165 |  |  | 241,282,003 |
Loss per share – basic | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | (0.48) |  |  | $ | (0.26) |  |  | $ | (1.50) |
Loss per share – diluted | $ | (0.12) |  |  | $ | (0.48) |  |  | $ | (0.26) |  |  | $ | (1.50) |

We excluded the effect of the below elements from our calculation of diluted loss per share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive, as there were no earnings attributable to common stockholders. These amounts represent the number of instruments outstanding at the end of each period indicated:

| June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Common stock options | 19,634,712 |  |  | 27,040,727 |
Common stock warrants | 12,170,990 |  |  | 40,295,990 |
Unvested RSUs | 60,741,866 |  |  | 53,128,121 |
Unvested PSUs | 21,797,374 |  |  | 6,428,578 |
Convertible notes(1) | 53,538,000 |  |  | — |
Contingent common stock(2) | 6,903,663 |  |  | 320,649 |
Potentially issuable contingent common stock(3) | 598,068 |  |  | — |

________________________
(1)Represents the number of common stock issuable upon conversion of all convertible notes at the conversion rate in effect at the date indicated.
(2)As of June 30, 2022, includes contingently returnable common stock in connection with the Technisys Merger, which remains subject to further adjustment, pending final agreement regarding a closing net working capital calculation specified in the merger agreement. See Note 2 for additional information. As of June 30, 2021, included contingently issuable common stock in connection with our acquisition of 8 Limited, which was subsequently issued during the fourth quarter of 2021.
(3)As of June 30, 2022, includes the maximum amount of potentially issuable contingent common stock in connection with the Technisys Merger, which is pending final agreement regarding a closing net working capital calculation specified in the merger agreement. See Note 2 for additional information.
Note 17. Business Segment Information
Segment Organization and Reporting Framework
The Company has three reportable segments: Lending, Technology Platform and Financial Services. Each of our reportable segments is a strategic business unit that serves specific needs of our members based on the products and services provided. The segments are based on the manner in which management views the financial performance of the business. The reportable segments also reflect the Company’s organizational structure. Each segment has a segment manager who reports directly to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The CODM has ultimate authority and responsibility over resource allocation decisions and performance assessment.
The operations of acquired businesses have been integrated into, or managed as part of, our existing reportable segments. Activities that are not part of a reportable segment, such as management of our corporate investment portfolio and
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
asset/liability management by our centralized treasury function (as further discussed below), are included in the Corporate/Other non-reportable segment (previously referred to as the “Other” non-reportable segment).
Contribution profit (loss) is the primary measure of segment profit and loss reviewed by the CODM and is intended to measure the direct profitability of each segment in the manner in which management evaluates performance and makes decisions about funding our operations and allocating resources. Contribution profit (loss) is defined as total net revenue for each reportable segment less:
•fair value changes in servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt that are attributable to assumption changes, which impact the contribution profit within the Lending segment. These fair value changes are non-cash in nature and are not realized in the period; therefore, they do not impact the amounts available to fund our operations; and
•expenses directly attributable to the corresponding reportable segment. Directly attributable expenses primarily include compensation and benefits and sales and marketing, and vary based on the amount of activity within each segment. Directly attributable expenses also include loan origination and servicing expenses, professional services, product fulfillment, lead generation and occupancy-related costs. Expenses are attributed to the reportable segments using either direct costs of the segment or labor costs that can be attributed based upon the allocation of employee time for individual products.
During the first quarter of 2022, we implemented a funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding. The primary objective of the FTP framework is to transfer interest rate risk from the business segments by providing matched duration of funding of assets and liabilities to allocate interest income and interest expense to each segment. Therefore, the financial impact, management and reporting of interest rate risk is centralized in Corporate/Other, where it is monitored and managed. Under the FTP framework, treasury provides a funds credit for sources of funds, such as deposits generated by our Financial Services segment, and a funds charge for the use of funds, such as loan originations in our Lending segment. The process for determining FTP credits and charges is based on a number of factors and assumptions, including prevailing market interest rates, the expected duration of interest-earning and interest-bearing assets and liabilities, contingent risks and behaviors, and the Company’s broader funding profile. As the durations of assets and liabilities are typically not perfectly matched, the residual impact of the FTP framework is reflected within Corporate/Other. We regularly assess the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, which may result in further refinements or changes to the framework in future periods. During the second quarter of 2022, we further refined the FTP framework for determining average asset and liability balances. The application of the FTP framework impacts the measure of net interest income and, thereby, total net revenue and contribution profit (loss) for our Lending and Financial Services segments, as well as the total net revenue of Corporate/Other, but has no impact on our consolidated results of operations.
Prior to implementing the FTP framework, the presentation of our Lending and Financial Services segments’ net interest income reflected the difference between interest income earned on our loans and the actual interest expense incurred on any loans that were financed. Under the FTP framework, such interest expense is incurred by treasury within Corporate/Other and replaced by an FTP charge. Application of our current FTP framework during the comparative three and six month periods ended June 30, 2021, would have impacted Lending segment net interest income by $1,393 and $2,651, respectively, and Financial Services segment net interest income by $(51) and $(72), respectively. The offsetting impact would have been reflected within net interest income in Corporate/Other. If we had applied the refined methodology during the first quarter of 2021, Lending and Financial Services segment net interest income would have been impacted by $1,258 and $(21), respectively, relative to the net interest income reported in the comparative period.
The accounting policies of our reportable segments are consistent with those described in Note 1 and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, except for the application of the FTP framework and the allocations of consolidated income and consolidated expenses. Assets are not allocated to reportable segments, as our CODM does not evaluate reportable segments using discrete asset information.
Segment Information
Lending. The Lending segment includes our personal loan, student loan and home loan products and the related servicing activities. We originate loans in each of the aforementioned channels with the objective of either selling whole
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(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
loans or securitizing a pool of originated loans for transfer to third-party purchasers. Revenues in the Lending segment are driven by changes in the fair value of our whole loans and securitization interests (inclusive of our economic hedging activities), gains or losses recognized on transfers that meet the true sale requirements, and our servicing-related activities, which mainly consist of servicing fees and the changes in our servicing assets over time. In our Lending segment, we also earn the difference between interest income earned on our loans and interest expense, as determined using the FTP framework for the three-month 2022 period and a portion of the six-month 2022 period, and from our warehouse financing in the remainder of the six-month 2022 period and the full 2021 period. Our CODM considers net interest income in addition to contribution profit in evaluating the performance of our Lending segment and making resource allocation decisions. Therefore, we present interest income net of interest expense.
Technology Platform. The Technology Platform segment includes our technology products and solutions revenue, which was primarily related to our platform-as-a-service through Galileo, which provides the infrastructure to facilitate core client-facing and back-end capabilities, such as account setup, accounting funding, direct deposit, authorizations and processing, payments functionality and check account balance features. Beginning in March 2022, this segment also includes our revenue earned by Technisys, which expanded our segment to include a cloud-native digital and core banking platform offering and which results in the sale of software licenses and the provision of related technology solutions. See Note 2 for additional information on the Technisys Merger.
Financial Services. The Financial Services segment primarily includes our SoFi Checking and Savings product (which commenced in the first quarter of 2022), SoFi Money cash management product, SoFi Invest product, SoFi Credit Card product, SoFi Relay personal finance management product and other financial services, such as equity capital markets and advisory services, lead generation, and content for other financial services institutions and our members. SoFi Checking and Savings provides members a digital banking experience that offers no account fees, 2-day early paycheck and a competitive annual percentage yield. SoFi Money cash management provides members a digital cash management experience. Effective June 5, 2022, our SoFi Money cash management accounts no longer earn interest, as we implemented our plan to build new features only for SoFi Checking and Savings and reduce support of our SoFi Money cash management accounts. SoFi Invest provides investment features and financial planning services that we offer to our members. Revenues in the Financial Services segment include interest income earned and interest expense incurred under the FTP framework, payment network fees on our member transactions and pay for order flow, digital assets transaction fees and share lending arrangements in SoFi Invest. We also earn referral fees in connection with referral activity we facilitate through our platform. The referral fee is paid to us by third-party partners that offer services to end users who do not use one of our product offerings, but who were referred to the partners through our platform. Beginning in the third quarter of 2021, referral fees also include referral fulfillment fees earned for providing pre-qualified borrower referrals to a third-party partner who separately contracts with a loan originator.
Our CODM considers net interest income in addition to contribution profit (loss) in evaluating the performance of our Financial Services segment and making resource allocation decisions. Under the FTP framework, the Financial Services segment earns interest income that is reflective of an FTP credit for deposits provided to the overall business, as well as incurs interest expense that is reflective of an FTP charge related to the use of funding for SoFi Credit Card.
Corporate/Other. Non-segment operations are classified as Corporate/Other (previously referred to as “Other”), which includes net revenues associated with corporate functions that are not directly related to a reportable segment. Beginning in the first quarter of 2022, net interest income (expense) within Corporate/Other reflects the residual impact from FTP charges and FTP credits allocated to our reportable segments under our FTP framework. These non-segment net revenue (loss) also include interest income earned on corporate cash balances, nonrecurring income on certain investments from available cash on hand, such as our investments in AFS debt securities (which investments are not interconnected with our core business lines and, thereby, reportable segments), and interest expense on other corporate borrowings, such as our revolving credit facility and the amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount on our convertible notes. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, net revenue (loss) within Corporate/Other also included earnings in connection with related party transactions. Refer to Note 14 for further discussion of our related party transactions.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
Segment Results
The following tables present financial information, including the measure of contribution profit (loss), for each reportable segment for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Lending(2) |  | Technology Platform(1) |  | Financial Services(1)(2) |  | Reportable Segments Total(2) |  | Corporate/Other(1)(2) |  | Total
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 114,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,925 |  |  | $ | 126,928 |  |  | $ | (4,199) |  |  | $ | 122,729 |
Noninterest income (loss) |  | 143,114 |  |  | 83,899 |  |  | 17,438 |  |  | 244,451 |  |  | (4,653) |  |  | 239,798 |
Total net revenue (loss) |  | $ | 257,117 |  |  | $ | 83,899 |  |  | $ | 30,363 |  |  | $ | 371,379 |  |  | $ | (8,852) |  |  | $ | 362,527 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(3) |  | (9,098) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,098) |  |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(4) |  | 2,662 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,662 |  |  |  |  |
Directly attributable expenses |  | (108,690) |  |  | (62,058) |  |  | (84,063) |  |  | (254,811) |  |  |  |  |
Contribution profit (loss) |  | $ | 141,991 |  |  | $ | 21,841 |  |  | $ | (53,700) |  |  | $ | 110,132 |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  | Lending |  | Technology Platform |  | Financial Services |  | Reportable Segments Total |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 56,822 |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 57,332 |  |  | $ | (1,320) |  |  | $ | 56,012 |
Noninterest income |  | 109,469 |  |  | 45,329 |  |  | 16,497 |  |  | 171,295 |  |  | 3,967 |  |  | 175,262 |
Total net revenue |  | $ | 166,291 |  |  | $ | 45,297 |  |  | $ | 17,039 |  |  | $ | 228,627 |  |  | $ | 2,647 |  |  | $ | 231,274 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(3) |  | 224 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 224 |  |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(4) |  | 5,717 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,717 |  |  |  |  |
Directly attributable expenses |  | (83,044) |  |  | (32,284) |  |  | (41,784) |  |  | (157,112) |  |  |  |  |
Contribution profit (loss) |  | $ | 89,188 |  |  | $ | 13,013 |  |  | $ | (24,745) |  |  | $ | 77,456 |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Lending(2) |  | Technology Platform(1) |  | Financial Services(1)(2) |  | Reportable Segments Total(2) |  | Corporate/Other(1)(2) |  | Total
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 208,357 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,807 |  |  | $ | 227,164 |  |  | $ | (9,502) |  |  | $ | 217,662 |
Noninterest income (loss) |  | 301,749 |  |  | 144,704 |  |  | 35,099 |  |  | 481,552 |  |  | (6,343) |  |  | 475,209 |
Total net revenue (loss) |  | $ | 510,106 |  |  | $ | 144,704 |  |  | $ | 53,906 |  |  | $ | 708,716 |  |  | $ | (15,845) |  |  | $ | 692,871 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(3) |  | (20,678) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,678) |  |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(4) |  | 5,625 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,625 |  |  |  |  |
Directly attributable expenses |  | (220,411) |  |  | (104,608) |  |  | (157,121) |  |  | (482,140) |  |  |  |  |
Contribution profit (loss) |  | $ | 274,642 |  |  | $ | 40,096 |  |  | $ | (103,215) |  |  | $ | 211,523 |  |  |  |  |

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 |  | Lending |  | Technology Platform |  | Financial Services |  | Reportable Segments Total |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 108,599 |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | 109,302 |  |  | $ | (6,010) |  |  | $ | 103,292 |
Noninterest income |  | 205,669 |  |  | 91,430 |  |  | 22,731 |  |  | 319,830 |  |  | 4,136 |  |  | 323,966 |
Total net revenue (loss) |  | $ | 314,268 |  |  | $ | 91,362 |  |  | $ | 23,502 |  |  | $ | 429,132 |  |  | $ | (1,874) |  |  | $ | 427,258 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(3) |  | 12,333 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,333 |  |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(4) |  | 13,668 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,668 |  |  |  |  |
Directly attributable expenses |  | (163,395) |  |  | (62,664) |  |  | (83,766) |  |  | (309,825) |  |  |  |  |
Contribution profit (loss) |  | $ | 176,874 |  |  | $ | 28,698 |  |  | $ | (60,264) |  |  | $ | 145,308 |  |  |  |  |

____________________
(1)During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, total net revenue for the Technology Platform segment included $953 and $1,723, respectively, of intercompany fees earned by Galileo from SoFi, which is a Galileo client. There is an equal and offsetting expense reflected within the Financial Services segment directly attributable expenses representing the intercompany fees incurred to Galileo. The intercompany revenue and expense are eliminated in consolidation. The revenue is eliminated within Corporate/Other and the expense is adjusted in our reconciliation of directly attributable expenses below. We did not recast the segment information for these intercompany amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, but rather reflected the full year 2021 impact within the fourth quarter of 2021, as inter-quarter amounts were determined to be immaterial. Additionally, for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, total net revenue for the Technology Platform segment included $718 of intercompany fees earned by Technisys from Galileo, which is a Technisys client. There is an equal and offsetting expense reflected within the Technology Platform segment directly attributable expenses representing the intercompany fees incurred by Galileo to Technisys. The intercompany revenue and expense are eliminated in consolidation. The revenue is eliminated within Corporate/Other and the expense is adjusted in our reconciliation of directly attributable expenses below.
(2)During the first quarter of 2022, we implemented a centralized FTP framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding, which impacted the measure of net interest income and, thereby, total net revenue and contribution profit (loss) in our Lending and Financial Services segments, as well as the total net revenue in Corporate/Other, but had no impact on our consolidated results of operations. The net interest income presented within Corporate/Other represents the residual impact of the FTP charges and FTP credits on our reportable segments.
(3)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including market servicing costs, conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. This non-cash change, which is recorded within noninterest income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) is unrealized during the period and, therefore, has no impact on our cash flows from operations. As such, the changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the cash flows available to finance our operations.
(4)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. When third parties finance our consolidated VIEs through purchasing residual interests, we receive proceeds at the time of the securitization close and, thereafter, pass along contractual cash flows to the residual interest owner. These obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, with fair value changes recorded within noninterest income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The fair value change attributable to assumption changes has no impact on our initial financing proceeds, our future obligations to the residual interest owner (because future residual interest claims are limited to securitization collateral cash flows), or the general operations of our business. As such, this non-cash change in fair value during the period is adjusted to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the cash flows available to finance our operations.
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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The following table reconciles reportable segments total contribution profit to loss before income taxes for the periods presented. Expenses not allocated to reportable segments represent items that are not considered by our CODM in evaluating segment performance or allocating resources.

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Reportable segments total contribution profit | $ | 110,132 |  |  | $ | 77,456 |  |  | $ | 211,523 |  |  | $ | 145,308 |
Corporate/Other total net revenue (loss) | (8,852) |  |  | 2,647 |  |  | (15,845) |  |  | (1,874) |
Intercompany expenses | 1,671 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,441 |  |  | — |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions | 9,098 |  |  | (224) |  |  | 20,678 |  |  | (12,333) |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions | (2,662) |  |  | (5,717) |  |  | (5,625) |  |  | (13,668) |
Expenses not allocated to segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense | (80,142) |  |  | (52,154) |  |  | (157,163) |  |  | (89,608) |
Depreciation and amortization expense | (38,056) |  |  | (24,989) |  |  | (68,754) |  |  | (50,966) |
Fair value change of warrant liabilities | — |  |  | (70,989) |  |  | — |  |  | (160,909) |
Employee-related costs(1) | (45,316) |  |  | (36,944) |  |  | (88,006) |  |  | (69,224) |
Special payment(3) | — |  |  | (21,181) |  |  | — |  |  | (21,181) |
Other corporate and unallocated expenses(2) | (41,589) |  |  | (33,297) |  |  | (104,570) |  |  | (67,402) |
Loss before income taxes | $ | (95,716) |  |  | $ | (165,392) |  |  | $ | (205,321) |  |  | $ | (341,857) |

__________________
(1)Includes compensation, benefits, recruiting, certain occupancy-related costs and various travel costs of executive management, certain technology groups and general and administrative functions that are not directly attributable to the reportable segments.
(2)Represents corporate overhead costs that are not allocated to reportable segments, which primarily includes corporate marketing and advertising costs, tools and subscription costs, professional services costs, corporate insurance expense and transaction-related expenses.
(3)Represents a special payment to the Series 1 preferred stockholders in connection with the Business Combination.
No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues for any of the periods presented.
Note 18. Regulatory Capital
SoFi Technologies, a bank holding company, and SoFi Bank, a nationally chartered association, are required to comply with applicable capital adequacy regulations established by U.S banking regulators.
These requirements establish required minimum ratios for Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) risk-based capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital and a Tier 1 leverage ratio; set risk-weighting for assets and certain other items for purposes of the risk-based capital ratios; and define what qualifies as capital for purposes of meeting the capital requirements. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Additionally, regulatory capital rules include a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% that is added on top of each of the minimum risk-based capital ratios in order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonuses.
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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(In Thousands, Unless Otherwise Stated and Except for Share and Per Share Data)
The risk- and leverage-based capital ratios and amounts as of June 30, 2022 are presented below:

June 30, 2022 |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Required Minimum(1) |  | Well-Capitalized Minimum(2)
SoFi Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 risk-based capital |  | $ | 945,290 |  |  | 23.9 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 945,290 |  |  | 23.9 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 8.0 | %
Total risk-based capital |  | 968,087 |  |  | 24.5 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 leverage |  | 945,290 |  |  | 32.6 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 5.0 | %
Risk-weighted assets |  | $ | 3,952,945 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets |  | 2,895,231 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SoFi Technologies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 risk-based capital |  | $ | 3,035,247 |  |  | 30.2 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 3,035,247 |  |  | 30.2 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | N/A
Total risk-based capital |  | 3,378,418 |  |  | 33.6 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | N/A
Tier 1 leverage |  | 3,035,247 |  |  | 34.4 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | N/A
Risk-weighted assets |  | $ | 10,057,053 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quarterly adjusted average assets |  | 8,832,284 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________
(1)Required minimums presented for risk-based capital ratios include the required capital conservation buffer.
(2)The well-capitalized minimum measure is applicable at the bank level only.
As of June 30, 2022, our regulatory capital ratios exceeded the thresholds required to be regarded as a well-capitalized institution, and meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject. There have been no events or conditions since June 30, 2022 that management believes would change the categorization.
Note 19. Subsequent Events
Management of the Company performed an evaluation of subsequent events that occurred after the balance sheet date through the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
On July 12, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “Amended and Restated 2021 Plan”), including a modification to the evergreen provision and an increase in the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the plan. As of the date of this filing, the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan includes an aggregate of 104,983,148 shares of common stock authorized for issuance of awards. The Amended and Restated 2021 Plan allows for the number of authorized shares to increase on the first day of each fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2023 and ending on and including January 1, 2030 equal to the lesser of (a) five percent of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year, and (b) such smaller number of shares of common stock as determined by the Board.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. You should read this discussion and analysis in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as SoFi Technologies’ audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022. Certain amounts may not foot or tie to other disclosures due to rounding. Certain information in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described under the sections entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Item II, Part 1A. “Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Business Overview
We are a member-centric, one-stop shop for financial services that, through our Lending and Financial Services products, allows members to borrow, save, spend, invest and protect their money. We refer to our customers as “members”. Our mission is to help our members achieve financial independence in order to realize their ambitions. To us, financial independence does not mean being wealthy, but rather represents the ability of our members to have the financial means to achieve their personal objectives at each stage of life, such as owning a home, having a family, or having a career of their choice — more simply stated, to have enough money to do what they want. We were founded in 2011 and have developed a suite of financial products that offers the speed, selection, content and convenience that only an integrated digital platform can provide. In order for us to achieve our mission, we have to help people get their money right, which means providing them with the ability to borrow better, save better, spend better, invest better and protect better. Everything we do today is geared toward helping our members “Get Your Money Right” and we strive to innovate and build ways for our members to achieve this goal.
Our three reportable segments and their respective offerings as of June 30, 2022 were as follows:

Lending |  | Technology Platform |  | Financial Services
• | Student Loans(1) |  | • | Technology Products and Solutions |  | • | SoFi Checking and Savings | • | Loan referrals
• | Personal Loans |  |  |  | • | SoFi Money | • | SoFi At Work
• | Home Loans |  |  |  |  | • | SoFi Invest(2) | • | SoFi Protect
|  |  |  |  |  | • | SoFi Relay | • | Lantern Credit
|  |  |  |  |  | • | SoFi Credit Card | • | Equity capital markets and advisory services

__________________
(1)Composed of in-school loans and student loan refinancing.
(2)Our SoFi Invest service is composed of three products: active investing accounts, robo-advisory accounts and digital assets accounts. SoFi Invest also includes our brokerage accounts through 8 Limited in Hong Kong.
We define a member as someone who has a lending relationship with us through origination and/or ongoing servicing, opened a financial services account, linked an external account to our platform, or signed up for our credit score monitoring service. Once someone becomes a member, they are always considered a member unless they violate our terms of service. Our members have continuous access to our certified financial planners (“CFPs”), our career advice services, our member events, our content, educational material, news, and our tools and calculators, which are provided at no cost to the member. Additionally, our mobile app and website have a member home feed that is personalized and delivers content to a member about what they must do that day in their financial life, what they should consider doing that day in their financial life, and what they can do that day in their financial life. Since our inception through June 30, 2022, we have served approximately 4.3 million members who have used approximately 6.6 million products on the SoFi platform.
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Members
In Thousands

We offer our members a suite of financial products and services, enabling them to borrow, save, spend, invest and protect their finances across one integrated platform. Our aim is to create a best-in-class, integrated financial services platform that will generate a virtuous cycle whereby positive member experiences will lead to more products adopted per member and enhanced profitability for each additional product by lowering overall member acquisition costs and increasing the lifetime value of our members. We refer to this virtuous cycle as our “Financial Services Productivity Loop”.
We believe that developing a relationship with our members and gaining their trust is central to our success as a financial services platform. Through our mobile technology and continuous effort to improve our financial services products, we are seeking to build a financial services platform that members can access for all of their financial services needs. We believe we are in the early stages of realizing the benefits of our Financial Services Productivity Loop.
In addition to benefiting our members, our products and capabilities are also designed to appeal to enterprises, such as financial services institutions that subscribe to our enterprise services called SoFi At Work, and have become interconnected with the SoFi platform. We have continued to expand our platform capabilities for enterprises through our acquisition of Galileo in 2020, which provides technology platform services to financial and non-financial institutions and which has allowed us to vertically integrate across more of our financial services, and the Technisys Merger in the first quarter of 2022, through which we expanded our technology platform services to a broader international market. We believe that these expansions will deepen our participation in the entire technology ecosystem powering digital financial services, allowing us to not only reduce costs to operate our member-centric business, but also deliver increasing value to our enterprise customers. While our enterprises are not considered members, they are important contributors to the growth of the SoFi platform, and also have their own constituents who might benefit from our products in the future.
While we primarily operate in the United States, we expanded into Hong Kong with our acquisition of 8 Limited (an investment business), we gained clients in Mexico and Colombia with our acquisition of Galileo, and we further expanded into Latin America with the Technisys Merger.
National Bank Charter. In February 2022, we closed the Bank Merger, pursuant to which we acquired all of the outstanding equity interests in Golden Pacific Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Golden Pacific Bank, a national bank. Upon closing the Bank Merger, we became a bank holding company and Golden Pacific began operating as SoFi Bank. Golden Pacific’s community bank business continues to operate as a division of SoFi Bank.
As a bank holding company, we allow existing members to convert their SoFi Money cash management accounts into SoFi Checking and Savings accounts held at SoFi Bank, which allows us to offer both checking and savings features and higher interest rates on the accounts, and through which SoFi Bank can use the deposit accounts as an alternative and more cost-effective source of funding for loans, as compared to our loan warehouse facility financing arrangements. We are originating all new loan applications within SoFi Bank and transferred SoFi Credit Card and the majority of other lending products to SoFi Bank. Additionally, through SoFi Bank, we expect to, among other things, issue SoFi debit cards and provide ACH, check, and wire transaction services over time.
The key expected financial benefits to us of operating a national bank include: (i) lowering our cost to fund loans, as we can utilize deposits held at SoFi Bank to fund loans, which have a lower borrowing cost of funds than our warehouse and securitization financing model, (ii) increasing our ability to hold loans on our balance sheet for longer periods, thereby enabling
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us to earn interest on these loans for a longer period, and (iii) supporting origination volume growth by providing an alternative financing option, while also maintaining our warehouse capacity. See Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for a discussion of certain potential risks related to being a bank holding company.
Our Reportable Segments
We conduct our business through three reportable segments: Lending, Technology Platform and Financial Services. Below is a discussion of our segments, their corresponding products and the ways in which those products generate revenues and/or incur expenses for the Company. In the first quarter of 2022, we implemented a funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding. See Note 17 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the FTP framework.
Lending Segment
We offer personal loans, student loans and home loans and related services. We believe that our market opportunity within each of these lending channels is significant. Our lending process primarily leverages an in-application, digital borrowing experience, which we believe serves as a competitive advantage as digital lending becomes increasingly ubiquitous. We are originating all new loan applications within SoFi Bank.
A key element of our underwriting process is the ability to facilitate risk-based interest rates that are appropriate for each loan. Using SoFi’s proprietary risk models, we project quarterly loan performance, including expected losses and prepayments. The outcome of this process helps us determine a more data-driven, risk-adjusted interest rate that we can offer our members.
Our lending business is primarily a gain-on-sale model, whereby we seek to originate loans and recognize a gain from these loans when we sell them into either our whole loan or securitization channels. We sell our whole loans primarily to large financial institutions, such as bank holding companies, for which we target a premium to par, and in excess of our costs to originate the loans. Our loan premiums fluctuate from time to time based on benchmark rates and credit spreads, and we are not guaranteed a gain on all or any of our loan sales. In securitization transactions that do not qualify for sale accounting, the related assets remain on our balance sheet and cash proceeds received are reported as liabilities, with related interest expense recognized over the life of the related borrowing. In securitization transactions that qualify for sale accounting, we typically have insignificant continuing involvement as an investor.
In the case of both whole loan sales and securitizations, and with the exception of certain of our home loans, we also continue to retain servicing rights to our originated loans following transfer.
Furthermore, our platform supports the full transaction lifecycle, including credit application, underwriting, approval, funding and servicing. Through data derived at loan origination and throughout the servicing process, SoFi has life-of-loan performance data on each loan in its ecosystem that we originate and on which we retain servicing, which provides a meaningful data asset.
Prior to selling our loans, we rely upon deposits, warehouse financing and our own capital to enable us to expand our origination capabilities. We believe our ability to utilize deposits held at SoFi Bank to fund our loans can lower our overall cost of asset-backed financing over time. Net interest income, which we define as the difference between the earned interest income and interest expense to finance loans, is a key component of the profitability of our Lending segment. In the first quarter of 2022, we implemented an FTP framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding.
Technology Platform Segment
Our Technology Platform segment consists of Galileo, which we acquired in May 2020, and Technisys, which we acquired in March 2022. Galileo is a provider of technology platform services to financial and non-financial institutions. Through Galileo, we provide services through a suite of program, event and authorization application programming interfaces for financial and non-financial institutions. Technisys is a cloud-native digital and core banking platform with financial services customers in Latin America. Through Technisys, we earn technology product and solutions revenue through sales of software licenses and provision of maintenance and support services related to those software licenses. We also provide additional technology solutions for our customers as their business needs evolve over time, which we refer to as “evolution labs.”
Many technology platform segment contracts are multi-year contracts. In certain of our contracts, we provide for a variety of integrated platform services, which vary by client and are either non-cancellable or cancellable with a substantive payment. Pricing structures under these contracts are typically volume-based, or a combination of activity and volume-based,
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and payment terms are predominantly monthly in arrears. Some of these contracts contain minimum monthly payments with agreed upon monthly service levels and may contain penalties if service levels are not met. Our technology platform software licenses are either perpetual or term based, and are recognized at a point in time, with the transaction price dependent upon the enforceable term of the software license in the case of a term-based license. We also have arrangements that are time and materials based, wherein the contractual term varies by customer. Finally, maintenance and support services are performed over time, and typically have a defined period of service.
Financial Services Segment
Our digital suite of financial services products, by nature, provides more daily interactions with our members and is, therefore, differentiated from our lending products, which inherently have less consistent touchpoints with our members. We offer a suite of financial services solutions across our SoFi Checking and Savings account, SoFi Money cash management account, SoFi Invest, SoFi Credit Card and SoFi Relay products. We also acquired commercial and consumer banking loans in the Bank Merger, which we do not expect to have a material impact on our segment performance. SoFi Checking and Savings provides a digital banking experience, while a SoFi Money cash management account provides a digital cash management experience for our members. Following the Bank Merger, we began to allow members to convert their SoFi Money cash management accounts into SoFi Checking and Savings accounts held at SoFi Bank. Effective June 5, 2022, our SoFi Money cash management accounts no longer earn interest, as we implemented our plan to build new features only for SoFi Checking and Savings and reduced support of our SoFi Money cash management accounts. SoFi Invest is a mobile-first investment platform offering members access to trading and advisory solutions, such as active investing, robo-advisory and digital assets accounts, the latter of which are further discussed below. SoFi Credit Card has no annual fee and is designed to help our members save, invest and pay down debt through a variable rewards program, with higher rewards offerings when redeeming into other SoFi products. To complement these products, we offer financial tracking through SoFi Relay, and partner with other enterprises through loan referrals and our SoFi At Work service. We also developed a financial services marketplace platform branded Lantern Credit to help applicants that do not qualify for SoFi products with alternative products from other providers, as well as providing a product comparison experience.
We earn revenues in connection with our Financial Services segment through various partnerships and our SoFi Checking and Savings accounts, SoFi Money cash management accounts and SoFi Invest products in the following ways:
•Brokerage fees: We earn brokerage fees from our share lending and payment for order flow arrangements related to our SoFi Invest product, exchange conversion services and digital assets activity. In our share lending arrangements and payment for order flow arrangements, we benefit through a negotiated multi-year revenue sharing arrangement, since our members' brokerage activity drives the share lending and payment for order flow volume. In our digital assets arrangements, our fee is calculated as a negotiated percentage of the transaction volume. In our exchange conversion arrangements, we earn fees for exchanging one currency for another. Historically, these fees have not been a significant portion of our total net revenue.
Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, we introduced a flat monthly platform fee that is charged to members associated with our 8 Limited business in Hong Kong. The fee is assessed at each month end on all members with at least one open 8 Limited brokerage account (with the exception of accounts for which the applicable fee exceeds the account’s net asset value at month end) regardless of the volume or frequency of trading activity during the month. The fee is deducted directly from the member’s primary brokerage account.
•Referral fees: Through strategic partnerships, we earn a specified referral fee in connection with referral activity we facilitate through our platform. Referral fees are paid to us by third-party partners that offer services to end users who do not use one of our product offerings, but who were referred to the partners through our platform. As such, the third-party enterprise partners are our customers in these referral arrangements. Beginning in the third quarter of 2021, we entered into a referral arrangement whereby we earn referral fulfillment fees for providing pre-qualified borrower referrals to a third-party partner who separately contracts with a loan originator. The referral fulfillment fee is determined as either of two fixed amounts based on the aggregate origination principal balance of the loan.
•Payment network fees: We earn payment network fees, which primarily constitute interchange fees from our SoFi-branded debit cards and our SoFi Credit Card product, which are reduced by fees payable to card associations and our fulfillment partners. These fees are remitted by merchants and are calculated by multiplying a set fee percentage by the transaction volume processed through such network. We arrange for performance by a card association and the bank issuer to enable certain aspects of the SoFi-branded transaction card process. We enter into contracts with both parties that establish the shared economics of SoFi-branded transaction cards. As we continue to transition our SoFi Money
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cash management accounts to SoFi Checking and Savings accounts held at SoFi Bank, we expect to decrease certain fees payable to third parties over time.
•Enterprise service fees: These fees are earned in connection with services we provide to enterprise partners through our At Work product, such as when we facilitate transactions for the benefit of their employees, such as 529 plan contributions or student loan payments.
•Equity capital markets fees: Equity capital markets fees consist of underwriting fees. Beginning in the second quarter of 2021, we began earning underwriting fees related to our membership in underwriting syndicates for IPOs. We recognize equity capital markets fees on the applicable trade date.
•Net interest income: Our Financial Services segment earns interest income from deposits held at SoFi Bank through our implementation of an FTP framework in the first quarter of 2022, whereby the Financial Services segment is credited for the deposit funding it provides to our Lending segment. This interest income has no impact on our consolidated financial statements. To a lesser degree, we generate interest income from deposits sitting in our Member Banks, which are member bank holding companies that we exclusively relied on prior to becoming a bank holding company to provide cash management services to our members through our bank sweep program at our broker-dealer subsidiary. While we continue to utilize Member Banks, we now also sweep cash management accounts to SoFi Bank. We also generate interest income on SoFi Credit Card and on cash balances that we hold through SoFi Invest. Finally, we earn interest income in the Financial Services segment on certain commercial real estate and other commercial loans, such as small business loans. We incur interest expense on SoFi Credit Card through the FTP framework, which is eliminated in consolidation, as well as incur interest expense related to SoFi Checking and Savings and SoFi Money cash management balances.
COVID-19 Pandemic
The ongoing novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and its effects continue to evolve, particularly with the emergence of new variants and sub-variants that are increasingly transmissible and immune-evading. Macroeconomic conditions have been volatile and impacted by worker shortages, supply chain issues, inflationary pressures, vaccine and testing requirements, and measures taken in response to the emergence of new variants. We are unable to predict the future path or impact of any global or regional COVID-19 resurgences, including existing or future variants, or other public health crises. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic ultimately impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments that are still uncertain and cannot be predicted. See Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors — COVID-19 Pandemic Risks” for additional discussion of the risks and uncertainties associated with the ongoing impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Executive Overview
The following tables display key financial measures for our three reportable segments and our consolidated company that are used, along with our key business metrics, by management to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends and make strategic decisions. Contribution profit (loss) is the primary measure of segment-level profit and loss reviewed by management and is defined as total net revenue for each reportable segment less expenses directly attributable to the reportable segment and, in the case of our Lending segment, adjusted for fair value adjustments attributable to assumption changes associated with our servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt. See “Results of Operations”, “Summary Results by Segment” and “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” herein for discussion and analysis of these key financial measures.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income(1) |  | $ | 114,003 |  |  | $ | 56,822 |  |  | $ | 208,357 |  |  | $ | 108,599 |
Total noninterest income |  | 143,114 |  |  | 109,469 |  |  | 301,749 |  |  | 205,669 |
Total net revenue |  | 257,117 |  |  | 166,291 |  |  | 510,106 |  |  | 314,268 |
Adjusted net revenue(2) |  | 250,681 |  |  | 172,232 |  |  | 495,053 |  |  | 340,269 |
Contribution profit |  | 141,991 |  |  | 89,188 |  |  | 274,642 |  |  | 176,874 |
Technology Platform |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest expense |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (68) |
Total noninterest income |  | 83,899 |  |  | 45,329 |  |  | 144,704 |  |  | 91,430 |
Total net revenue(3) |  | 83,899 |  |  | 45,297 |  |  | 144,704 |  |  | 91,362 |
Contribution profit |  | 21,841 |  |  | 13,013 |  |  | 40,096 |  |  | 28,698 |
Financial Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income(1) |  | $ | 12,925 |  |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 18,807 |  |  | $ | 771 |
Total noninterest income |  | 17,438 |  |  | 16,497 |  |  | 35,099 |  |  | 22,731 |
Total net revenue |  | 30,363 |  |  | 17,039 |  |  | 53,906 |  |  | 23,502 |
Contribution loss(3) |  | (53,700) |  |  | (24,745) |  |  | (103,215) |  |  | (60,264) |
Corporate/Other(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest expense |  | $ | (4,199) |  |  | $ | (1,320) |  |  | $ | (9,502) |  |  | $ | (6,010) |
Total noninterest income (loss) |  | (4,653) |  |  | 3,967 |  |  | (6,343) |  |  | 4,136 |
Total net revenue (loss)(3) |  | (8,852) |  |  | 2,647 |  |  | (15,845) |  |  | (1,874) |
Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 122,729 |  |  | $ | 56,012 |  |  | $ | 217,662 |  |  | $ | 103,292 |
Total noninterest income |  | 239,798 |  |  | 175,262 |  |  | 475,209 |  |  | 323,966 |
Total net revenue |  | 362,527 |  |  | 231,274 |  |  | 692,871 |  |  | 427,258 |
Adjusted net revenue(2) |  | 356,091 |  |  | 237,215 |  |  | 677,818 |  |  | 453,259 |
Net loss |  | (95,835) |  |  | (165,314) |  |  | (206,192) |  |  | (342,878) |
Adjusted EBITDA(2) |  | 20,304 |  |  | 11,240 |  |  | 28,988 |  |  | 15,372 |

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(1)Net interest income for our Lending and Financial Services segments reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 reflects the implementation of an FTP framework.
(2)Adjusted net revenue and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. For information regarding our uses and definitions of these measures and for reconciliations to the most directly comparable U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” herein.
(3)Technology Platform segment total net revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 includes $953 and $1,723, respectively, of intercompany fees earned by Galileo from SoFi, which is a Galileo client. There is an equal and offsetting expense reflected within the Financial Services segment contribution loss representing the intercompany fees incurred to Galileo. The intercompany revenue and expense are eliminated in consolidation. The revenue is eliminated within Corporate/Other and the expense represents a reconciling item of segment contribution profit (loss) to consolidated loss before income taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2021, all intercompany amounts were reflected in the fourth quarter, as inter-quarter amounts were determined to be immaterial. Additionally, for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, total net revenue for the Technology Platform segment
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included $718 of intercompany fees earned by Technisys from Galileo, which is a Technisys client. There is an equal and offsetting expense reflected within the Technology Platform segment directly attributable expenses representing the intercompany fees incurred by Galileo to Technisys. The intercompany revenue and expense are eliminated in consolidation. The revenue is eliminated within Corporate/Other and the expense is adjusted in our reconciliation of directly attributable expenses below. See Note 17 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(4)Corporate/Other (previously referred to as “Other”) primarily includes total net revenue associated with corporate functions, non-recurring gains and losses from non-securitization investment activities and interest income and realized gains and losses associated with investments in available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities, all of which are not directly related to a reportable segment. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, net interest income within Corporate/Other also reflects the residual impact from FTP charges and FTP credits allocated to our reportable segments under our FTP framework.
Key Recent Developments
We continue to execute on our growth and other strategic initiatives and we continue to celebrate launches across our product suite and strategic partnerships, further establishing ourselves as a platform that enables individuals to borrow, save, spend, invest, and protect their assets.
In March 2022, we closed the Technisys Merger, which added a cloud-native digital and core banking platform with an existing footprint of clients in Latin America to our technology platform offerings. We believe that the combination of the Technisys core banking platform with our existing technology platform offerings provides an end-to-end vertically integrated technology stack, which we expect will meet both the expanding needs of our existing and expected future clients. See Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Technisys Merger.
In February 2022, we closed the Bank Merger, after which we became a bank holding company and Golden Pacific began operating as SoFi Bank. We believe operating a national bank allows us to provide members and prospective members broader and more competitive options across their financial services needs and lowers our cost of asset-backed financing (by utilizing deposits held at SoFi Bank to fund our loans). We also believe that operating as a national bank enables us to offer lower interest rates on loans to members as well as offer higher interest rates on deposit accounts. See “Business Overview—National Bank Charter” herein and Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Bank Merger.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Our management and Board of Directors use adjusted net revenue and adjusted EBITDA, which are non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate our operating performance, formulate business plans, help better assess our overall liquidity position, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses and the allocation of internal resources. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted net revenue and adjusted EBITDA provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and Board of Directors.
Adjusted Net Revenue
Adjusted net revenue is defined as total net revenue, adjusted to exclude the fair value changes in servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt due to valuation inputs and assumptions changes, which relate only to our Lending segment. We adjust total net revenue to exclude these items, as they are non-cash charges that are not realized during the period, and therefore positive or negative changes do not impact the cash available to fund our operations. This measure helps provide our management with an understanding of the net revenue available to finance our operations and helps management better decide on the proper expenses to authorize for each of our operating segments, to ultimately help achieve target contribution profit margins. Therefore, the measure of adjusted net revenue serves as both the starting point for how we think about the liquidity generated from our operations and also the starting point for our annual financial planning, the latter of which focuses on the cash we expect to generate from our operating segments to help fund the current year’s strategic objectives. Adjusted net revenue has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the analysis of other GAAP financial measures, such as total net revenue. The primary limitation of adjusted net revenue is its lack of comparability to other companies that do not utilize this measure or that use a similar measure that is defined in a different manner.
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Quarterly Adjusted Net Revenue
In Thousands

We reconcile adjusted net revenue to total net revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, as presented below for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total net revenue |  | $ | 362,527 |  |  | $ | 231,274 |  |  | $ | 692,871 |  |  | $ | 427,258 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(1) |  | (9,098) |  |  | 224 |  |  | (20,678) |  |  | 12,333 |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(2) |  | 2,662 |  |  | 5,717 |  |  | 5,625 |  |  | 13,668 |
Adjusted net revenue |  | $ | 356,091 |  |  | $ | 237,215 |  |  | $ | 677,818 |  |  | $ | 453,259 |

___________________
(1)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions on servicing rights, including conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. These assumptions are highly sensitive to market interest rate changes and are not indicative of our performance or results of operations. Moreover, these non-cash charges are unrealized during the period and, therefore, have no impact on our cash flows from operations. As such, these positive and negative changes are adjusted out of total net revenue to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the net revenue available to finance our operations and our overall performance.
(2)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions on residual interests classified as debt, including conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. When third parties finance our consolidated securitization variable interest entities (“VIEs”) by purchasing residual interests, we receive proceeds at the time of the closing of the securitization and, thereafter, pass along contractual cash flows to the residual interest owner. These residual debt obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, but they have no impact on our initial financing proceeds, our future obligations to the residual interest owner (because future residual interest claims are limited to contractual securitization collateral cash flows), or the general operations of our business. As such, these positive and negative non-cash changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted out of total net revenue to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the net revenue available to finance our operations.
We reconcile adjusted net revenue to total net revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, as presented below for the quarterly periods indicated:

|  | Quarter Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | June 30, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net revenue |  | $ | 362,527 |  |  | $ | 330,344 |  |  | $ | 285,608 |  |  | $ | 272,006 |  |  | $ | 231,274 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(1) |  | (9,098) |  |  | (11,580) |  |  | (9,273) |  |  | (409) |  |  | 224 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(2) |  | 2,662 |  |  | 2,963 |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | 5,593 |  |  | 5,717 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net revenue |  | $ | 356,091 |  |  | $ | 321,727 |  |  | $ | 279,876 |  |  | $ | 277,190 |  |  | $ | 237,215 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

___________________
(1)See footnote (1) to the table above.
(2)See footnote (2) to the table above.
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The reconciling items to determine our non-GAAP measure of adjusted net revenue are applicable only to the Lending segment. The table below presents adjusted net revenue for the Lending segment for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total net revenue – Lending |  | $ | 257,117 |  |  | $ | 166,291 |  |  | $ | 510,106 |  |  | $ | 314,268 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(1) |  | (9,098) |  |  | 224 |  |  | (20,678) |  |  | 12,333 |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(2) |  | 2,662 |  |  | 5,717 |  |  | 5,625 |  |  | 13,668 |
Adjusted net revenue – Lending |  | $ | 250,681 |  |  | $ | 172,232 |  |  | $ | 495,053 |  |  | $ | 340,269 |

___________________
(1)See footnote (1) to the table above.
(2)See footnote (2) to the table above.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss), adjusted to exclude, as applicable: (i) corporate borrowing-based interest expense (our adjusted EBITDA measure is not adjusted for warehouse or securitization-based interest expense, nor deposit interest expense and finance lease liability interest expense, as discussed further below), (ii) income tax expense (benefit), (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) share-based expense (inclusive of equity-based payments to non-employees), (v) impairment expense (inclusive of goodwill impairment and property, equipment and software abandonments), (vi) transaction-related expenses, (vii) fair value changes in warrant liabilities, and (viii) fair value changes in each of servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt due to valuation assumptions. We believe adjusted EBITDA provides a useful measure for period-over-period comparisons of our business, as it removes the effect of certain non-cash items and certain charges that are not indicative of our core operating performance or results of operations. It is also a measure that management relies upon to evaluate cash flows generated from operations, and therefore the extent of additional capital, if any, required to invest in strategic initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the analysis of other GAAP financial measures, such as net income (loss). Some of the limitations of adjusted EBITDA include that it does not reflect the impact of working capital requirements or capital expenditures and it is not a universally consistent calculation among companies in our industry, which limits its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Quarterly Adjusted EBITDA
In Thousands

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We reconcile adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, below for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net loss |  | $ | (95,835) |  |  | $ | (165,314) |  |  | $ | (206,192) |  |  | $ | (342,878) |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense – corporate borrowings(1) |  | 3,450 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 6,099 |  |  | 6,386 |
Income tax expense (benefit)(2) |  | 119 |  |  | (78) |  |  | 871 |  |  | 1,021 |
Depreciation and amortization(3) |  | 38,056 |  |  | 24,989 |  |  | 68,754 |  |  | 50,966 |
Share-based expense |  | 80,142 |  |  | 52,154 |  |  | 157,163 |  |  | 89,608 |
Transaction-related expense(4) |  | 808 |  |  | 21,181 |  |  | 17,346 |  |  | 23,359 |
Fair value changes in warrant liabilities(5) |  | — |  |  | 70,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 160,909 |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(6) |  | (9,098) |  |  | 224 |  |  | (20,678) |  |  | 12,333 |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(7) |  | 2,662 |  |  | 5,717 |  |  | 5,625 |  |  | 13,668 |
Total adjustments |  | 116,139 |  |  | 176,554 |  |  | 235,180 |  |  | 358,250 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 20,304 |  |  | $ | 11,240 |  |  | $ | 28,988 |  |  | $ | 15,372 |

___________________
(1)Our adjusted EBITDA measure adjusts for corporate borrowing-based interest expense, as these expenses are a function of our capital structure. Corporate borrowing-based interest expense primarily included (i) interest on our revolving credit facility, (ii) for the 2022 periods, the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs on our convertible notes, and (iii) for the six-month 2021 period, interest on the seller note issued in connection with our acquisition of Galileo. Our adjusted EBITDA measure does not adjust for interest expense on warehouse facilities and securitization debt, which are recorded within interest expense—securitizations and warehouses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), as these interest expenses are direct operating expenses driven by loan origination and sales activity. Additionally, our adjusted EBITDA measure does not adjust for interest expense on deposits or interest expense on our finance lease liability in connection with SoFi Stadium, which are recorded within interest expense—other, as these interest expenses are direct operating expenses. Revolving credit facility interest expense for the three- and six-month periods increased due to higher interest rates during the 2022 periods on identical outstanding debt period over period.
(2)Our income tax expense positions were primarily a function of SoFi Lending Corp.’s profitability, and for the 2022 periods, SoFi Bank, in state jurisdictions where separate filings are required. The income tax expense in the 2022 periods was partially offset by an income tax benefit at Technisys. See Note 13 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(3)Depreciation and amortization expense for the three- and six-month 2022 periods increased compared to the comparable 2021 periods primarily in connection with our recent acquisitions and growth in our software balance, partially offset by the acceleration of core banking infrastructure amortization during the 2021 periods.
(4)Transaction-related expenses in the 2022 periods primarily included financial advisory and professional services costs associated with our acquisition of Technisys. Transaction-related expenses in the three-month 2021 period included the special payment to the holders of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock in conjunction with the Business Combination. Transaction-related expenses in the six-month 2021 period also included financial advisory and professional services costs associated with our then-pending acquisition of Golden Pacific.
(5)Our adjusted EBITDA measure excludes the non-cash fair value changes in warrants accounted for as liabilities, which were measured at fair value through earnings. The amounts in the 2021 periods related to changes in the fair value of Series H warrants issued by Social Finance in 2019 in connection with certain redeemable preferred stock issuances. We did not measure the Series H warrants at fair value subsequent to May 28, 2021 in conjunction with the Business Combination, as they were reclassified into permanent equity.
(6)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including market servicing costs, conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. This non-cash change is unrealized during the period and, therefore, has no impact on our cash flows from operations. As such, these positive and negative changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted out of net loss to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the earnings available to finance our operations.
(7)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. When third parties finance our consolidated VIEs through purchasing residual interests, we receive proceeds at the time of the securitization close and, thereafter, pass along contractual cash flows to the residual interest owner. These obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, which has no impact on our initial financing proceeds, our future obligations to the residual interest owner (because future residual interest claims are limited to contractual securitization collateral cash flows), or the general operations of our business. As such, these positive and negative non-cash changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted out of net loss to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the earnings available to finance our operations.
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We reconcile adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the quarterly periods indicated below:

|  | Quarter Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | June 30, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (95,835) |  |  | $ | (110,357) |  |  | $ | (111,012) |  |  | $ | (30,047) |  |  | $ | (165,314) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense – corporate borrowings |  | 3,450 |  |  | 2,649 |  |  | 2,593 |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 119 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 1,558 |  |  | 181 |  |  | (78) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 38,056 |  |  | 30,698 |  |  | 26,527 |  |  | 24,075 |  |  | 24,989 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based expense |  | 80,142 |  |  | 77,021 |  |  | 77,082 |  |  | 72,681 |  |  | 52,154 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction-related expense |  | 808 |  |  | 16,538 |  |  | 2,753 |  |  | 1,221 |  |  | 21,181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value changes in warrant liabilities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,824 |  |  | (64,405) |  |  | 70,989 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions |  | (9,098) |  |  | (11,580) |  |  | (9,273) |  |  | (409) |  |  | 224 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions |  | 2,662 |  |  | 2,963 |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | 5,593 |  |  | 5,717 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total adjustments |  | 116,139 |  |  | 119,041 |  |  | 115,605 |  |  | 40,303 |  |  | 176,554 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 20,304 |  |  | $ | 8,684 |  |  | $ | 4,593 |  |  | $ | 10,256 |  |  | $ | 11,240 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Key Business Metrics
The table below presents the key business metrics that management uses to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends and make strategic decisions:

| June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | % Change
Members | 4,318,705 |  |  | 2,560,492 |  |  | 69 | %
Total Products | 6,564,174 |  |  | 3,667,121 |  |  | 79 | %
Total Products — Lending segment | 1,202,027 |  |  | 981,440 |  |  | 22 | %
Total Products — Financial Services segment | 5,362,147 |  |  | 2,685,681 |  |  | 100 | %
Total Accounts — Technology Platform segment(1) | 116,570,038 |  |  | 78,902,156 |  |  | 48 | %

___________________
(1)Total accounts refers to the number of open accounts at Galileo as of the reporting date. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, we included SoFi accounts on the Galileo platform-as-a-service in our total accounts metric to better align with the Technology Platform segment revenue reported in Note 17 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Intercompany revenue is eliminated in consolidation. We did not recast the total accounts as of June 30, 2021 to conform to the current year presentation, as the impact was determined to be immaterial.
See “Summary Results by Segment” for additional metrics we review at the segment level.
Members
We refer to our customers as “members”, which we define as someone who has a lending relationship with us through origination and/or ongoing servicing, opened a financial services account, linked an external account to our platform, or signed up for our credit score monitoring service. See “Business Overview”. We view members as an indication not only of the size and a measurement of growth of our business, but also as a measure of the significant value of the data we have collected over time. The data we collect from our members helps us to, among other things: (i) assess loan life performance data on each loan in our ecosystem, which can inform risk-based interest rates that we can offer our members, (ii) understand our members’ spending behavior to identify and suggest other products we offer that may align with the members’ financial needs, and (iii) enhance our opportunities to sell additional products to our members, as our members represent a vital source of marketing opportunities. When we provide additional products to members, it helps improve our unit economics per member, as we save on marketing costs that we would otherwise incur to attract new members. It also increases the lifetime value of an individual member. This in turn enhances our Financial Services Productivity Loop. Member growth is generally an indicator of future revenue, but is not directly correlated with revenues, since not all members who sign up for one of our products fully utilize or continue to use our products, and not all of our products (such as our complimentary product, SoFi Relay) provide direct sources of revenue.
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Total Products
Total products refers to the aggregate number of lending and financial services products that our members have selected on our platform since our inception through the reporting date, whether or not the members are still registered for such products. In our Lending segment, total products refers to the number of home loans, personal loans and student loans that have been originated through our platform through the reporting date, whether or not such loans have been paid off. If a member has multiple loan products of the same loan product type, such as two personal loans, that is counted as a single product. However, if a member has multiple loan products across loan product types, such as one personal loan and one home loan, that is counted as two products. In our Financial Services segment, total products refers to the number of SoFi Money accounts (presented inclusive of SoFi Money cash management accounts and SoFi Checking and Savings accounts held at SoFi Bank), SoFi Invest accounts, SoFi Credit Card accounts (including accounts with a zero dollar balance at the reporting date), referred loans (which relate to an arrangement in the third quarter of 2021 and are originated by a third-party partner to which we provide pre-qualified borrower referrals), SoFi At Work accounts and SoFi Relay accounts (with either credit score monitoring enabled or external linked accounts) that have been opened through our platform through the reporting date. Our SoFi Invest service is composed of three products: active investing accounts, robo-advisory accounts and digital assets accounts. Our members can select any one or combination of the three types of SoFi Invest products. If a member has multiple SoFi Invest products of the same account type, such as two active investing accounts, that is counted as a single product. However, if a member has multiple SoFi Invest products across account types, such as one active investing account and one robo-advisory account, those separate account types are considered separate products. Total products is a primary indicator of the size and reach of our Lending and Financial Services segments. Management relies on total products metrics to understand the effectiveness of our member acquisition efforts and to gauge the propensity for members to use more than one product.

Products
In Thousands

Total lending products were composed of the following as of the dates indicated:

Lending Products |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | Variance |  | % Change
Home loans |  | 25,128 |  |  | 18,102 |  |  | 7,026 |  |  | 39 | %
Personal loans |  | 714,735 |  |  | 544,068 |  |  | 170,667 |  |  | 31 | %
Student loans |  | 462,164 |  |  | 419,270 |  |  | 42,894 |  |  | 10 | %
Total lending products |  | 1,202,027 |  |  | 981,440 |  |  | 220,587 |  |  | 22 | %

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Total financial services products were composed of the following as of the dates indicated:

Financial Services Products |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | Variance |  | % Change
SoFi Money(1) |  | 1,837,138 |  |  | 954,519 |  |  | 882,619 |  |  | 92 | %
Invest |  | 1,961,425 |  |  | 1,038,570 |  |  | 922,855 |  |  | 89 | %
Credit Card |  | 139,781 |  |  | 42,744 |  |  | 97,037 |  |  | 227 | %
Referred loans(2) |  | 28,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,037 |  |  | n/m
Relay |  | 1,344,538 |  |  | 626,195 |  |  | 718,343 |  |  | 115 | %
At Work |  | 51,228 |  |  | 23,653 |  |  | 27,575 |  |  | 117 | %
Total financial services products |  | 5,362,147 |  |  | 2,685,681 |  |  | 2,676,466 |  |  | 100 | %

___________________
(1)Includes SoFi Checking and Savings accounts held at SoFi Bank, beginning in the first quarter of 2022, and SoFi Money cash management accounts.
(2)Limited to loans wherein we provide third party fulfillment services.
Technology Platform Total Accounts
In our Technology Platform segment, total accounts refers to the number of open accounts at Galileo as of the reporting date. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, we included SoFi accounts on the Galileo platform-as-a-service in our total accounts metric to better align with the Technology Platform segment revenue reported in Note 17 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which includes intercompany revenue from SoFi. Intercompany revenue is eliminated in consolidation. We did not recast total accounts as of June 30, 2021 to conform to the current year presentation, as the impact was determined to be immaterial. Total accounts is a primary indicator of the accounts dependent upon our technology platform to use virtual card products, virtual wallets, make peer-to-peer and bank-to-bank transfers, receive early paychecks, separate savings from spending balances, make debit transactions and rely upon real-time authorizations, all of which result in revenues for the Technology Platform segment. We do not measure total accounts for the Technisys products and solutions, as the revenue model is not primarily dependent upon being a fully integrated, stand-ready service.

| June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | Variance |  | % Change
Total Accounts | 116,570,038 |  |  | 78,902,156 |  |  | 37,667,882 |  |  | 48 | %

Key Factors Affecting Operating Results
Our future operating results and cash flows are dependent upon a number of opportunities, challenges and other factors, including our loan origination volume, financial services products and member activity on our platform, growth in technology platform customers, competition and industry trends, general economic conditions and our ability to optimize our national bank charter. The key factors affecting our operating results are discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, with notable updates provided herein.
Industry Trends and General Economic Conditions
Interest Rates and Macroeconomic Conditions
The Federal Reserve has increased the benchmark interest rate four times during 2022: 25 basis points in March 2022, 50 basis points in May 2022, and 75 basis points in each of June and July 2022. We expect additional increases in the benchmark interest rate during the remainder of 2022, largely in response to increasing inflation. We anticipate that in a rising interest rate environment, and operating under a bank charter, we will be able to offer more competitive interest rates to our members on their deposits, which we believe would result in increasing demand for our deposits. However, rising interest rates could unfavorably impact demand for refinancing loan products. In addition, if the Federal Reserve does not effectively curb inflation or interest rates rise unexpectedly or too quickly, it could have a negative impact on the overall economy which could adversely impact our results of operations. In addition to rising interest rates, the U.S. economy experienced negative gross domestic product growth in the first and second quarters of 2022 and consumer confidence indicators are down. Negative changes to macroeconomic conditions may result in decreased demand for our products, increased operating costs and negatively impact our results of operations.
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Student Loan Relief
In April 2022, President Biden directed a sixth extension of the federal student loan payment moratorium to August 31, 2022. We anticipate that there could be an additional extension beyond August 2022 by the Biden administration. Increased focus by policymakers and the current presidential administration on outstanding student loans has led to discussions of potential legislative and regulatory actions, among other possible steps, to reduce outstanding balances of loans, or cancel loans at a significant scale, including the potential forgiveness of federal student debt. Should there be further student loan relief measures, we expect that this would continue to decrease the demand for our student loan refinancing products and would likely have an adverse impact on our results of operations and overall business.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth condensed consolidated statements of income data for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 145,337 |  |  | $ | 79,678 |  |  | 82 | % |  | $ | 259,722 |  |  | $ | 156,899 |  |  | 66 | %
Securitizations |  | 2,567 |  |  | 3,794 |  |  | (32) | % |  | 5,325 |  |  | 8,261 |  |  | (36) | %
Related party notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | 211 |  |  | (100) | %
Other |  | 1,608 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 153 | % |  | 2,877 |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | 127 | %
Total interest income |  | 149,512 |  |  | 84,108 |  |  | 78 | % |  | 267,924 |  |  | 166,636 |  |  | 61 | %
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securitizations and warehouses |  | 18,599 |  |  | 26,250 |  |  | (29) | % |  | 38,505 |  |  | 56,058 |  |  | (31) | %
Deposits |  | 4,543 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | 4,974 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m
Corporate borrowings |  | 3,450 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 150 | % |  | 6,099 |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | (4) | %
Other |  | 191 |  |  | 468 |  |  | (59) | % |  | 684 |  |  | 900 |  |  | (24) | %
Total interest expense |  | 26,783 |  |  | 28,096 |  |  | (5) | % |  | 50,262 |  |  | 63,344 |  |  | (21) | %
Net interest income |  | 122,729 |  |  | 56,012 |  |  | 119 | % |  | 217,662 |  |  | 103,292 |  |  | 111 | %
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan origination and sales |  | 144,414 |  |  | 109,719 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 302,118 |  |  | 220,064 |  |  | 37 | %
Securitizations |  | (11,737) |  |  | (26) |  |  | n/m |  | (23,018) |  |  | (2,062) |  |  | n/m
Servicing |  | 10,471 |  |  | (224) |  |  | n/m |  | 22,707 |  |  | (12,333) |  |  | (284) | %
Technology products and solutions |  | 81,670 |  |  | 44,950 |  |  | 82 | % |  | 141,527 |  |  | 90,609 |  |  | 56 | %
Other |  | 14,980 |  |  | 20,843 |  |  | (28) | % |  | 31,875 |  |  | 27,688 |  |  | 15 | %
Total noninterest income |  | 239,798 |  |  | 175,262 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 475,209 |  |  | 323,966 |  |  | 47 | %
Total net revenue |  | 362,527 |  |  | 231,274 |  |  | 57 | % |  | 692,871 |  |  | 427,258 |  |  | 62 | %
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and product development |  | 99,366 |  |  | 69,389 |  |  | 43 | % |  | 181,274 |  |  | 135,337 |  |  | 34 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 143,854 |  |  | 94,951 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 281,992 |  |  | 182,185 |  |  | 55 | %
Cost of operations |  | 79,091 |  |  | 60,624 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 149,528 |  |  | 118,194 |  |  | 27 | %
General and administrative |  | 125,829 |  |  | 171,216 |  |  | (27) | % |  | 262,334 |  |  | 332,913 |  |  | (21) | %
Provision for credit losses |  | 10,103 |  |  | 486 |  |  | n/m |  | 23,064 |  |  | 486 |  |  | n/m
Total noninterest expense |  | 458,243 |  |  | 396,666 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 898,192 |  |  | 769,115 |  |  | 17 | %
Loss before income taxes |  | (95,716) |  |  | (165,392) |  |  | (42) | % |  | (205,321) |  |  | (341,857) |  |  | (40) | %
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (119) |  |  | 78 |  |  | (253) | % |  | (871) |  |  | (1,021) |  |  | (15) | %
Net loss |  | $ | (95,835) |  |  | $ | (165,314) |  |  | (42) | % |  | $ | (206,192) |  |  | $ | (342,878) |  |  | (40) | %
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net |  | $ | (1,991) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | n/m |  | $ | (6,446) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | n/m
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net |  | (56) |  |  | (266) |  |  | (79) | % |  | (94) |  |  | (346) |  |  | (73) | %
Total other comprehensive loss |  | (2,047) |  |  | (266) |  |  | 670 | % |  | (6,540) |  |  | (346) |  |  | n/m
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (97,882) |  |  | $ | (165,580) |  |  | (41) | % |  | $ | (212,732) |  |  | $ | (343,224) |  |  | (38) | %

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Interest Income
The following table presents the components of our total interest income for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Loans |  | $ | 145,337 |  |  | $ | 79,678 |  |  | 82 | % |  | $ | 259,722 |  |  | $ | 156,899 |  |  | 66 | %
Securitizations |  | 2,567 |  |  | 3,794 |  |  | (32) | % |  | 5,325 |  |  | 8,261 |  |  | (36) | %
Related party notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | 211 |  |  | (100) | %
Other |  | 1,608 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 153 | % |  | 2,877 |  |  | 1,265 |  |  | 127 | %
Total interest income |  | $ | 149,512 |  |  | $ | 84,108 |  |  | 78 | % |  | $ | 267,924 |  |  | $ | 166,636 |  |  | 61 | %

Total interest income increased by $65.4 million, or 78%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, and increased by $101.3 million, or 61%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Three Months—Loans. Loans interest income increased by $65.7 million, or 82%, primarily driven by increases in non-securitization personal loan and student loan interest income of $61.7 million (173%) and $9.1 million (41%), respectively, which were primarily a function of increases in aggregate average balances for personal loans and student loans of $2.0 billion (158%) and $1.2 billion (60%), respectively. The personal loan average balance increase was primarily attributable to higher origination volume combined with longer loan holding periods. The student loan average balance increase was primarily attributable to longer loan holding periods. We also had an increase in our whole loan interest rates. These increases were offset by decreases in interest income from consolidated personal loan and student loan securitizations of $6.5 million (61%) and $3.1 million (32%), respectively, which were impacted by decreases in average balances for personal loans and student loans of $265.0 million (63%) and $251.0 million (34%), respectively. The decreases in aggregate average balances were primarily attributable to payment activity and the absence of additions to our consolidated securitization loan balances. The remaining increase in interest income included $3.2 million attributable to credit card, $1.1 million attributable to the acquired loan portfolio in the Bank Merger, and $0.1 million attributable to home loans.
Six Months—Loans. Loans interest income increased by $102.8 million, or 66%, primarily driven by increases in non-securitization personal loan and student loan interest income of $97.5 million and $18.5 million, respectively, which were primarily a function of increases in average balances for personal loans and student loans of $1.6 billion (133%) and $1.2 billion (61%), respectively, attributable to longer loan holding periods. These increases were offset by decreases in interest income from consolidated personal loan and student loan securitizations of $14.1 million (60%) and $7.0 million (34%), respectively, which were impacted by decreases in average balances for personal loans and student loans of $288.9 million (62%) and $277.6 million (35%), respectively. The decreases in aggregate average balances were primarily attributable to payment activity and the absence of additions to our consolidated securitization loan balances. The remaining increase in interest income included $5.8 million attributable to credit card, $1.7 million attributable to the acquired loan portfolio in the Bank Merger, and $0.6 million attributable to home loans.
Three Months—Securitizations. Securitizations interest income decreased by $1.2 million, or 32%, which was primarily attributable to decreases in residual investment interest income of $0.6 million and asset-backed bonds of $0.7 million related to decreases in average securitization investment balances period over period, as securitization payments outpaced new securitization investments. This outcome was impacted by the absence of any securitization transactions during the 2022 period.
Six Months—Securitizations. Securitizations interest income decreased by $2.9 million, or 36%, which was primarily attributable to decreases in residual investment interest income of $1.5 million and asset-backed bonds of $1.6 million related to decreases in average securitization investment balances period over period. This outcome was impacted by the absence of any securitization transactions during the 2022 period.
Six Months—Related Party Notes. We did not have any related party notes interest income in the 2022 period. Related party notes interest income in the 2021 period of $0.2 million was attributable to our loans to Apex, which were fully settled in February 2021. See Note 14 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our related party notes.
Three Months—Other. Other interest income increased by $1.0 million, or 153%, primarily due to $0.8 million higher interest income earned on our interest-bearing cash and cash equivalents balances primarily due to higher average balances period over period, and interest income of $0.4 million earned on our investments in AFS debt securities, which we did not own
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during the comparable 2021 period, partially offset by a decrease of $0.4 million in interest earned on Member Bank deposits, as member balances have migrated to SoFi Bank.
Six Months—Other. Other interest income increased by $1.6 million, or 127%, primarily due to $1.0 million higher interest income earned on our interest-bearing cash and cash equivalents balances primarily due to higher average balances period over period, and interest income of $0.7 million earned on our investments in AFS debt securities, which we did not own during the comparable 2021 period, partially offset by a decrease of $0.4 million in interest earned on Member Bank deposits, as member balances have increasingly migrated to SoFi Bank.
Interest Expense
The following table presents the components of our total interest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Securitizations and warehouses |  | $ | 18,599 |  |  | $ | 26,250 |  |  | (29) | % |  | $ | 38,505 |  |  | $ | 56,058 |  |  | (31) | %
Deposits |  | 4,543 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | 4,974 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m
Corporate borrowings |  | 3,450 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 150 | % |  | 6,099 |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | (4) | %
Other |  | 191 |  |  | 468 |  |  | (59) | % |  | 684 |  |  | 900 |  |  | (24) | %
Total interest expense |  | $ | 26,783 |  |  | $ | 28,096 |  |  | (5) | % |  | $ | 50,262 |  |  | $ | 63,344 |  |  | (21) | %

Total interest expense decreased by $1.3 million, or 5%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, and decreased by $13.1 million, or 21%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Securitizations and Warehouses. The following tables present the components of securitizations and warehouses interest expense and other pertinent information.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Securitization debt interest expense |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 9,414 |  |  | (45) | % |  | $ | 10,737 |  |  | $ | 20,362 |  |  | (47) | %
Warehouse debt interest expense |  | 9,717 |  |  | 9,370 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 19,620 |  |  | 19,901 |  |  | (1) | %
Residual interests classified as debt interest expense |  | 1,037 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | (52) | % |  | 2,565 |  |  | 4,345 |  |  | (41) | %
Debt issuance cost interest expense |  | 2,641 |  |  | 5,320 |  |  | (50) | % |  | 5,583 |  |  | 11,450 |  |  | (51) | %
Securitizations and warehouses interest expense |  | $ | 18,599 |  |  | $ | 26,250 |  |  | (29) | % |  | $ | 38,505 |  |  | $ | 56,058 |  |  | (31) | %

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Average debt balances(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securitization debt |  | $ | 547,049 |  |  | $ | 983,849 |  |  | (44) | % |  | $ | 586,075 |  |  | $ | 1,075,775 |  |  | (46) | %
Warehouse facilities |  | 2,093,373 |  |  | 2,330,664 |  |  | (10) | % |  | 2,318,839 |  |  | 2,435,666 |  |  | (5) | %
Weighted average interest rates(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securitization debt |  | 3.8% |  | 3.8% |  | n/m |  | 3.7% |  | 3.8% |  | n/m
Warehouse facilities |  | 1.9% |  | 1.6% |  | n/m |  | 1.7% |  | 1.6% |  | n/m

___________________
(1)Average balances were calculated based on four- and seven-month ending balances.
(2)Calculated as annualized interest expense divided by average debt balance for the respective debt category. Interest rates on securitization debt and warehouse facilities exclude the effect of debt issuance cost interest expense and amortization of debt discounts and premiums. Table excludes residual interests classified as debt, as interest expense is dependent on the timing and extent of securitization loan cash flows and, therefore, a derived weighted average interest rate using the methodology in the table herein is not meaningful for the purposes of understanding the change in residual interests classified as debt related interest expense.
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Securitizations and warehouses interest expense decreased by $7.7 million, or 29%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, and decreased by $17.6 million, or 31%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, driven by the following:
•Securitization debt interest expense (exclusive of debt issuance and discount amortization) decreased by $4.2 million (45%) for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and decreased by $9.6 million (47%) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 primarily driven by a decline in the average balance of securitization debt of 44% and 46%, respectively, which was attributable to payment activity and the absence of additional securitization debt during the 2022 periods.
•Warehouse debt interest expense (exclusive of debt issuance amortization) increased by $0.3 million (4%) for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and decreased by $0.3 million (1)% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The three-month increase in interest expense was attributable to sharp increases in benchmark rates, which were partially mitigated through a decrease in our borrowing base and negotiated decreases in borrowing spreads. The six-month decrease in interest expense was primarily related to the utilization of warehouse facilities with lower spreads during the 2022 period combined with a decrease in our borrowing base, which was partially offset by an increase in benchmark rates.
•Residual interests classified as debt interest expense decreased by $1.1 million (52%) for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and decreased by $1.8 million (41%) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, which were correlated with lower balances of residual interests classified as debt during the 2022 periods, as the residual debt balances continue to pay down over time and there were no additions to the balance during the 2022 periods.
•Debt issuance cost interest expense decreased by $2.7 million (50%) for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to 2021, and decreased by $5.9 million (51%) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, which were primarily driven by a lower run rate on our issuance cost amortization related to our loan warehouse facilities, as we have extended certain loan warehouse facilities over time, which had the effect of lowering the quarterly debt issuance cost amortization. The variance was also impacted by the acceleration of certain debt issuance costs during the 2021 periods, which contributed to favorable variances of $1.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively, period over period.
Deposits. Deposits interest expense of $4.5 million and $5.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, was related to interest earned by members on deposits held at SoFi Bank, which had average balances of $1.8 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively. Deposit accounts also earned a higher interest rate during the second quarter of 2022.
Corporate Borrowings. Corporate borrowings interest expense increased by $2.1 million, or 150%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and decreased by $0.3 million, or 4%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the following:
•We incurred interest expense of $1.3 million and $2.5 million for the three- and six-month 2022 periods, respectively, associated with our issuance of convertible notes in the fourth quarter of 2021, which consisted of the amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs.
•Interest expense on our revolving credit facility increased by $0.8 million for each of the three- and six-month periods, as one-month LIBOR increased during the second quarter of 2022, while the average balance remained constant.
•Interest expense incurred on the Galileo seller note, which was repaid in February 2021, decreased by $3.6 million for the six-month period.
Other. Other interest expense decreased by $0.3 million, or 59%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and decreased by $0.2 million, or 24%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in interest expense related to our SoFi Money cash management product, as these accounts ceased earning interest effective June 5, 2022.
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Noninterest Income and Net Revenue
The following table presents the components of our total noninterest income, as well as total net revenue for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Loan origination and sales |  | $ | 144,414 |  |  | $ | 109,719 |  |  | 32 | % |  | $ | 302,118 |  |  | $ | 220,064 |  |  | 37 | %
Securitizations |  | (11,737) |  |  | (26) |  |  | n/m |  | (23,018) |  |  | (2,062) |  |  | n/m
Servicing |  | 10,471 |  |  | (224) |  |  | n/m |  | 22,707 |  |  | (12,333) |  |  | (284) | %
Technology products and solutions |  | 81,670 |  |  | 44,950 |  |  | 82 | % |  | 141,527 |  |  | 90,609 |  |  | 56 | %
Other |  | 14,980 |  |  | 20,843 |  |  | (28) | % |  | 31,875 |  |  | 27,688 |  |  | 15 | %
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 239,798 |  |  | $ | 175,262 |  |  | 37 | % |  | $ | 475,209 |  |  | $ | 323,966 |  |  | 47 | %
Total net revenue |  | $ | 362,527 |  |  | $ | 231,274 |  |  | 57 | % |  | $ | 692,871 |  |  | $ | 427,258 |  |  | 62 | %

Total noninterest income increased by $64.5 million, or 37%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, and increased by $151.2 million, or 47%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Three Months—Loan Origination and Sales. Loan origination and sales increased by $34.7 million, or 32%, primarily due to the following:
•an increase of $46.9 million (83%) in personal loan origination and sales income, of which $21.7 million was attributable to the net effect of (i) higher origination volume during the 2022 period, (ii) fair value markups of loans, and (iii) lower execution prices on sales activity. Our economic hedging activities are designed to offset the effects of fair value marks and sales price execution. Overall, we had an increase of $25.2 million on our personal loan economic hedging activities in the 2022 period, which was inclusive of gains on loan origination economic hedges made during the period, as well as economic hedges of loans that remained on our balance sheet from March 31, 2022 or were sold during the 2022 period, and was amplified by the interest rate volatility during the current period as compared to the 2021 period;
•an increase of $2.1 million (6%) in student loan origination and sales income, which was inclusive of losses on related student loan commitments of $0.3 million and interest rate caps of $0.9 million. We had an aggregate $31.8 million decline due to the combined impacts of (i) lower origination volume in the current quarter at lower prices, (ii) lower fair value marks of loans, and (iii) lower execution prices on 2022 sales activity. Offsetting these declines were increases of $34.2 million on our student loan economic hedging activities for the same reasons as stated in the foregoing personal loan discussion;
•a decrease of $13.9 million (83%) in home loan origination and sales related income, of which $40.7 million was attributable to the effect of lower origination volume in the current quarter at lower prices, as well as lower execution prices on sales activity. Offsetting this decline was the favorable impact related to IRLCs of $3.5 million and higher gains on home loan pipeline hedges of $23.2 million, which offset some of our period-over-period declines in home loan fair values; and
•a decrease of $1.1 million (30%) in home loan origination fees, which was driven by a 58% decrease in origination volume that was partially mitigated by higher fees earned per loan originated due the rising interest rate environment in the 2022 period.
Six Months—Loan Origination and Sales. Loan origination and sales increased by $82.1 million, or 37%, primarily due to the following:
•an increase of $108.5 million (122%) in personal loan origination and sales income, of which $34.7 million was attributable to the net effect of (i) significantly higher origination volume during the 2022 period, (ii) lower fair value marks of loans, and (iii) lower execution prices on sales activity. Our economic hedging activities are designed to offset the effects of fair value marks and sales price execution. Overall, we had higher gains of $73.8 million on our personal loan economic hedging activities in the 2022 period, which was inclusive of gains on loan origination economic hedges made during the period, as well as economic hedges of loans that remained on our balance sheet from December 31, 2021 or were sold during the 2022 period, and was amplified by the interest rate volatility during the current period as compared to the 2021 period;
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•an increase of $7.1 million (9%) in student loan origination and sales income, of which $98.0 million was related to our student loan economic hedging activities for the same reasons as stated in the foregoing personal loan discussion. This increase was partially offset by an aggregate $88.5 million decline due to the combined impacts of (i) lower origination volume in the 2022 period at lower prices, (ii) lower fair value mark of loans, and (iii) lower execution prices on 2022 sales activity. Additionally, we had losses on student loan commitments of $2.5 million and interest rate caps of $3.0 million;
•a decrease of $33.8 million (79%) in home loan origination and sales related income, of which $72.2 million was attributable to the effect of lower origination volume in the 2022 period at lower prices, as well as lower execution prices on sales activity. Offsetting this decline was the favorable impact related to IRLCs of $5.2 million and higher gains on home loan pipeline hedges of $33.2 million, which offset some of our period-over-period declines in home loan fair values; and
•a decrease of $3.9 million (50%) in home loan origination fees, which was driven by a 58% decrease in origination volume that was partially mitigated by higher fees earned per loan originated due the rising interest rate environment in the 2022 period.
Three Months—Securitizations. Securitizations income decreased by $11.7 million, primarily due to an aggregate decrease of $13.9 million in securitization loan fair market value changes, principally due to increases in market interest rates. We also had a decline in securitization investment fair values of $4.6 million, which was primarily attributable to negative fair value adjustments on our securitization bonds that were impacted by the interest rate volatility during the 2022 period. These unfavorable variances were partially offset by gains of $2.7 million in the 2022 period on our economic hedges of securitization investments.
Additionally, securitizations income was favorably impacted by a reduction in securitization loan write-offs of $2.9 million in the 2022 period, which was correlated with lower average securitization loan balances and stronger securitization loan credit performance during the 2022 period, as well as a decline in residual debt fair value adjustments of $1.9 million, exclusive of the portion reclassified to interest expense.
Six Months—Securitizations. Securitizations income decreased by $21.0 million, primarily due to an aggregate decrease of $27.9 million in securitization loan fair market value changes, principally due to increases in market interest rates. We also had a decline in securitization investment fair values of $13.2 million, which was primarily attributable to negative fair value adjustments on our securitization bonds that were impacted by the interest rate volatility during the 2022 period. These unfavorable variances were partially offset by gains of $9.1 million in the 2022 period on our economic hedges of securitization investments.
Additionally, securitizations income was favorably impacted by a reduction in securitization loan write-offs of $5.6 million in the 2022 period, which was correlated with lower average securitization loan balances and stronger securitization loan credit performance during the 2022 period, as well as a decline in residual debt fair value adjustments of $6.3 million, exclusive of the portion reclassified to interest expense.
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The table below presents additional information related to loan gains and losses and overall performance:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Gains from non-securitization loan transfers |  | $ | 21,581 |  |  | $ | 71,064 |  |  | (70) | % |  | $ | 68,867 |  |  | $ | 141,964 |  |  | (51) | %
Gains from loan securitization transfers(1) |  | — |  |  | 18,021 |  |  | (100) | % |  | — |  |  | 47,048 |  |  | (100) | %
Economic derivative hedges of securitization investments(2) |  | 2,749 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | 9,068 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m
Economic derivative hedges of loan fair values(3) |  | 69,535 |  |  | (13,937) |  |  | (599) | % |  | 230,142 |  |  | 22,134 |  |  | 940 | %
Home loan origination fees(4) |  | 2,638 |  |  | 3,770 |  |  | (30) | % |  | 3,931 |  |  | 7,790 |  |  | (50) | %
Loan write-off expense – whole loans(5) |  | (13,603) |  |  | (3,600) |  |  | 278 | % |  | (21,677) |  |  | (8,725) |  |  | 148 | %
Loan write-off expense – securitization loans(6) |  | (425) |  |  | (3,296) |  |  | (87) | % |  | (2,076) |  |  | (7,676) |  |  | (73) | %
Loan repurchase (expense) benefit(7) |  | (93) |  |  | (915) |  |  | (90) | % |  | 1,787 |  |  | (2,398) |  |  | (175) | %

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(1)Represents the gain recognized on loan securitization transfers qualifying for sale accounting treatment, excluding the impact of economic hedging activities. We had no loan securitization transfers during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.
(2)Represents the gain on interest rate swaps utilized to manage interest rate risk associated with certain of our securitization investments.
(3)During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we had gains on interest rate swap positions of $53.4 million, which comprised $28.6 million related to student loan hedges and $24.8 million related to personal loan hedges. We also had gains on interest rate caps of $0.9 million. These gains were primarily attributable to increases in interest rates during the period. We also had gains of $15.2 million on home loan pipeline hedges primarily due to decreases in the underlying hedge price index during the period. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, we had losses of $5.9 million on interest rate swap positions, primarily due to declines in interest rates during the period, and losses of $8.0 million on mortgage pipeline hedges due to increases in the underlying hedge price index. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we had gains of $187.9 million and $16.6 million, respectively, on interest rate swap positions. The six-month 2022 period gains comprised $113.2 million related to student loan hedges and $74.8 million related to personal loan hedges. We also had gains on interest rate caps of $3.5 million. These gains were primarily attributable to increases in interest rates during the 2022 period. We also had gains of $38.7 million and $5.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on mortgage pipeline hedges primarily due to decreases in the underlying hedge price index during the periods. Our economic hedge gains during the periods also included the impact of hedging of loan origination volume. Amounts presented herein exclude IRLCs and student loan commitments, as they are not economic hedges of loan fair values.
(4)For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the decreases relative to the comparable 2021 periods were correlated with a 58% decrease in each period in home loan origination volume, which was partially mitigated by higher fees earned per loan originated due the rising interest rate environment in 2022.
(5)For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, includes gross write-offs of $17.7 million and $6.6 million, respectively. During the three-month 2022 period, $1.0 million of the $4.1 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency. During the three-month 2021 period, $1.4 million of the $3.0 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, includes gross write-offs of $29.5 million and $14.0 million, respectively. During the six-month 2022 period, $1.7 million of the $7.8 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency. During the six-month 2021 period, $1.9 million of the $5.2 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency.
(6)For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, includes gross write-offs of $2.2 million and $5.8 million, respectively. During the three-month 2022 period, $0.2 million of the $1.8 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency. During the three-month 2021 period, $0.6 million of the $2.5 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, includes gross write-offs of $5.5 million and $13.2 million, respectively. During the six-month 2022 period, $0.3 million of the $3.4 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency. During the six-month 2021 period, $1.9 million of the $5.5 million of recoveries were captured via loan sales to a third-party collection agency.
(7)Represents the (expense) benefit associated with our estimated loan repurchase obligation. See Note 15 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Three Months—Servicing. Servicing income increased by $10.7 million, of which $9.3 million was related to favorable changes in valuation inputs and assumptions, consisting of $6.1 million related to student loans, $3.0 million related to home loans and $0.2 million related to personal loans. The favorable variances were primarily attributable to prepayment rates, as our prepayment rate assumptions increased modestly during the 2021 period compared to a decrease during the 2022 period. We also earned $1.3 million of servicing income in the 2022 period associated with referral activity we facilitate through our platform.
Six Months—Servicing. Servicing income increased by $35.0 million, of which $33.0 million was related to favorable changes in valuation inputs and assumptions, consisting of $23.1 million related to student loans, $7.4 million related to home loans and $2.5 million related to personal loans. The favorable variances were primarily attributable to prepayment rates, as our prepayment rate assumptions increased during the 2021 period compared to a decrease during the 2022 period. We also earned $1.9 million of servicing income in the 2022 period associated with referral activity we facilitate through our platform.
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We own the master servicing on all of the servicing rights that we retain and, in each case, recognize the gross servicing rate applicable to each serviced loan. Sub-servicers are utilized for all serviced student loans and home loans, which represents a cost to SoFi, but these arrangements do not impact our calculation of the weighted average basis points earned for each loan type serviced. Further, there is no impact on servicing income due to forbearance and moratoriums on certain debt collection activities, and there are no waivers of late fees. The table below presents additional information related to our loan servicing activities for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Servicing income recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home loans(1) |  | $ | 3,103 |  |  | $ | 2,065 |  |  | 50 | % |  | $ | 6,029 |  |  | $ | 3,809 |  |  | 58 | %
Student loans(2) |  | 9,705 |  |  | 12,068 |  |  | (20) | % |  | 19,826 |  |  | 24,228 |  |  | (18) | %
Personal loans(3) |  | 9,103 |  |  | 8,329 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 18,095 |  |  | 16,804 |  |  | 8 | %
Servicing rights fair value change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home loans(4) |  | $ | 2,581 |  |  | $ | 5,519 |  |  | (53) | % |  | $ | 11,633 |  |  | $ | 13,643 |  |  | (15) | %
Student loans(5) |  | (1,038) |  |  | (6,737) |  |  | (85) | % |  | (5,084) |  |  | (1,036) |  |  | 391 | %
Personal loans(6) |  | 1,916 |  |  | (255) |  |  | (851) | % |  | 2,156 |  |  | (2,437) |  |  | (188) | %

______________
(1)The contractual servicing earned on our home loan servicing portfolio was 25 bps during all periods presented.
(2)The weighted average bps earned for student loan servicing was 42 bps and 44 bps during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 42 bps during each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
(3)The weighted average bps earned for personal loan servicing was 70 bps and 71 bps during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 70 bps during each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
(4)The impact on the fair value change resulting from changes in home loan valuation inputs and assumptions was $1.2 million and $(1.8) million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $8.9 million and $1.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(5)The impact on the fair value change resulting from changes in student loan valuation inputs and assumptions was $5.7 million and $(0.4) million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $7.0 million and $(16.1) million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the impact of the fair value change resulting from the derecognition of servicing due to loan purchases was $(0.4) million during the three months ended June 30, 2021, and $(1.1) million and $(0.4) million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(6)The impact on the fair value change resulting from changes in personal loan valuation inputs and assumptions was $2.2 million and $1.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $4.7 million and $2.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the impact of the fair value change resulting from the derecognition of servicing due to loan purchases was $(0.1) million and $(0.2) million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $(0.5) million and $(0.2) million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Three Months—Technology Products and Solutions. Technology products and solutions fees increased by $36.7 million, or 82%. The 2022 period was bolstered by $20.3 million of revenue contribution from the Technisys Merger, which closed in March 2022. In addition, our existing integrated technology solutions contributed an increase of $16.4 million in revenue period over period, which was predominantly a function of account growth and activity related to clients that were on our platform for both the 2021 and 2022 periods.
Six Months—Technology Products and Solutions. Technology products and solutions fees increased by $50.9 million, or 56%. The 2022 period was bolstered by $26.5 million of revenue contribution from the Technisys Merger, which closed in March 2022. In addition, our existing integrated technology solutions contributed an increase of $24.4 million in revenue period over period, which was predominantly a function of account growth and activity related to clients that were on our platform for both periods.
Three Months—Other. Other income decreased by $5.9 million, or 28%, primarily due to (i) a $6.4 million impact from a loss in the 2022 period on a venture capital investment compared to a gain in the 2021 period on the same investment, (ii) the absence in the 2022 period of $1.8 million of equity capital markets services fees earned in the 2021 period, (iii) a $2.9 million decrease in brokerage fees related to lower digital assets trading activity, and (iv) a $2.5 million decrease in enterprise services revenue primarily due to the absence of advisory services revenues in the 2022 period. These decreases were partially offset by increases in referral fees of $5.7 million and payment network fees of $1.7 million. The increase in referral fees was primarily attributable to growth in our partner relationships and related activity, as we continue to onboard new partners and help drive volume to our partners, as well as an increase associated with a referral fulfillment arrangement we entered in the third quarter of 2021. The increase in payment network fees (which includes interchange fees) was primarily attributable to increased credit card spending on our platform.
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Six Months—Other. Other income increased by $4.2 million, or 15%, primarily due to increases in referral fees of $11.2 million and payment network fees of $4.5 million. The increase in referral fees was primarily attributable to growth in our partner relationships and related activity, as we continue to onboard new partners and help drive volume to our partners, as well as an increase associated with a referral fulfillment arrangement we entered in the third quarter of 2021. The increase in payment network fees (which includes interchange fees) was primarily attributable to increased credit card spending on our platform. We also had a decline in SoFi Invest trading losses of $1.6 million period over period, which had a favorable impact on the other income variance. These impacts were partially offset by (i) a $7.0 million impact from losses on venture capital investments in the 2022 period compared to gains in the 2021 period, (ii) a $2.8 million decrease in brokerage fees related to lower digital assets trading activity, (iii) a $2.3 million decrease in enterprise services revenue primarily due to the absence of advisory service revenues in the 2022 period, and (iv) the absence in the 2022 period of $1.8 million of equity capital markets services fees earned in the 2021 period.
Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the components of our total noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Technology and product development |  | $ | 99,366 |  |  | $ | 69,389 |  |  | 43 | % |  | $ | 181,274 |  |  | $ | 135,337 |  |  | 34 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 143,854 |  |  | 94,951 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 281,992 |  |  | 182,185 |  |  | 55 | %
Cost of operations |  | 79,091 |  |  | 60,624 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 149,528 |  |  | 118,194 |  |  | 27 | %
General and administrative |  | 125,829 |  |  | 171,216 |  |  | (27) | % |  | 262,334 |  |  | 332,913 |  |  | (21) | %
Provision for credit losses |  | 10,103 |  |  | 486 |  |  | n/m |  | 23,064 |  |  | 486 |  |  | n/m
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 458,243 |  |  | $ | 396,666 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 898,192 |  |  | $ | 769,115 |  |  | 17 | %

Total noninterest expense increased by $61.6 million, or 16%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, and increased by $129.1 million, or 17%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Three Months—Technology and Product Development. Technology and product development expenses increased by $30.0 million, or 43%, primarily due to:
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $15.9 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $1.7 million, and of which $9.4 million was attributable to employee compensation and benefits at Technisys. The remaining increase was related to an increase in technology and product personnel in support of our growth, as well as an increase in average compensation in the 2022 period;
•an increase in purchased and internally-developed software amortization of $5.9 million, which was primarily reflective of increased investments in technology in our Technology Platform segment;
•an increase in amortization expense on intangible assets of $4.3 million, which was related to intangible asset amortization of $5.6 million associated with acquired intangible assets in the Technisys Merger, partially offset by $1.3 million associated with the acceleration of our core banking infrastructure through the first half of 2021; and
•an increase in software licenses, and tools and subscriptions expense of $1.3 million related to headcount increases and internal technology initiatives.
Six Months—Technology and Product Development. Technology and product development expenses increased by $45.9 million, or 34%, primarily due to:
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $26.9 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $7.6 million, and of which $13.8 million was attributable to employee compensation and benefits at Technisys. The remaining increase was related to an increase in technology and product personnel in support of our growth, as well as an increase in average compensation in the 2022 period;
•an increase in purchased and internally-developed software amortization of $10.3 million, which was primarily reflective of increased investments in technology in our Technology Platform segment;
•an increase in amortization expense on intangible assets of $3.3 million, which was related to intangible asset amortization of $7.3 million associated with acquired intangible assets in the Technisys Merger, partially offset by $4.1 million associated with the acceleration of our core banking infrastructure through the first half of 2021; and
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•an increase in software licenses, and tools and subscriptions expense of $2.5 million related to headcount increases and internal technology initiatives.
Three Months—Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $48.9 million, or 52%, primarily due to:
•an increase in advertising expenditures of $18.8 million, which was primarily attributable to an increase in direct mail, search and social network advertising expenditures in the 2022 period;
•an increase of $13.5 million related to increasing utilization of lead generation channels during the 2022 period;
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $8.2 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $2.3 million and of which $1.9 million was attributable to Technisys. The remaining increase was correlated with an increase in sales and marketing personnel to support our growth;
•an increase in direct customer promotional expenditures of $2.7 million, which is one of our levers for stimulating member product adoption and engagement; and
•increases in travel and entertainment-related expenditures and software licenses and tools and subscriptions expenses.
Six Months—Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $99.8 million, or 55%, primarily due to:
•an increase in advertising expenditures of $39.4 million, which was primarily attributable to an increase in direct mail, search and social network advertising expenditures in the 2022 period;
•an increase of $28.3 million related to increasing utilization of lead generation channels during the 2022 period;
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $15.1 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $5.0 million and of which $2.3 million was attributable to Technisys. The remaining increase was correlated with an increase in sales and marketing personnel to support our growth;
•an increase in direct customer promotional expenditures of $6.5 million, which is one of our levers for stimulating member product adoption and engagement;
•an increase of SoFi Stadium related expenditures of $2.3 million, which is exclusive of depreciation and interest expense on the embedded lease portion of our SoFi Stadium agreement; and
•increases related to travel and entertainment-related expenditures and software licenses and tools and subscriptions expenses.
Three Months—Cost of Operations. Cost of operations increased by $18.5 million, or 30%, primarily due to:
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $10.3 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $2.1 million, which was correlated with an increase in cost of operations personnel in support of our growth, as well as an increase in average compensation in the 2022 period;
•an increase of $2.2 million in third-party fulfillment costs, which was primarily related to payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity in the Technology Platform segment;
•an increase in software licenses, tools and subscriptions and other related fees of $3.3 million, consistent with headcount increases and internal technology initiatives;
•an increase in credit card processing and fulfillment costs of $0.7 million related to increased credit card activity;
•an increase in operational losses of $0.4 million; and
•a decrease in loan origination and servicing expenses of $3.1 million, of which $4.8 million was related to home loans, partially offset by an increase of $1.8 million related to personal loans, which were primarily attributable to changes in origination volume period over period.
Six Months—Cost of Operations. Cost of operations increased by $31.3 million, or 27%, primarily due to:
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $19.2 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $4.8 million, which was correlated with an increase in cost of operations personnel in support of our growth, as well as an increase in average compensation in the 2022 period;
•an increase of $4.5 million in third-party fulfillment costs, which was primarily related to payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity in the Technology Platform segment;
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•an increase in software licenses, tools and subscriptions and other related fees of $5.2 million, consistent with headcount increases and internal technology initiatives;
•an increase in operational losses of $2.1 million;
•an increase in credit card processing and fulfillment costs of $1.6 million related to increased credit card activity; and
•a decrease in loan origination and servicing expenses of $6.4 million, of which $9.0 million was related to home loans, partially offset by an increase of $2.9 million related to personal loans, which were primarily attributable to changes in origination volume period over period.
Three Months—General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses decreased by $45.4 million, or 27%, primarily due to:
•favorability resulting from the absence in the 2022 period of $71.0 million of expense incurred in the 2021 period associated with the fair value increase of our warrant liabilities. The Series H warrants were reclassified to permanent equity in the second quarter of 2021 in conjunction with the Business Combination and, therefore, had no impact on the 2022 period;
•a decrease in transaction-related expenses of $20.4 million, of which $21.2 million of the variance was attributable to the special payment made to the Series 1 preferred stockholders in the second quarter of 2021 associated with the Business Combination;
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $35.0 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $21.8 million and additional increases attributable to Technisys of $1.8 million. The remaining increase was related to an increase in general and administrative personnel to support our growing infrastructure and administrative needs, as well as an increase in average compensation in the 2022 period;
•an increase of $4.4 million related to aggregate credit card and personal loan third party fraud events in the 2022 period; and
•an increase in corporate insurance of $1.3 million and professional services costs of $1.6 million, which were primarily attributable to the increased costs of being a public company.
Six Months—General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses decreased by $70.6 million, or 21%, primarily due to:
•favorability resulting from the absence in the 2022 period of $160.9 million of expense incurred in the 2021 period associated with the fair value increase of our warrant liabilities. The Series H warrants were reclassified to permanent equity in the second quarter of 2021 in conjunction with the Business Combination and, therefore, had no impact on the 2022 period;
•a decrease in transaction-related expenses of $6.0 million during the 2022 period, which was attributable to the special payment of $21.2 million to the Series 1 preferred stockholders in the second quarter of 2021 associated with the Business Combination, partially offset by costs associated with our acquisitions in the 2022 period;
•an increase in employee compensation and benefits of $74.1 million, inclusive of an increase in share-based compensation expense of $50.2 million and additional increases attributable to Technisys of $2.1 million. The remaining increase was related to an increase in general and administrative personnel to support our growing infrastructure and administrative needs in addition to an increase in average compensation in the 2022 period;
•an increase of $13.7 million related to aggregate credit card and personal loan third party fraud events in the 2022 period; and
•an increase in corporate insurance of $3.9 million and professional services costs of $1.1 million, which were primarily attributable to the increased costs of being a public company.
Three Months—Provision for Credit Losses. The provision for credit losses increased by $9.6 million, which reflected higher average credit card balances combined with elevated credit card loss rates during the 2022 period.
Six Months—Provision for Credit Losses. The provision for credit losses increased by $22.6 million, which reflected higher average credit card balances combined with elevated credit card loss rates during the 2022 period. The provision in the 2022 period was also impacted by loans acquired in the Bank Merger.
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Net Loss
We had a net loss of $95.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $165.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, and a net loss of $206.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $342.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decreases in losses for the current periods were due to the factors discussed above, net of the change in income taxes.
For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded income tax (expense) benefit of $(0.1) million and $0.1 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded income tax (expense) of $(0.9) million and $(1.0) million, respectively. The income tax expense was primarily due to income tax expense associated with the profitability of SoFi Lending Corp. and, for the 2022 periods, SoFi Bank, in some state jurisdictions where separate company filing is required. In the 2022 periods, this expense was partially offset by income tax benefits from foreign losses in jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities related to the Technisys Merger.
Summary Results by Segment
Lending Segment
In the table below, we present certain metrics related to our Lending segment for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metric |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total products (number, as of period end) |  | 1,202,027 |  |  | 981,440 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 1,202,027 |  |  | 981,440 |  |  | 22 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination volume ($ in thousands, during period) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home loans |  | $ | 332,047 |  |  | $ | 792,228 |  |  | (58) | % |  | $ | 644,430 |  |  | $ | 1,527,832 |  |  | (58) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal loans |  | 2,471,849 |  |  | 1,294,384 |  |  | 91 | % |  | 4,497,853 |  |  | 2,100,073 |  |  | 114 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Student loans |  | 398,722 |  |  | 859,497 |  |  | (54) | % |  | 1,382,526 |  |  | 1,864,182 |  |  | (26) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 3,202,618 |  |  | $ | 2,946,109 |  |  | 9 | % |  | $ | 6,524,809 |  |  | $ | 5,492,087 |  |  | 19 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans with a balance (number, as of period end)(1) |  | 663,387 |  |  | 581,627 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 663,387 |  |  | 581,627 |  |  | 14 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average loan balance ($, as of period end)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home loans |  | $ | 287,205 |  |  | $ | 286,200 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 287,205 |  |  | $ | 286,200 |  |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal loans |  | 24,421 |  |  | 21,691 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 24,421 |  |  | 21,691 |  |  | 13 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Student loans(2) |  | 48,474 |  |  | 51,320 |  |  | (6) | % |  | 48,474 |  |  | 51,320 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________________
(1)Loans with a balance and average loan balance include loans on our balance sheet and transferred loans with which we have a continuing involvement through our servicing agreements.
(2)In-school loans carry a lower average balance than student loan refinancing products.
Total Products
Total products in our Lending segment is a subset of our total products metric. See “Key Business Metrics” for further discussion of this measure as it relates to our Lending segment.
Origination Volume
We refer to the aggregate dollar amount of loans originated through our platform in a given period as origination volume. Origination volume is an indicator of the size and health of our Lending segment and an indicator (together with the relevant loan characteristics, such as interest rate and prepayment and default expectations) of revenues and profitability. Changes in origination volume are driven by the addition of new members and existing members, the latter of which at times will either refinance into a new SoFi loan or secure an additional, concurrent loan, as well as macroeconomic factors impacting consumer spending and borrowing behavior. Since the profitability of the Lending segment is largely correlated with origination volume, management relies on origination volume trends to assess the need for external financing to support the Financial Services segment and the expense budgets for unallocated expenses.
Home Loans. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, home loan origination volume declined relative to the corresponding 2021 periods due to rising interest rates relative to the 2021 levels, which tends to lower demand for home loans overall and shift demand from refinance originations to purchase originations, the latter of which is a more competitive landscape and has historically represented a smaller percentage of our home loan originations.
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Personal Loans. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, personal loan origination volume increased significantly relative to the corresponding 2021 periods, primarily due to increased demand driven by expanded marketing efforts amid a backdrop of steady consumer confidence levels in the 2022 periods relative to the 2021 periods, combined with a positive impact from increased loan application approval rates that were implemented during the second half of 2021 and maintained during 2022.
Student Loans. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, student loan origination volume decreased relative to the corresponding 2021 periods, as demand for student loan refinancing products continued to be unfavorably impacted by the ongoing suspension of principal and interest payments on federally-held student loans, combined with a rising interest rate environment in 2022.
Loans with a Balance and Average Loan Balance
Loans with a balance refers to the number of loans that have a balance greater than zero dollars as of the reporting date. Loans with a balance allows management to better understand the unit economics of acquiring a loan in relation to the lifetime value of that loan. Average loan balance is defined as the total unpaid principal balance of the loans divided by loans with a balance within the respective loan product category as of the reporting date. Average loan balance tends to fluctuate based on the pace of loan originations relative to loan repayments and the initial loan origination size.
The following table presents additional information on the terms as of June 30, 2022 of the lending products we offer:

Product |  | Loan Size |  | Rates(1) |  | Term
Student Loan Refinancing |  | $5,000+ (2) |  | Variable rate: 1.74% – 7.99% |  | 5 – 20 years
|  |  |  | Fixed rate: 3.24% – 7.99% |
In-School Loans |  | $1,000+ (2) |  | Variable rate: 1.44% – 13.79% |  | 5 – 15 years
|  |  |  | Fixed rate: 3.75% – 13.55% |
Personal Loans |  | $5,000 – $100,000 (2) |  | Fixed rate: 6.99% – 22.23% |  | 2 – 7 years
Home Loans |  | $100,000 – $647,200 (3)(4) |  | Fixed rate: 2.38% – 6.88% |  | 10, 15, 20 or 30 years
| (Conforming Normal Cost Areas) |  |
| OR |  |
| $970,800 (4) (Conforming High Cost Areas) |  |
| OR |  |
| $3,000,000 (4) (Jumbo Loans) |  |

__________________
(1)Loan annual percentage rates presented reflect rates as advertised as of the date indicated, inclusive of an auto-pay discount, as applicable.
(2)Minimum loan size may be higher within certain states due to legal or licensing requirements.
(3)Exceptions for loan sizes less than $100,000 are considered on a case-by-case basis.
(4)Represents the maximum loan size offered within each category as of the reporting date. “Conforming High Cost Areas” refers to FNMA eligible loans above the normal conforming limit, which is determined by county. “Jumbo Loans” refers to loans in the jumbo loan program.
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In the table below, we present additional information related to our lending products during the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Overall weighted average origination FICO |  | 751 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 753 |  |  | 763 |
Student Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average origination FICO |  | 773 |  |  | 776 |  |  | 774 |  |  | 775 |
Weighted average interest rate earned(1) |  | 4.08 | % |  | 4.65 | % |  | 4.04 | % |  | 4.60 | %
Interest income recognized ($ in thousands)(2) |  | $ | 38,078 |  |  | $ | 32,091 |  |  | $ | 75,840 |  |  | $ | 64,368 |
Sales of loans ($ in thousands) |  | $ | 259,690 |  |  | $ | 610,941 |  |  | $ | 803,840 |  |  | $ | 1,547,101 |
Home Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average origination FICO |  | 744 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 758 |
Weighted average interest rate earned(1) |  | 2.91 | % |  | 1.87 | % |  | 2.77 | % |  | 1.80 | %
Interest income recognized ($ in thousands)(2) |  | $ | 1,052 |  |  | $ | 945 |  |  | $ | 2,232 |  |  | $ | 1,676 |
Sales of loans ($ in thousands) |  | $ | 342,780 |  |  | $ | 841,642 |  |  | $ | 708,150 |  |  | $ | 1,519,208 |
Personal Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average origination FICO |  | 748 |  |  | 754 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 757 |
Weighted average interest rate earned(1) |  | 11.62 | % |  | 10.78 | % |  | 11.34 | % |  | 10.58 | %
Interest income recognized ($ in thousands)(2) |  | $ | 101,475 |  |  | $ | 46,206 |  |  | $ | 173,585 |  |  | $ | 90,206 |
Sales of loans ($ in thousands) |  | $ | 1,123,898 |  |  | $ | 970,135 |  |  | $ | 2,101,818 |  |  | $ | 1,749,576 |

__________________
(1)Weighted average interest rate earned represents annualized interest income recognized divided by the average of the four- and seven-month unpaid principal balances of loans outstanding during the period, which are impacted by the timing and extent of loan sales. The weighted average interest rates earned for the comparative 2021 periods were recast to conform to the current period methodology for calculating average balances.
(2)See “Results of Operations—Interest Income” for a discussion of interest income recognized during the periods indicated.
Lending Segment Results of Operations
The following table presents the measure of contribution profit for the Lending segment for the periods indicated. The information is derived from our internal financial reporting used for corporate management purposes. In the first quarter of 2022, we implemented an FTP framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding, as further discussed below.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Net interest income(1) |  | $ | 114,003 |  |  | $ | 56,822 |  |  | 101 | % |  | $ | 208,357 |  |  | $ | 108,599 |  |  | 92 | %
Noninterest income |  | 143,114 |  |  | 109,469 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 301,749 |  |  | 205,669 |  |  | 47 | %
Total net revenue |  | 257,117 |  |  | 166,291 |  |  | 55 | % |  | 510,106 |  |  | 314,268 |  |  | 62 | %
Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(2) |  | (9,098) |  |  | 224 |  |  | n/m |  | (20,678) |  |  | 12,333 |  |  | (268) | %
Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions(3) |  | 2,662 |  |  | 5,717 |  |  | (53) | % |  | 5,625 |  |  | 13,668 |  |  | (59) | %
Directly attributable expenses(4) |  | (108,690) |  |  | (83,044) |  |  | 31 | % |  | (220,411) |  |  | (163,395) |  |  | 35 | %
Contribution profit |  | $ | 141,991 |  |  | $ | 89,188 |  |  | 59 | % |  | $ | 274,642 |  |  | $ | 176,874 |  |  | 55 | %
Adjusted net revenue(5) |  | $ | 250,681 |  |  | $ | 172,232 |  |  | 46 | % |  | $ | 495,053 |  |  | $ | 340,269 |  |  | 45 | %

___________________
(1)Net interest income and, thereby, total net revenue and contribution profit for our Lending segment reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 reflects the implementation of an FTP framework, under which Lending segment net interest income represents the difference between interest income earned on our loans and an FTP charge for the segment’s use of funds to originate loans, which can fluctuate based on changes in interest rates, funding curves, the composition of our balance sheet and the availability of capital. For the comparative periods ended June 30, 2021, Lending segment net interest income reflected the external financing costs for our loans. If we had applied our current FTP framework during the comparative three and six month periods, the Lending segment net interest income would have increased by $1.4 million and $2.7 million, respectively.
(2)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including market servicing costs, conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. This non-cash change, which is recorded within noninterest income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) is unrealized during the period and, therefore, has no impact on our cash flows from operations. As such, the changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the cash flows available to finance our operations.
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(3)Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including conditional prepayment and default rates and discount rates. When third parties finance our consolidated VIEs through purchasing residual interests, we receive proceeds at the time of the securitization close and, thereafter, pass along contractual cash flows to the residual interest owner. These obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, with fair value changes recorded within noninterest income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The fair value change attributable to assumption changes has no impact on our initial financing proceeds, our future obligations to the residual interest owner (because future residual interest claims are limited to contractual securitization collateral cash flows), or the general operations of our business. As such, this non-cash change in fair value is adjusted to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the cash flows available to finance our operations.
(4)For a disaggregation of the directly attributable expenses allocated to the Lending segment in each of the periods presented, see “Directly Attributable Expenses” below.
(5)Adjusted net revenue is a non-GAAP financial measure. For information regarding our use and definition of this measure and for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, total net revenue, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” herein.
Net interest income
Net interest income in our Lending segment increased by $57.2 million, or 101%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and increased by $99.8 million, or 92%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Three Months—Loans Interest Income. Loans interest income increased by $61.4 million, or 77%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Interest Income—Three Months—Loans” for information on the primary drivers of the variance related to our personal loans, student loans and home loans.
Six Months—Loans Interest Income. Loans interest income increased by $95.3 million, or 61%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Interest Income—Six Months—Loans” for information on the primary drivers of the variance related to our personal loans, student loans and home loans.
Three Months—Securitizations Interest Income. Securitizations interest income decreased by $1.2 million, or 32%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Interest Income—Three Months—Securitizations” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Six Months—Securitizations Interest Income. Securitizations interest income decreased by $2.9 million, or 36%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Interest Income—Six Months—Securitizations” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $3.0 million, or 11%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and decreased by $7.4 million, or 13%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.
For the three and six month 2022 periods relative to the comparable 2021 periods, interest expense in our Lending segment reflected the following: (i) a decline in securitization debt interest expense (exclusive of debt issuance and discount amortization) of $4.2 million and $9.6 million, respectively; (ii) a decline in residual interests classified as debt interest expense of $1.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively; and (iii) a decline in debt issuance cost interest expense of $2.8 million and $6.2 million, respectively. Additionally, in the six-month 2022 period, we recognized the actual interest incurred on our use of securitizations and warehouse facilities for one month of $1.7 million and FTP interest expense for five months of $28.2 million, which was a framework we implemented during the first quarter. In the 2021 periods, which were prior to our implementation of an FTP framework, we recognized the actual interest incurred on our use of securitizations and warehouse facilities for the full three and six month periods of $9.3 million and $19.8 million, respectively.
Noninterest income
Noninterest income in our Lending segment increased by $33.6 million, or 31%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and increased by $96.1 million, or 47%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Three Months—Loan Origination and Sales. Loan origination and sales increased by $34.7 million, or 32%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Three Months—Loan Origination and Sales” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Six Months—Loan Origination and Sales. Loan origination and sales increased by $82.1 million, or 37%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Six Months—Loan Origination and Sales” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
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Three Months—Securitizations. Securitizations income decreased by $11.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Three Months—Securitizations” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Six Months—Securitizations. Securitizations income decreased by $21.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Six Months—Securitizations” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Three Months—Servicing. Servicing income increased by $10.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Servicing” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Six Months—Servicing. Servicing income increased by $35.0 million, or 283%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Servicing” for information on the primary drivers of the variance.
Directly attributable expenses
The directly attributable expenses allocated to the Lending segment that were used in the determination of the segment's contribution profit were as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Direct advertising |  | $ | 41,097 |  |  | $ | 29,467 |  |  | 39 | % |  | $ | 82,891 |  |  | $ | 57,316 |  |  | 45 | %
Compensation and benefits |  | 26,570 |  |  | 20,909 |  |  | 27 | % |  | 50,138 |  |  | 42,307 |  |  | 19 | %
Lead generation |  | 21,499 |  |  | 11,702 |  |  | 84 | % |  | 43,382 |  |  | 18,412 |  |  | 136 | %
Loan origination and servicing costs |  | 10,471 |  |  | 13,545 |  |  | (23) | % |  | 21,102 |  |  | 27,537 |  |  | (23) | %
Professional services |  | 2,349 |  |  | 1,256 |  |  | 87 | % |  | 3,869 |  |  | 2,697 |  |  | 43 | %
Other(1) |  | 6,704 |  |  | 6,165 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 19,029 |  |  | 15,126 |  |  | 26 | %
Directly attributable expenses |  | $ | 108,690 |  |  | $ | 83,044 |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 220,411 |  |  | $ | 163,395 |  |  | 35 | %

______________
(1)Other expenses primarily include loan marketing expenses, third party loan fraud, member promotional expenses, tools and subscriptions, travel and occupancy-related costs.
Lending segment directly attributable expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 increased by $25.6 million, or 31%, and $57.0 million, or 35%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily due to the following:
•increases of $11.6 million for the three-month period and $25.6 million for the six-month period in direct advertising related to direct mail, search engine and social network advertising, partially offset by declines in television advertisement;
•increases of $9.8 million for the three-month period and $25.0 million for the six-month period due to increasing utilization of lead generation channels primarily associated with increased personal loan origination volume in the 2022 periods;
•increases of $5.7 million for the three-month period and $7.8 million for the six-month period in allocated compensation and related benefits, which primarily reflected increases in headcount allocated to the lending segment, partially offset by declines in home loan commissions of $0.3 million and $1.1 million for the three and six-month periods, respectively, attributable to declines in home loan originations;
•increases of $1.1 million for the three-month period and $1.2 million for the six-month period in professional services costs, which were largely audit and advisory related costs;
•increases of $0.5 million for the three-month period and $3.9 million for the six-month period in other expenses. The three-month variance was primarily related to increased tools and subscriptions costs. The six-month variance was primarily related to third-party personal loan fraud of $5.3 million during the 2022 period and increased tools and subscriptions costs, which were partially offset by a decline in bad debt expense of $0.8 million; and
•decreases of $3.1 million for the three-month period and $6.4 million for the six-month period in loan origination and servicing costs, which were largely attributable to decreases in home loan origination costs of $4.7 million and $9.1 million, respectively, that correlated with declines in home loan origination volume. This decline was partially offset
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by increases in personal loan origination costs of $1.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively, which corresponded with increases in personal loan origination volume.
Technology Platform Segment
In the table below, we present a metric that is related to Galileo within our Technology Platform segment.

| June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total accounts | 116,570,038 |  |  | 78,902,156 |  |  | 48 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

See “Key Business Metrics” for further discussion of this measure as it relates to our Technology Platform segment.
Technology Platform Segment Results of Operations
The following table presents the measure of contribution profit for the Technology Platform segment for the periods indicated. The information is derived from our internal financial reporting used for corporate management purposes. Refer to Note 17 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding Technology Platform segment performance.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Net interest expense |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | (100) | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | (100) | %
Noninterest income |  | 83,899 |  |  | 45,329 |  |  | 85 | % |  | 144,704 |  |  | 91,430 |  |  | 58 | %
Total net revenue |  | 83,899 |  |  | 45,297 |  |  | 85 | % |  | 144,704 |  |  | 91,362 |  |  | 58 | %
Directly attributable expenses(1) |  | (62,058) |  |  | (32,284) |  |  | 92 | % |  | (104,608) |  |  | (62,664) |  |  | 67 | %
Contribution profit |  | $ | 21,841 |  |  | $ | 13,013 |  |  | 68 | % |  | $ | 40,096 |  |  | $ | 28,698 |  |  | 40 | %

___________________
(1)For a disaggregation of the directly attributable expenses allocated to the Technology Platform segment in each of the periods presented, see “Directly Attributable Expenses” below.
Noninterest income
Noninterest income in our Technology Platform segment increased by $38.6 million, or 85%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and increased by $53.3 million, or 58%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, the components of which are discussed below.
Three and Six Months—Technology Products and Solutions. Technology products and solutions revenues increased by $38.4 million, or 85%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and by $53.4 million, or 59%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. See “Results of Operations—Noninterest Income and Net Revenue—Technology Products and Solutions” for information on the primary drivers of the variance. In addition, the variances are inclusive of $1.7 million and $2.4 million of intercompany revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
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Directly attributable expenses
The directly attributable expenses allocated to the Technology Platform segment that were used in the determination of the segment's contribution profit were as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 36,405 |  |  | $ | 16,321 |  |  | 123 | % |  | $ | 61,682 |  |  | $ | 32,502 |  |  | 90 | %
Product fulfillment |  | 9,598 |  |  | 7,460 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 18,958 |  |  | 14,458 |  |  | 31 | %
Tools and subscriptions |  | 4,881 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 79 | % |  | 8,127 |  |  | 4,593 |  |  | 77 | %
Professional services |  | 4,584 |  |  | 1,847 |  |  | 148 | % |  | 6,883 |  |  | 3,916 |  |  | 76 | %
Other(1) |  | 6,590 |  |  | 3,923 |  |  | 68 | % |  | 8,958 |  |  | 7,195 |  |  | 25 | %
Directly attributable expenses |  | $ | 62,058 |  |  | $ | 32,284 |  |  | 92 | % |  | $ | 104,608 |  |  | $ | 62,664 |  |  | 67 | %

___________________
(1)Other expenses are primarily related to advertising and marketing, travel and occupancy-related costs, bad debt and data center expenses.
Technology Platform segment directly attributable expenses increased by $29.8 million, or 92%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and by $41.9 million, or 67%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the following:
•increases of $20.1 million for the three-month period and $29.2 million for the six-month period in compensation and benefits expense, which was correlated with an increase in personnel to support segment growth, as well as an increase in average compensation during the 2022 periods. Technisys compensation and benefits contributed $13.5 million and $18.7 million during the three- and six-month 2022 periods, respectively;
•increases of $2.1 million for the three-month period and $4.5 million for the six-month period in product fulfillment costs, primarily related to payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity on the platform. These fees grew by 28% during both the three- and six-month 2022 periods relative to the comparable 2021 periods, which positively correlated with the applicable integrated platform-as-a-service growth in our technology products and solutions revenues;
•increases of $2.1 million for the three-month period and $3.5 million for the six-month period in tools and subscriptions costs related to headcount increases and internal technology initiatives to support the growth of the platform, along with the inclusion of Technisys in our 2022 results;
•increases of $2.7 million for the three-month period and $3.0 million for the six-month period in professional services costs, of which $2.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively, were related to the operations of Technisys; and
•increases of $2.7 million for the three-month period and $1.8 million for the six-month period in other expenses, which were primarily related to advertising, marketing and travel and occupancy-related costs that were largely incurred at Technisys, partially offset by a reversal of provision for credit losses in the six-month 2022 period associated with the recovery of significantly aged accounts receivable.
Financial Services Segment
In the table below, we present a key metric related to our Financial Services segment:

Metric |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 % Change
Total products (number, as of period end) |  | 5,362,147 |  |  | 2,685,681 |  |  | 100 | %

Total products in our Financial Services segment is a subset of our total products metric. See “Key Business Metrics” for a further discussion of this measure as it relates to our Financial Services segment.
Financial Services Segment Results of Operations
The following table presents the measure of contribution loss for the Financial Services segment for the periods indicated. The information is derived from our internal financial reporting used for corporate management purposes. During the
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first quarter of 2022, we implemented an FTP framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding, as further discussed below.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Net interest income(1) |  | $ | 12,925 |  |  | $ | 542 |  |  | n/m |  | $ | 18,807 |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | n/m
Noninterest income |  | 17,438 |  |  | 16,497 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 35,099 |  |  | 22,731 |  |  | 54 | %
Total net revenue |  | 30,363 |  |  | 17,039 |  |  | 78 | % |  | 53,906 |  |  | 23,502 |  |  | 129 | %
Directly attributable expenses(2) |  | (84,063) |  |  | (41,784) |  |  | 101 | % |  | (157,121) |  |  | (83,766) |  |  | 88 | %
Contribution loss |  | $ | (53,700) |  |  | $ | (24,745) |  |  | 117 | % |  | $ | (103,215) |  |  | $ | (60,264) |  |  | 71 | %

___________________
(1)Net interest income and, thereby, total net revenue and contribution loss for our Financial Services segment reported for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 reflects the implementation of an FTP framework, under which Financial Services segment net interest income reflects the difference between an FTP credit for the segment’s provision of deposits as a source of funding and an FTP charge for the segment’s use of funds to originate credit card loans. For the comparative periods ended June 30, 2021, our Financial Services segment net interest income was nominal, as it did not have deposits and the credit card product was nascent. If we had applied our current FTP framework during the comparative three and six month periods, the Financial Services segment net interest income would have decreased by $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
(2)For a disaggregation of the directly attributable expenses allocated to the Financial Services segment in each of the periods presented, see “Directly Attributable Expenses” below.
Net interest income
Net interest income in our Financial Services segment increased by $12.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and by $18.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. For the three- and six-month 2022 periods, net interest income primarily reflected net interest income earned on our deposits of $8.7 million and $11.5 million, respectively, which includes interest income based on our FTP framework (which eliminates in consolidation) and interest expense to members, and corresponds with the level of deposits at SoFi Bank. In addition, net interest income earned on our credit card loans increased by $2.6 million and $5.6 million for the three and six month periods, respectively, which was attributable to growth in the average balance.
Noninterest income
Noninterest income in our Financial Services segment increased by $0.9 million, or 6%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and by $12.4 million, or 54% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the following:
•increases in referral fees of $5.7 million for the three-month period and $11.2 million for the six-month period, which were primarily attributable to a referral fulfillment arrangement we entered in the third quarter of 2021, as well as growth in our partner relationships and related activity, as we continue to onboard new partners and help drive volume to these partners;
•increases in payment network fees of $1.5 million for the three-month period and $4.6 million for the six-month period, which coincided with increased credit card and debit card transaction volume;
•increases of $0.6 million for the three-month period and $1.1 million for the six-month period in non-payment network related credit card fees;
•a reduction in trading losses related to our SoFi Invest product during the six-month period of $1.6 million;
•decreases in brokerage-related fees of $2.9 million for the three-month period and $2.8 million for the six-month period, which coincided with lower digital assets trading volume on our platform during the 2022 periods;
•decreases in enterprise service fees of $2.5 million for the three-month period and $2.3 million for the six-month period, which were primarily related to advisory service revenues of $2.6 million recognized in the second quarter of 2021; and
•decreases in equity capital markets services of $1.8 million for both the three and six-month periods, related to underwriting fee revenue recognized in the second quarter of 2021.
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Directly attributable expenses
The directly attributable expenses allocated to the Financial Services segment that were used in the determination of the segment's contribution loss were as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2022 vs 2021 % Change |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 26,371 |  |  | $ | 19,800 |  |  | 33 | % |  | $ | 50,309 |  |  | $ | 38,584 |  |  | 30 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 10,103 |  |  | 486 |  |  | n/m |  | 23,064 |  |  | 486 |  |  | n/m |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct advertising |  | 9,299 |  |  | 3,030 |  |  | 207 | % |  | 16,151 |  |  | 6,798 |  |  | 138 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Member incentives |  | 9,202 |  |  | 4,309 |  |  | 114 | % |  | 15,805 |  |  | 9,290 |  |  | 70 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Product fulfillment |  | 8,228 |  |  | 5,074 |  |  | 62 | % |  | 15,425 |  |  | 10,117 |  |  | 52 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Lead generation |  | 6,064 |  |  | 2,388 |  |  | 154 | % |  | 8,573 |  |  | 5,206 |  |  | 65 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services |  | 1,234 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 2,334 |  |  | 2,404 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Intercompany technology platform expenses |  | 953 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | 1,723 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  |  |  |  |  |
Other(1) |  | 12,609 |  |  | 5,861 |  |  | 115 | % |  | 23,737 |  |  | 10,881 |  |  | 118 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Directly attributable expenses |  | $ | 84,063 |  |  | $ | 41,784 |  |  | 101 | % |  | $ | 157,121 |  |  | $ | 83,766 |  |  | 88 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

___________________
(1)Other expenses primarily include tools and subscriptions, operational product losses, third party fraud expense, travel and occupancy-related costs, and marketing-related expenses.
Financial Services directly attributable expenses increased by $42.3 million, or 101%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and by $73.4 million, or 88%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the following:
•increases of $9.6 million for the three-month period and $22.6 million for the six-month period related to our provision for credit losses, which were primarily related to increases in the provision for credit card loans of $10.3 million and $22.2 million, respectively, due to higher average credit card balances combined with elevated credit card loss rates during the 2022 periods. The remaining changes were associated with loans acquired in the Bank Merger during the first quarter of 2022;
•increases of $6.6 million for the three-month period and $11.7 million for the six-month period in compensation and benefits expense, which were consistent with our ongoing prioritization of growth in the Financial Services segment, which required additional staffing;
•increases of $6.3 million for the three-month period and $9.4 million for the six-month period in direct advertising costs primarily driven by an increase in search engine and social network marketing. The marketing initiatives were primarily related to the continued promotion of, and growth in, our Financial Services products;
•increases of $4.9 million for the three-month period and $6.5 million for the six-month period primarily related to increased direct member incentives utilized to drive adoption and usage of our Financial Services products, the most significant of which was SoFi Checking and Savings, partially offset by lower incentives related to SoFi Invest;
•increases of $3.2 million for the three-month period and $5.3 million for the six-month period in product fulfillment costs related to SoFi Checking and Savings and SoFi Money cash management, which included such activities as brokerage expenses and debit card fulfillment services, operating SoFi Bank, and operating our cash management sweep program. In addition, we had $0.9 million and $2.0 million of higher costs related to credit card fulfillment for the three- and six-month 2022 periods, respectively;
•increases of $3.7 million for the three-month period and $3.4 million for the six-month period related to lead generation, primarily related to SoFi Checking and Savings;
•an increase of $0.4 million for the three-month period in professional services costs; and
•increases of $6.7 million for the three-month period and $12.9 million for the six-month period in other costs, which were primarily related to third-party credit card fraud of $4.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively, and operational product losses of $0.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively. In addition, we had increases in travel and occupancy-related costs and tools and subscriptions costs.
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Corporate/Other Non-Reportable Segment
Non-segment operations are classified as Corporate/Other (previously referred to as “Other”), which includes net revenues associated with corporate functions that are not directly related to a reportable segment, as well as, beginning in the first quarter of 2022, the financial impact of our capital management activities within the treasury function, which reflects the residual impact from the FTP charges and FTP credits on our reportable segments under our FTP framework.
Reconciliation of Directly Attributable Expenses
The following table reconciles directly attributable expenses allocated to our reportable segments to total noninterest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
($ in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Reportable segments directly attributable expenses | $ | (254,811) |  |  | $ | (157,112) |  |  | $ | (482,140) |  |  | $ | (309,825) |
Intercompany expenses | 1,671 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,441 |  |  | — |
Expenses not allocated to segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense | (80,142) |  |  | (52,154) |  |  | (157,163) |  |  | (89,608) |
Depreciation and amortization expense | (38,056) |  |  | (24,989) |  |  | (68,754) |  |  | (50,966) |
Employee-related costs(1) | (45,316) |  |  | (36,944) |  |  | (88,006) |  |  | (69,224) |
Fair value change of warrant liabilities | — |  |  | (70,989) |  |  | — |  |  | (160,909) |
Special payment(2) | — |  |  | (21,181) |  |  | — |  |  | (21,181) |
Other corporate and unallocated expenses(3) | (41,589) |  |  | (33,297) |  |  | (104,570) |  |  | (67,402) |
Total noninterest expense | $ | (458,243) |  |  | $ | (396,666) |  |  | $ | (898,192) |  |  | $ | (769,115) |

___________________
(1)Includes compensation, benefits, recruiting, certain occupancy-related costs and various travel costs of executive management, certain technology groups and general and administrative functions that are not directly attributable to the reportable segments.
(2)Included a special payment to the Series 1 preferred stockholders in connection with the Business Combination in the second quarter of 2021.
(3)Represents corporate overhead costs that are not allocated to reportable segments, which primarily includes corporate marketing and advertising costs, tools and subscription costs, professional services costs, corporate insurance expense and transaction-related expenses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We require substantial liquidity to fund our current operating requirements, which primarily include loan originations and the losses generated by our Financial Services segment. We expect these requirements to increase as we continue to pursue our strategic growth goals. Historically, our Lending cash flow variability has related to loan origination and sales volume, our available funding sources and utilization of our warehouse facilities. Moreover, given our continued growth initiatives, we have seen variability in financing cash flows due to growth in deposits, the timing and extent of common stock and redeemable preferred stock raises, redemptions and additional uses and repayments of debt, and our convertible notes issuance. Remaining operating cash flow variability is largely related to our investments in our business, such as technology and product investments and sales and marketing initiatives. Our capital expenditures have historically been less significant relative to our operating and financing cash flows, and we expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future.
To continue to achieve our liquidity objectives, we analyze and monitor liquidity needs and strive to maintain excess liquidity and access to diverse funding sources. We define our liquidity risk as the risk that we will not be able to:
•Originate loans at our current pace, or at all;
•Sell our loans at favorable prices, or at all;
•Grow or maintain our deposit base over time;
•Meet our minimum capital requirements as a bank holding company and a national banking association;
•Meet our contractual obligations as they become due;
•Increase or extend the maturity of our revolving credit facility capacity;
•Satisfy our obligation to repay our convertible notes if they do not convert into common stock before maturity;
•Meet margin requirements associated with hedging or financing agreements;
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•Fund continued operating losses in our business, especially if such operating losses continue at the current level for an extended period of time; or
•Make future investments in the necessary technological and operating infrastructure to support our business.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we generated negative cash flows from operations. The primary drivers of operating cash flows related to our Lending segment are origination volume, the holding period of our loans, loan sale execution and, to a lesser extent, the timing of loan repayments. We either fund our loan originations entirely using our own capital, through proceeds from securitization transactions (applicable to 2021 only), via SoFi bank deposits or receive an advance rate from our various warehouse facilities to finance the majority of the loan amount. Our cash flows from operations were also impacted by material net losses in both periods. If our current net losses continue for the foreseeable future, we may raise additional capital in the form of equity or debt, which may not be at favorable terms when compared to previous financing transactions.
We have also utilized our revolving credit facility capacity to fund current liquidity needs in the normal course of business, such as general corporate activities. Our revolving credit facility had remaining capacity of $74.0 million as of June 30, 2022, of which $6.0 million was not available for general borrowing purposes because it was utilized to secure the uncollateralized portion of certain letters of credit issued to secure certain of our operating lease obligations. As of June 30, 2022, the remaining $3.1 million of the $9.1 million letters of credit outstanding was collateralized by cash deposits with the banking institution, which were presented within restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2022, we also maintained letters of credit associated with our banking activities of $9.7 million, which serve as collateral for public deposits and are collateralized by loans.
Our warehouse facility and securitization debt is secured by a continuing lien on, and security interest in, the loans financed by the proceeds.
Our operating lease obligations consist of our leases of real property from third parties under non-cancellable operating lease agreements, which primarily include the leases of office space, as well as our rights to certain suites and event space within SoFi Stadium, the latter of which we apply the short-term lease exemption practical expedient and do not capitalize the lease obligation. Our finance lease obligations consist of our rights to certain physical signage within SoFi Stadium. Additionally, our securitization transactions require us to maintain a continuing financial interest in the form of securitization investments when we deconsolidate the SPE or in consolidation of the SPE when we have a significant financial interest. In either instance, the continuing financial interest requires us to maintain capital in the SPE that would otherwise be available to us if we had sold loans through a different channel.
We are currently dependent on the success of our lending business. Our ability to access whole loan buyers, to sell our loans on favorable terms, to maintain adequate warehouse capacity at favorable terms, to access new SoFi bank deposits and grow existing bank deposits and to strategically manage our continuing financial interest in securitization-related transfers is critical to our growth strategy and our ability to have adequate liquidity to fund our balance sheet. There is no guarantee that we will be able to execute on our strategy as it relates to the timing and pricing of securitization-related transfers. Therefore, we may hold securitization interests for longer than planned or be forced to liquidate at suboptimal prices. Securitization transfers are also negatively impacted during recessionary periods, wherein purchasers may be more risk averse.
Further, future uncertainties around the demand for our personal loans, home loans and around the student loan refinance market in general, including as a result of worsening macroeconomic conditions, should be considered when assessing our future liquidity and solvency prospects. Principal and interest payments on federally-held student loans were suspended most recently through August 2022, which in turn has continued to lower the propensity for borrowers to refinance into SoFi student loans relative to pre-COVID levels. To the extent that additional measures, such as student loan forgiveness or a further extension of the student loan payment moratorium, are implemented, it may continue to negatively impact our future student loan origination volume. In the future, our loan origination volume and our resulting loan balances, and any positive cash flows thereof, could also be lower based on strategic decisions to tighten our credit standards. See “Key Factors Affecting Operating Results—Student Loan Relief”.
As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulatory capital and liquidity rules issued by the Federal Reserve and other U.S. banking regulators, including the OCC and FDIC. Shortly after we closed the Bank Merger, we allocated $750 million in capital to SoFi Bank. We are required to manage our capital position to maintain sufficient capital to satisfy these regulatory rules and support our business activities, including the requirement to maintain minimum regulatory capital ratios in accordance with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision standardized approach for U.S. banking organizations (U.S. Basel III). If the Federal Reserve finds that we are not “well-capitalized” or “well-managed”, we would be required to take remedial action to comply with all applicable capital and management requirements, which may contain additional limitations or conditions relating to our activities. Additionally, the applicable federal regulatory authority is authorized to determine, under
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certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank or bank holding company, that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. As of June 30, 2022, our regulatory capital ratios exceeded the thresholds required to be regarded as a well-capitalized institution, and meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject. There have been no events or conditions since June 30, 2022 that management believes would change the categorization. See Note 18 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our regulatory capital requirements.
Our material commitments requiring, or potentially requiring, the use of cash in future periods are primarily composed of the following:
•warehouse facility borrowings, which primarily carry variable interest rates and have terms expiring through January 2032. See Note 9 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional key terms;
•revolving credit facility borrowings, which includes principal balance and variable interest. See Note 9 for additional information;
•convertible senior notes, which do not bear regular interest, and will mature in October 2026 unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. See “Borrowings” below for additional information;
•operating lease obligations, primarily composed of leases of office premises with terms expiring from 2022 through 2031, as well as operating leases associated with SoFi Stadium, which expire in 2040;
•finance lease obligations, composed of our rights to certain physical signage within SoFi Stadium, which expire in 2040;
•the remaining commitment arising out of our agreement (which does not include the foregoing operating lease and finance lease obligations, but includes certain payments for which we are applying the short-term lease exemption) for the naming and sponsorship rights to SoFi Stadium, which pertain primarily to sponsorship and advertising opportunities related to the stadium itself, as well as the surrounding performance venue and planned retail district. See Note 15 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our SoFi Stadium arrangement, including a contingent matter associated with SoFi Stadium payments; and
•the remaining commitment related to a four-year cloud computing services arrangement that we executed in the fourth quarter of 2021.
As it relates to our securitization debt, the maturity of the notes issued by the various trusts occurs upon either the maturity of the loan collateral or full payment of the loan collateral held in the trusts, the timing of which cannot be reasonably estimated. Our own liquidity resources are not required to make any contractual payments on our securitization borrowings.
We may require liquidity resources associated with our guarantee arrangements. We have a three-year obligation to FNMA on loans that we sell to FNMA, to repurchase any originated loans that do not meet FNMA guidelines, and we are required to pay the full initial purchase price back to FNMA. In addition, we make standard representations and warranties related to other student, personal and non-FNMA home loan transfers, as well as limited credit-related repurchase guarantees on certain such transfers. If realized, any of the repurchases would require the use of cash. See “Other Arrangements”, as well as Note 15 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our guarantee obligations. We believe we have adequate liquidity to meet these expected obligations.
Our long-term liquidity strategy includes continuing to grow our SoFi bank deposit base, maintaining adequate warehouse capacity (which we expect to decrease as a percentage of our total funding base over time), maintaining corporate debt and other sources of financing, as well as effectively managing the capital raised through debt and equity transactions. Although our goal is to increase our cash flow from operations, there can be no assurance that our future operating plans will lead to improved operating cash flows.
We had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $707.3 million as of June 30, 2022. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents balance, investments in AFS debt securities, SoFi Bank deposits, available capacity under our revolving credit facility, together with additional warehouses or other financing we expect to be able to obtain at reasonable terms, will be sufficient to cover net losses, meet our existing working capital and capital expenditure needs, as well as our planned growth for at least the next 12 months. Our non-securitization loans also represent a key source of liquidity for us, and should be considered in assessing our overall liquidity. We have relationships with whole loan buyers who we believe we will be able to continue to rely on to generate near-term liquidity. Securitization markets can also generate additional liquidity, albeit to a lesser extent, as it involves accessing a much less liquid securitization residual investment market, could result in worse
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execution as compared to whole loans sales, and in certain cases we are required to maintain a minimum investment due to securitization risk retention rules.
Borrowings
Our borrowings as of June 30, 2022 primarily included our loan and risk retention warehouse facilities, asset-backed securitization debt, revolving credit facility and convertible notes. A detailed description of each of our borrowing arrangements is included in Note 9 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
The amount of financing actually advanced on each individual loan under our loan warehouse facilities, as determined by agreed-upon advance rates, may be less than the stated advance rate depending, in part, on changes in underlying characteristics of the loans securing the financings. Each of our loan warehouse facilities allows the lender providing the funds to evaluate the market value of the loans that are serving as collateral for the borrowings or advances being made. As it relates to our current risk retention warehouse facilities, if the lender determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, the lender can require us to provide additional collateral or reduce the amount outstanding with respect to those loans (e.g., initiate a margin call). Our inability or unwillingness to satisfy the request could result in the termination of the facilities and possible default under our other loan funding facilities. In addition, a large unanticipated margin call could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.
The amount owed and outstanding on our loan warehouse facilities fluctuates significantly based on our origination volume, sales volume, the amount of time it takes us to sell our loans, and the amount of loans being self-funded with cash. We may, from time to time, use surplus cash to self-fund a portion of our loan originations and risk retention in the case of securitization transfers.
We have various affirmative and negative financial covenants, as well as non-financial covenants, related to our warehouse debt and revolving credit facility, as well as our Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock. Additionally, we have compliance requirements associated with our convertible notes, and certain provisions of the arrangement could change in the event of a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change”, as defined in the indenture.
The availability of funds under our warehouse facilities and revolving credit facility is subject to, among other conditions, our continued compliance with the covenants. These financial covenants include, but are not limited to, maintaining: (i) a certain minimum tangible net worth, (ii) minimum cash and cash equivalents, and (iii) a maximum leverage ratio of total debt to tangible net worth. A breach of these covenants can result in an event of default under these facilities and allows the lenders to pursue certain remedies. Our subsidiaries are restricted in the amount that can be distributed to SoFi only to the extent that such distributions would cause the financial covenants to not be met.
In addition, pursuant to our amended and restated agreement related to our Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock, we are subject to the following financial covenants:
•Tangible net worth to total debt ratio requirement, which excludes our warehouse, risk retention and securitization related debt;
•Tangible net worth to Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock ratio requirement; and
•Minimum excess equity requirements, where the measure of equity includes permanent equity and SoFi Technologies Redeemable Preferred Stock (exclusive of Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock), as applicable.
We were in compliance with all covenants.
Additionally, in October 2021, we closed on the issuance and sale of $1.2 billion aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes, which do not bear regular interest, will mature in October 2026 (unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted) and will be convertible by the noteholders beginning in April 2026 under certain circumstances. We will settle conversions by paying or delivering, at our election, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, based on the applicable conversion rate(s). The convertible notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at our option at any time, and from time to time, beginning in October 2024 at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued interest, if any. The conversion rate and conversion price will be subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture) occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time. In addition, calling any note for redemption will also constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change with respect to that note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption. Therefore, redemption events and conversion events (to the extent we elect to cash settle) could require a material use of cash at the time of the event.
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Additionally, the convertible notes may incur special interest in the event of default, or additional interest if the Company has not satisfied certain reporting conditions or the convertible notes are not otherwise freely tradable, as such term is defined in the indenture. If special interest or additional interest is incurred on the convertible notes, it could require an additional use of cash.
In connection with the pricing of the convertible notes and with the exercise by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional notes, which option was exercised, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (the “Capped Call Transactions”). The Capped Call Transactions are expected to generally reduce the potential dilutive effect on the common stock upon any conversion of the notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted notes, as the case may be.
The net proceeds from the convertible debt issuance were $1.176 billion. We used $113.8 million of the net proceeds to fund the cost of entering into the Capped Call Transactions. We allotted the remainder of the net proceeds (i) to pay related expenses and (ii) for general corporate purposes.
Cash Flow and Liquidity Analysis
The following table provides a summary of cash flow data during the periods indicated:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | (1,956,723) |  |  | $ | 82,608 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | (4,918) |  |  | 239,339 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 2,192,231 |  |  | (876,576) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
For the six months ended June 30, 2022, net cash used in operating activities of $2.0 billion stemmed from a net loss of $206.2 million and an unfavorable change in our operating assets net of operating liabilities of $2.0 billion, partially offset by a positive adjustment for non-cash items of $277.3 million. The change in operating assets net of operating liabilities was primarily a result of our loan origination and sales activities. We originated loans of $6.5 billion during the period and also purchased loans of $0.4 billion. These cash uses were largely offset by principal payments on loans of $1.2 billion and proceeds from loan sales of $3.6 billion.
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, net cash provided by operating activities of $82.6 million stemmed from a net loss of $342.9 million that was positively adjusted for non-cash items of $317.6 million, and a favorable change in our operating assets net of operating liabilities of $107.9 million. The change in operating assets net of operating liabilities was primarily a result of our loan origination and sales activities. We originated loans of $5.6 billion during the period and also purchased loans of $149.9 million. These cash uses were offset by principal payments on loans of $1.1 billion and proceeds from loan sales of $4.8 billion.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
For the six months ended June 30, 2022, net cash used in investing activities of $4.9 million was primarily attributable to proceeds of $76.0 million from our securitization investments, the aggregate net cash acquired from the Technisys Merger and Bank Merger of $58.5 million, and proceeds of $37.4 million from sales, maturities and paydowns of our investments in AFS debt securities. These sources were more than offset by net cash uses of $81.9 million related to loan activities, primarily driven by credit card loans, $50.0 million for purchases of property, equipment and software, which primarily included internally-developed software and purchased software, and cash uses of $45.0 million related to purchases of AFS debt securities.
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, net cash provided by investing activities of $239.3 million was primarily attributable to proceeds from Apex of $107.5 million from the call on our equity method investment and $16.7 million from repayment of the outstanding principal balance on its related party notes, as well as proceeds of $141.9 million from our securitization investments. These sources were partially offset by a cash use of $26.8 million for purchases of property, equipment and software, which primarily included internally-developed software, purchased software, and furniture and fixtures.
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Cash Flows from Financing Activities
For the six months ended June 30, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities of $2.2 billion was primarily attributable to net cash sources from our SoFi Bank deposits of $2.5 billion. Additionally, our debt repayments related to our lending activities of $5.0 billion, of which $4.8 billion were related to our warehouse facilities, were largely offset by proceeds from debt financing activities of $4.7 billion. Our payments of debt issuance costs were in the normal course of business and reflective of our recurring debt warehouse facility activity, which involves securing new warehouse facilities and extending existing warehouse facilities. Finally, we paid redeemable preferred stock dividends of $20.0 million and taxes related to RSU vesting of $5.8 million.
For the six months ended June 30, 2021, net cash used in financing activities was $0.9 billion. We received proceeds from the Business Combination and PIPE Investment of $2.0 billion, and paid costs directly related to the Business Combination and PIPE Investment of $27.0 million. We received $3.8 billion of proceeds from debt financing activities related to our lending activities. These debt proceeds were more than offset by $6.4 billion of debt repayments, of which $5.7 billion were related to our warehouse facilities. Our payments of debt issuance costs were in the normal course of business and reflective of our recurring debt warehouse facility activity, which involves securing new warehouse facilities and extending existing warehouse facilities. We also paid taxes related to RSU vesting of $28.6 million, as well as redeemable preferred stock dividends of $20.0 million. Finally, we paid $282.9 million to repurchase redeemable common and preferred stock, of which $150.0 million related to redeemable common stock repurchased in conjunction with the Business Combination, and $0.5 million to repurchase common stock during the period.
Other Arrangements
We enter into arrangements in which we originate loans, establish an SPE and transfer loans to the SPE, which has historically served as an important source of liquidity. We also retain the servicing rights of the underlying loans and hold additional interests in the SPE. When an SPE is determined not to be a VIE or when an SPE is determined to be a VIE but we are not the primary beneficiary, the SPE is not consolidated. In addition, a significant change to the pertinent rights of other parties or our pertinent rights, or a significant change to the ranges of possible financial performance outcomes used in our assessment of the variability of cash flows due to us, could impact the determination of whether or not a VIE is consolidated. VIE consolidation and deconsolidation may lead to increased volatility in our financial results and impact period-over-period comparability.
Historically, we have established personal loan trusts and student loan trusts that were created and designed to transfer credit and interest rate risk associated with the underlying loans through the issuance of collateralized notes and residual certificates. We hold a variable interest in the trusts through our ownership of collateralized notes in the form of asset-backed bonds and residual certificates in the trusts. The residual certificates absorb variability and represent the equity ownership interest in the equity portion of the personal loan trusts and student loan trusts.
We are also the servicer for all trusts in which we hold a financial interest. Although we have the power as servicer to perform the activities that most impact the economic performance of the VIE, we do not hold a significant financial interest in the trusts and, therefore, we are not the primary beneficiary. Further, we do not provide financial support beyond our initial equity investment, and our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with nonconsolidated VIEs is limited to our investment. For a more detailed discussion of nonconsolidated VIEs, including activity in relation to the establishment of trusts, the aggregate outstanding values of variable interests and the deconsolidation of VIEs, see Note 5 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
As a component of our loan sale agreements, we make certain representations to third parties that purchased our previously held loans, which includes FNMA repurchase requirements, general representations and warranties and credit-related repurchase requirements, all of which are standard in nature. We establish a loan repurchase liability, which is based on historical experience and any current developments which would make it probable that we would buy back loans previously sold to third parties at the historical sales price. Our credit-related repurchase requirements are assessed for credit losses. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we made repurchases of $5.8 million and $8.4 million, respectively, associated with these arrangements. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we accrued liabilities of $4.8 million and $7.4 million, respectively, related to our estimated repurchase obligation.
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Financial Condition Summary
June 30, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021
Changes in the composition and balance of our assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 were principally attributed to the following:
•an increase of $230.5 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. See “Cash Flow and Liquidity Analysis” for further discussion of our cash flow activity;
•an increase of $3.0 million in investments in AFS debt securities, which we began purchasing during the third quarter of 2021, and was inclusive of an increase of $8.8 million attributable to the Golden Pacific acquisition assets;
•an increase in total loans of $2.1 billion, which was primarily related to personal and student loans;
•an increase in intangible assets of $196.5 million, of which $240.0 million was related to our two acquisitions during the first quarter of 2022, with a partially offsetting decrease attributable to amortization expense;
•an increase in goodwill of $726.8 million related to our two acquisitions during the first quarter of 2022. See Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information;
•a decrease in securitization investments of $86.0 million, of which $76.0 million was related to cash receipts. There were no securitization investments made during the first half of 2022;
•an increase in deposits of $2.7 billion, which was attributable to our launch of SoFi Bank during the first quarter of 2022;
•an increase in deferred tax liabilities of $55.0 million, which was primarily attributable to the separately identifiable intangible assets acquired in the Technisys Merger;
•a decrease of $75.5 million in gross warehouse facility debt to support our originations during the current period, which reflected the net impact of $4.8 billion of cash repayments and $4.7 billion of cash borrowings; and
•a decrease of $153.7 million in liabilities related to gross securitization debt, which was settled with proceeds from related collateral repayments.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as revenues and expenses. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results involve judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly evaluate our estimates, assumptions and judgments, particularly those that include the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and are often about matters that are inherently uncertain. We evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates on an ongoing basis and update them as necessary based on changes in market conditions or factors specific to us. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates during the first half of 2022. For a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 within Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates”.
Recent Accounting Standards Issued, But Not Yet Adopted
See Note 1 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements herein and Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are subject to a variety of market-related risks that can affect our operations and profitability. We broadly define these areas of risk as interest rate risk, credit risk, market risk, and counterparty risk. Historically, substantially all of our revenue and operating expenses were denominated in United States dollars. We may in the future be subject to increasing foreign currency exchange rate risk with our recent acquisition of a foreign company. Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the risk that our financial position or results of operations could be positively or negatively
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impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. Exchange rate risk was not a material risk for the Company during the periods presented.
Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to interest rate risk associated with our consolidated loans, securitization investments (including residual investments and asset-backed bonds), servicing rights, variable-rate debt, deposit accounts and investments in AFS debt securities. Our loans with variable interest rates are exposed to interest rate volatility, which impacts the amount of recognized interest income. Our securitization residual investments are carried at fair value, which is subject to changes in market value by virtue of the impact of interest rates on the market yield of the residual investments. The value and earnings of our asset-backed bonds, which are associated with our personal loans and student loans, have a converse relationship to the movement of interest rates. That is, as interest rates rise, bond values and earnings fall and vice versa. Additionally, we are subject to interest rate risk on our variable-rate warehouse facilities and our revolving credit facility. Market interest rates may also drive the interest we offer to members on their deposits. Future funding activities may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, as the interest rates payable on such funding may be tied to SOFR or another representative alternative reference rate.
Interest rate risk also occurs in periods where changes in short-term interest rates result in loans being originated with terms that provide a smaller interest rate spread above the financing terms of our warehouse facilities, which can negatively impact our realized net interest income.
Credit Risk
We are subject to credit risk, which is the risk of default that results from a borrower’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required loan payments, inclusive of our credit card product, or declines in home loan collateral values. Generally, all loans sold into the secondary market are sold without recourse. For such loans, our credit risk is limited to repurchase obligations due to fraud or origination defects. For loans that were repurchased or not sold in the secondary market, we are subject to credit risk to the extent a borrower defaults and we are not able to fully recover the principal balance. We believe that this risk is mitigated through the implementation of stringent underwriting standards, strong fraud detection tools and technology designed to comply with applicable laws and our standards. In addition, we believe that this risk is mitigated through the quality of our loan portfolio.
Market Risk
We are exposed to the risk of loss to future earnings, values or future cash flows that may result from changes in market discount rates or overall market conditions. We are exposed to such market risk directly through our investments in AFS debt securities, loans, servicing rights and securitization investments held on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, all of which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Investments in AFS debt securities are valued utilizing quoted prices in actively traded markets or rely upon observable inputs other than quoted prices, dealer quotes in markets that are not active and implied pricing derived from new issuances of similar securities. The other assets mentioned are measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow methodology in which the discount rate represents an estimate of the required rate of return by market participants. The discount rates for our loans and securitization investments may change due to expected loan performance or changes in the expected returns of similar financial instruments available in the market. For our servicing rights, the discount rate is commensurate with the risk of the servicing asset cash flow, which varies based on the characteristics of the serviced loan portfolio. We are also exposed to market risk through our investments in equity securities, which are either measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient or which may have positive or negative adjustments that impact our results of operations resulting from observable price changes based on current market conditions.
Counterparty Risk
We are subject to risk that arises from our debt warehouse facilities, interest rate risk hedging activities, third-party custodians, and capped call options on our common stock. These activities generally involve an exchange of obligations with unaffiliated lenders or other individuals or entities, referred to in such transactions as “counterparties”. If a counterparty was to default, we could potentially be exposed to reputational damage and financial loss if such counterparty was unable to meet its obligations to us. We manage this risk by selecting only counterparties that we believe to be financially strong, spreading the risk among multiple such counterparties, placing contractual limits on the amount of dependence on any single counterparty, and entering into netting agreements with the counterparties, as appropriate.
In accordance with Treasury Market Practices Group’s recommendation, we execute Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association trading agreements with all material trading partners. Each such agreement provides for an exchange of margin money should either party’s exposure exceed a predetermined contractual limit. Such margin requirements limit our overall counterparty exposure. The master netting agreements contain a legal right to offset amounts due to and from the same
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counterparty. Derivative assets represent derivative contracts in a gain position net of loss positions with the same counterparty and, therefore, also represent our maximum counterparty credit risk. We incurred no losses due to nonperformance by any of our counterparties during the six months ended June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, gross derivative asset and liability positions subject to master netting arrangements were $2.2 million and $25.7 million, respectively.
In the case of our loan warehouse facilities, we are subject to risk if the counterparty chooses not to renew a borrowing agreement and we are unable to obtain financing to originate loans. With our loan warehouse facilities, we seek to mitigate this risk by ensuring that we have sufficient borrowing capacity with a variety of well-established counterparties to meet our funding needs. As of June 30, 2022, we had total borrowing capacity under loan warehouse facilities of $7.1 billion, of which $1.4 billion was utilized. Refer to Note 9 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a listing of our loan warehouse facilities.
In the case of our call options on our common stock (referred to herein as the “Capped Call Transactions”), if the Capped Call Counterparties, which are financial institutions and initial purchasers of our convertible notes, are unable to meet their obligations under the contract, we may not be able to mitigate the dilutive effect on our common stock upon conversions of our convertible notes or offset any potential cash payments we may be required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted convertible notes.
We are also subject to counterparty risk associated with our use of third-party custodians to safeguard digital assets on behalf of our members. Refer to Note 1 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements under the section entitled “Safeguarding Asset and Liability” and to Part II, Item 1A. under “Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks” for additional information on our counterparty risk as it relates to our digital assets product offering.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required by Item 103 of Regulation S-K is included in Note 15 to the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In evaluating our company and our business, y ou should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, revenue, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects, in which case the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to our business being adversely affected, negatively impacted or harmed will include an adverse effect on, or a negative impact or harm to, our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, revenue or our future prospects. The material and other risks and uncertainties summarized in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including the risks described below. See the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.
Summary Risk Factors
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, which illuminate challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. Our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:
Business, Financial and Operational Risks
•our ability to successfully identify and address the risks and uncertainties we face;
•demands on our resources, intense and increasing competition, and success of our business model (including future profitability);
•legislative and regulatory policies and related actions that apply or may apply to us, particularly in connection with student loans or as a result of our operating a bank and as a bank holding company;
•loss of one or more significant purchasers of our loans;
•impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and macroeconomic factors, including regulatory responses, increasing inflation, supply shortages and economic uncertainty;
Risks related to Market and Interest Rates
•cost and availability of funding in the capital markets and fluctuations in interest rates;
•higher than expected payment speeds of loans or longer holding periods of loans could negatively impact our returns as the holder of the residual interests in securitization trusts;
•transition away from the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) as a benchmark reference and financial risks that cannot be eliminated by our hedging activities, which carry their own risks;
Risks related to Strategic and New Products
•potential and recent acquisitions that could require significant attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financials;
•failure to innovate or respond to evolving technological or other changes;
•an increase in fraudulent activity;
•failure of third party service providers or systems on which we rely;
•increased business, economic and regulatory risks from continued expansion abroad, including as a result of the Technisys Merger;
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Credit Related Risks
•worsening economic conditions, including increasing inflation and market volatility, the cyclical nature of our industry and ability to maintain expected levels of liquidity;
•inability to make accurate credit and pricing decisions or effectively forecast our loss rates;
•the discharge of student loans in certain circumstances;
•failure of a third-party service provider to perform various functions related to the origination and servicing of loans;
•failure of third-party home loan fulfillment partner to provide fulfillment services for home loans we originate;
•risk of litigation by consumers related to non-qualified home loans;
Risks related to Funding and Liquidity
•ability to retain, increase or secure new or alternative financing, including through deposits;
•termination of one or more of our warehouse facilities on which we are highly dependent;
•increases in member loan default rates or possibility of being required to repurchase loans or indemnify the purchaser of our loans;
•ability to finance the receivables that we originate or other assets that we hold;
Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks
•exposure to evolving laws, rules, regulations and government enforcement policies, including an extension of the student loan payment moratorium or loan group, and potential enforcement actions, litigation, investigations, exams or inquiries or impairment of licenses;
•ability to effectively mitigate risk exposure;
•changes in business, economic or political conditions;
•failure to comply with laws and regulations, including anti-corruption or privacy laws;
•application of regulations and supervision under banking laws;
•ability to efficiently protect our intellectual property rights;
•failure to comply with open source licenses for open source software included in our or any of our subsidiaries’ platforms;
•the risk that we are, or any of our subsidiaries is, determined to have been subject to registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act;
Personnel and Business Continuity Risks
•loss of key management members or key employees, or an inability to hire key personnel;
•increased business continuity and cyber risks due to our primarily remote workforce;
•natural disasters, power outages, telecommunications failures, man-made problems and similar;
•employee misconduct;
Risk Management and Financial Reporting Risks
•ability to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting and risk management processes and procedures;
•changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States;
•as a result of our business combination with a special purpose acquisition company, regulatory obligations may impact us differently than other publicly traded companies;
•incorrect estimates or assumptions by management in connection with the preparation of our financial statements;
Information Technology and Data Risks
•breach or violation of law by a third party on which we depend;
•cyberattacks and other security breaches or disruptions of our systems or third-party systems on which we rely, including disruptions that may impact our ability to collect loan payments and maintain accurate accounts;
•liabilities related to the collection, processing, use, storage and transmission of personal data;
Risks related to Ownership of Our Securities
•volatility in the price of our common stock and future dilution of our stockholders;
•possibility of securities litigation, which is expensive and time consuming; and
•failure to comply with Nasdaq continued listing standards.
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Business, Financial and Operational Risks
We operate in a rapidly evolving industry, and have limited experience in parts of our Financial Services and Technology Platform segments, which may make it difficult for us to successfully identify and address the risks and uncertainties we face.
We operate in a rapidly evolving industry, and have limited experience in parts of our Financial Services and Technology Platform segments, which may make it difficult to identify risks to our business and evaluate our future prospects. In particular, we have limited experience offering cash management, investment services and technology solutions. In the first quarter of 2022, we acquired a bank charter and face risks as a result of our lack of experience operating a bank and as a bank holding company. We also acquired Technisys in the first quarter of 2022, which furthered our international expansion into Latin America and introduced new risks due to our limited history of operations in certain Latin American countries.
In addition to the recent events above, we face numerous challenges to our success, including our ability to:
•increase or maintain the number, volume and types of, and add new features to, the loans we extend to our members as the market for loans evolves and as we face new and increasing competitive threats;
•increase the number of members utilizing non-lending products, including our direct deposit feature, and maintain and build on the loyalty of existing members by increasing their use of new or additional products;
•successfully maintain and enhance our diversified funding strategy, including through securitization financing from consolidated and nonconsolidated VIEs, whole loan sales, debt warehouse facilities and deposits;
•further establish, diversify and refine our checking and savings, investment and brokerage offerings to meet evolving consumer needs and preferences;
•diversify our revenue streams across our products and services;
•favorably compete with other companies, including traditional and alternative technology-enabled lenders, financial service providers, broker dealers, and technology platform-as-a-service providers;
•realize the benefits of operating a bank;
•introduce new products or other offerings to meet the needs of our existing and prospective members or to keep pace with competitive lending, checking and savings, investment and other developments;
•maintain or increase the effectiveness of our direct marketing, and other sales and marketing efforts;
•successfully navigate economic conditions and fluctuations in the credit markets, including inflation, rising interest rates, negative gross domestic product growth and economic uncertainty;
•establish fraud prevention strategies that proactively identify threat vectors and mitigate losses;
•defend our platform from information security vulnerabilities, cyberattacks or malicious attacks;
•effectively manage the growth of our business;
•effectively manage our expenses;
•obtain debt or equity capital on attractive terms or at all;
•successfully continue to expand internationally;
•adequately respond to macroeconomic and other exogenous challenges, including the ongoing impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine; and
•anticipate and react to changes in an evolving regulatory and political environment.
We may not be able to successfully address the risks and uncertainties we face, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects.
We have a history of losses, may not achieve profitability in the future, and there is no assurance that our revenue and business model will be successful.
We have a history of net losses. We may continue to incur net losses in the future, and such losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We will need to generate and sustain significant revenues for our business generally, and achieve greater scale and generate greater operating cash flows from our Financial Services segment, in particular, in future periods in order to achieve, maintain or increase our level of profitability. We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing, technology, and new products and services in order to enhance our brand recognition and our value proposition to
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our members, and these additional costs will create further challenges to generating near-term profitability. Our general and administrative expenses may also increase to meet the increased compliance and other requirements associated with operating as a public company, operating a bank, and evolving regulatory requirements. See “We recently acquired a national bank and became a bank holding company, which subjects us to significant additional regulation”.
We are continuously refining our revenue and business model, which is premised on creating a virtuous cycle for our members to engage with more products across our platform, a strategy we refer to as the Financial Services Productivity Loop. There is no assurance that our revenue and business model or any changes to our revenue and business model to better compete with our competitors will be successful. Our efforts to grow our business may be more costly than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenue sufficiently to offset our higher operating expenses. We may continue to incur losses and not achieve future profitability or, if achieved, be unable to maintain such profitability, due to a number of reasons, including the risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and other unknown events.
We have experienced rapid growth in recent years, including through the addition of new lines of business and into new geographies, which may place significant demands on our operational, risk management, sales and marketing, technology, compliance, and finance and accounting resources.
Our rapid growth in certain areas of our business in recent years, primarily within our Financial Services and Technology Platform segments, as well as operating as a bank holding company, has placed significant demands on our operational, risk management, sales and marketing, technology, compliance, and finance and accounting infrastructure, and has resulted in increased expenses, a trend that we expect to continue as our business grows. In addition, we are required to continuously develop and adapt our systems and infrastructure in response to the increasing sophistication of the consumer financial services market, evolving fraud and information security landscape, and regulatory developments, both domestically and internationally, relating to existing and projected business activities. Our future growth will depend, among other things, on our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system able to address such growth, on our ability to grow and optimize deposit balances, and will require us to incur significant additional expenses, expand our workforce and commit additional time from senior management and operational resources. We may not be able to manage supporting and expanding our operations effectively, and any failure to do so would adversely affect our ability to increase the scale of our business, generate projected revenue and control expenses.
Our results of operations and future prospects depend on our ability to retain existing members and attract new members. We face intense and increasing competition and, if we do not compete effectively, our competitive positioning and our operating results will be harmed.
We refer to our customers as “members”. We define a member as someone who has a lending relationship with us through origination and/or ongoing servicing, opened a financial services account, linked an external account to our platform, or signed up for our credit score monitoring service. We operate in a rapidly changing and highly competitive industry, and our results of operations and future prospects depend on, among others:
•the continued growth of our member base;
•our ability to monetize our member base, including through the use of additional products by our existing members;
•our ability to acquire members at a lower cost; and
•our ability to increase the overall value to us of each of our members while they remain on our platform (which we refer to as a member’s lifetime value).
We expect our competition to continue to increase, as there are generally no substantial barriers to entry to the markets we serve. In addition to established enterprises, we may also face competition from early-stage companies attempting to capitalize on the same, or similar, opportunities as we are. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, particularly with respect to our financial services products, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources and a larger customer base than we do. This allows them to potentially offer more competitive pricing or other terms or features, a broader range of financial products, or a more specialized set of specific products or services, as well as respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in member preferences. Our existing or future competitors may develop products or services that are similar to our products and services or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products and services. This could attract current or potential members away from our services and reduce our market share in the future. Additionally, when new competitors seek to enter our markets, or when existing market participants seek to increase their market share, these competitors sometimes undercut, or otherwise exert pressure on, the pricing terms prevalent in that market, which could adversely affect our market share and/or our ability to capitalize on new market opportunities.
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We currently compete at multiple levels with a variety of competitors, including:
•other personal loan, student loan refinancing, in-school student loan and mortgage lenders, including other banks and other non-bank financial institutions, as well as credit card issuers, that can offer more competitive interest rates or terms;
•banks and other non-bank financial institutions, for our checking and savings accounts;
•rewards credit cards provided by other financial institutions, for our SoFi Credit Card;
•other brokerage firms, including online or mobile platforms, and technology and other companies for our SoFi Invest accounts;
•other technology platforms for the enterprise services we provide, such as technology products and solutions via Galileo and Technisys;
•other content providers for subscribers to our financial services content, including content from alternative providers available to our subscribers through our Lantern Credit service, which is a financial services aggregator providing marketplace lending products, and various enterprise partnerships; and
•other financial services firms offering leading employers a comprehensive platform for employees to build financial well-being through student loan and 529 educational plan contributions, educational tools, and financial resources, all of which we provide through SoFi at Work.
We believe that our ability to compete depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including, among others, the following:
•the size, diversity and activity levels of our member base;
•our ability to introduce successful new products and services, or to iterate and innovate on existing products or services to satisfy evolving member preferences or to keep pace with market trends;
•our ability to diversify our revenue streams across our products and services;
•the timing and market acceptance of our products and services, including developments and enhancements to those products and services, offered by us and our competitors;
•member service and support efforts;
•selling and marketing and promotional efforts;
•the ease of use, performance, price and reliability of solutions developed either by us or our competitors;
•our ability to attract and retain talent;
•changes in economic conditions, regulatory and policy developments;
•our ability to successfully operate a national bank, grow deposits and realize the potential benefits to our members;
•our ability to successfully execute on the Financial Services Productivity Loop and our other business plans;
•general credit markets conditions and their impact on our liquidity and ability to access funding;
•the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related developments on the lending and financial services markets we serve; and
•our brand strength relative to our competitors.
Our current and future business prospects demand that we act to meet these competitive challenges but, in doing so, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected if we, for example, increase marketing or other expenditures or make new expenditures in other areas. Competitive pressures could also result in us reducing the annual percentage rate on the loans we originate, incurring higher member acquisition costs, or making it more difficult for us to grow our loan originations in both number of loans and volume for new as well as existing members. All of the foregoing factors and events could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects.
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We recently acquired a national bank and became a bank holding company, which subjects us to significant additional regulation.
In March 2021, we entered into an agreement to acquire Golden Pacific, a bank holding company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, which is a national bank. We closed the Bank Merger in February 2022, after which we became a bank holding company and Golden Pacific Bank began operating as SoFi Bank.
As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve, and SoFi Bank is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC and the FDIC, as well as regulations issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”). Federal laws and regulations govern numerous matters affecting us, including changes in the ownership or control of banks and bank holding companies, maintenance of adequate capital and the financial condition of a financial institution, permissible types, amounts and terms of extensions of credit and investments, permissible nonbanking activities, the level of reserves against deposits and restrictions on dividend payments. The OCC possesses the power to issue cease and desist orders to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law by banks subject to their regulation, and the Federal Reserve possesses similar powers with respect to bank holding companies. In general, the bank supervisory framework is intended to protect insured depositors and the safety, soundness and stability of the U.S. financial system and not shareholders in depository institutions or their holding companies. In addition, due to the fact that SoFi and certain of its affiliates act as service providers to SoFi Bank, we are subject to audit standards for third-party vendors in accordance with OCC guidance and examinations by the OCC.
In connection with applying for approval to become a bank holding company, we developed a financial and bank capitalization plan and enhanced our governance, compliance, controls and management infrastructure and capabilities in order to ensure compliance with all applicable regulations, which required, and will continue to require, substantial time, monetary and human resource commitments. If any new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations to which we are subject impose requirements on us that are impractical or that we cannot satisfy, our financial performance, and our stock price, may be adversely affected. Additionally, certain of our stockholders may need to comply with applicable federal banking statutes and regulations, including the Change in Bank Control Act and the Bank Holding Company Act. Specifically, stockholders holding 10.0% or more of our voting interests may be required to provide certain information and/or commitments on a confidential basis to, among other regulators, the Federal Reserve. This requirement may deter certain existing or potential stockholders from purchasing shares of our common stock, which may suppress demand for our stock and cause the price to decline.
Finally, we intend to continue to explore other products for SoFi Bank over time, including SoFi debit cards, ACH, check and wire transaction services. Some of those products may require, or be deemed to require, additional data, procedures, partnerships, regulatory approvals, or capabilities that we have not yet obtained or developed. Should we fail to expand and evolve SoFi Bank products in a successful manner, or should these new products, or new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations, impose requirements on us that are cumbersome or that we cannot satisfy, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Our future growth depends significantly on our branding and marketing efforts, and if our marketing efforts are not successful, our business and results of operations will be harmed.
We have dedicated and intend to continue to dedicate significant resources to marketing efforts. Our ability to attract members depends in large part on the success of these marketing efforts and the success of the marketing channels we use to promote our products. Our marketing channels include, but are not limited to, earned media through press and social media, as well as traditional advertising, such as online affiliations, search engine optimization and digital marketing, offline partnerships, out-of-home, direct mail, lifecycle marketing and television and radio advertising.
While our goal remains to increase the strength, recognition and trust in our brand by increasing our member base and expanding our products and services, if any of our current marketing channels become less effective, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, if the cost of using these channels significantly increases or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new members in a cost-effective manner or increase the activity of our existing members on our platform, including by using additional products or services we offer. If we are unable to recover our marketing costs through increases in the size, value or the overall number of loans we originate, or member selection and utilization of other SoFi products such as SoFi Checking and Savings, SoFi Invest and SoFi Credit Card, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects.
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Legislative and regulatory policies and related actions in connection with student loans could have a material adverse effect on our student loan portfolios.
In recent years, there has been increased focus by policymakers on outstanding student loans, including, among other things, on the total volume of outstanding loans and on the number of loans outstanding per borrower. In response, there has been discussion of potential legislative and regulatory actions and other possible steps to, among other things:
•permit private education loans such as our refinanced student loan and in-school student loan products to be discharged in bankruptcy without the need to show undue hardship;
•amend the federal postsecondary education loan programs, including to reduce interest rates on certain loans, to revise repayment plans, to implement loan forgiveness plans, to provide for refinancing of private education loans into federal student loans at low interest rates, to reduce or eliminate the Grad PLUS program (which authorizes loans that comprise a substantial portion of our student loan refinancing business) and to provide for refinancing of existing federally held student loans into new federal student loans at low interest rates;
•require private education lenders to reform loan agreements to provide for income-based repayment plans and other payment plans; and
•make sweeping changes to the entire cost structure and financial aid system for higher education in the United States, including proposals to provide free postsecondary education.
The Biden administration has introduced and continues to advocate for student loan debt forgiveness initiatives. Prominent politicians, including Senator Elizabeth Warren and Majority Leader Senator Chuck Schumer, have also advocated for executive action to forgive student loan debt. If student loans were forgiven or canceled in any meaningful scale, or if federal loan borrowers were permitted to refinance at lower interest rates, our profitability, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or future business prospects could be materially and adversely affected as a result. In particular, our student loan refinancing business within our Lending segment, which is our largest segment, would be materially and adversely affected. There has also been pressure on policymakers to address underlying factors that contributed to the current volume of outstanding student loans, such as the cost of higher education and the ability for additional methods by the federal government and other organizations to subsidize the same, such as through increased use of Pell grants in lieu of loans. Further, proposals to eliminate or amend Section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy Code, which makes student loans presumptively non-dischargeable in bankruptcy, could make whole loan purchasers less likely to purchase our student loans, securitization investors less likely to purchase securities backed by our student loans or warehouse lenders less likely to lend against our student loans at attractive advance rates. If steps were taken to materially reduce future demand by students for student loan refinancing and in-school student loan products, our student loan originations would be materially and adversely affected. In addition, the ongoing uncertainty of whether steps will be taken to forgive student loan debt may be having an adverse effect on our demand as students may be waiting to refinance government loans until after action is taken. As a result of any material adverse effect to our Lending segment, our overall profitability, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or future business prospects may be adversely affected. See “COVID-19 Pandemic Risks — Legislative and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic uncertainty could have a material adverse effect on our current student loan portfolios and our loan origination volume”.
Negative publicity could result in a decline in our member growth or a loss of members, and impact our ability to compete for lending counterparties and corporate partners, and have a material adverse effect on our business, our brand and our results of operations.
We have invested significantly in our brand. We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity is critical to our success. Our ability to compete for, attract and maintain members, lending counterparties, marketing partners and other partners relies to a large extent on their trust in our business and the value of our brand. The failure or perceived failure to maintain our brand could adversely affect our brand value, financial condition and results of operations. Negative publicity can adversely affect our reputation and damage our brand, and may arise from many sources, including actual or alleged misconduct, errors or improper business practices by employees, employee claims of discrimination or harassment, product failures, existing or future litigation or regulatory actions, inadequate protection of consumer information, data breaches, matters affecting our financial reporting or compliance with SEC and Nasdaq listing requirements and media coverage, whether accurate or not. Negative publicity or allegations of unfavorable business practices, poor governance, or workplace misconduct can be rapidly and widely shared over social or traditional media or other means, and could reduce demand for our products, undermine the loyalty of our members and the confidence of our lending counterparties, impact our partnerships, reduce our ability to recruit and retain employees or lead to greater regulatory scrutiny of our operations. In addition, we and our officers, directors and/or employees have been, and may in the future be, named or otherwise involved in litigation or claims, including
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employment-related claims such as workplace discrimination or harassment, which could result in negative publicity and/or adversely impact our business, even if we are ultimately successful in defending against such claims.
We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results.
We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including changes in the fair values of our instruments (including, but not limited to, our loans), the level of our expenses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets, general economic conditions, the rate and credit market environment and our ability to raise our coupon rates along with rising interest rates, legal or regulatory developments, changing demographics, legislative or policy changes and the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In light of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
We sell a significant percentage of our loans to a concentrated number of whole loan purchasers and the loss of one or more significant purchasers could have a negative impact on our operating results.
We sell a significant percentage of our personal loans, student loans and home loans to a concentrated number of whole loan purchasers. There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of a business is concentrated with a limited number of parties. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand for our loans by these or other purchasers. In addition, purchases of our loans by these purchasers have historically fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate based on a number of factors, some of which may be outside of our control, including economic conditions, the availability of alternative investments, changes in the terms of the loans, loans offered by competitors and prevailing interest rates. If any of these purchasers significantly reduces the dollar amount of the loans it purchases from us, we may be unable to sell those loans to another purchaser on favorable terms or at all, which may have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows.
The accounting method for reflecting the convertible notes on our balance sheet, accruing interest expense for the convertible notes and reflecting the underlying shares of our common stock in our reported diluted earnings per share may adversely affect our reported earnings and financial condition.
In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06, Debt — Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which, among other things, simplifies the accounting for certain convertible instruments. We early adopted the provisions of ASU 2020-06 effective January 1, 2021.
In accordance with ASU 2020-06, the convertible notes we issued in October 2021 (the “notes”) are reflected as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets, with the initial carrying amount equal to the principal amount of the notes, net of issuance costs. The issuance costs were treated as a debt discount for accounting purposes, which will be amortized into interest expense over the term of the notes. As a result of this amortization, the interest expense that we expect to recognize for the notes for accounting purposes will be greater than the cash interest payments we will pay on the notes, which will result in lower reported earnings.
In addition, the shares underlying the notes will be reflected in our diluted earnings per share using the “if-converted” method. Under that method, if the conversion value of the notes exceeds their principal amount for a reporting period, then we will calculate our diluted earnings per share assuming that all of the notes were converted at the beginning of the reporting period and that we issued shares of our common stock to settle the excess. However, if reflecting the notes in diluted earnings per share in this manner is anti-dilutive, or if the conversion value of the notes does not exceed their principal amount for a reporting period, then the shares underlying the notes will not be reflected in our diluted earnings per share. The application of the if-converted method may reduce our reported diluted earnings per share, and accounting standards may change in the future in a manner that may adversely affect our diluted earnings per share.
The conditional conversion feature of the notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition.
Holders of notes may be entitled to convert the notes during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their notes, we may settle any converted principal through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity.
The capped call transactions may affect the value of the notes and our common stock.
In connection with the issuance of the notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (the “Capped Call Counterparties”). The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the
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potential dilutive effect on the common stock upon any conversion of the notes and/or offset any potential cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. In connection with establishing their initial hedges of the capped call transactions, the Capped Call Counterparties or their respective affiliates entered into various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock and/or purchased shares of our common stock concurrently with or shortly after the pricing of the notes.
In addition, the Capped Call Counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions following the pricing of the notes and from time to time prior to the maturity of the notes (and are likely to do so following any conversion of the notes, any repurchase of the notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date, any redemption date or any other date on which the notes are retired by us, in each case if we exercise the relevant election to terminate the corresponding portion of the capped call transactions). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the notes. The potential effect, if any, of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock or the notes will depend, in part, on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time. Any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock.
We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions, and the capped call transactions may not operate as planned.
The Capped Call Counterparties are financial institutions or affiliates of financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that any or all of them might default under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the Capped Call Counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Global economic conditions have, from time to time, resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If a Capped Call Counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that Capped Call Counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors, but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated with increases in the market price or the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by a Capped Call Counterparty, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of any Capped Call Counterparty.
In addition, the capped call transactions are complex, and they may not operate as planned. For example, the terms of the capped call transactions may be subject to adjustment, modification or, in some cases, renegotiation if certain corporate or other transactions occur. Accordingly, these transactions may not operate as we intend if we are required to adjust their terms as a result of transactions in the future or upon unanticipated developments that may adversely affect the functioning of the capped call transactions.
Market and Interest Rate Risks
Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by the financial markets, fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies, and economic conditions generally.
General economic, political, social and health conditions in the U.S. and in countries abroad affect our business. Uncertainty in the macroeconomic environment and associated global economic conditions, as well as geopolitical disruption, may result in extreme volatility in credit, equity, and foreign currency markets. These conditions may also adversely affect the buying patterns of our members and prospective members or reduce the credit quality of our members.
In particular, markets in the U.S. or abroad may be affected by the level and volatility of interest rates, availability and market conditions of financing, unexpected changes in gross domestic product, economic growth or its sustainability, inflation, supply chain disruptions, consumer spending, employment levels, labor shortages, wage stagnation, federal government shutdowns, developments related to the U.S. federal debt ceiling, energy prices, home prices, commercial property values, bankruptcies, a default by a significant market participant or class of counterparties, fluctuations or other significant changes in both debt and equity capital markets and currencies, liquidity of the global financial markets, the growth of global trade and commerce, trade policies, the availability and cost of capital and credit, disruption of communication, transportation or energy infrastructure and investor sentiment and confidence. Additionally, global markets may be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of climate change, extreme weather events or natural disasters, the emergence or continuation of widespread health emergencies or pandemics, cyberattacks or campaigns, military conflict, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, terrorism or other geopolitical events. Also, any sudden or prolonged market downturn in the United States or abroad, as a result of the above factors or otherwise, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including capital and liquidity levels.
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Our business is sensitive to interest rates and interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including global, domestic and local economic conditions and the policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has increased interest rates four times in 2022 to date, most recently in late July, and has indicated that further hikes are likely if inflationary pressures remain elevated or intensify. Further increases to prevailing interest rates could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect (i) our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits; (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities; and (iii) the average duration of our loan portfolios and other interest-earning assets. These and other actions taken by the Federal Reserve, including additional and aggressive increases to the target range for the federal funds rate, balance sheet management, and lending facilities, and any exit or perceived exit from quantitative easing, and similar actions taken by other central banks, are beyond our control and difficult to predict. These actions affect interest rates, the value of financial instruments, increase the likelihood of a more volatile and appreciating U.S. dollar and affect other assets and liabilities and can impact our members. Sudden changes in monetary policy, for example in response to high inflation, could lead to financial market volatility, further increases in market interest rates, and a flattening or inversion of the yield curve. In addition, these actions combined with ongoing geopolitical instability, raise the risk of further periods of negative gross domestic product growth. Any such downturn, especially domestically and in the regions in which we operate, may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels, loan demand and results of operations.
Changes to existing laws and regulatory policies and evolving priorities, including those related to financial regulation, taxation, international trade, fiscal policy, climate change (including any required reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and healthcare, may adversely impact U.S. or global economic activity and our members, our counterparties and our earnings and operations. A further slowdown in consumer demand could limit the ability of firms to pass on fast-rising costs for labor and other inputs, weighing on earnings and potentially leading to a deterioration in current market conditions. Significant fiscal policy changes and/or initiatives may also raise the federal debt, affect businesses and household after-tax incomes and increase uncertainty surrounding the formulation and direction of U.S. monetary policy and volatility of interest rates. Changes, or proposed changes, to certain U.S. trade and international investment policies, particularly with important trading partners (including China and the European Union) have in recent years negatively impacted financial markets. Actions taken by other countries, particularly China, to restrict the activities of businesses, could also negatively affect financial markets. An escalation of tensions could lead to further measures that adversely affect financial markets, disrupt world trade and commerce and lead to trade retaliation, including through the use of tariffs, foreign exchange measures or the large-scale sale of U.S. Treasury Bonds. For example, although we do not have operations in Ukraine or Russia, the ongoing war in Ukraine has led and could in the future lead to macroeconomic effects, including volatility in commodity prices and supply of energy resources, instability in financial markets, supply chain interruptions, political and social instability, as well as an increase in cyberattacks and espionage.
Any of these developments could adversely affect our business, our members, the value of our loan portfolios, our level of charge-offs and provision for credit losses, our capital levels, our liquidity and our results of operations.
We utilize a gain-on-sale origination model and, consequently, our business is affected by the cost and availability of funding in the capital markets.
In addition to the issuance of equity, historically we have funded our operations and capital expenditures through sales of our loans, secured and unsecured borrowing facilities and securitizations. We utilize a gain-on-sale origination model and, consequently, our earnings and financial condition are largely dependent on the price we can obtain for our products in the capital markets, which has been and may be negatively impacted by rising interest rates combined with longer periods during which we may hold loans on-balance sheet. These capital markets risks may be partially mitigated by the availability of bank deposits and other corporate cash (if any) to temporarily hold the loans on our balance sheet. However, this historically has not been our primary source of funding and can be impacted by a number of factors. Our ability to obtain financing in the capital markets depends, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans, operating performance, lending activities, and condition of, and our access to, the capital markets at the time we seek financing. The capital markets have recently and from time to time experienced periods of significant volatility, including volatility driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. This volatility can dramatically and adversely affect financing costs when compared to historical norms or make funding unavailable at any cost. Additional factors that could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us include, but are not limited to, financial losses, events that have an adverse impact on our reputation, lawsuits challenging our business practices, adverse regulatory changes, changes in the activities of our business partners, events that have an adverse impact on the financial services industry generally, counterparty availability, negative credit rating actions with respect to our rated securities, corporate and regulatory actions, interest rate changes, general economic conditions, including changing expectations for inflation and deflation, and the legal, regulatory and tax environments governing funding transactions, including existing or future securitization transactions. If financing is difficult, expensive or unavailable, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
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Changing expectations for inflation and deflation and corresponding fluctuations in interest rates could decrease demand for our lending products and negatively affect loan performance, as well as increase certain operating costs, such as employee compensation.
There is particular uncertainty about the prospects for growth in the U.S. economy. A number of factors influence the potential uncertainty, including, but not limited to, rising government debt levels, prospective executive branch or Federal Reserve policy shifts, the withdrawal of government interventions in the financial markets, changing U.S. consumer spending patterns, and changing expectations for inflation and deflation that may impact interest rates. For example, the Federal Reserve has raised its benchmark interest rates four times during 2022: 25 basis points in March 2022, 50 basis points in May 2022 and 75 basis points in each of June and July 2022. The Federal Reserve has also indicated that further rate hikes may be expected in 2022, largely in response to increasing inflation. Increased interest rates may decrease borrower demand for our lending products, even as inflation places pressure on consumer spending, borrowing and saving habits as consumers evaluate their prospects for future income growth and employment opportunities in the current economic environment, and as borrowers face uncertainty about the impact of rising prices on their ability to repay a loan. A change in demand for our lending products and any steps we may take to mitigate such change could impact our credit quality and overall growth. We have experienced lower demand for our home loans in a rising interest rate environment, as our historical demand has primarily resulted from refinancing, which is less attractive in a higher interest rate environment. Furthermore, inflationary and other economic pressure resulting in the inability of a borrower to repay a loan could translate into increased loan defaults, foreclosures and charge-offs and negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects.
Additionally, an inflationary environment combined with the tight labor market could make it more costly for us to attract or retain employees. In order to meet the compensation expectations of our prospective and current employees due to inflationary and other factors, we may be required to increase our operating costs or risk losing skilled workers to competitors.
Fluctuations in interest rates could negatively affect the demand for our SoFi Checking and Savings products.
Falling or low interest rates may have a negative impact on the demand for our SoFi Checking and Savings product. SoFi Checking and Savings provides members a digital banking experience that offers a variable annual percentage yield, which rate is at our discretion. If we are not able to offer a competitive interest rate on deposit accounts, demand for our SoFi Checking and Savings products may decrease, which may impact our ability to access a more cost-effective source of funding for our loans. Although we are currently in a rising interest rate environment, there is no guarantee we will remain so and in a falling or low interest rate environment, account holders and prospective account holders may be discouraged from using these products, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects.
Higher than expected payment speeds of loans could negatively impact our returns as the holder of the residual interests in securitization trusts holding student and personal loans. These factors could materially alter our net revenue or the value of our residual interest holdings.
The rate at which borrowers prepay their loans can have a material impact on our net revenue and the value of our residual interests in securitization trusts. Prepayment rates and levels are subject to a variety of economic, social, competitive and other factors, including fluctuations in interest rates, availability of alternative financings, regulatory changes affecting the student loan market, the home loan market, consumer lending generally and the general economy, including changing expectations for inflation and deflation.
While we anticipate some variability in prepayment levels, extraordinary or extended increases or decreases in prepayment rates could materially affect our liquidity and net revenue. For example, when as a result of unanticipated prepayment levels, loans within a securitization trust amortize faster than originally contracted due to prepayments, the trust’s pool balance may decline at a rate faster than the prepayment rate assumed when the trust’s bonds were originally issued. If the trust’s pool balance declines faster than originally anticipated, in most of our securitization structures, the bonds issued by that trust will also be repaid faster than originally anticipated. In such cases, our net revenue may decrease, inclusive of the diminished value of any retained residual interest by us in the trust.
Finally, rating agencies may place bonds on watch or change their ratings on (or their ratings methodology for) the bonds issued by a securitization trust, possibly raising or lowering their ratings, based upon these prepayment rates and their perception of the risk posed by those rates to the timing of the trust cash flows. Placing bonds on watch, changing ratings negatively, proposing or making changes to ratings methodology could: (i) affect our liquidity, (ii) impede our access to the securitization markets, (iii) require changes to our securitization structures, and (iv) raise or lower the value of the residual interests of our future securitization transactions.
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The transition away from LIBOR as a benchmark reference for interest rates may affect our cost of capital, or our liquidity, or expose us to borrower litigation or damage to the SoFi brand.
LIBOR has served as a global benchmark for determining interest rates on commercial and consumer loans, bonds, derivatives and numerous other financial instruments. Prior to December 31, 2021, we typically used USD LIBOR as the reference rate for the securities issued under certain of our securitizations (such as student loan securitizations), certain secured and unsecured financing facilities (such as the loan warehouse facilities, risk retention facilities and revolving credit facility), certain hedging arrangements, and our Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock dividends. LIBOR was set based on interest rate information reported by certain banks, which stopped reporting such information after 2021. After December 31, 2021, the ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (the “IBA”), the administrator of LIBOR, ceased publishing one-week and two-month USD LIBOR, in addition to certain other non-USD tenors. The IBA expects to continue to publish all remaining USD LIBOR tenors through June 30, 2023, with the overnight and 12-month tenors ceasing immediately thereafter and the one-month, three-month and six-month tenors becoming non-representative from that date. In March 2022, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act was enacted at the federal level in the U.S., in which the Federal Reserve recommends benchmark replacement rates for residual exposures after June 2023 which continue to have no or insufficient fallback provisions. Uncertainty relating to the LIBOR calculation process, the valuation of LIBOR alternatives, and other economic consequences from the phasing out of LIBOR may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, we began to use SOFR (the rate recommended by the Federal Reserve in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee as the recommended risk-free reference rate for the United States) as the pricing index on all new variable-rate loan originations, and on new warehouse facility agreements and other financial instruments. We also continue to transition existing warehouse facility lines to SOFR or another representative alternative reference rate. Our derivative agreements are governed by the International Swap Dealers Association, which established a 2020 IBOR Fallbacks Protocol and supplement that became effective in January 2021, as well as additional subsequent supplements, to allow counterparties to modify legacy trades to reference amended standard definitions inclusive of the new fallback language. However, most of these legacy financial instruments do not include provisions clearly specifying a method for transitioning from LIBOR to an alternative benchmark rate, and it is not yet known how courts or regulators will view the transition away from LIBOR to an alternative benchmark rate. As a result, it is difficult to predict the impact that a cessation of LIBOR would have on the value and performance of our existing financial instruments.
As of the date of this filing, we have not modified any existing loan agreements with borrowers that use USD LIBOR. We expect to begin transitioning these agreements, along with continuing to transition other financial instruments, from USD LIBOR to SOFR or other representative alternative reference rates during 2022. Our loan agreements generally allow us to choose a new alternative reference rate based upon comparable information if the current index is no longer available.
The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate is complex. We may incur significant expenses in implementing replacement reference rates for the calculation of interest rates under our loan agreements with borrowers, developing systems and analytics to successfully transition our risk management processes, and we may be subject to disputes or litigation with our borrowers over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the replacement reference rates or the interpretation or enforcement of certain fallback language in LIBOR-based products. The replacement reference rates could also result in a reduction in our interest income, which could have an adverse impact on our value, liquidity and results of operations. We may also receive inquiries and other actions from regulators in respect to our replacement of LIBOR with alternative reference rates.
These uncertainties regarding the possible cessation of LIBOR or their resolution could have a material adverse impact on our funding costs, net interest margin, loan and other asset values, asset-liability management strategies, and other aspects of our business and financial results.
We are exposed to financial risks that may be partially mitigated but cannot be eliminated by our hedging activities, which carry their own risks.
We have used, and may in the future use, financial instruments for hedging and risk management purposes in order to protect against possible fluctuations in interest rates, or for other reasons that we deem appropriate. In particular, we expect our interest rate risk to increase as our home loans business grows. However, any current and future hedges we enter into will not completely eliminate the risk associated with rising interest rates and our hedging activities may prove to be ineffective.
The success of our hedging strategy will be subject to our ability to correctly assess counterparty risk and the degree of correlation between the performance of the instruments used in the hedging strategy and any changes in interest rates, along with our ability to continuously recalculate, readjust and execute hedges in an efficient and timely manner. Therefore, though we may enter into transactions to seek to reduce risks, unanticipated changes may create a more negative consequence than if
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we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the instruments being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the effect of the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss. Any failure to manage our hedging positions properly or inability to enter into hedging instruments under acceptable terms could affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our financial condition and results of operations have been and may continue to be adversely impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Occurrences of epidemics or pandemics, depending on their scale, may cause different degrees of disruption to the regional, state and local economies in which we offer our products and services. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on the value, operating results and financial condition of our business.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in consumer and student behavior, as well as economic disruptions. In the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, extraordinary actions taken by international, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 and variants thereof, including travel bans, quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders, suspension of interest accrual and collections on certain federally-backed student loans, and similar mandates for many individuals and businesses to substantially restrict daily activities led to decreases in consumer activity generally. Although consumer activity has improved since the start of the pandemic and many government mandates to restrict daily activities have been lifted in the United States, recovery varies globally and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its effects continue to evolve. Worker shortages, supply chain issues, inflationary pressures, vaccine and testing requirements, the emergence of new variants and the reinstatement and subsequent lifting of restrictions and health and safety related measures in response to the emergence of new variants have contributed to the volatility of ongoing recovery. We are unable to predict the future path or impact of any global or regional COVID-19 resurgences, including existing or future variants, or other public health crises. The reinstatement and subsequent lifting of these measures may occur periodically, which could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition, as well as the business, operations and financial conditions of our customers and partners. We are uncertain of the full effect the pandemic will have on the longer-term prospects for our business since the scope, duration and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown and evolving factors such as the extent of any resurgences of the virus or emergence of new variants will impact the stability of economic recovery and growth.
Macroeconomic factors indirectly related to the COVID-19 pandemic have also impacted our business. For example, the Federal Reserve has increased the benchmark interest rate four times during 2022: 25 basis points in March 2022, 50 basis points in May 2022 and 75 basis points in each of June and July 2022. The Federal Reserve has also indicated that further rate hikes may be expected in 2022, largely in response to increasing inflation. Increased interest rates could unfavorably impact demand for loan products, particularly variable-rate refinancing loan products, as we have observed with demand or our home loan product. Additionally, demand for our student loan products in particular may continue to be impacted by legislative and regulatory actions, as described in more detail in these risk factors. There have been, and may continue to be, other factors that put downward pressure on demand for our loan products.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of our Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Business Metrics” and “—Results of Operations” for further discussion of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and macroeconomic conditions in recent periods on our business and operating results. The COVID-19 pandemic and any further deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, and their impact, may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.
Legislative and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic uncertainty could have a material adverse effect on our current loan portfolios and our loan origination volume.
Legislative and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have had and could continue to have a significant impact on our student loan portfolios. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was signed into law. In compliance with the CARES Act, payments and interest accrual on all loans owned by the Department of Education were suspended through September 30, 2020 and were further extended by a series of executive actions most recently through August 31, 2022. There is no guarantee that the moratorium on student loan payments will not be further extended. Additionally, the Department of Education also suspended collections most recently through August 31, 2022 and announced plans to give borrowers who were in default before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic a fresh start by allowing them to reenter repayment in good standing. As a result of such forbearance measures and protections, borrowers with federally held student loans lacked the incentive to refinance their student loans with us, which negatively impacted our business by reducing our loan origination volume.
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The various legislative and regulatory responses to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the mandatory suspension of payments and interest accrual on federally held loans through August 31, 2022, which could be further extended, are likely to continue to serve as a disincentive for borrowers to refinance their loans through our platform, thereby reducing our loan origination volume and negatively impacting our revenue. In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to increasing pressure on policymakers to reduce or cancel student loans or accrued interest at a significant scale, which would further reduce demand for our student loan refinancing product and have a negative impact on our loan origination volume and revenue. For example, President Biden proposed $10,000 in forgiveness for federal student loan borrowers during his campaign and more recently in closed-door meetings with members of Congress, and the Justice Department and Department of Education are reviewing whether the Biden administration has the authority to cancel student loan debt or whether any wide scale student loan debt forgiveness must be achieved through legislation.
Although we continue to evaluate the ultimate impact of local, state and federal legislation and regulation, guidance and actions, future legislative, regulatory and executive actions, and the ongoing impact of our own forbearance measures on our financial results, business operations and strategies, there is no guarantee that our estimates will be accurate or that any actions we take based on such estimates will be successful. Furthermore, we believe that the cost of responding to, and complying with, evolving laws and regulations, as well as any guidance from enforcement actions, will continue to increase, as will the risk of penalties and fines from any enforcement actions that may be imposed on our businesses. Our profitability, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or future business prospects could be materially and adversely affected as a result.
Strategic and New Product Risks
We have in the past consummated and, from time to time we may evaluate and potentially consummate, acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our business. In some circumstances, we may determine to do so through the acquisition of complementary assets, businesses and technologies rather than through internal development. For example: (i) in April 2020, we acquired 8 Limited, an investment business in Hong Kong, (ii) in May 2020, we acquired Galileo, a company that provides technology platform services to financial and non-financial institutions, (iii) in February 2022, we acquired Golden Pacific, a bank holding company, and (iv) in March 2022, we acquired Technisys, a cloud-native digital multi-product core banking platform. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be able to successfully complete identified acquisitions. The risks we face in connection with acquisitions include:
•diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;
•coordination of technology, product development, risk management and sales and marketing functions;
•retention of employees from the acquired company and retention of our employees due to cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;
•integration of the acquired company’s accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems;
•the need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies at a business that prior to the acquisition may have lacked effective controls, information security safeguards, procedures and policies;
•potential write-offs or impairments of intangible assets or other assets acquired in the acquisition;
•liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities;
•litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; and
•geographic expansion exposes our business to known and unknown regulatory compliance risks, including elevated risk factors for tax compliance, money laundering controls, and supervisory controls oversight.
Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities and harm our business, generally. Future acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, regulatory obligations to further capitalize our business, and goodwill and intangible asset impairments, any of which could harm our financial condition and negatively impact our stockholders. To the
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extent we pay the consideration for any future acquisitions or investments in cash, it would reduce the amount of cash available to us for other purposes.
Galileo and Technisys depend on a small number of clients, the loss or disruptions in operations of any of which could have a material adverse effect on their businesses and financial results, and negatively impact our financial results and results of operations.
Galileo and Technisys’ clients are highly concentrated. There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of net revenue is concentrated with a limited number of customers, including the loss of any one or more of those clients as a result of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings involving the client, the loss of the client to a competitor, harm to that client’s reputation or financial prospects or other reasons. In addition, disruptions in the operations of any of Galileo’s key clients have in the past disrupted Galileo’s operations, and any future disruptions in the operations of any key Galileo or Technisys clients could be material and have an adverse impact on our results of operations.
Demand for our products may decline if we do not continue to innovate or respond to evolving technological or other changes.
We operate in a dynamic industry characterized by rapidly evolving technology, frequent product introductions, and competition based on pricing and other differentiators. We continue to explore new product offerings and may rely on our proprietary technology to make our platform available to members, to service members and to introduce new products, which both fosters innovation and introduces new potential liabilities and risks. For example, in 2021 we launched our IPO investment center, through which we allow SoFi Invest members to invest in initial public offerings that we underwrite through SoFi Securities, as well as provide dealer services in partnership with underwriting syndicates for IPOs. While this enables us to generate underwriting fees, it could also subject us to liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) for the contents of the prospectuses for the initial public offerings that we underwrite, which could be material. In addition, we may increasingly rely on technological innovation as we introduce new types of products, expand our current products into new markets, and continue to streamline our platform. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to successfully innovate and continue to deliver a superior member experience, members’ demand for our products may decrease and our growth and operations may be harmed. The brokerage industry also competes on price, and demand for our products and services may be affected if we are unable to compete on price.
SoFi Securities is a participant in the Depository Trust Company’s settlement services. Broker-dealers that settle their own trades are subject to substantially more regulatory requirements than brokers that outsource these functions to third-party providers. Errors in performing settlement functions, including clerical, technological and other errors related to the handling of funds and securities could lead to censures, fines or other sanctions imposed by applicable regulatory authorities as well as losses and liabilities in related lawsuits and proceedings brought by transaction counterparties and others. Any unsettled securities transactions or wrongly executed transactions may expose the broker dealer to adverse movements in the prices of such securities.
An increase in fraudulent activity could lead to reputational damage to our brand and material legal, regulatory and financial exposure (including fines and other penalties), and could reduce the use and acceptance of SoFi Checking and Savings, SoFi Money cash management accounts and SoFi Credit Card.
Financial institutions like us, as well as our members, colleagues, regulators, vendors and other third parties, have experienced a significant increase in fraudulent activity in recent years and will likely continue to be the target of increasingly sophisticated fraudsters and fraud rings in the future. This is particularly true for our newer products where we have limited experience evaluating customer behavior and performing tailored risk assessments, such as SoFi Checking and Savings and SoFi Credit Card.
We develop and maintain systems and processes aimed at detecting and preventing fraudulent activity, which require significant investment, maintenance and ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies and regulatory requirements change and as efforts to overcome security and anti-fraud measures become more sophisticated. Despite our efforts, we have in the past and may in the future be subject to fraudulent activity, which may affect our results of operations. For example, our general and administrative expenses increased related to fraud events in 2022 relative to 2021. The possibility of fraudulent or other malicious activities and human error or malfeasance cannot be eliminated entirely and will evolve as new and emerging technology is deployed, including the increasing use of personal mobile and computing devices that are outside of our network and control environments, particularly as a large part of our workforce works remotely. Risks associated with each of these include theft of funds and other monetary loss, the effects of which could be compounded if not detected quickly. Indeed, fraudulent activity may not be detected until well after it occurs and the severity and potential impact may not be fully known for a substantial period of time after it has been discovered.
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Fraudulent activity and other actual or perceived failures to maintain a product’s integrity and/or security has led to increased regulatory scrutiny and may lead to regulatory investigations and intervention (such as mandatory card reissuance), increased litigation (including class action litigation), remediation, fines and response costs, negative assessments of us and our subsidiaries by regulators and rating agencies, reputational and financial damage to our brand, and reduced usage of our products and services, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business.
Successful fraudulent activity and other incidents related to the actual or perceived failures to maintain the integrity of our processes and controls could negatively affect us, including harming the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or harming the reputation of the financial system in general, which could result in reduced use of our products and services. Such events could also result in legislation and additional regulatory requirements. Although we maintain insurance, there can be no assurance that liabilities or losses we may incur will be covered under such policies or that the amount of insurance will be adequate.
We rely on third parties and their systems to process transaction data and for settlement of funds on SoFi Checking and Savings, SoFi Money cash management accounts and SoFi Credit Card, and these third parties’ failure to perform these services adequately could materially and adversely affect our business.
To provide our checking and savings account, cash management account, credit card and other products and services, we rely on third parties that we do not control, such as payment card networks, our acquiring and issuing processors, payment card issuers, various financial institution partners, systems like the ACH, and other partners. We rely on these third parties for a variety of services, including the transmission of transaction data, processing of chargebacks and refunds, settlement of funds, and the provision of information and other elements of our services. In the event these third parties fail to provide these services adequately, including as a result of financial difficulty or insolvency, errors in their systems, outages or events beyond their control, or refuse to provide these services on terms acceptable to us or at all, and we are not able to find suitable alternatives, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
SoFi Credit Card is a relatively new product and we may not be successful in our efforts to promote its usage through marketing and promotion, or to effectively control the costs of such investments, both of which may materially impact our profitability.
Revenue growth for SoFi Credit Card is dependent on increasing the volume of members who open an account and on growing loan balances on those accounts. We have been investing in a number of new product initiatives to attract new SoFi Credit Card members and capture a greater share of our members’ total spending and borrowings. While we saw an increase in revenue from SoFi Credit Card in the second quarter of 2022, there can be no assurance that our investments in SoFi Credit Card to acquire members, provide differentiated features and services and spur usage of our card will continue to be effective. Further, developing our service offerings, marketing SoFi Credit Card in additional customer acquisition channels and forming new partnerships could have higher costs than anticipated, and could adversely impact our results or dilute our brand. See “Funding and Liquidity Risks—SoFi Credit Card is a relatively new product with a limited performance history and any failure to accurately capture credit risk or to execute our funding strategy for it could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition”.
SoFi may be unable to successfully integrate Technisys’ operations and may not realize the anticipated benefits of acquiring Technisys.
We closed the Technisys acquisition in March 2022 and are working to integrate Technisys’ operations into our business. The success of the Technisys acquisition, including anticipated benefits and cost savings and potential additional revenue opportunities, will depend, in part, on SoFi’s ability to successfully integrate Technisys’ operations in a manner that results in various benefits, including, among other things, the development of an end-to-end vertically integrated banking technology stack to support multiple products and enable the combined company to meet the expanding needs of existing parties and serve additional established banks, fintechs and non-financial brands looking to enter financial services. The ongoing process of integrating operations could result in a loss of key personnel or cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of SoFi’s businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the ability of SoFi to maintain relationships with customers and employees. The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with the integration of Technisys’ operations could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition, operating results and prospects of SoFi.
If SoFi experiences difficulties in the integration process, including those listed above, SoFi may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the Technisys acquisition in a timely manner or at all. Failure to achieve these anticipated benefits could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues, lost cost savings and incremental revenue opportunities
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and diversion of management’s time and energy and could have an adverse effect on SoFi’s business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
We may continue to expand operations abroad where we have limited operating experience and may be subject to increased business, economic and regulatory risks that could adversely impact our financial results.
In April 2020, we undertook our first international expansion by acquiring 8 Limited, an investment business in Hong Kong. Additionally, with the acquisition of Galileo in May 2020, we gained clients in Mexico and Colombia and, with the acquisition of Technisys in March 2022, we further expanded our operations into Latin America. We may, in the future, continue to pursue further international expansion of our business operations, either organically or through acquisitions, in new international markets where we have limited or no experience in marketing, selling and deploying our product and services. If we fail to deploy or manage our operations in these countries successfully, our business and operations may suffer. In addition, we are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, including:
•political, social and/or economic instability;
•risks related to governmental regulations in foreign jurisdictions, including regulations relating to privacy, and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and enforcement;
•fluctuations in currency exchange rates and global market volatility;
•higher levels of credit risk and fraud;
•enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;
•burdens of enforcing and complying with a variety of foreign laws;
•reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
•difficulties in staffing and managing global operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations and subsidiaries;
•different regulations and practices with respect to employee/employer relationships, existence of workers’ councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain international jurisdictions;
•compliance with statutory equity requirements; and
•management of tax consequences.
If we are unable to manage the complexity of global operations successfully, our financial performance and operating results could suffer.
Credit Related Risks
We operate in a cyclical industry. In an economic downturn, member default rates may increase, there may be decreased demand for our products, and there may be adverse impacts to our lending business.
Uncertainty and negative trends in general economic conditions can have a significant negative impact on our ability to generate adequate revenue and to absorb expected and unexpected losses. Many factors, including factors that are beyond our control, may result in higher default rates by our members, a decline in the demand for our products, and potentially impact our ability to make accurate credit assessments or lending decisions. Any of these factors could have a detrimental impact on our financial performance and liquidity.
Our Lending and Financial Services segments may be particularly negatively impacted by worsening economic conditions that place financial stress on our members resulting in loan defaults or charge-offs. If a loan charges off while we are still the owner, the loan either enters a collections process or is sold to a third-party collection agency and, in either case, we will receive less than the full outstanding interest on, and principal balance of, the loan. Declining economic conditions may also lead to either decreased demand for our loans or demand for a higher yield on our loans, and consequently lower prices or a lower advance rate, from institutional whole loan purchasers, securitization investors and warehouse lenders on whom we rely for liquidity.
The longevity and severity of a downturn will also place pressure on lenders under our debt warehouses, whole loan purchasers and investors in our securitizations. Furthermore, long-term market disruptions could negatively impact the securitizations market. Although certain of our debt warehouses and whole loan sale agreements contain committed terms, there can be no assurance that our financing arrangements will remain available to us through any particular business cycle or be
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renewed on the same terms. The timing and extent of a downturn may also require us to change, postpone or cancel our strategic initiatives or growth plans to pursue shorter-term sustainability. The longer and more severe an economic downturn, the greater the potential adverse impact on us.
There can be no assurance that economic conditions will be favorable for our business, that interest in purchasing our loans by financial institutions will remain at current levels, or that default rates by our members will not increase. Reduced demand or lower prices or a lower advance rate for our products from institutional whole loan purchasers, securitization investors and warehouse lenders and increased default rates by our members may limit our access to capital, including debt warehouse facilities and securitizations, and negatively impact our profitability.
If we do not make accurate credit and pricing decisions or effectively forecast our loss rates, our business and financial results will be harmed, and the harm could be material.
In making a decision whether to extend credit to prospective or existing members, we rely upon data to assess our ability to extend credit within our risk appetite, our debt servicing capacity, and overall risk level to determine lending exposure and loan pricing. If the decision components, rapidly deteriorating macroeconomic conditions or analytics are either unstable, biased, or missing key pieces of information, the wrong decisions will be made, which will negatively affect our financial results. If our credit decisioning strategy fails to adequately predict the creditworthiness of our members, including a failure to predict a member’s true credit risk profile and ability to repay their loan, higher than expected loss rates will impact the fair value of our loans. Additionally, if any portion of the information pertaining to the prospective member is false, inaccurate or incomplete, and our systems did not detect such falsities, inaccuracies or incompleteness, or any or all of the other components of our credit decision process fails, we may experience higher than forecasted losses, including losses attributed to fraud. Furthermore, we rely on credit reporting agencies to obtain credit reports and other information we rely upon in making underwriting and pricing decisions. If one of these third parties experiences an outage, if we are unable to access the third-party data used in our decision strategy, or our access to such data is limited, our ability to accurately evaluate potential members will be compromised, and we may be unable to effectively predict credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio, which would negatively impact our results of operations, which could be material.
Additionally, if we make errors in the development, validation, or implementation of any of the underwriting models or tools that we use for the loans securing our debt warehouses or included in securitization transactions or whole loan sales, such loans may experience higher delinquencies and losses, which would negatively impact our debt warehouse financing terms and future securitization and whole loan sale transactions.
If the information provided to us by applicants is incorrect or fraudulent, we may misjudge an applicant’s qualification to receive a loan or use one of our products, and our results of operations may be harmed.
Our lending and platform access decisions are based partly on information provided to us by applicants. To the extent that an applicant provides information to us in a manner that we are unable to verify, or the information provided by an applicant consists of data obtained under false pretenses by third-parties, is a manufactured/synthetic identity, or is a stolen identity, our credit decisioning process may not accurately reflect the associated risk. In addition, data provided by third-party sources, including credit reporting agencies, is a significant component of our credit decisions and this data may contain inaccuracies. Inaccurate analysis of credit data that could result from false loan application information could harm our reputation, business and results of operations. Additionally, we rely on the accuracy of applicant information in approving applicants for our non-lending products, such as SoFi Checking and Savings, SoFi Credit Card or SoFi Invest accounts. If the information provided to us by these applicants is incorrect or fraudulent and we are unable to detect the inaccuracies, it increases our regulatory and fraud risk and the risk of identity theft to our members, and could harm our reputation, business and results of operations.
We use identity and fraud prevention tools to analyze data provided by external databases or automated physical identity document proofing technologies to authenticate each applicant’s identity. These fraud prevention tools, scores, and data aggregators are reliant on sustained access to reliable data sources to facilitate robust verification which have reduced effectiveness with diminished data access. From time to time in the past, however, these checks have failed and there is a risk that these checks could fail in the future and fraud, which may be significant, may occur and go undetected. For example, we recently identified certain fraudulent activity related to our personal loans product. While the fraudulent activity was detected and the losses were recognized in our results of operations, there can be no assurance there will not be future instances of fraud, that we will be able to detect such fraudulent activity in a timely manner, or that such future fraudulent activity will not be material. We may not be able to recoup funds underlying loans made in connection with inaccurate statements, omissions of fact or fraud, in which case our revenue, results of operations and profitability will be harmed. Fraudulent activity or significant increases in fraudulent activity could also lead to regulatory intervention, which could negatively impact our results of operations, brand and reputation, and require us to take steps to reduce fraud risk, which could increase our costs.
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Internet-based loan origination processes may give rise to greater risks than paper-based processes.
We use Internet-based loan processes to obtain application information and distribute certain legally required notices to applicants for, and borrowers of, our loans and to obtain electronically signed loan documents in lieu of paper documents with ink signatures obtained in person. These processes may entail greater risks than paper-based loan origination processes, including regarding the sufficiency of notice for compliance with consumer protection laws, risks that borrowers may challenge the authenticity of loan documents, or the validity of the borrower’s electronic signature on loan documents, and risks that unauthorized changes are made to the electronic loan documents. If any of those factors were to cause our loans, or any of the terms of our loans, to be unenforceable against the relevant borrowers, or impair our ability as master servicer or servicer to service our loans, the value of our loan assets would decrease significantly to us and to our whole loan purchasers, securitization investors and warehouse lenders. In addition to increased default rates and losses on our loans, this could lead to the loss of whole loan purchasers and securitization investors and trigger terminations and amortizations under our debt warehouse facilities, each of which would materially adversely impact our business.
Student loans are subject to discharge in certain circumstances.
Private education loans, including the refinanced student loans and other student loans made by us, are generally not dischargeable by a borrower in bankruptcy. However, a private education loan may be discharged if a debtor files an adversary claim and the bankruptcy court determines that not discharging the debt would impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor’s dependents. Further, bills have been introduced in Congress that would make student loans dischargeable in bankruptcy to the same extent as other forms of unsecured credit without regard to a hardship analysis. For example, Senator Dick Durbin and Senator John Cornyn introduced a bill in 2021, the Fresh Start Through Bankruptcy Act, which would amend the bankruptcy code to more easily permit student loan discharges of federal student loans after ten years and it is possible similar legislation could be proposed with respect to private student loans. It is possible that a higher percentage of borrowers will obtain relief under bankruptcy or other debtor relief laws than is reflected in our historical experience. A private education loan that is not a refinanced parent-student loan is also generally dischargeable as a result of the death or disability of the borrower. The discharge of a significant amount of our loans could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We offer personal loans, which have a limited performance history, and therefore we have only limited prepayment, loss and delinquency data with respect to such loans on which to base projections.
The performance of the personal loans we offer is significantly dependent on the ability of the credit decisioning, income validation, and scoring models we use to originate such loans, which include a variety of factors, to effectively evaluate an applicant’s credit profile and likelihood of default. Despite recession-readiness planning and stress forecasting, there is no assurance that our credit criteria can accurately predict loan performance under economic conditions such as a prolonged down-cycle or recessionary economic environment or the governmental response to periods of disruption, such as measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may drive unexpected outcomes. If our criteria do not accurately reflect credit risk on the personal loans, greater than expected losses may result on these loans and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
In addition, personal loans are dischargeable in a bankruptcy proceeding involving a borrower without the need for the borrower to file an adversary claim. The discharge of a significant amount of our personal loans could adversely affect our financial condition. Furthermore, other characteristics of personal loans may increase the risk of default or fraud and there are few restrictions on the uses that may be made of personal loans by borrowers, which may result in increased levels of credit consumption. We also originate a material portion of our personal loans through ACH deposits directly to the borrowers, which may result in a higher risk of fraud. The effect of these factors may be to reduce the amounts collected on our personal loans and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We service all of the personal loans we originate and have limited loan servicing experience, and we rely on third-party service providers to service the student loans, home loans and credit card loans that we originate, and to perform various other functions in connection with the origination and servicing of certain of our loans. If a third-party service provider fails to properly perform these functions, our business and our ability to service our loans may be adversely affected.
We service all of the personal loans we originate, and we have limited experience with such servicing. We may begin servicing the student loans that we originate at some time in the future. We rely on sub-servicers to service all of our student loans and all of our FNMA conforming home loans that we do not sell servicing-released, to perform certain back-up servicing functions with respect to our personal loans, and to service all of our credit card loans. In addition, we rely on third-party service providers to perform various functions relating to our loan origination and servicing business, including underwriting, fraud detection, marketing, operational functions, cloud infrastructure services, information technology, telecommunications and processing remotely created checks, and, historically because we were not a bank and could not belong to or directly access
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the ACH payment network, ACH processing, and debit card and credit issuance or payment processing. While we oversee these service providers to ensure they service our loans in accordance with our agreements and regulatory requirements, we do not have control over the operations of any of the third-party service providers that we utilize. In the event that a third-party service provider for any reason fails to perform such functions, including through negligence, willful misconduct or fraud, our ability to process payments and perform other operational functions for which we currently rely on such third-party service providers will suffer and our business, cash flows and future prospects may be negatively impacted.
Any failure on our part or on the part of third parties on whom we rely to perform functions related to our servicing activities to properly service our loans could result in us being removed as the servicer on the loans we originate, including loans financed by our warehouse facilities or sold into our whole loan sales channel and securitization transactions. If we fail to monitor our student loan sub-servicer and ensure that such sub-servicer complies with its obligations under state laws that require student loan servicers to be licensed, we may face civil claims for damages under such state laws. Because we receive revenue from such servicing activities, any such removal as the servicer or, with respect to our student loans, master servicer, could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition or prospects, as would the cost of onboarding a new servicer. Furthermore, we have agreed in our servicing agreements to service loans in accordance with the standards set forth therein, and may be obligated to repurchase loans if we fail to meet those standards.
Additionally, if one or more key third-party service providers were to cease to exist, to become a debtor in a bankruptcy or an insolvency proceeding or to seek relief under any debtor relief laws or to terminate its relationship with us, there could be delays in our ability to process payments and perform other operational functions for which we are currently relying on such third-party service provider, and we may not be able to promptly replace such third-party service provider with a different third-party service provider that has the ability to promptly provide the same services in the same manner and on the same economic terms. As a result of any such delay or inability to replace such key third-party service provider, our ability to process payments and perform other business functions could suffer and our business, cash flows and future prospects may be negatively impacted.
We rely on a third-party service provider to fulfill all of the home loans that we originate, and to perform various other functions in connection with the origination of our home loans. If this third-party service provider fails to properly perform these functions or ceases to exist, our home loans business may be adversely affected.
We use a single third-party service provider to fulfill all of the home loans we originate. In the event that our third-party service provider for any reason fails to perform such functions, including through negligence, willful misconduct or fraud, our ability to originate home loans will suffer and our business, cash flows and future prospects may be negatively impacted. Additionally, if our home loans third-party fulfillment partner were to cease to exist, to become a debtor in a bankruptcy or an insolvency proceeding or to seek relief under any debtor relief laws or to terminate its relationship with us, there would be significant delays in our ability to complete the origination of home loans in our pipeline and to originate new home loans, as well as to complete other operational functions for which we are currently relying on such third-party service provider, and we may not be able to promptly replace such third-party service provider with a different third-party service provider that has the ability to promptly provide the same services in the same manner and on the same economic terms.
We may make non-qualified home loans, which may increase the risk of litigation by consumers.
We do not currently offer, but may expand our product selection to offer, non-qualified home loans, which, unlike qualified home loans, do not benefit from a presumption that the borrower has the ability to repay the loan. If we were to make a loan for which we did not satisfy the regulatory standards for ascertaining the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the borrower were to default, we may be prevented from collecting interest and principal on that loan in court. As such, non-qualified home loans carry increased risk of exposure to litigation and claims of borrowers.
Potential geographic concentration of our members may increase the risk of loss on the loans that we originate and negatively impact our business.
Any concentration of our members in specific geographic areas may increase the risk of loss on our loans. Certain regions of the United States from time to time will experience weaker economic conditions and higher unemployment and, consequently, will experience higher rates of delinquency and loss than on similar loans in other regions of the country. Moreover, a further deterioration in economic conditions, outbreaks of disease (such as new or worsening outbreaks of COVID-19 or additional strains or variants), the continued increase in extreme weather conditions and other natural events (such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, drought, wildfires, mudslides, earthquakes and other extreme conditions) could adversely affect the ability and willingness of borrowers in affected regions to meet their payment obligations under their loans and may consequently affect the delinquency and loss experience of such loans. In addition, we, as master servicer for all student loans
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and home loans and as servicer of our personal loans, have offered in the past, and may in the future offer, hardship forbearance or other relief programs in certain circumstances to affected borrowers.
Conversely, an improvement in economic conditions in one or more of the geographic areas in which we have members could result in higher prepayments of their payment obligations under their loans by borrowers in such states. As a result, we and the whole loan purchasers who hold our loans or securitization investors or warehouse lenders who hold securities backed by our loans may receive principal payments earlier than anticipated, and fewer interest payments than anticipated, and face certain reinvestment risks, such as the inability to acquire loans on equally attractive terms as the prepaid loans. In addition, higher prepayments than anticipated may have a negative impact on our servicing revenue which could cause our operating results and financial condition to be materially and adversely affected.
Further, the concentration of our loans in one or more geographic locations may have a disproportionate effect on us or investors in our loans or securities backed by our loans if governmental authorities in any of those areas take action against us as originator, master servicer or servicer of those loans or take action affecting our ability as master servicer or servicer to service those loans.
Funding and Liquidity Risks
If we are unable to retain and/or increase our current sources of funding, including deposits, and secure new or alternative methods of financing, our ability to finance additional loans and introduce new products will be negatively impacted.
Historically, in addition to the issuance of equity, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures primarily through access to the capital markets through sales of our loans, access to secured and unsecured borrowing facilities and utilization of securitization financing from consolidated and nonconsolidated VIEs. In each of these instances (other than for certain whole loan sales of home loans), we retain the servicing rights to our loans from which we earn a servicing fee. In securitization financing transactions, we transfer a pool of loans originated by SoFi Lending Corp. to a VIE which is sponsored by SoFi Lending Corp. and we retain risk in the VIE, typically in the form of asset-backed bonds and residual interest investments. With the acquisition of SoFi Bank, we are now able to utilize deposits as well, which offer us a lower cost source of funds. We rely on each of these outlets for liquidity and the loss or reduction of any one of these outlets could materially adversely impact our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully access the securitization markets at any given time, or that deposits at SoFi Bank will remain at current levels, and in the event of a sudden or unexpected shortage of funds in the banking and financial system, we cannot be sure that we will be able to maintain necessary levels of funding without incurring high funding costs, a reduction in the term of funding instruments, an increase in the amount of equity we are required to hold or the liquidation of certain assets. Furthermore, there is a risk that there will be no market at all for our loans either from whole loan buyers or through investments in securities backed by our loans.
We may require capital in excess of amounts we currently anticipate, and depending on market conditions and other factors, we may not be able to obtain additional capital for our current operations or anticipated future growth on reasonable terms or at all. As the volume of loans that we originate, and the increased suite of products that we make available to members, increases, we may be required to expand the size of our debt warehousing facilities or seek additional sources of capital. The availability of these financing sources depends on many factors, some of which are outside of our control. We may also experience the occurrence of events of default or breaches of financial performance or other covenants under our debt agreements, which could reduce or terminate our access to institutional funding.
If we are unable to increase our current sources of funding, including deposits, and secure new or alternative methods of financing, our ability to finance additional loans and to develop and offer new products will be negatively impacted. The interest rates, advance rates and other costs of new, renewed or amended facilities may also be higher than those currently in effect. If we are unable to renew or otherwise replace these facilities or generally arrange new or alternative methods of financing on favorable terms, we may be forced to curtail our origination of loans or reduce lending or other operations, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
If one or more of our warehouse facilities, on which we are highly dependent, is terminated or otherwise becomes unavailable, we may be unable to find replacement financing on favorable terms, or at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
We require a significant amount of short-term funding capacity for loans we originate. As of June 30, 2022, we had $7.1 billion of warehouse loan funding capacity through 24 warehouse facility arrangements. Additionally, consistent with industry practice, our existing warehouse facilities generally require periodic renewal. If any of our committed warehouse facilities are terminated or are not renewed or our uncommitted facilities are not honored, we may be unable to find replacement financing on favorable terms, or at all, and we might not be able to originate an acceptable or sustainable volume of loans,
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which would have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, as our business continues to expand, including our home loan business, we may need additional warehouse funding capacity for the loans we originate. There can be no assurance that, in the future, we will be able to obtain additional warehouse funding capacity on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all.
If we fail to meet or satisfy any of the financial or other covenants included in our warehouse facilities, we would be in default under one or more of these facilities and our lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under the facilities to be immediately due and payable, enforce their interests against loans pledged under such facilities and restrict our ability to make additional borrowings. Certain of these facilities also contain cross-default provisions. These restrictions may interfere with our ability to obtain financing or to engage in other business activities, which could materially and adversely affect us. There can be no assurance that we will maintain compliance with all financial and other covenants included in our warehouse facilities in the future.
In addition, our agreements with our warehouse lenders contain various concentration limits and triggers, including related to excess spread. As rising interest rates place pressure on our net cost of funds for loans held at SoFi Lending Corp., which do not benefit from deposit funding through SoFi Bank, the likelihood of reaching an excess spread limit increases. A breach of such limits or other similar terms of such agreements could result in an inability to place loans in the relevant warehouse facilities and require us to pursue other forms of financing. If we are unable to find replacement financing on favorable terms, or at all, our operations could be impacted materially.
Increases in member default rates on loans could make us and our loans less attractive to whole loan buyers, lenders under debt warehouse facilities and investors in securitizations, which may adversely affect our access to financing and our business.
Increases in member default rates could make us and our loans less attractive to our existing or prospective funding sources, including whole loan buyers, securitization investors and lenders under debt warehousing facilities. If our existing funding sources do not achieve their desired financial returns or if they suffer losses, they or prospective funding sources may increase the cost of providing future financing or refuse to provide future financing or purchase loans on terms acceptable to us or at all.
Our securitizations are nonrecourse to SoFi Technologies and are collateralized by the pool of our loans pledged to the relevant securitization issuer. If the loans securing our securitizations fail to perform as expected, the lenders under our warehouse facilities, the whole loan purchasers who purchase our loans, the investors in our securitizations who purchase securities backed by our loans, or future lenders, whole loan purchasers or securitization investors in similar arrangements, may increase the cost of providing future financing or refuse to provide future financing or purchase loans on terms acceptable to us or at all.
If we were to be unable to arrange new or alternative methods of financing on favorable terms, we may have to curtail or cease our origination of loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
We make representations and warranties in connection with the transfer of loans to whole loan purchasers, government-sponsored enterprises, such as the FNMA, and our debt warehouse lenders and securitization trusts. If such representations and warranties are not correct, we could be required to repurchase loans or indemnify the purchaser, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to operate and fund our business.
We sell the loans we originate to third parties, including, with respect to home loans, counterparties like the FNMA, and we make representations and warranties when we sell loans to third parties and in our financing transactions. In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to liability under these representations and warranties made to purchasers of loans. Such representations and warranties typically include, among other things, that the loans were originated and serviced in compliance with the law and with our credit risk origination policy and servicing guidelines and that, to the best of our knowledge, each loan was originated by us without any fraud or misrepresentation on our part or on the part of the borrower or any other person. In addition, purchasers require loans to meet strict underwriting and loan term criteria in order to be eligible for purchase. If those representations and warranties are breached as to a given loan, or if a certain loan we sell does not meet the relevant eligibility criteria, we will be obligated to repurchase the loan, typically at a purchase price equal to the then-outstanding principal balance of such loan, plus accrued interest and any premium. We may also be required to indemnify the purchaser for losses resulting from the breach of representations and warranties. In connection with our whole loan sales, we also typically covenant to repurchase any loan that enters delinquent status within the first thirty to sixty days following origination of the loan. Any significant increase in our obligation to repurchase home loans or indemnify purchasers of home loans could have a significant adverse impact on our cash flows, even if they are reimbursable, and could also have a
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detrimental effect on our business and financial condition. If any such repurchase event occurs on a large scale, we may not have sufficient funds to meet our repurchase obligations, which would result in a default under the underlying agreements. Moreover, we may not be able to resell or refinance loans repurchased due to a breach of a representation or warranty or we may sell such loans below par. Any such event could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
Our agreements with our lenders contain a number of early payment triggers and covenants. A breach of such triggers or covenants or other terms of such agreements could result in an early amortization, default, and/or acceleration of the related funding facilities, which could materially impact our operations.
Primary funding sources available to support the maintenance and growth of our business include, among others, securitizations, debt warehouse facilities and corporate revolving debt. Our liquidity would be materially adversely affected by our inability to comply with various covenants and other specified requirements set forth in our agreements with our lenders, which could result in the early amortization, default and/or acceleration of our existing facilities. Such covenants and requirements include financial covenants, portfolio performance covenants and other events. For a description of these covenants, requirements and events, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources”.
During an early amortization period or occurrence of a termination event or an event of default, principal collections from the loans in our asset-based facilities would be applied to repay principal under such facilities rather than being available to fund newly originated loans. During the occurrence of a termination event or an event of default under any of our facilities, the applicable lenders could accelerate the related debt and such lenders’ commitments to extend further credit under the related facility, if any, would terminate. If we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under such facilities and securitizations, the applicable lenders and noteholders could seek remedies, including against the collateral pledged under such facilities and by the securitization trust. An acceleration of the debt under certain facilities could also lead to a default under other facilities and, in certain instances, our hedging arrangements, due to cross-acceleration provisions.
An early amortization event or event of default would negatively impact our liquidity, including our ability to originate new loans, and require us to rely on alternative funding sources, which might increase our funding costs or which might not be available when needed. If we were unable to arrange new or alternative methods of financing on favorable terms, we might have to curtail the origination of loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our obligations under our facilities.
We require substantial capital and, in the future, may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and achieve recurring profitability. If adequate capital is not available to us or is unavailable on favorable terms, including due to the cost and availability of funding in the capital markets, our business, operating results and financial condition may be harmed.
Since our founding, we have raised substantial equity and debt financing to support the growth of our business. Because we intend to continue to make investments to support the growth of our business, we may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and growth strategy and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including lending to our members, increasing our marketing expenditures to attract new members and improve our brand awareness, developing our other products, introducing new services, further expanding internationally in existing or new countries or further improving existing offerings and services, enhancing our operating infrastructure and potentially acquiring complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, on a regular basis we need, or we may need, to engage in additional debt or equity financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them, in amounts we need, or permitted to be applied to specific use cases, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In particular, we may require additional access to capital to support our lending operations. Volatility in the credit markets in general or in the market for student, personal and home loans and credit cards in particular may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. Furthermore, the cost of our borrowing has increased and may continue to increase due to market volatility, rising interest rates, changes in the risk premiums required by lenders or if traditional sources of debt capital are unavailable. Volatility or depressed valuations or trading prices in the equity markets may similarly adversely affect our ability to obtain equity financing. Furthermore, if we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock.
We are required to serve as a source of financial strength for SoFi Bank, which means that we may be required to provide capital or liquidity support to SoFi Bank, even at times when we may not have the resources to provide such support. In addition, maintaining adequate liquidity is crucial to our securities brokerage and our money services business operations,
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including key functions such as transaction settlement, custody requirements and margin lending. We meet our liquidity needs primarily from working capital and cash generated by customer activity, as well as from external debt and equity financing. Increases in the number of customers, fluctuations in customer cash or deposit balances, as well as market conditions or changes in regulatory treatment of customer deposits, may affect our ability to meet our liquidity needs. Our broker-dealer subsidiary, SoFi Securities, is subject to Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act, which specifies minimum capital requirements intended to ensure the general financial soundness and liquidity of broker-dealers, and SoFi Securities is subject to Rule 15c3-3 under the Exchange Act, which requires broker-dealers to maintain certain liquidity reserves.
A reduction in our liquidity position could reduce our customers’ confidence in us, which could result in the withdrawal of customer assets and loss of customers, or could cause us to fail to satisfy broker-dealer or other regulatory capital guidelines, which may result in immediate suspension of securities activities, regulatory prohibitions against certain business practices, increased regulatory inquiries and reporting requirements, increased costs, fines, penalties or other sanctions, including suspension or expulsion by the SEC, FINRA or other self-regulatory organizations (“SROs”) or state regulators, and could ultimately lead to the liquidation of our broker-dealers or other regulated entities. Factors which may adversely affect our liquidity position include temporary liquidity demands due to timing differences between brokerage transaction settlements and the availability of segregated cash balances, timing differences between digital asset transaction settlements between us and our digital asset market makers and between us and our digital asset customers, fluctuations in cash held in customer accounts, a significant increase in our margin lending activities, increased regulatory capital requirements, changes in regulatory guidance or interpretations, other regulatory changes or a loss of market or customer confidence resulting in unanticipated withdrawals of customer assets. We expect that we will continue to use our available cash to fund our lending activities and help scale our Financial Services segment. To supplement our cash resources, we may seek to enter into additional securitizations and whole loan sale agreements or increase the size of existing debt warehousing facilities, increase the size of, or replace, our revolving credit facility, grow deposits and pursue other potential options. If we are unable to adequately maintain our cash resources, we may delay non-essential capital expenditures, implement cost cutting procedures, delay or reduce future hiring, discontinue the pursuit of our strategic objectives and growth strategies or reduce our rate of future originations compared to the current level. There can be no assurance that we can obtain sufficient sources of external capital to support the growth of our business. Delays in doing so or failure to do so may require us to reduce loan originations or reduce our operations, which would harm our ability to pursue our business objectives as well as harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
We are unable to finance all of the receivables that we originate or other assets that we hold, and that illiquidity could result in a negative impact on our financial condition.
We operate a gain-on-sale origination model, the success of which is tied to our ability to finance the assets that we originate. Certain of our assets, however, are ineligible for sale to a whole loan buyer or securitization trust, or are ineligible for, or are subject to a lower advance rate under, warehouse funding, each of which has specific eligibility criteria for receivables it purchases or holds as collateral. Ineligible receivables include, among others, those in default or that are delinquent, receivables with defects in their origination or servicing, including fraud, or receivables generated under origination guidelines and credit policies that are no longer in effect. In addition, many of our warehouse funding sources contain excess concentration limits for loans in forbearance or with specific loan level characteristics such as time-to-maturity or loan type. Once these limits have been exceeded, the advance rate applied to those receivables becomes less advantageous to us. If we are unable to sell or reasonably fund these receivables, we are required to hold them on our consolidated balance sheet which, in sufficient volume, negatively impacts our financial condition.
In addition to the receivables described above, we also hold on our consolidated balance sheet certain risk retention assets with respect to which we have a reduced ability to receive financing. These risk retention assets include residuals from our securitization trusts that are either ineligible for transfer or are subject to European Union (“EU”) regulations. The illiquidity of these positions may negatively impact our financial condition.
SoFi Checking and Savings is a relatively new product that is expected to continue to provide us with an important source of cost-efficient funding and any failure to scale the product due to our limited experience or a competitive marketplace could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.
We expect that SoFi Checking and Savings, a deposit account product that we commenced offering in the first quarter of 2022, will continue to provide us with an important source of deposits to use for cost-effective funding of loan originations and other activities. However, revenue growth for SoFi Checking and Savings is dependent on increasing the volume of members who open an account and on growing balances in those accounts. Although the product has so far performed above expectations, there is no guarantee account openings and the amount on deposit in those accounts will continue to grow. In addition, although we have begun investing in a number of initiatives to attract new SoFi Checking and Savings accountholders and capture a greater share of our members’ savings, including offering a competitive annual percentage yield on deposits, there can be no assurance that these investments in SoFi Checking and Savings to acquire members, provide differentiated features
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and services and spur usage of our deposit account product will be effective. Further, developing our service offerings and marketing SoFi Checking and Savings in additional customer acquisition channels could have higher costs than anticipated, and could adversely impact our results or dilute our brand. Finally, the SoFi Checking and Savings product faces competition from similar products offered by our competitors which may offer more attractive features, including a higher interest rate on deposits, which may impact the success of the product. In the event we are unable to sufficiently grow the SoFi Checking and Savings product, we may be required to find alternative, higher-cost funding for our lending and other activities, or we might not be able to originate an acceptable or sustainable volume of loans, either of which could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. See “Fluctuations in interest rates could negatively affect the demand for our SoFi Checking and Savings products.”
SoFi Credit Card is a relatively new product with a limited performance history and any failure to accurately capture credit risk or to execute our funding strategy for it could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.
SoFi Credit Card is a relatively new product and we have limited experience originating and administering it. We began originating credit card receivables in the third quarter of 2020 (and launched the product to a broader market in the fourth quarter of 2020). The performance of the SoFi Credit Card product is significantly dependent on the ability of the credit and fraud decisioning and scoring models we use to originate the product, which includes a variety of factors, to effectively prevent fraud, evaluate an applicant’s credit profile and likelihood of default. Despite establishing a defined risk appetite and leveraging third-party stress testing of product loss forecasts, there is no assurance that our credit criteria can accurately predict repayment and loss profiles. If our criteria do not accurately prevent fraud or reflect credit risk on the SoFi Credit Card product, greater than expected losses may result and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
In addition, the success of the SoFi Credit Card product depends on our ability to execute on our funding strategy for the resulting credit card receivables. We established a debt warehouse to finance the credit card receivables in Spring 2021. We may establish a credit card receivable securitization program in the future. There is no guarantee, however, that we will be successful in establishing a securitization program for these assets. In the event we are unable to finance our credit card receivables, we may be required to hold those assets on our consolidated balance sheet or sell them for a loss, either of which could have a negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks
We are subject to extensive, complex and evolving laws, rules and regulations, which are interpreted and enforced by various federal, state and local government authorities.
We are subject to various federal, state and local regulatory regimes. The principal policy objectives of these regulatory regimes are to protect borrowers, investors and other financial services customers and to prevent fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing. Laws and regulations, among other things, impose licensing and qualifications requirements; require various disclosures and consents; mandate or prohibit certain terms and conditions for various financial products; prohibit discrimination based on certain prohibited bases; prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices; require us to submit to examinations by federal, state and local regulatory regimes; and require us to maintain various policies, procedures and internal controls. Monitoring and complying with all applicable laws and regulations can be difficult and costly. Failure to comply with any of these requirements may result in, among other things, enforcement action by governmental authorities, lawsuits, monetary damages, fines or monetary penalties, restitution or other payments to borrowers or investors, modifications to business practices, revocation of required licenses or registrations, voiding of loan contracts and reputational harm. See Part II, Item 1 “Legal Proceedings”.
Our Lending segment is highly regulated, and if we fail to comply with federal and state consumer protection laws, rules, regulations and guidance, our business could be adversely affected.
The CFPB, an agency which oversees compliance with and enforces federal consumer financial protection laws, has supervisory authority over the student and mortgage lending activity in which we engage. The CFPB has the authority to pursue enforcement actions against companies that offer or provide consumer financial products or services, including lenders and loan servicers that engage in unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices (“UDAAP”). The CFPB may also seek a range of other remedies, including rescission of contracts, refund of money, return of real property, restitution, disgorgement of profits or other compensation for unjust enrichment, damages, public notification of the violation and “conduct” restrictions (i.e., future limits on the target’s activities or functions). In addition, where a company has violated Title X of the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) or CFPB regulations under Title X, the Dodd-Frank Act empowers state attorneys general and state regulators to bring certain civil actions.
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We hold lending licenses or similar authorizations in multiple states, each of which has the authority to supervise and examine our activities. As a licensed consumer lender, mortgage lender, loan broker, collection agency, money services business and loan servicer in certain states, we are subject to examinations by state agencies in those states. Similarly, we are subject to licensure requirements and regulations as an education loan servicer in multiple states. An administrative proceeding, litigation, investigation or regulatory proceeding relating to allegations or findings of the violation of such laws by us, any sub-servicer we engage, or our collection agents, could impair our ability to service and collect on our loans or could result in requirements that we pay damages, fines or penalties and/or cancel the balance or other amounts owing under one or more of our loans. There is no assurance that allegations of violations of the provisions of applicable federal or state consumer protection laws will not be asserted against us, any sub-servicers we engage or our collection agents or other prior owners of our loans in the future. To the extent it is determined that any of our loans was not originated in accordance with all applicable laws, we may be obligated to repurchase such loan from a whole loan buyer, securitization trust or warehouse facility.
We must comply with federal, state and local consumer protection laws including, among others, the federal and state UDAAP laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Military Lending Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the CARES Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. We must also comply with laws on advertising, as well as privacy laws, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”), the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the CAN-SPAM Act, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, applicable laws and regulations of Hong Kong including the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the Personal Data (Privacy) (Amendment) Ordinance 2012 and the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”). Privacy and data security concerns, data collection and transfer restrictions, contractual obligations and U.S. laws and regulations related to data privacy, security and protection could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Compliance with applicable law is costly, and our failure to comply with applicable federal, state and local laws could lead to:
•loss of our licenses and approvals to engage in our lending and servicing businesses;
•damage to our reputation in the industry;
•governmental investigations and enforcement actions;
•administrative fines and penalties and litigation;
•civil and criminal liability, including class action lawsuits;
•inability to enforce loan agreements;
•diminished ability to sell loans that we originate or purchase, requirements to sell such loans at a discount compared to other loans or repurchase or address indemnification claims from purchasers of such loans;
•loss or restriction of warehouse facilities to fund loans;
•inability to raise capital; and
•inability to execute on our business strategy, including our growth plans.
For example, in the first quarter of 2019, we were subject to a consent order from the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC Consent Order”), which resolved allegations that we misrepresented how much money student loan borrowers have saved or would save from financing their loans with us, in violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Under the consent order, we are prohibited from misrepresenting to consumers how much money they would save by using our products, unless the claims are backed up by reliable evidence. In August 2021, we settled charges with the SEC against SoFi Wealth for allegedly breaching its fiduciary duties to clients in connection with the investment of client assets in two ETFs sponsored by Social Finance in 2019. Without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings, SoFi Wealth agreed to a cease-and-desist order, a censure, a penalty of $300 thousand, and to perform certain undertakings.
While we have developed and monitor policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that our compliance policies and procedures will be effective and that we will not be subject to fines and penalties, including with respect to any alleged noncompliance with the FTC Consent Order. Ambiguities in applicable statutes and regulations may leave uncertainty with respect to permitted or restricted conduct and may make compliance with laws, and risk assessment decisions with respect to compliance with laws, difficult and uncertain. In addition, ambiguities make it difficult, in certain circumstances, to determine if, and how compliance violations may be cured. We may fail to comply with applicable statutes and regulations even if acting in good faith, or because governmental bodies or courts
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interpret existing laws or regulations in a more restrictive manner, which may lead to regulatory investigations, governmental enforcement actions or private causes of action with respect to our compliance. To resolve issues raised in examinations or other governmental actions, we may be required to take various corrective actions, including changing certain business practices, making refunds or taking other actions that could be financially or competitively detrimental to us. In some cases, regardless of fault, it may be less time-consuming or costly to settle these matters, which may require us to implement certain changes to our business practices, provide remediation to certain individuals or make a settlement payment to a given party or regulatory body. There is no assurance that any future settlements will not have a material adverse effect on our business.
We hold state licenses that result in substantial compliance costs, and our business would be adversely affected if our licenses are impaired as a result of noncompliance with those requirements.
We currently hold state licenses in connection with our lending activities, our student loan servicing activities, our securities business as well as our money services business activities. Although maintaining state licenses for our lending and servicing activities may become unnecessary as we transition certain of our products to SoFi Bank, for the immediate future, for as long as SoFi Lending Corp. originates or purchases loans, we must comply with certain state licensing requirements and varying compliance requirements in all the states in which we operate and the District of Columbia. Changes in licensing laws may result in increased disclosure requirements, increased fees, or may impose other conditions to licensing that we or our personnel are unable to meet. In most states in which we operate, a regulatory agency or agencies regulate and enforce laws relating to loan servicers, brokers, and originators, collection agencies, and money services businesses. We are subject to periodic examinations by state and other regulators in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business, which can result in increases in our administrative costs and refunds to borrowers of certain fees earned by us, and we may be required to pay substantial penalties imposed by those regulators due to compliance errors, or we may lose our license or our ability to do business in the jurisdiction otherwise may be impaired. Fines and penalties incurred in one jurisdiction may cause investigations or other actions by regulators in other jurisdictions.
We may not be able to maintain all currently required licenses and permits. If we change or expand our business activities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses before we can engage in those activities. If we apply for a new license, a regulator may determine that we were required to do so at an earlier point in time, and as a result, may impose penalties or refuse to issue the license, which could require us to modify or limit our activities in the relevant state. For example, in 2019, we applied, through a subsidiary, for a Pennsylvania Mortgage Servicer license. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, acting through the Department of Banking and Securities, issued a consent agreement and order, ordering us to pay a $110 thousand fine for engaging in the home loan servicing activity prior to obtaining the license.
States may also expand or otherwise modify their current regulations and if such states so act, we may not be able to comply with such updated regulations or maintain all requisite licenses and permits in such states or our costs of compliance with and maintenance of such licenses or permits may materially increase. For example, California, Colorado and Maine have implemented additional regulations related to student loan servicers which impose additional registration, reporting and disclosure requirements and which, if applicable to us, may increase our costs of originating and servicing loans in those states.
In addition, the states that currently do not provide extensive regulation of our business may later choose to do so, and if such states so act, we may not be able to obtain or maintain all requisite licenses and permits, which could require us to modify or limit our activities in the relevant state or states. The failure to satisfy those and other regulatory requirements could result in a default under our warehouse facilities, other financial arrangements and/or servicing agreements and thereby have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a bank holding company, we are subject to extensive supervision and regulation, including the Dodd-Frank Act and its related regulations, which are subject to change and could involve material costs or affect operations.
The Dodd-Frank Act effected significant changes to U.S. financial regulations and required rulemaking by U.S. financial regulators including adding a new Section 13 to the Bank Holding Company Act known as the Volcker Rule. The Volcker Rule generally restricts certain banking entities (such as SoFi and Social Finance) from engaging in proprietary trading activities and from having an ownership interest in or sponsoring any private equity funds or hedge funds (or certain other private issuing entities). The current activities of SoFi and Social Finance have not been and are not expected to be materially affected by the Volcker Rule. Nevertheless, we cannot predict whether, or in what form, any other proposed regulations or statutes or changes to implementing regulations will be adopted or the extent to which our business operations may be affected by any new regulation or statute. Such changes could subject our business to additional compliance burden, costs, and possibly limit the types of financial services and products we may offer.
We are also subject to the requirements in Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s implementing Regulation W, which regulate loans, extensions of credit, purchases of assets, and certain other
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transactions between an insured depository institution (such as SoFi Bank) and its affiliates. The statute and regulation require us to impose certain quantitative limits, collateral requirements and other restrictions on “covered transactions” between SoFi Bank and its affiliates and require all transactions be on “market terms” and conditions consistent with safe and sound banking practices.
Our compliance and risk management policies and procedures as a regulated financial services company may not be fully effective in identifying or mitigating compliance and risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk.
As a financial services company operating in the securities industry, among others, our business exposes us to a number of heightened risks. We have devoted significant resources to develop our compliance and risk management policies and procedures and will continue to do so, but there can be no assurance these are sufficient, especially as our business is rapidly growing and evolving. Nonetheless, our limited operating history in many of the products we offer, our evolving business and our rapid growth make it difficult to predict all of the risks and challenges we may encounter and may increase the risk that our policies and procedures that serve to identify, monitor and manage compliance risks may not be fully effective in mitigating our exposure in all market environments or against all types of risk. Further, some controls are manual and are subject to inherent limitations and errors in oversight. This could cause our compliance and other risk management strategies to be ineffective. Other compliance and risk management methods depend upon the evaluation of information regarding markets, customers, catastrophe occurrence or other matters that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us, which may not always be accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated. Insurance and other traditional risk-shifting tools may be held by or available to us in order to manage certain exposures, but they are subject to terms such as deductibles, coinsurance, limits and policy exclusions, as well as risk of counterparty denial of coverage, default or insolvency. Any failure to maintain effective compliance and other risk management strategies could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are also exposed to heightened regulatory risk because our business is subject to extensive regulation and oversight in a variety of areas, and such regulations are subject to evolving interpretations and application and it can be difficult to predict how they may be applied to our business, particularly as we introduce new products and services and expand into new jurisdictions. Additionally, the regulatory landscape involving digital assets is constantly evolving and SoFi Digital Assets may be subject to loss of revenue, fines, penalties or loss of regulatory licenses if the SEC or any other regulators issue new regulations or interpretive guidance related to digital assets that prohibit any of our current business practices. Also, due to market volatility, it is difficult to predict how much capital we will need in the future to meet net capital requirements. Any perceived or actual breach of laws and regulations could negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations. It is possible that these laws and regulations could be interpreted or applied in a manner that would prohibit, alter or impair our existing or planned products and services.
We may become subject to enforcement actions or litigation as a result of our failure to comply with laws and regulations, even though noncompliance was inadvertent or unintentional.
We maintain systems and procedures designed to ensure that we comply with applicable laws and regulations; however, some legal/regulatory frameworks provide for the imposition of fines or penalties for noncompliance even though the noncompliance was inadvertent or unintentional and even though there were systems and procedures designed to ensure compliance in place at the time.
For example, we engage in outbound telephone and text communications with consumers, and accordingly must comply with a number of federal and state statutes and regulations that govern said communications and the use of automatic telephone dialing systems (“ATDS”), and artificial or pre-recorded voice, including the TCPA and Telemarketing Sales Rules. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”), and the FTC have responsibility for regulating various aspects of some of these laws. Among other requirements, the TCPA requires us to obtain prior express written consent for certain telemarketing calls and to adhere to “do-not-call” registry requirements which, in part, mandate we maintain and regularly update lists of consumers who have chosen not to be called and restrict calls to consumers who are on the national do-not-call list. Florida and other states have mini-TCPA and other similar consumer protection laws regulating telemarketing directed to their residents. These federal and state laws limit our ability to communicate with consumers and reduce the effectiveness of our marketing programs. As currently construed, the TCPA does not distinguish between voice and data, and, as such, SMS/MMS messages are also “calls” for the purpose of TCPA obligations and restrictions.
For violations of the TCPA, the law provides for a private right of action under which a plaintiff may recover monetary damages of $500 for each call or text made in violation of the prohibitions on certain calls made using an “artificial or pre-recorded voice” or an ATDS and certain calls made to numbers properly registered on the federal do not call list. A court may treble the $500 amount upon a finding of a “willful or knowing” violation. There is no statutory cap on maximum aggregate exposure (although some courts have applied in TCPA class actions constitutional limits on excessive penalties). An action may be brought by the FCC, a state attorney general, an individual, or a class of individuals. As with the TCPA, Florida’s mini-TCPA restricts certain calls and calls and texts made using an automated system to Florida residents without prior consent,
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allows a plaintiff to obtain $500 for each call or text made in violation of its prohibitions, and permits a court to treble the $500 amount for willful or knowing violations of the statute. Like other companies that rely on telephone and text communications, we may be subject to putative class action suits alleging violations of the TCPA, Florida mini-TCPA or other similar state laws. If in the future we are found to have violated the TCPA, the Florida mini-TCPA or another federal or state law regulating telemarketing, the amount of damages and potential liability could be extensive and adversely impact our business. Accordingly, were such a class certified or if we are unable to successfully defend such a suit, then the damages could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in consumer finance and other applicable laws and regulations, as well as changes in government enforcement policies and priorities, may negatively impact the management of our business, results of operations, ability to offer certain products or the terms and conditions upon which they are offered, and ability to compete.
Consumer finance regulation is constantly changing, and new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, could have a materially adverse impact on our ability to operate as currently intended, and cause us to incur significant expense in order to ensure compliance. Federal and state financial services regulators are also enforcing existing laws, regulations, and rules aggressively and enhancing their supervisory expectations regarding the management of legal and regulatory compliance risks. These regulatory changes and uncertainties make our business planning more difficult and could result in changes to our business model and potentially adversely impact our results of operations. As to the parts of our business that operate as a non-bank lender, we are subject to state licensing and usury laws. Furthermore, to the extent applicable, these laws can impose specific statutory liabilities upon creditors who fail to comply with their provisions and may affect the enforceability of a loan. If the application of consumer protection laws were to cause our loans, or any of the terms of our loans, to be unenforceable against the relevant borrowers, our business will be materially adversely affected. Even if we seek to comply with licensing and other requirements that we believe may be applicable to us, if we are found to not have complied with applicable laws, we could lose one or more of our licenses or authorizations or face other sanctions or penalties or be required to obtain a license in one or more such jurisdictions, which may have an adverse effect on our business.
Proposals to change the statutes affecting financial services companies are frequently introduced in Congress and state legislatures that, if enacted, may affect their operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. In addition, numerous federal and state regulators have the authority to promulgate or change regulations that could have a similar effect on our operating environment. We cannot determine with any degree of certainty whether any such legislative or regulatory proposals will be enacted and, if enacted, the ultimate impact that any such potential legislation or implementing regulations, or any such potential regulatory actions by federal or state regulators, would have upon our business.
New laws, regulations, policy or changes in enforcement of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, or reexamination of current practices, could adversely impact our profitability, limit our ability to continue existing or pursue new business activities, require us to change certain of our business practices, affect retention of key personnel, or expose us to additional costs (including increased compliance costs and/or customer remediation). These changes also may require us to invest significant resources, and devote significant management attention, to make any necessary changes and could adversely affect our business.
We are subject to the risk that regulatory or enforcement agencies and/or consumer advocacy groups may assert that our business practices may violate certain rules, laws and regulations, including anti-discrimination statutes.
Anti-discrimination statutes, such as the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and state law equivalents, prohibit creditors from discriminating against loan applicants and borrowers based on certain characteristics, such as race, religion and national origin. Various federal regulatory and enforcement departments and agencies, including the Department of Justice and CFPB, take the position that these laws apply not only to intentional discrimination, but also to facially neutral practices that have a disparate impact on a group that shares a characteristic that a creditor may not consider in making credit decisions. State and federal regulators, as well as consumer advocacy groups and plaintiffs’ attorneys, are focusing greater attention on “disparate impact” claims. Similarly, these regulatory agencies and litigants could take the position that the geographical footprint within which we conduct lending activity or the manner in which we advertise loans, disproportionately excludes potential borrowers belonging to a protected class, and constitutes unlawful “redlining”. In addition to reputational harm, violations of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act can result in actual damages, punitive damages, injunctive or equitable relief, attorneys’ fees and civil money penalties.
Our Financial Services segment is subject to the regulatory framework applicable to investment managers and broker-dealers, including regulation by the SEC and FINRA.
We offer investment management services through SoFi Wealth LLC, an internet based investment adviser, and SoFi Capital Advisors, LLC, which sponsors private investment funds that invest in asset-backed securitizations. Both SoFi Wealth
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LLC and SoFi Capital Advisors LLC are registered as investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”), and are subject to regulation by the SEC. SoFi Securities is an affiliated registered broker-dealer and FINRA member. We offer cash management accounts, which are brokerage products, through SoFi Securities.
The investment advisers are subject to the anti-fraud provisions of the Advisers Act and to fiduciary duties derived from these provisions, which apply to our relationships with our members who are advisory clients, as well as the funds we manage. These provisions and duties impose restrictions and obligations on us with respect to our dealings with our members, fund investors and our investments, including for example restrictions on transactions with our affiliates. Our investment advisers have in the past and will in the future be subject to periodic SEC examinations. Our investment advisers are also subject to other requirements under the Advisers Act and related regulations. These additional requirements relate to matters including maintaining effective and comprehensive compliance programs, record-keeping and reporting and disclosure requirements. The Advisers Act generally grants the SEC broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict an investment adviser from conducting advisory activities in the event it fails to comply with federal securities laws. Additional sanctions that may be imposed for failure to comply with applicable requirements include the prohibition of individuals from associating with an investment adviser, the revocation of registrations and other censures and fines. Even if an investigation or proceeding did not result in a sanction or the sanction imposed against us or our personnel by a regulator was small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity relating to the investigation, proceeding or imposition of these sanctions could harm our reputation and cause us to lose existing members or fail to gain new members. See Part II, Item 1 “Legal Proceedings”.
Our subsidiary, SoFi Securities, is an affiliated registered broker-dealer and FINRA member. The securities industry is highly regulated, including under federal, state and other applicable laws, rules and regulations, and we may be adversely affected by regulatory changes related to suitability of financial products, supervision, sales practices, advertising, application of fiduciary standards, best execution and market structure, any of which could limit our business and damage our reputation. FINRA has adopted extensive regulatory requirements relating to sales practices, advertising, registration of personnel, compliance and supervision, and compensation and disclosure, to which SoFi Securities and its personnel are subject. FINRA and the SEC also have the authority to conduct periodic examinations of SoFi Securities, and may also conduct administrative proceedings. Additionally, material expansions of the business in which SoFi Securities engages are subject to approval by FINRA. This could delay, or even prevent, the firm’s ability to expand its securities and brokerage offerings in the future.
From time to time, SoFi Securities and SoFi Wealth may be threatened with or named as a defendant in lawsuits, arbitrations and administrative claims. The firm is also subject to periodic regulatory examinations and inspections by regulators (including the SEC and FINRA). Compliance and trading problems or other deficiencies or weaknesses that are reported to regulators, such as the SEC and FINRA, by dissatisfied customers or others, or that are identified by regulators themselves are investigated by such regulators, and may, if pursued, result in formal claims being filed against SoFi Securities and SoFi Wealth by customers or disciplinary action being taken by regulators against the firm or its employees. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or our own policies and procedures could result in fines, litigation, suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, which could have a material effect on our overall financial results. For example, in August 2021, we settled charges with the SEC against SoFi Wealth for allegedly breaching its fiduciary duties to clients in connection with the investment of client assets in two ETFs sponsored by Social Finance by agreeing to a cease-and-desist order, a censure, a penalty of $300 thousand, and to perform certain undertakings. Even if a sanction imposed against us or our personnel is small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity arising from the imposition of sanctions against us by regulators could harm our reputation and our brand and lead to material legal, regulatory and financial exposure (including fines and other penalties), cause us to lose existing members or fail to gain new members. In addition, in the normal course of business, SoFi Securities and SoFi Wealth discuss matters raised by its regulators during regulatory examinations or otherwise upon their inquiry. These matters could result in censures, fines, penalties or other sanctions.
Maintaining the required level and composition of capital may impact our ability to support business activities, meet evolving regulatory requirements and distribute capital to shareholders.
As a bank holding company, we are subject to U.S. regulatory capital and liquidity rules and requirements. These rules, among other things, establish minimum requirements to qualify as a well-capitalized institution. If we fail to maintain our status as well capitalized under the applicable regulatory capital rules, the Federal Reserve will require us to agree to a remediation plan to bring SoFi Bank back to well-capitalized status, during which restrictions may be imposed on our activities. If we were to fail to enter into or comply with such an agreement, the Federal Reserve may impose more severe restrictions on our activities, including requiring us to cease and desist certain otherwise permissible activities.
The global Basel III capital framework for financial institutions continues to be refined and enhanced by the Basel Committee and international regulatory authorities. These rules are complex and evolving, and may require additional regulatory capital and liquidity, as well as impose additional operational and compliance costs. At this time, how the revisions will be applied in the United States is not clear or predictable. Changes to and compliance with the regulatory capital and
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liquidity requirements may impact our operations by requiring us to liquidate assets, increase borrowings, issue additional equity or other securities, cease or alter certain operations or hold highly liquid assets, which may adversely affect our results of operations.
Evolving laws and government regulations could adversely affect our Financial Services segment.
Governmental regulation of global financial markets and financial institutions is pervasive and continuously evolving. This includes regulation of investment managers and activities through the implementation of compliance, risk management and anti-money laundering procedures; restrictions on specific types of investments and the provision and use of leverage; capital requirements; regulations governing digital assets; limitations on compensation to managers; books and records, reporting and disclosure requirements; and new or increased regulation of the payments industry such as caps on interchange reimbursement fees and increased scrutiny of routing practices. The effects on us of future regulation, or of changes in the interpretation and enforcement of existing regulation, could have an adverse effect on our investment strategies or our business model. Policy changes and regulatory reform by the U.S. federal government may create regulatory uncertainty for our members’ portfolios and our investment strategies and adversely affect our profitability.
Our business and reputation may be harmed by changes in business, economic or political conditions that impact global financial markets or by a systemic market event.
As a financial services company, our business, results of operations and reputation are directly affected by elements beyond our control, such as economic and political conditions, including rising interest rates, inflation, changes in the volatility in financial markets (including volatility as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing war in Ukraine), significant increases in the volatility or trading volume of particular securities, broad trends in business and finance, changes in the volume of securities trading generally, changes in the markets in which such transactions occur and changes in how such transactions are processed. These elements can arise suddenly and the full impact of such conditions can remain uncertain. A prolonged weakness in equity markets, such as a slowdown which causes a reduction in trading volume in or valuation of securities, derivatives or digital assets markets, may result in reduced revenues and would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Significant downturns in the securities markets or in general economic and political conditions may also cause individuals to be reluctant to make their own investment decisions and thus decrease the demand for our products and services and could also result in our customers reducing their engagement with our platform. Conversely, significant upturns in the securities markets or in general economic and political conditions may cause individuals to be less proactive in seeking ways to improve the returns on their trading or investment decisions and, thus, decrease the demand for our products and services. Any of these changes could cause our future performance to be uncertain or unpredictable, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, a prolonged weakness in the U.S. equity markets or a general extended economic downturn could cause our customers to incur losses, which in turn could cause our brand and reputation to suffer. If our reputation is harmed, the willingness of our existing customers and potential new customers to do business with us could be negatively impacted, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The regulatory regime governing blockchain technologies and digital assets is uncertain, and new regulations or policies may alter our business practices with respect to digital assets.
We currently offer virtual currency and digital asset-related trading services through a subsidiary that is licensed and registered with various governmental authorities as a money service business, money transmitter, virtual currency business or the equivalent. Although many regulators have provided some guidance, regulation of digital assets based on or incorporating blockchain, such as digital assets and digital asset exchanges, remains uncertain and will continue to evolve. Further, regulation varies significantly among international, federal, state and local jurisdictions. As blockchain networks and blockchain assets have grown in popularity and in market size, federal and state agencies are increasingly taking interest in, and in certain cases regulating, their use and operation. For example, SoFi Bank’s activities with respect to digital assets may be restricted. The conditional approval of the bank charter by the OCC was conditioned on SoFi Bank not engaging in any crypto-related activities or services unless it has received a prior written determination of no supervisory objection from the OCC. In addition, in connection with our approval as a bank holding company, the Federal Reserve determined that certain activities of SoFi Digital Assets, LLC in providing members with the ability to buy or sell various digital currencies through SoFi Digital Assets, LLC's omnibus account with a third-party custodian is not a permissible activity under the Bank Holding Company Act and Regulation Y. However, under Section 4 of the Bank Holding Company Act, the Federal Reserve has permitted us to continue our current digital assets related offering for a two-year conformance period from the date we became a bank holding company, with the possibility for three one-year extensions, provided that we do not expand our impermissible activities, except as authorized by the Bank Holding Company Act and Regulation Y, or increase our established risk limits for total customer digital assets maintained in wallets that are accessible online, referred to as “hot wallets”, or held on balance sheet. Treatment of
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virtual currencies continues to evolve under federal and state law. Many U.S. regulators, including the SEC, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, (the “CFTC”), the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), and state regulators including the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYSDFS”), have made official pronouncements, pursued cases against businesses in the digital assets space or issued guidance or rules regarding the treatment of Bitcoin and other digital currencies. The IRS released guidance treating virtual currency as property that is not currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes, although there is no indication yet whether other courts or federal or state regulators will follow this classification. Both federal and state agencies have instituted enforcement actions against those violating their interpretation of existing laws. Other U.S. and many state agencies have offered little official guidance and issued no definitive rules regarding the treatment of digital assets. The CFTC has publicly taken the position that certain virtual currencies, which term includes digital assets, are commodities. To the extent that Bitcoin or any other digital asset is deemed to fall within the definition of a “commodity interest” under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) or if proposed legislation is passed which classifies Bitcoin and other digital assets as a commodity, we may be subject to additional regulation under the CEA and CFTC regulations.
The prices of digital assets have been in the past and may continue to be highly volatile, including as a result of various associated risks and uncertainties in future regulation of digital assets and blockchain technologies. Following recent unstable market conditions, certain digital asset lenders and platforms have frozen or limited withdrawals and other such lenders and platforms may, in the future, need to or be required to freeze or limit withdrawals or may become insolvent and cease operations entirely. The effects of these actions or insolvencies may cause broader effects through the digital asset markets, potentially increasing price volatility. The prevalence of digital assets is a relatively recent trend, and we do not know, or may be unable to prepare for, other market-impacting events that could cause increased volatility or a prolonged periods of price depression.
Foreign, federal, state and local regulators revisit and update their laws and policies, and can be expected to continue to do so in the future. Changes in this regulatory environment, including changing interpretations and the implementation of new or varying regulatory requirements by the government or new legislation, may impose significant costs or restrictions on our ability to conduct business, significantly affect or change the manner in which we currently conduct some aspects of our business or impact our business in unforeseeable ways. Regulatory guidance around issues like the security status of digital assets has been unclear, and regulatory action in this area could further add to this uncertainty. On July 21, 2022, the SEC announced insider trading charges against individuals transacting in digital assets and, as part of the complaint, the SEC alleged certain digital assets were securities. If the SEC alleges that any assets we offer are securities, we could face potential regulatory action. If we need to limit the types of digital assets we offer, our business or revenue may suffer. If we are unable to successfully comply with new regulation, we may face regulatory action or penalties.
States may require licenses that apply to blockchain technologies and digital assets.
In the case of virtual currencies, state regulators such as the NYSDFS have created regulatory frameworks. For example, in July 2014, the NYSDFS proposed the first U.S. regulatory framework for licensing participants in virtual currency business activity. The regulations, known as the “BitLicense”, are intended to focus on consumer protection. The NYSDFS issued its final BitLicense regulatory framework in June 2015. The BitLicense regulates the conduct of businesses that are involved in virtual currencies in New York or with New York customers and prohibits any person or entity involved in such activity from conducting such activities without a license. SoFi Digital Assets, LLC currently holds a BitLicense.
Other states may adopt similar statutes and regulations which will require us to obtain a license to conduct digital asset activities. In July 2020, Louisiana adopted the Virtual Currency Business Act, which requires operators of virtual currency businesses to obtain a virtual currency license in order to conduct business in Louisiana, and in December 2021, the Louisiana Office of Financial Institutions issued guidance establishing how it will license and regulate virtual currency businesses under the act. Other states, such as Florida and Texas, have published guidance on how their existing regulatory regimes governing money transmitters apply to virtual currencies. Some states, such as New Hampshire, North Carolina and Washington, have amended their state’s statutes to include virtual currencies into existing licensing regimes, while others have interpreted their existing statutes as requiring a money transmitter license to conduct certain virtual currency business activities. SoFi Digital Assets, LLC is licensed as a money transmitter or the equivalent in a majority of states and the District of Columbia, but may be required to obtain additional licenses in light of evolving regulation of virtual currency businesses.
It is likely that, as blockchain technologies and the use of virtual currencies continues to grow, additional states will take steps to monitor the developing industry and perhaps require us to obtain additional licenses in connection with our virtual currency activity.
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There are financial and third party risks associated with using a custodian to store cryptocurrency offerings.
Cryptocurrency is a new and emerging asset class and there are financial and third party risks related to our digital assets offerings, such as inappropriate access to or theft or destruction of digital assets held by our custodians, insufficient insurance coverage by the custodians to reimburse us for all such losses, the custodian’s failure to maintain effective controls over the custody and settlement services provided to us, the custodian’s inability to purchase or liquidate digital assets holdings, and defaults on financial or performance obligations by counterparty financial institutions. The realization of any one or combination of these risks could materially and adversely affect our financial performance and significantly harm our business.
The obligations associated with our custodial arrangements, including to take measures to safeguard digital assets, involve unique risks and uncertainties. While other types of assets held in a similar manner have been deemed not to be part of the asset custodian’s bankruptcy estate under various regulatory regimes, bankruptcy courts have not yet considered the appropriate treatment of custodial holdings of digital assets. We hold our members’ digital assets through two third-party custodians. Although we intend to structure our arrangements with third-party custodians in a manner that would not deem the assets to be the property of the custodian, there is no guarantee that a court would not consider such assets as part of the custodian’s bankruptcy estate. As there is a lack of legal precedent in this area and as the outcome of any claim could be very fact-dependent, such an event could delay or preclude the return of digital assets to our members. These and other risks could adversely impact our digital assets product offering, our reputation and harm our business.
Failure to comply with anti-money laundering, economic and trade sanctions regulations, and similar laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
Various laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, such as the Bank Secrecy Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act, impose certain anti-money laundering requirements on companies that are financial institutions or that provide financial products and services. Under these laws and regulations, financial institutions are broadly defined to include money services businesses such as money transmitters. In 2013, FinCEN issued guidance regarding the applicability of the Bank Secrecy Act to administrators and exchangers of convertible virtual currency, clarifying that they are money service businesses, and more specifically, money transmitters. The Bank Secrecy Act requires money services businesses (“MSBs”) to develop and implement risk-based anti-money laundering programs, report large cash transactions and suspicious activity, and maintain transaction records, among other requirements. State regulators may impose similar requirements on licensed money transmitters. In addition, our contracts with financial institution partners and other third parties may contractually require us to maintain an anti-money laundering program. Our subsidiary, SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, is registered with FinCEN as an MSB. Registration as an MSB subjects us to the regulatory and supervisory jurisdiction of FinCEN and the IRS, the anti-money laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act and its implementing regulations applicable to MSBs.
We are also subject to economic and trade sanctions programs administered by Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury, which prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially-designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, terrorists or terrorist organizations, and other sanctioned persons and entities.
Our failure to comply with anti-money laundering, economic and trade sanctions regulations, and similar laws could subject us to substantial civil and criminal penalties, or result in the loss or restriction of our MSB or broker-dealer registrations and state licenses, or liability under our contracts with third parties, which may significantly affect our ability to conduct some aspects of our business. Changes in this regulatory environment, including changing interpretations and the implementation of new or varying regulatory requirements by the government, may significantly affect or change the manner in which we currently conduct some aspects of our business.
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery and similar laws, and noncompliance with such laws can subject us to significant adverse consequences, including criminal or civil liability and harm our business.
We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, U.S. domestic bribery laws and other U.S. and foreign anti-corruption laws. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public sector. These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. Although our operations are currently concentrated in the United States, as we increase our international cross-border business and expand operations abroad, we have engaged and may further engage with business partners and third-party intermediaries to market our services and to obtain necessary permits, licenses and other regulatory approvals. In addition, we or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies
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or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. The failure to comply with any such laws could subject us to criminal or civil liability, cause us significant reputational harm and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We conduct our brokerage and other business operations through subsidiaries and may in the future rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for a substantial amount of our cash flows.
We may in the future depend on dividends, distributions and other payments from our subsidiaries to fund payments on our obligations, including any debt obligations we may incur. Regulatory and other legal restrictions may limit our ability to transfer funds to or from certain subsidiaries, including SoFi Securities and SoFi Bank. In addition, certain of our subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations that authorize regulatory bodies to block or reduce the flow of funds to us, or that prohibit such transfers altogether in certain circumstances. These laws and regulations may hinder our ability to access funds that we may need to make payments on our obligations, including any debt obligations we may incur and otherwise conduct our business by, among other things, reducing our liquidity in the form of corporate cash. In addition to negatively affecting our business, a significant decrease in our liquidity could also reduce investor confidence in us. Certain rules and regulations of the SEC and FINRA may limit the extent to which our broker-dealer subsidiaries may distribute capital to us. For example, under FINRA rules applicable to SoFi Securities, a dividend in excess of 10% of a member firm’s excess net capital may not be paid without FINRA’s prior written approval. Compliance with these rules may impede our ability to receive dividends, distributions and other payments from SoFi Securities.
We have in the past, continue to be, and may in the future be subject to inquiries, exams, pending investigations, or enforcement matters.
The financial services industry is subject to extensive regulation under federal, state, and applicable international laws. From time to time, we have been threatened with or named as a defendant in lawsuits, arbitrations and administrative claims involving securities, consumer financial services and other matters. We are also subject to periodic regulatory examinations and inspections. Compliance and trading problems or other deficiencies or weaknesses that are reported to regulators, such as the SEC, FINRA, the CFPB, or state regulators, by dissatisfied customers or others, or that are identified by regulators themselves, are investigated by such regulators, and may, if pursued, result in formal claims being filed against us by customers or disciplinary action being taken against us or our employees by regulators or enforcement agencies. To resolve issues raised in examinations or other governmental actions, we may be required to take various corrective actions, including changing certain business practices, making refunds or taking other actions that could be financially or competitively detrimental to us. We expect to continue to incur costs to comply with governmental regulations. Any such claims or disciplinary actions that are decided against us could have a material impact on our financial results.
Recent statements by lawmakers, regulators and other public officials have signaled an increased focus on new or additional regulations that could impact our business and require us to make significant changes to our business model and practices, and could result in significant costs to our business or loss of current revenue streams.
Various lawmakers, regulators and other public officials have recently made statements about our business practices in which we and other broker-dealers engage, including SoFi Securities, and signaled an increased focus on new or additional laws or regulations that, if acted upon, could impact our business. On October 5, 2021, for example, SEC Chair Gensler, speaking before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services, reiterated his view that payment for order flow (“PFOF”) and exchange rebates may present a number of conflicts of interest. This follows the Spring 2021 House Committee on Financial Services hearings on the events surrounding the January 2021 market volatility and disruptions surrounding GameStop and other “meme” stocks at which various members of Congress expressed their concerns about various market practices, PFOF” and options trading. Gary Gensler previously instructed the staff of the SEC to study, and in some cases make rulemaking recommendations to the SEC regarding, a variety of market issues and practices, including PFOF, so-called gamification, and whether broker-dealers are adequately disclosing their policies and procedures around potential trading restrictions; whether margin requirements and other payment requirements are sufficient; and whether broker-dealers have appropriate tools to manage their liquidity and risk. On October 14, 2021, the SEC issued the “Staff Report on Equity and Options Market Structure Conditions in Early 2021.” In its report, the SEC concluded that “consideration should be given to whether game-like features and celebratory animations that are likely intended to create positive feedback from trading lead investors to trade more than they would otherwise,” and that “payment for order flow and the incentives it creates may cause broker-dealers to find novel ways to increase customer trading, including through the use of digital engagement practices.” In addition, on August 27, 2021, the SEC issued a request for information and comments on broker-dealer and investment adviser digital engagement practices (“DEPs”), related tools and methods, regulatory considerations, and potential approaches. In its request, the SEC noted that certain competition practices, such as PFOF, in combination with zero commissions, create incentives for firms to use DEPs to encourage frequent trading, and that these incentives may not be transparent to retail
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investors. The SEC noted that DEPs can potentially harm retail investors if they prompt them to engage in trading activities that may not be consistent with their investment goals or risk tolerance. Previously, on May 6, 2021, in testimony to the House Committee on Financial Services, Chair Gensler also discussed the use of mobile app features such as rewards, bonuses, push notifications and other prompts. Chair Gensler suggested that such prompts could promote behavior that is not in the interest of the customer, such as excessive trading and advised that he had directed the SEC staff to consider whether expanded enforcement mechanisms are necessary. Additionally, on June 9, 2021, Chair Gensler remarked at a public conference that he had instructed the SEC staff to make recommendations for the SEC’s consideration on best execution, Regulation National Market System, PFOF (both on-exchange and off-exchange), minimum pricing increments and the National Best Bid and Offer. The regulatory agenda published by the SEC on October 4, 2021, identified that the SEC would be considering proposing rules in the next year to modernize equity market structure, including possible new rules on PFOF, best execution (amendments to Rule 605), market concentration and certain other practices. A previous agenda also indicated that the SEC might be considering potential rules related to gamification, behavioral prompts, predictive analytics and differential marketing (although it is unclear if this will materialize).
In addition, on March 18, 2021, FINRA issued a regulatory notice reminding member firms of their obligations with respect to maintaining margin requirements, customer order handling and effectively managing liquidity, with a particular focus on best execution practices and the need for member firms to make “meaningful disclosures” to inform customers of a firm’s order handling procedures during extreme market conditions. Further, at a public conference on May 19, 2021, FINRA indicated an intention to solicit public feedback, such as through notices or surveys, regarding so-called gamification in order to determine whether to adopt additional guidance or additional rules in that regard. Also, on June 23, 2021, FINRA issued a regulatory notice reminding member firms of the requirement that customer order flow be directed to markets providing the “most beneficial terms for their customers” and indicated that member firms may not negotiate the terms of order routing arrangements in a manner that reduces price improvement opportunities that would otherwise be available to those customers in the absence of PFOF.
To the extent that the SEC, FINRA or other regulatory authorities or legislative bodies adopt additional regulations or legislation in respect of any of these areas or relating to any other aspect of our business, we could face a heightened risk of potential regulatory violations and could be required to make significant changes to our business model and practices, which changes may not be successful. Any of these outcomes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For more information about the potential impact of legal and regulatory changes, see “We are subject to extensive, complex and evolving laws and regulations, which are interpreted and enforced by various federal, state, and local government authorities”.
Regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection could increase our costs, affect or limit how we collect and use personal information, and adversely affect our business opportunities.
We are subject to various privacy, information security and data protection laws, including requirements concerning security breach notification, and we could be negatively impacted by them. For example, we are subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) and implementing regulations and guidance. Among other things, the GLBA (i) imposes certain limitations on the ability to share consumers’ nonpublic personal information with nonaffiliated third parties and (ii) requires certain disclosures to consumers about their information collection, sharing and security practices and their right to “opt out” of the institution’s disclosure of their personal financial information to nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions). The GLBA and other state laws also require that we implement and maintain certain security measures, policies and procedures to protect personal information.
Furthermore, legislators and/or regulators are increasingly adopting new and/or amending existing privacy, information security and data protection laws that potentially could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices; our policies and practices related to the collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer and/or employee information; and some of our current or planned business activities. New requirements, originating from new or amended laws, could also increase our costs of compliance and business operations and could reduce income from certain business initiatives.
Compliance with current or future privacy, information security and data protection laws (including those regarding security breach notification) affecting customer and/or employee data to which we are subject could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services (such as products or services that involve sharing information with third parties or storing sensitive credit card information), which could materially and adversely affect our profitability. Additionally, there is always a danger that regulators can attempt to assert authority over our business in the area of privacy, information security and data protection. In addition, if our vendors and/or service providers are or become subject to laws and regulations in the jurisdictions that have enacted more stringent and expansive legislation
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applicable to privacy, information and/or data protection, the costs that these vendors and service providers must incur in becoming compliant may be passed along to us, resulting in increasing costs on our business.
Privacy requirements, including notice and opt-out requirements, under the GLBA and the FCRA are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission and by the CFPB through UDAAP and are a standard component of CFPB examinations. State entities also may initiate actions for alleged violations of privacy or security requirements under state law. Our failure to comply with privacy, information security and data protection laws could result in potentially significant regulatory investigations and government actions, litigation, fines or sanctions, consumer or merchant actions and damage to our reputation and brand, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Should we undertake an international expansion of our business, particularly if we commence doing business in one or more countries of the EU or the United Kingdom (the “UK”), we will be required to comply with stringent privacy and data protection laws. Within the EU, legislators have adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which became effective in May 2018. Should we commence doing business in Europe, the GDPR will impose additional obligations and risk upon our business, which may increase substantially the penalties to which we could be subject in the event of any noncompliance. We may incur substantial expense in complying with obligations imposed by the GDPR and we may be required to make significant changes in our business operations, all of which may adversely affect our revenues and our business overall.
In addition, further to the UK’s exit from the EU on January 31, 2020, the GDPR ceased to apply in the UK at the end of the transition period on December 31, 2020. However, as of January 1, 2021, the UK’s European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 incorporated the GDPR (as it existed on December 31, 2020 but subject to certain UK specific amendments) into UK law, referred to as the “UK GDPR”. The UK GDPR and the UK Data Protection Act 2018 set out the UK’s data protection regime, which is independent from but aligned to the EU’s data protection regime. Noncompliance with the UK GDPR may result in monetary penalties of up to £17.5 million or 4% of worldwide revenue, whichever is higher. Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU’s GDPR, the European Commission (“EC”) has now issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EU to the UK remain unrestricted. Like the EU GDPR, the UK GDPR restricts personal data transfers outside the UK to countries not regarded by the UK as providing adequate protection. The UK government has confirmed that personal data transfers from the UK to the EEA remain free flowing.
If we do business in the UK, we will have to comply with both the GDPR and separately the GDPR as implemented in the United Kingdom, each regime having the ability to fine up to the greater of €20 million/£17 million or 4% of global turnover.
In addition, around the world many jurisdictions outside of Europe are also considering and/or have enacted comprehensive data protection legislation. For example, we are subject to stringent privacy and data protection requirements in Hong Kong. Also, many jurisdictions outside of Europe where we may seek to expand our business in the future are also considering and/or have enacted comprehensive data protection legislation. Additional jurisdictions with stringent data protection laws include Brazil and China. These regulations may interfere with our intended business activities, inhibit our ability to expand into those markets or prohibit us from continuing to offer services in those markets without significant additional costs.
The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage, use and sharing of certain information, particularly financial and other personal information, is rapidly evolving and is likely to continue to be subject to uncertainty and varying interpretations. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with laws in other jurisdictions or with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. We therefore cannot yet fully determine the impact these or future laws, rules, regulations and industry standards may have on our business or operations. Any failure or perceived failure by us, or any third parties with which we do business, to comply with our posted privacy policies, changing consumer expectations, evolving laws, rules and regulations, industry standards, or contractual obligations to which we or such third parties are or may become subject, may result in actions or other claims against us by governmental entities or private actors, the expenditure of substantial costs, time and other resources or the imposition of significant fines, penalties or other liabilities. In addition, any such action, particularly to the extent we were found to be guilty of violations or otherwise liable for damages, would damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We cannot yet fully determine the impact these or future laws, rules, regulations and industry standards may have on our business or operations. Any such laws, rules, regulations and industry standards may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions, subject to differing interpretations or may conflict with our current or future practices. Additionally, our customers may be subject to differing privacy laws, rules and legislation, which may mean that they require us to be bound by
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varying contractual requirements applicable to certain other jurisdictions. Adherence to such contractual requirements may impact our collection, use, processing, storage, sharing and disclosure of various types of information including financial information and other personal information, and may mean we become bound by, or voluntarily comply with, self-regulatory or other industry standards relating to these matters that may further change as laws, rules and regulations evolve. Complying with these requirements and changing our policies and practices may be onerous and costly, and we may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative and other developments. These changes may in turn impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products and services and/or increase our cost of doing business. As we expand our customer base, these requirements may vary from customer to customer, further increasing the cost of compliance and doing business.
We publicly post documentation regarding our practices concerning the collection, processing, use and disclosure of data. Although we endeavor to comply with our published policies and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies or any applicable privacy, security or data protection, information security or consumer-protection related laws, regulations, orders or industry standards could expose us to costly litigation, significant awards, fines or judgments, civil and/or criminal penalties or negative publicity, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The publication of our privacy policy and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices, which could, individually or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may in the future be subject to federal or state regulatory inquiries regarding our business.
From time to time, in the normal course of business, we may receive or be subject to inquiries or investigations by state and federal regulatory or enforcement agencies and bodies, such as the CFPB, SEC, the Federal Reserve, the OCC, the FDIC, the state attorneys general, state financial regulatory agencies, other state or federal agencies, and SROs like FINRA. We also may receive inquiries from state regulatory agencies regarding requirements to obtain licenses from or register with those states, including in states where we have determined that we are not required to obtain such a license or be registered with the state. Any such inquiries or investigations could involve substantial time and expense to analyze and respond to, could divert management’s attention and other resources from running our business, and could lead to public enforcement actions or lawsuits and fines, penalties, injunctive relief, and the need to obtain additional licenses that we do not currently possess. Our involvement in any such matters, whether tangential or otherwise and even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor, could also cause significant harm to our reputation, lead to additional investigations and enforcement actions from other agencies or litigants, and further divert management attention and resources from the operation of our business. As a result, the outcome of legal and regulatory actions arising out of any state or federal inquiries we receive could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See Part II, Item 1 “Legal Proceedings”.
It may be difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.
Our ability to lend to our members depends, in part, upon our proprietary technology. We may be unable to protect our proprietary technology effectively, which would allow competitors to duplicate our business processes and know-how, and adversely affect our ability to compete with them. A third party may attempt to reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use our proprietary technology without our consent. The pursuit of a claim against a third party for infringement of our intellectual property could be costly, and there can be no guarantee that any such efforts would be successful.
In addition, our platform may infringe upon claims of third-party intellectual property, and we may face intellectual property challenges from such other parties. We may not be successful in defending against any such challenges or in obtaining licenses to avoid or resolve any intellectual property disputes. The costs of defending any such claims or litigation could be significant and, if we are unsuccessful, could result in a requirement that we pay significant damages or licensing fees, which would negatively impact our financial performance. If we cannot protect our proprietary technology from intellectual property challenges, our ability to maintain the our platform could be adversely affected.
Some aspects of our platform include open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.
We incorporate open source software into our proprietary platform and into other processes supporting our business. Such open source software may include software covered by licenses like the GNU General Public License and the Apache License or other open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that limits our use of the software, inhibits certain aspects of our platform and negatively affects our business operations.
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Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use. If portions of our proprietary platform are determined to be subject to an open source license, or if the license terms for the open source software that we incorporate change, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our platform or change our business activities. In addition to risks related to license requirements, the use of open source software can lead to greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software cannot be eliminated and could adversely affect our business.
We rely on third parties to perform certain key functions, and their failure to perform those functions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on certain third-party computer systems or third-party service providers, including cloud technology providers such as Amazon Web Services, internet service providers, payment services providers, market and third-party data providers, regulatory services providers, clearing systems, market makers, exchange systems, banking systems, co-location facilities, communications facilities and other facilities to run our platform, facilitate trades by our customers and support or carry out certain regulatory obligations. In addition, external content providers provide us with financial information, market news, charts, option and stock quotes, digital assets quotes, research reports and other fundamental data that we provide to our customers. These providers and any of our other service providers are susceptible to operational, technological and security vulnerabilities, including security breaches, which may impact our business, and our ability to monitor our third-party service providers’ data security is limited. In addition, these third-party service providers may rely on subcontractors to provide services to us that face similar risks. Any interruption in these third-party services, or deterioration in the quality of their service or performance, could be disruptive to our business.
Any failure or security breaches by or of our third-party service providers or their subcontractors that result in an interruption in service, unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data or other similar occurrences could interrupt our business, cause us to incur losses, result in decreased customer satisfaction and increase customer attrition, subject us to customer complaints, significant fines, litigation, disputes, claims, regulatory investigations or other inquiries and harm our reputation. Through contractual provisions and third-party risk management processes, we take steps to require that our providers and their subcontractors protect our data and information, including personal data. However, due to the size and complexity of our technology platform and services, the amount of data that we store and the number of customers, employees and third-party service providers with access to personal data, we, our third-party service providers and their subcontractors are potentially vulnerable to a variety of intentional and inadvertent cybersecurity breaches and other security-related incidents and threats, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any contractual protections we may have from our third-party service providers may not be sufficient to adequately protect us against such consequences, and we may be unable to enforce any such contractual protections.
In addition, there is no assurance that our third-party service providers or their subcontractors will be able to continue to provide these services to meet our current needs in an efficient, cost-effective manner or that they will be able to adequately expand their services to meet our needs in the future. An interruption in or the cessation of service by our third-party service providers or their subcontractors, coupled with our possible inability to make alternative arrangements in a smooth, cost-effective and timely manner, could have adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Further, if there were deficiencies in the oversight and control of our third-party relationships, and if our regulators held us responsible for those deficiencies, it could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.
Litigation, regulatory actions and compliance issues could subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments, remediation costs, negative publicity, changes to our business model, and requirements resulting in increased expenses.
Our business is subject to increased risks of litigation and regulatory actions as a result of a number of factors and from various sources, including as a result of the highly regulated nature of the financial services industry and the focus of state and federal enforcement agencies on the financial services industry.
From time to time, we are also involved in, or the subject of, reviews, requests for information, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by state and federal governmental agencies and SROs, regarding our business activities and our qualifications to conduct our business in certain jurisdictions, which could subject us to significant fines, penalties, obligations to change our business practices and other requirements resulting in increased expenses and diminished earnings. Our involvement in any such matter also could cause significant harm to our reputation and divert management attention from the operation of our business, even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor. Moreover, any settlement, or any consent order or adverse judgment in connection with any formal or informal proceeding or investigation by a government
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agency, may prompt litigation or additional investigations or proceedings as other litigants or other government agencies begin independent reviews of the same activities. See “Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks — Our Lending segment is highly regulated, and if we fail to comply with federal and state consumer protection laws, rules, regulations and guidance, our business could be adversely affected” for a discussion of the FTC Consent Order and “Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks — We hold state licenses that result in substantial compliance costs, and our business would be adversely affected if our licenses are impaired as a result of noncompliance with those requirements”.
In addition, a number of participants in the financial services industry have been the subject of: putative class action lawsuits; state attorney general actions and other state regulatory actions; federal regulatory enforcement actions, including actions relating to alleged unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices; violations of state licensing and lending laws, including state usury laws; actions alleging discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender or other prohibited bases; and allegations of noncompliance with various state and federal laws and regulations relating to originating and servicing consumer finance loans. For example, we are defendants in a putative class action in which it was alleged that we engaged in unlawful lending discrimination through policies and practices by making applicants who are conditional permanent residents or DACA holders ineligible for loans or eligible only with a co-signer who is United States citizen or lawful permanent resident. The settlement agreement was fully executed on April 18, 2022 and the plaintiffs have moved for preliminary approval of the settlement. The proposed class settlement, which contemplates an aggregate payment by SoFi in an immaterial amount, remains subject to final court review and approval, which we expect to occur in 2023.
The current regulatory environment, increased regulatory compliance efforts and enhanced regulatory enforcement have resulted in significant operational and compliance costs and may prevent us from providing certain products and services. There is no assurance that these regulatory matters or other factors will not, in the future, affect how we conduct our business and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business. In particular, legal proceedings brought under state consumer protection statutes or under several of the various federal consumer financial services statutes may result in a separate fine for each violation of the statute, which, particularly in the case of class action lawsuits, could result in damages substantially in excess of the amounts we earned from the underlying activities.
In addition, from time to time, through our operational and compliance controls, we identify compliance and other issues that require us to make operational changes and, depending on the nature of the issue, result in financial remediation to impacted members. These self-identified issues and voluntary remediation payments could be significant, depending on the issue and the number of members impacted, and also could generate litigation or regulatory investigations that subject us to additional risk. See Part II, Item 1 “Legal Proceedings”.
Changes in tax law and differences in interpretation of tax laws and regulations may adversely impact our financial statements.
We operate in multiple jurisdictions and are subject to tax laws and regulations of the U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. governments. U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax laws and regulations are complex and subject to varying interpretations. U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax authorities may interpret tax laws and regulations differently than we do and challenge tax positions that we have taken. This may result in differences in the treatment of revenues, deductions, credits and/or differences in the timing of these items. The differences in treatment may result in payment of additional taxes, interest or penalties that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, future changes to U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax laws and regulations could increase our tax obligations in jurisdictions where we do business or require us to change the manner in which we conduct some aspects of our business.
We will be adversely affected if we are, or any of our subsidiaries is, determined to have been subject to registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.
We are currently not deemed an “investment company” subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). No opinion or no-action position has been requested of the SEC on our status as an Investment Company. There is no guarantee we will continue to be exempt from registration under the Investment Company Act and were we to be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, and thus subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act, the increased reporting and operating requirements could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.
In addition, if the SEC or a court of competent jurisdiction were to find that we are in violation of the Investment Company Act for having failed to register as an investment company thereunder, possible consequences include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) the SEC could apply to a district court to enjoin the violation; (ii) we could be sued by investors in us and in our securities for damages caused by the violation; and (iii) any contract to which we are a party that is made in, or whose performance involves a, violation of the Investment Company Act would be unenforceable by any party to the contract
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unless a court were to find that under the circumstances enforcement would produce a more equitable result than nonenforcement and would not be inconsistent with the purposes of the Investment Company Act. Should we be subjected to any or all of the foregoing, our business would be materially and adversely affected.
Personnel and Business Continuity Risks
We rely on our management team and will require additional key personnel to grow our business, and the loss of key management members or key employees, or an inability to hire key personnel, could harm our business.
We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our senior management, who have significant experience in the financial services and technology industries, are responsible for our core competencies and would be difficult to replace. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. In addition, the loss of any of our senior management or key employees could materially adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and strategy, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. Furthermore, many candidates evaluate year over year stock growth trends for a sense of the potential long-term value of their proposed stock awards, or have recently begun to discount the value of growth stocks on the whole. The volatility of the market price of our common stock could harm our ability to attract and retain talent. Our executive officers and other employees are at-will employees, which means they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be extremely difficult to replace. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
The competitive job market creates a challenge and potential risk as we strive to attract and retain a highly skilled workforce.
Competition for our employees, including highly skilled technology and product professionals, is extremely intense reflecting a tight labor market. This can present a risk as we compete for experienced candidates, especially if the competition is able to offer more attractive financial terms of employment. This risk extends to our current employee population. We also invest significant time and expense in engaging and developing our employees, which also increases their value to other companies that may seek to recruit them. Turnover can result in significant replacement costs and lost productivity.
In addition, recent U.S. immigration policy has made it more difficult for qualified foreign nationals to obtain or maintain work visas under the H-1B classification. These H-1B visa limitations make it more difficult and/or more expensive for us to hire the skilled professionals we need to execute our growth strategy, especially engineering, data analytics and risk management personnel, and may adversely impact our business.
We transitioned to a flexible-first workforce model, which could subject us to increased business continuity and cyber risks, as well as other operational challenges and risks that could significantly harm our business and operations.
We now offer all of our employees the choice of working full time in the office, a hybrid approach, or full-time remote. Coming into the office remains 100% voluntary, unless a person’s role requires them to be on site to do their job. As a result, we expect to continue to be subject to the challenges and risks of having a remote workforce, as well as new challenges and risks from operating with a hybrid workforce. For example, our employees are accessing our servers remotely through home or other networks to perform their job responsibilities. Such security systems may be less secure than those used in our offices, which may subject us to increased security risks, including cybersecurity-related events, and expose us to risks of data or financial loss and associated disruptions to our business operations. Additionally, employees who access company data and systems remotely may not have access to technology that is as robust as that in our offices, which could place additional pressure on our user infrastructure and third parties that are not easily mitigated. These risks include home internet availability affecting work continuity and efficiency, and additional dependencies on third-party communication tools, such as instant messaging and online meeting platforms. We may also be exposed to risks associated with the locations of remote employees, including compliance with local laws and regulations or exposure to compromised internet infrastructure. Allowing our employees to work remotely may create intellectual property risk if employees create intellectual property on our behalf while residing in a jurisdiction with unenforced or uncertain intellectual property laws. Further, if employees fail to inform us of changes in their work location, we may be exposed to additional risks without our knowledge.
While most of our operations can be performed remotely and have operated effectively during the pandemic, there is no guarantee that this will continue or that we will continue to be as effective while operating a flexible-first workforce model because our team is dispersed, many employees may have additional personal needs to attend to (such as looking after children
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as a result of school closures and mandated quarantines or a family member who becomes sick), and employees may become sick themselves and be unable to work.
Additionally, operating our business with both remote and in-person workers, or workers who work in flexible locations and on flexible schedules, could have a negative impact on our corporate culture, decrease the ability of our workforce to collaborate and communicate effectively, decrease innovation and productivity, or negatively affect workforce morale. If we are unable to manage the cybersecurity and other risks of a flexible-first workforce model, and maintain our corporate culture and workforce morale, our business could be harmed or otherwise adversely impacted.
Our business is subject to the risks of natural disasters, power outages, telecommunications failures and similar events, including COVID-19 and additional public health crises, and to interruptions by human-made problems such as terrorism, cyberattack, and other actions, which may impact the demand for our products or our members’ ability to repay their loans.
Events beyond our control may damage our ability to maintain our platform and provide services to our members. Such events include, but are not limited to, hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods and other natural disasters, public health crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic or other infectious diseases, power outages, telecommunications failures and similar events. See “COVID-19 Pandemic Risks” for further discussion of risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite any precautions we may take, system interruptions and delays could occur if there is a natural disaster, if a third-party provider closes a facility we use without adequate notice for financial or other reasons, or if there are other unanticipated problems at our leased facilities. Because we rely heavily on our servers, computer and communications systems and the Internet to conduct our business and provide high-quality service to our members, disruptions could harm our ability to effectively run our business. Moreover, our members and customers face similar risks, which could directly or indirectly impact our business. We currently use Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) and would be unable to switch instantly to another system in the event of failure to access AWS. This means that an outage of AWS could result in our system being unavailable for a significant period of time. Terrorism, cyberattacks and other criminal, tortious or unintentional actions could also give rise to significant disruptions to our operations. Our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures or other disruptions. Comparable natural and other risks may reduce demand for our products or cause our members to suffer significant losses and/or incur significant disruption in their respective operations, which may affect their ability to satisfy their obligations towards us. All of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Employee misconduct, which can be difficult to detect and deter, could harm our reputation and subject us to significant legal liability.
We operate in an industry in which integrity and the confidence of our members is of critical importance. We are subject to risks of errors and misconduct by our employees that could adversely affect our business, including:
•engaging in misrepresentation or fraudulent activities when marketing or performing online brokerage and other services to our members;
•improperly using or disclosing confidential information of our members or other parties;
•concealing unauthorized or unsuccessful activities; or
•otherwise not complying with applicable laws and regulations or our internal policies or procedures.
There have been numerous highly-publicized cases of fraud and other misconduct by financial services industry employees. The precautions that we take to detect and deter employee misconduct might not be effective. If any of our employees engage in illegal, improper, or suspicious activity or other misconduct, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial condition, member relationships, and our ability to attract new members. We also could become subject to regulatory sanctions and significant legal liability, which could cause serious harm to our financial condition, reputation, member relationships and prospects of attracting additional members.
Risk Management and Financial Reporting Risks
If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common stock may decline.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, a report by management on internal control over financial reporting and an attestation of our independent registered public accounting firm will be required. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess internal control over financial reporting are complex and require
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significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. In accordance with the considerations pursuant to Section 215.02 of the SEC Division of Corporation Finance’s Regulation S-K Compliance & Disclosure Interpretations, beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, we will be required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for our annual reports on Form 10-K. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm will also be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual reports on Form 10-K. We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the applicable stock exchange or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.
The internal control assessment required by Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley has diverted internal resources and we have and may experience higher operating expenses, higher independent auditor and consulting fees in the future. To comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act and any new or revised accounting rules in the future, as necessary, we are in the process of upgrading SoFi’s legacy information technology systems; implementing additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and hiring additional accounting and finance staff. If we are unable to hire the additional accounting and finance staff necessary to comply with these requirements, we may need to retain additional outside consultants. In addition, our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of poor design and changes in our business. For example, our continuing growth and expansion in globally dispersed markets, such as our acquisition of Technisys, may place significant additional pressure on our system of internal control over financial reporting, as acquisition targets may not be in compliance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We do not conduct a formal evaluation of companies’ internal control over financial reporting prior to an acquisition. We may be required to hire additional staff and incur substantial costs to implement the necessary new internal controls at companies we acquire. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could adversely affect the results of assessments by our independent registered public accounting firm and their attestation reports. If we or, if required, our independent registered public accounting firm, are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in its financial reporting, which could negatively impact the price of our securities.
On April 12, 2021, the Acting Director of the Division of Corporation Finance and Acting Chief Accountant of the SEC together issued a statement regarding the accounting and reporting considerations for warrants issued by special purpose acquisition companies entitled “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “SEC Statement”). Specifically, the SEC Statement focused on certain settlement terms and provisions related to certain tender offers following a business combination, which terms are similar to those contained in the warrant agreement governing the public warrants and private placement warrants issued initially by SCH. Following the issuance of the SEC statement, on April 22, 2021, SCH concluded that it was appropriate to restate its previously issued audited financial statements as of and for the period ended December 31, 2020, and as part of such process, SCH identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting. As the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination, we inherited this material weakness and the warrants.
As a result of the material weakness, the restatement, the change in accounting for the SoFi Technologies warrants, and other matters raised or that may in the future be raised by the SEC, we may face potential litigation or other disputes, which may include, among others, claims invoking the federal and state securities laws, contractual claims or other claims arising from the restatement and material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we have no knowledge of any such litigation or dispute. However, we can provide no assurance that such litigation or dispute will not arise in the future. Any such litigation or dispute, whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot assure you that there will not be additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting now or in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could cause us to fail to timely detect errors and severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines that we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.
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Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.
Our management has limited experience in operating a public company.
We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a relatively new public company, and our management will continue to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Our management and other personnel devote and we expect will continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Furthermore, new or changes to existing rules and regulations in the future may increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly, which would increase our net loss for the foreseeable future. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board of Directors, its board committees or as executive officers.
Our executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies increases the amount of their time devoted to these activities, which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the business. We continue to evaluate whether we have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal control over financial reporting required of public companies. If we are required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, our operating costs will increase in future periods. See “Risk Management and Financial Reporting Risks — If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common stock may decline”.
As a result of our business combination with a special purpose acquisition company, regulatory obligations may impact us differently than other publicly traded companies.
We became a publicly traded company by completing a transaction with SCH, a special purpose acquisition company, or SPAC. As a result of this transaction, regulatory obligations have, and may continue, to impact us differently than other publicly traded companies. For instance, the SEC and other regulatory agencies may issue additional guidance or apply further regulatory scrutiny to companies like us that have completed a business combination with a SPAC. Managing this regulatory environment, which has and may continue to evolve, could divert management’s attention from the operation of our business, negatively impact our ability to raise additional capital when needed or have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
Our risk management processes and procedures may not be effective.
Our risk management processes and procedures seek to appropriately balance risk and return and mitigate risks. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor and control the types of risk to which we are subject, including interest rate risk, credit risk, deposit risk, market risk, foreign currency exchange rate risk, liquidity risk, strategic risk, operational risk, cybersecurity risk, and reputational risk. Credit risk is the risk of loss that arises when a loan obligor fails to meet the terms of a loan repayment obligation, the loan enters default, and if uncured results in financial loss of remaining principal and interest to the loan purchaser. Our exposure to credit risk mainly arises from our lending activities. Deposit risk refers to accelerated availability of depositor funds, prior to settlement, risk of ACH returns or merchant settlements, and transactional limits that may be applied to deposit accounts. Market risk is the risk of loss due to changes in external market factors, such as interest rates, asset prices, and foreign exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the risk that our financial position or results of operations could be positively or negatively impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates. We may in the future be subject to increasing foreign currency exchange rate risk with our recent acquisition of Technisys, a foreign company. Liquidity risk is the risk that financial condition or overall safety and soundness are adversely affected by an inability, or perceived inability, to meet obligations (e.g., current and future cash flow needs) and support business growth. We actively monitor our liquidity position at the broker-dealer and SoFi Bank. Strategic risk is the risk from changes in the business environment, ineffective business strategies, improper implementation of decisions or inadequate responsiveness to changes in the business and competitive environment.
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Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, controls, people (e.g., human error or misconduct) or systems (e.g., technology problems), business continuity or external events (e.g., natural disasters), compliance, reputational, regulatory, or legal matters and includes those risks as they relate directly to us, fraud losses attributed to applications and any associated fines and monetary penalties as a result, transaction processing, or employees, as well as to third parties with whom we contract or otherwise do business. Operational risk is one of the most prevalent forms of risk in our risk profile. We strive to manage operational risk by establishing policies and procedures to accomplish timely and efficient processing, obtaining periodic internal control attestations from management, conducting internal process Risk Control Self-Assessments and audit reviews to evaluate the effectiveness of internal controls.
In order to be effective, among other things, our enterprise risk management capabilities must adapt and align to support any new product or loan features, capability, strategic development, or external change. Cybersecurity risk is the risk of a malicious technological attack intended to impact the confidentiality, availability, or integrity of our systems and data, including, but not limited to, sensitive client data. Our technology and information security teams rely on a layered system of preventive and detective technologies, practices, and policies to detect, mitigate, and neutralize cybersecurity threats. In addition, our information security team and third-party consultants regularly assesses our cybersecurity risks and mitigation efforts. Cyberattacks can also result in financial and reputational risk.
Reputational risk is the risk arising from possible negative perceptions of us, whether true or not, among our current and prospective members, counterparties, employees, and regulators. The potential for either enhancing or damaging our reputation is inherent in almost all aspects of business activity. We attempt to manage this risk through our commitment to a set of core values that emphasize and reward high standards of ethical behavior, maintaining a culture of compliance, and by being responsive to member and regulatory requirements.
Risk is inherent in our business, and therefore, despite our efforts to manage risk, there can be no assurance that we will not sustain unexpected losses. We could incur substantial losses and our business operations could be disrupted to the extent our business model, operational processes, control functions, technological capabilities, risk analyses, and business/product knowledge do not adequately identify and manage potential risks associated with our strategic initiatives. There also may be risks that exist, or that develop in the future, that we have not appropriately anticipated, identified or mitigated, including when processes are changed or new products and services are introduced. If our risk management framework does not effectively identify and control our risks, we could suffer unexpected losses or be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Incorrect estimates or assumptions by management in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements could adversely affect our reported assets, liabilities, income, revenues or expenses.
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical accounting estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, revenues or expenses during the reporting periods. Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management could adversely affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. If we make incorrect assumptions or estimates, our reported financial results may be over- or understated, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our forecasts are subject to significant risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties. As a result, our forecasted revenues, market share, expenses and profitability may differ materially from our expectations.
We operate in a rapidly changing and competitive industry and our projections will be subject to the risks and assumptions made by management with respect to our industry. Operating results are difficult to forecast because they generally depend on a number of factors, including the competition we face, our ability to attract and retain members and enterprise partnerships, and macroeconomic risks, while generating sustained revenues through the Financial Services Productivity Loop. Additionally, our business may be affected by reductions in consumer borrowing, spending and investing from time to time as a result of a number of factors, including the state of the overall economy, which may be difficult to predict. This may result in decreased revenue levels, and we may be unable to adopt measures in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in income. This inability could cause our operating results in a given quarter to be higher or lower than expected. These factors make creating accurate forecasts and budgets challenging and, as a result, we may fall materially short of our forecasts and expectations, which could cause our stock price to decline and investors to lose confidence in us.
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Information Technology and Data Risks
We depend on third parties for a wide array of services, systems and information technology applications, and a breach or violation of law by one of these third parties could disrupt our business or provide our competitors with an opportunity to enhance their position at our expense.
We depend on third parties for a wide array of financial, technology and insurance services, systems and information technology applications. Third-party vendors are significantly involved in many aspects of our software and systems development, servicing systems, the timely transmission of information across our data communication network, and for other telecommunications, processing, remittance and technology-related services in connection with our servicing or payment services businesses. Certain of our vendor agreements are terminable on short or no notice, and if current vendors were to stop providing services to us on acceptable terms, we may be unable to procure alternatives from other vendors in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms, or at all. If a service provider fails to provide the services required or expected, or fails to meet applicable contractual or regulatory requirements such as service levels or compliance with applicable laws, the failure could negatively impact our business. Such a failure could also adversely affect the perception of the reliability of our networks and services and the quality of our brand, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Cyberattacks and other security breaches could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to liability.
In the normal course of business, we collect, process and retain non-public and confidential information regarding our members and prospective members. We also have arrangements in place with certain third-party service providers that require us to share consumer information. Although we devote significant resources and management focus to ensuring the integrity of our systems through information/cyber security and business continuity programs, our facilities and systems, and those of third-party service providers, are vulnerable to external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors, and other similar events. We and third-party service providers have experienced such instances in the past and expect to continue to experience them in the future. We also face security threats from malicious threat actors that could obtain unauthorized access to our systems and networks, which threats we anticipate will continue to grow in scope and complexity over time. In addition, security threats may increase as a result of geopolitical events, such as in connection with the war in Ukraine and imposition of sanctions on Russia. These events could interrupt our business or operations, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services. Although the impact to date from these events has not had a material adverse effect on us, no assurance is given that this will be the case in the future.
Cybersecurity risks in the financial services industry have increased recently, in part because of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized criminals, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others. In addition to cyberattacks and other security breaches involving the theft of non-public and confidential information, hackers recently have engaged in attacks that are designed to disrupt key business services, such as consumer-facing websites. We may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources. We employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents. Nonetheless, early detection efforts may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection. We also may fail to detect the existence of a security breach related to the information of our members.
The access by unauthorized persons to, or the improper disclosure by us of, confidential information regarding our members or our proprietary information, software, methodologies and business secrets could interrupt our business or operations, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability, damage to our reputation or a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, there recently have been a number of well-publicized attacks or breaches affecting companies in the financial services industry that have heightened concern by consumers, which could also intensify regulatory focus, cause users to lose trust in the security of the industry in general and result in reduced use of our services and increased costs, all of which could also have a material adverse effect on our business.
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The collection, processing, use, storage, sharing and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of federal, state and international laws and regulations, as well as our failure to adhere to the privacy and data security practices that we articulate to our members.
We collect, process, store, use, share and/or transmit a large volume of personally identifiable information (“PII”) and other non-public data from current, past and prospective members. There are federal, state, and foreign laws regarding privacy, data security and the collection, use, storage, protection, sharing and/or transmission of PII and non-public data. Additionally, many states continue to enact legislation on matters of privacy, information security, cybersecurity, data breach and data breach notification requirements. For example, as of January 1, 2020, the CCPA granted additional consumer rights with respect to data privacy in California. The CCPA, among other things, entitles California residents to know how their personal information is being collected and shared, to access or request the deletion of their personal information and to opt out of the sharing of their personal information. The CCPA is subject to further amendments pending certain proposed regulations that are being reviewed and revised by the California Attorney General. While personal information that we process is exempt from the GLBA, the CCPA regulates other personal information that we collect and process in connection with the business. We cannot predict the impact of the CCPA on our business, operations or financial condition, but it could require us to modify certain processes or procedures, which could result in additional costs and liability. Additionally, our broker-dealer and investment adviser are subject to SEC Regulation S-P, which requires that these businesses maintain policies and procedures addressing the protection of customer information and records. This includes protecting against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of customer records and information and against unauthorized access to or use of customer records or information. Regulation S-P also requires these businesses to provide initial and annual privacy notices to customers describing information sharing policies and informing customers of their rights.
Additionally, a California ballot initiative, the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”) was passed in November 2020. Effective starting on January 1, 2023, the CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. The effects of the CCPA and the CPRA are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.
Virginia and Colorado recently enacted comprehensive privacy laws that are similar to the CCPA and CPRA and we expect more states to enact legislation similar to the CCPA, which provides consumers with new privacy rights and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers. The CCPA has prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.
Any violations of these laws and regulations may require us to change our business practices or operational structure, including limiting our activities in certain states and/or jurisdictions, address legal claims, and sustain monetary penalties, reputational damage and/or other harms to our business.
Furthermore, our online privacy policy and website make certain statements regarding our privacy, information security, and data security practices with regard to information collected from our members. Failure to adhere to such practices may result in regulatory scrutiny and investigation (including the potential for fines and monetary penalties), complaints by affected members, reputational damage and other harm to our business. If either we, or the third-party service providers with which we share member data, are unable to address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable laws and regulations, it could result in additional costs and liability, damage our reputation, and harm our business.
Our ability to collect payments on loans and maintain accurate accounts may be adversely affected by computer malware, social engineering, phishing, physical or electronic break-ins, technical errors and similar disruptions.
The automated nature of our platform may make it an attractive target for hacking and potentially vulnerable to computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions. It is possible that we may not be able to anticipate or to implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, in which case there would be an increased risk of fraud or identity theft, and we may experience losses on, or delays in the collection of amounts owed on, a fraudulently induced loan. Security breaches could occur from outside our company, and also from the actions of persons inside our company who may have authorized or unauthorized access to our technology systems. In addition, the software that we have developed to use in our daily operations is highly complex and may contain undetected technical errors that could cause our computer systems to fail. Because each loan that we make involves, in part, our proprietary automated underwriting
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process, any failure of our computer systems involving our automated underwriting process and any technical or other errors contained in the software pertaining to our automated underwriting process could compromise our ability to accurately evaluate potential members, which would negatively impact our results of operations. Furthermore, any failure of our computer systems could cause an interruption in operations and result in disruptions in, or reductions in the amount of, collections from the loans we make to our members.
Additionally, if hackers were able to access our secure files, they might be able to gain access to the personal information of our members. If we are unable to prevent such activity, we may be subject to significant liability, negative publicity and a material loss of members, all of which may negatively affect our business.
Disruptions in the operation of our computer systems and third-party data centers could have an adverse effect on our business.
Our ability to deliver products and services to our members and partners, and otherwise operate our business and comply with applicable laws, depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer systems and third-party data centers, as well as third-party service providers. Our computer systems and third-party providers may encounter service interruptions at any time due to system or software failure, natural disasters, severe weather conditions, health pandemics, terrorist attacks, cyberattacks or other events. Any such events could have a negative effect on our business and technology infrastructure (including our computer network systems), which could lead to member dissatisfaction or long-term disruption of our operations.
Additionally, our reliance on third-party providers may mean that we will not be able to resolve operational problems internally or on a timely basis, as our operations will depend upon such third-party service providers communicating appropriately and responding swiftly to their own service disruptions through industry standard best practices in business continuity and/or disaster recovery. As a last resort, we may rely on our ability to replace a third-party service provider if it experiences difficulties that interrupt operations for a prolonged period of time or if an essential third-party service terminates. If these service arrangements are terminated for any reason without an immediately available substitute arrangement, our operations may be severely interrupted or delayed. If such interruption or delay were to continue for a substantial period of time, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The implementation of technology changes and upgrades to maintain current and integrate new systems may cause service interruptions, transaction processing errors or system conversion delays and may cause us to fail to comply with applicable laws, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We expect that new technologies and business processes applicable to the financial services industry will continue to emerge and that these new technologies and business processes may be better than those we currently use. There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully adopt new technology as critical systems and applications become obsolete and better ones become available. A failure to maintain and/or improve current technology and business processes could cause disruptions in our operations or cause our solution to be less competitive, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities
The price of our common stock has fluctuated and may be volatile in the future.
The price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:
•changes in the industry in which we operate;
•developments involving our competitors;
•changes in laws and regulations affecting our business, or changes in policies with respect to student loan forgiveness;
•changes in interest rates and inflation;
•variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;
•publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;
•the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;
•actions by stockholders;
•additions and departures of key personnel;
•commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving our company;
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•changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt, including in connection with acquisitions;
•volatility in capital markets and changes in the volume of shares of our common stock available for public sale; and
•general economic and political conditions, such as the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, recessions, interest rates, inflation, local and national elections, corruption, political instability and acts of war or terrorism, including the war in Ukraine.
These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.
We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant.
If analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If few analysts cover us, demand for our common stock could decrease and our common stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on us regularly. In addition, analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for us. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our share price may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these research analysts.
We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.
The market price of our common stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.
Future resales of our common stock may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. Sales of a substantial number of shares upon any future waivers or expiration of lock-up agreements entered into by our stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock. For example, lock-up restrictions entered into in connection with the Business Combination have expired. As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of common stock in the public market could occur at any time. We have filed with the SEC, and the SEC has declared effective, a registration statement covering shares of our common stock issued in connection with the Agreement, including shares issued to the Third Party PIPE Investors, among others, to facilitate such sales. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or increase the volatility in the market price of our common stock.
Our warrants are exercisable for shares of common stock, which could increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.
In December 2021, we completed the redemption of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock that were issued under the Warrant Agreement, dated October 8, 2020. There are 12,170,990 Series H warrants issued in connection with the Series 1 and Series H preferred stock issuances in December 2019 that remain outstanding and were previously converted into SoFi Technologies common stock warrants. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our common stock and increase
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the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders.
Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans or otherwise will dilute our stockholders. We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors, and consultants under our stock incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products, or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock to decline.
There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.
If Nasdaq delists our shares of common stock from trading on its exchange for failure to meet Nasdaq’s listing standards, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:
•a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;
•reduced liquidity for our securities;
•a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;
•a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and
•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.
Delaware law and our organizational documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.
The Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) and our organizational documents contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. Additionally, these provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our Board of Directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our organizational documents include provisions regarding:
•the ability of our Board of Directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;
•the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
•limitations on the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;
•the ability of our Board of Directors to amend our bylaws, which may allow our Board of Directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend our bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and
•advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our Board of Directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our Board of Directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.
These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in the Board of Directors or management of our company.
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The provisions of our bylaws requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable.
Our bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that such court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim for or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our bylaws or Certificate of Incorporation (as either may be amended from time to time), (iv) any action asserting a claim related to or involving our company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, and (v) any action asserting an “internal corporate claim” as that term is defined in Section 115 of the DGCL (the “Delaware Forum Provision”). The Delaware Forum Provision, however, does not apply to actions or claims arising under the Exchange Act. Our bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternate forum, the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, will be the United States Federal District Courts. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder; our stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
These provisions may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation or bylaws has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against our company, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in the Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Frequency of Say on Pay
As previously reported on Form 8-K, in an advisory vote on the preferred frequency of future stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation held at the 2022 annual meeting on July 12, 2022, 407,528,398 shares voted for one year, 4,859,176 shares voted for two years, 2,696,243 shares voted for three years and 3,959,134 shares abstained. Our Company has considered the outcome of this advisory vote and has determined, as was recommended with respect to this proposal by our Board of Directors in the proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting, that we will hold future votes to approve the compensation paid to the Company’s named executive officers (“say on pay votes”) on an annual basis until the next required vote on the frequency of say on pay votes. This disclosure is intended to satisfy Item 5.07(d) of Form 8-K.
Resignation of Named Executive Officer
On August 8, 2022, Ms. Michelle Gill, Executive Vice President and Group Business Unit Leader – Lending and Capital Markets, provided notice of her intention to resign from her position with the Company, effective at a date to be determined in September 2022. Ms. Gill resigned to pursue other opportunities and her resignation was not the result of any dispute or disagreement with the Company relating to the Company's operations, policies (including accounting or financial policies) or practices.
Ms. Gill’s duties and responsibilities over lending will be assumed by Chad Borton, President, SoFi Bank, and her duties and responsibilities over capital markets will be assumed by Christopher Lapointe, Chief Financial Officer.
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The above disclosure is intended to satisfy the Company’s obligation under Item 5.02(b) of Form 8‐K.
Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description |  |  |  |
10.1+ |  | Amended and Restated 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and forms of agreement thereunder |  |  |  |
31.1+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |
31.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |
32.1+* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |
32.2+* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |
101.SCH+ |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |
101.CAL+ |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
101.LAB+ |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
101.PRE+ |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
101.DEF+ |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |

___________________
+ Filed herewith.
* Indicates a document being furnished with this Form 10-Q. Information furnished herewith shall not be deemed to be “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | SoFi Technologies, Inc.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: | August 9, 2022 | By: | /s/ Christopher Lapointe
|  |  | Christopher Lapointe
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer

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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
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SOFI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

|  | Page
Average Balances and Net Interest Earnings Analysis |  | F-2
Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income |  | F-4
Loan Maturity Schedule |  | F-5
Analysis of Allowance for Credit Losses |  | F-5
Analysis of Charge-offs |  | F-6
Deposits |  | F-6

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SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Unaudited Supplemental Financial Data
As a bank holding company, we are providing the following supplemental information pursuant to Subpart 1400 of Regulation S-K. Certain other information required by Subpart 1400 of Regulation S-K is presented throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Average Balances and Net Interest Earnings Analysis

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Average Balances(1) |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Rate |  | Average Balances(1) |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Rate
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 1,064,672 |  |  | $ | 943 |  |  | 0.35 | % |  | $ | 782,083 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | 0.09 | %
Investments in available-for-sale securities |  | 199,542 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 0.88 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans(2) |  | 7,804,416 |  |  | 145,337 |  |  | 7.45 |  |  | 4,839,883 |  |  | 79,677 |  |  | 6.59 |
Securitization investments |  | 306,298 |  |  | 2,567 |  |  | 3.35 |  |  | 431,184 |  |  | 3,794 |  |  | 3.52 |
Related party receivables |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 9,374,928 |  |  | 149,284 |  |  | 6.37 | % |  | 6,053,150 |  |  | 83,651 |  |  | 5.53 | %
Total noninterest-earning assets |  | 3,011,591 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,886,758 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 12,386,519 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,939,908 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities, Temporary Equity and Permanent Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  | $ | 1,137,097 |  |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | 0.93 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Savings deposits |  | 673,561 |  |  | 1,863 |  |  | 1.11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time deposits |  | 17,660 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 0.59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 1,828,318 |  |  | 4,543 |  |  | 0.99 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt(2) |  | 4,284,366 |  |  | 21,012 |  |  | 1.96 |  |  | 3,778,435 |  |  | 25,481 |  |  | 2.70 |
Residual interests classified as debt |  | 61,388 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 6.76 |  |  | 110,828 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | 7.75 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 6,174,072 |  |  | 26,592 |  |  | 1.72 | % |  | 3,889,263 |  |  | 27,627 |  |  | 2.84 | %
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities |  | 682,474 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 601,724 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 6,856,546 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,490,987 |  |  |  |  |
Total temporary equity |  | 320,374 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,459,987 |  |  |  |  |
Total permanent equity |  | 5,209,599 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 988,934 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity |  | $ | 12,386,519 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,939,908 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income(3) |  |  |  | $ | 122,692 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 56,024 |  |  |
Net interest margin(4) |  |  |  |  |  | 5.23 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.70 | %

___________________
(1)Average balances were calculated on four-month ending balances and include accrued interest.
(2)Interest income on loans measured at amortized cost includes amortization of deferred loan fees, net of deferred loan costs, of $2.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense on debt includes debt issuance and discount expense of $3.9 million and $5.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(3)Net interest income is calculated as the excess of total interest income on interest-earning assets over total interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities.
(4)Net interest margin is calculated as net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets.
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|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Average Balances(1) |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Rate |  | Average Balances(1) |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Rate
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 1,070,345 |  |  | $ | 1,401 |  |  | 0.26 | % |  | $ | 781,404 |  |  | $ | 409 |  |  | 0.10 | %
Investments in available-for-sale securities |  | 196,237 |  |  | 685 |  |  | 0.70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans(2) |  | 7,383,365 |  |  | 259,722 |  |  | 7.04 |  |  | 4,849,458 |  |  | 156,899 |  |  | 6.47 |
Securitization investments |  | 329,400 |  |  | 5,325 |  |  | 3.23 |  |  | 454,927 |  |  | 8,261 |  |  | 3.63 |
Related party receivables |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,140 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 8.21 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 8,979,347 |  |  | 267,133 |  |  | 5.95 | % |  | 6,090,929 |  |  | 165,780 |  |  | 5.44 | %
Total noninterest-earning assets |  | 2,565,560 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,922,710 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 11,544,907 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,013,639 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities, Temporary Equity and Permanent Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  | $ | 723,935 |  |  | $ | 2,927 |  |  | 0.81 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Savings deposits |  | 410,332 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 0.98 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time deposits |  | 12,098 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 1,146,365 |  |  | 4,974 |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt(2) |  | 4,547,852 |  |  | 42,039 |  |  | 1.85 |  |  | 4,045,285 |  |  | 58,099 |  |  | 2.87 |
Residual interests classified as debt |  | 72,238 |  |  | 2,565 |  |  | 7.10 |  |  | 112,370 |  |  | 4,345 |  |  | 7.73 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 5,766,455 |  |  | 49,578 |  |  | 1.72 | % |  | 4,157,655 |  |  | 62,444 |  |  | 3.00 | %
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities |  | 602,256 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 576,020 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 6,368,711 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,733,675 |  |  |  |  |
Total temporary equity |  | 320,374 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,765,858 |  |  |  |  |
Total permanent equity |  | 4,855,822 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 514,106 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities, temporary equity and permanent equity |  | $ | 11,544,907 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,013,639 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income(3) |  |  |  | $ | 217,555 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 103,336 |  |  |
Net interest margin(4) |  |  |  |  |  | 4.85 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.39 | %

__________________
(1)Average balances were calculated on seven-month ending balances and include accrued interest.
(2)Interest income on loans measured at amortized cost includes amortization of deferred loan fees, net of deferred loan costs, of $3.7 million and $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense on debt includes debt issuance and discount expense of $8.1 million and $11.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(3)Net interest income is calculated as the excess of total interest income on interest-earning assets over total interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities.
(4)Net interest margin is calculated as net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets.
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Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income
The following table presents period-over-period changes in net interest income and the extent to which the variance is attributable to changes in the volume of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities or changes in the interest rates related to these assets and liabilities:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
|  | Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in(1): |  | Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in(1):
($ in thousands) |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total Variance |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total Variance
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 992 |
Investments in available-for-sale securities |  | 437 |  |  | — |  |  | 437 |  |  | 685 |  |  | — |  |  | 685 |
Loans |  | 55,207 |  |  | 10,453 |  |  | 65,660 |  |  | 89,134 |  |  | 13,689 |  |  | 102,823 |
Securitization investments |  | (1,047) |  |  | (180) |  |  | (1,227) |  |  | (2,029) |  |  | (907) |  |  | (2,936) |
Related party receivables |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (211) |  |  | (211) |
Total interest income |  | $ | 54,847 |  |  | $ | 10,786 |  |  | $ | 65,633 |  |  | $ | 88,168 |  |  | $ | 13,185 |  |  | $ | 101,353 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 4,543 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,543 |  |  | $ | 4,974 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,974 |
Debt |  | 2,481 |  |  | (6,950) |  |  | (4,469) |  |  | 4,646 |  |  | (20,706) |  |  | (16,060) |
Residual interests classified as debt |  | (835) |  |  | (274) |  |  | (1,109) |  |  | (1,425) |  |  | (355) |  |  | (1,780) |
Total interest expense |  | $ | 6,189 |  |  | $ | (7,224) |  |  | $ | (1,035) |  |  | $ | 8,195 |  |  | $ | (21,061) |  |  | $ | (12,866) |
Net interest income |  | $ | 48,658 |  |  | $ | 18,010 |  |  | $ | 66,668 |  |  | $ | 79,973 |  |  | $ | 34,246 |  |  | $ | 114,219 |

___________________
(1)We calculate the change in interest income and interest expense separately for each item. Volume and rate changes have been allocated on a consistent basis using the respective percentage changes in average balances and average rates.
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Loan Maturity Schedule
The following table presents the maturities of our loan portfolio, as well as the separate presentation of the total amount of loans in each loan category that are due after one year that have variable rates and fixed rates:

|  | As of June 30, 2022(1)
($ in thousands) |  | Within 1 year |  | After 1 year through 5 years |  | After 5 years through 15 years |  | After 15 years |  | Total
Loan Portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Student loans |  | $ | 5,584 |  |  | $ | 633,872 |  |  | $ | 2,375,064 |  |  | $ | 643,173 |  |  | $ | 3,657,693 |
Home loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,623 |  |  | 136,495 |  |  | 142,118 |
Personal loans |  | 52,301 |  |  | 3,372,256 |  |  | 519,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,943,768 |
Credit card(2) |  | 192,824 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192,824 |
Commercial and consumer banking |  | 2,812 |  |  | 7,227 |  |  | 15,676 |  |  | 54,487 |  |  | 80,202 |
Total loans |  | $ | 253,521 |  |  | $ | 4,013,355 |  |  | $ | 2,915,574 |  |  | $ | 834,155 |  |  | $ | 8,016,605 |
Loans with variable rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Student loans |  |  |  | $ | 59,294 |  |  | $ | 99,500 |  |  | $ | 6,974 |  |  | $ | 165,768 |
Home loans |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Personal loans |  |  |  | 10,607 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,607 |
Commercial and consumer banking |  |  |  | 3,554 |  |  | 11,736 |  |  | 49,371 |  |  | 64,661 |
Total loans |  |  |  | $ | 73,455 |  |  | $ | 111,236 |  |  | $ | 56,345 |  |  | $ | 241,036 |
Loans with fixed rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Student loans |  |  |  | $ | 574,578 |  |  | $ | 2,275,564 |  |  | $ | 636,199 |  |  | $ | 3,486,341 |
Home loans |  |  |  | — |  |  | 5,623 |  |  | 136,495 |  |  | 142,118 |
Personal loans |  |  |  | 3,361,649 |  |  | 519,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,880,860 |
Commercial and consumer banking |  |  |  | 3,673 |  |  | 3,940 |  |  | 5,116 |  |  | 12,729 |
Total loans |  |  |  | $ | 3,939,900 |  |  | $ | 2,804,338 |  |  | $ | 777,810 |  |  | $ | 7,522,048 |

__________________
(1)Maturities presented are based upon the contractual terms of the loans. Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of loans outstanding at period end.
(2)Due to the revolving nature of credit card loans, we report all of our credit card loans as due in one year or less.
Analysis of Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses Ratios
The following table presents the ratio of allowance for credit losses to total loans outstanding that are measured at amortized cost as of the dates indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021
Allowance for credit losses to total loans outstanding |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 23,178 |  |  | $ | 691 |
Total loans outstanding(1) |  | $ | 273,026 |  |  | $ | 42,625 |
Ratio(2) |  | 8.49 | % |  | 1.62 | %

__________________
(1)Total loans outstanding excludes accrued interest.
(2)The increase in the ratio was attributable to credit card and was reflective of both an increase in the average balance and an increase in our estimate of expected future credit losses.
We omitted the credit ratios associated with nonaccrual loans, as the balance of nonaccrual loans was immaterial.
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Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table presents the allocation of the allowance for credit losses and the percentage of loans outstanding by category to total loans outstanding that are measured at amortized cost as of the dates indicated:

|  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | Percent of loans to total loans(1) |  | Allowance for credit losses |  | Percent of loans to total loans(1)
Credit card |  | $ | 21,974 |  |  | 71 | % |  | $ | 691 |  |  | 100 | %
Commercial and consumer banking |  | 1,204 |  |  | 29 | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total |  | $ | 23,178 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 691 |  |  | 100 | %

__________________
(1)Loans outstanding balances used in the calculation exclude accrued interest.
Analysis of Charge-offs
The following tables present information regarding average loans outstanding during the period, net charge-offs during the period, and the annualized ratio of net charge-offs to average loans outstanding:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Average Loans(1) |  | Net Charge-offs |  | Ratio |  | Average Loans(1) |  | Net Charge-offs |  | Ratio
Student loans |  | $ | 3,791,179 |  |  | $ | 2,687 |  |  | 0.28 | % |  | $ | 2,844,432 |  |  | $ | 1,586 |  |  | 0.22 | %
Home loans |  | 137,757 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 205,465 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Personal loans |  | 3,637,657 |  |  | 11,340 |  |  | 1.25 |  |  | 1,762,731 |  |  | 5,310 |  |  | 1.20 |
Credit card |  | 157,642 |  |  | 4,488 |  |  | 11.39 |  |  | 27,255 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and consumer banking |  | 80,181 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total loans |  | $ | 7,804,416 |  |  | $ | 18,516 |  |  | 0.95 | % |  | $ | 4,839,883 |  |  | $ | 6,896 |  |  | 0.57 | %

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Average Loans(1) |  | Net Charge-offs |  | Ratio |  | Average Loans(1) |  | Net Charge-offs |  | Ratio
Student loans |  | $ | 3,830,197 |  |  | $ | 5,301 |  |  | 0.28 | % |  | $ | 2,891,535 |  |  | $ | 3,986 |  |  | 0.28 | %
Home loans |  | 157,943 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191,636 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Personal loans |  | 3,193,601 |  |  | 18,451 |  |  | 1.16 |  |  | 1,745,704 |  |  | 12,415 |  |  | 1.42 |
Credit card |  | 143,836 |  |  | 7,305 |  |  | 10.16 |  |  | 18,224 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and consumer banking |  | 57,788 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total loans |  | $ | 7,383,365 |  |  | $ | 31,058 |  |  | 0.84 | % |  | $ | 4,849,458 |  |  | $ | 16,401 |  |  | 0.68 | %

___________________
(1)Average balances were calculated on four-month or seven-month ending balances and include accrued interest.
Deposits
Uninsured Deposits
As of June 30, 2022, the amount of uninsured deposits totaled $241.0 million. We did not have any deposits as of June 30, 2021.
The following table presents uninsured time deposits by remaining time to maturity:

($ in thousands) |  | June 30, 2022
Uninsured Time Deposits |  |
3 months or less |  | $ | 3,098 |
Over 3 months through 6 months |  | 7,304 |
Over 6 months through 12 months |  | 505 |
Over 12 months |  | 62 |
Total |  | $ | 10,969 |

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