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Fair Value Measurements
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table summarizes, by level within the fair value hierarchy, the estimated fair values of our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Fair ValueFair Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets
Investments in AFS debt securities(1)(2)
$119,086 $55,750 $— $174,836 $137,032 $58,406 $— $195,438 
Asset-backed bonds(2)(3)
— 142,272 — 142,272 — 155,093 — 155,093 
Residual investments(2)(3)
— — 42,960 42,960 — — 46,238 46,238 
Loans at fair value— — 15,858,105 15,858,105 — — 13,557,074 13,557,074 
Servicing rights— — 146,514 146,514 — — 149,854 149,854 
Third party warrants(4)(5)
— — 630 630 — — 630 630 
Derivative assets(4)(6)(7)
— 3,474 — 3,474 — 24,612 — 24,612 
Purchase price earn-out(4)(8)
— — — — — — 54 54 
IRLCs(4)(9)
— — 634 634 — — 216 216 
Student loan commitments(4)(9)
— — 75 75 — — — — 
Interest rate caps(4)(7)
— 7,484 — 7,484 — 9,178 — 9,178 
Digital assets safeguarding asset(4)(10)
— 167,954 — 167,954 — 106,826 — 106,826 
Total assets
$119,086 $376,934 $16,048,918 $16,544,938 $137,032 $354,115 $13,754,066 $14,245,213 
Liabilities
Debt(11)
$— $74,675 $— $74,675 $— $89,142 $— $89,142 
Residual interests classified as debt— — 15,565 15,565 — — 17,048 17,048 
Derivative liabilities(4)(6)(7)
— 10,849 — 10,849 — 9,331 — 9,331 
Student loan commitments(4)(9)
— — — — — — 236 236 
Digital assets safeguarding liability(4)(10)
— 167,954 — 167,954 — 106,826 — 106,826 
Total liabilities$— $253,478 $15,565 $269,043 $— $205,299 $17,284 $222,583 
_____________________
(1)The investments in AFS debt securities that were classified as Level 2 rely upon observable inputs other than quoted prices, dealer quotes in markets that are not active and implied pricing derived from new issuances of similar securities. See Note 6. Investment Securities for additional information.
(2)These assets are presented within investment securities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(3)These assets represent the carrying value of our holdings in VIEs wherein we were not deemed the primary beneficiary. See Note 7. Securitization and Variable Interest Entities for additional information. We classify asset-backed bonds as Level 2 due to the use of quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are not active, as well as certain factors specific to us. The key inputs used to value the asset-backed bonds include the discount rate and conditional prepayment rate. The fair value of our asset-backed bonds was not materially impacted by default assumptions on the underlying securitization loans, as the subordinate residual interests are expected to absorb all estimated losses based on our default assumptions for the period. We classify the residual investments as Level 3 due to the reliance on significant unobservable valuation inputs.
(4)These assets and liabilities are presented within other assets and accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(5)The key unobservable assumption used in the fair value measurement of the third party warrants was the price of the stock underlying the warrants. The fair value was measured as the difference between the stock price and the strike price of the warrants. As the strike price was insignificant, we concluded that the impact of time value on the fair value measure was immaterial.
(6)For certain derivative instruments for which an enforceable master netting agreement exists, we elected to net derivative assets and derivative liabilities by counterparty. These instruments are presented on a gross basis herein. See Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information.
(7)Home loan pipeline hedges represent to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities used as economic hedges of loan fair values and are classified as Level 2, as we rely on quoted market prices from similar loan pools that transact in the marketplace. Interest rate swaps and interest rate caps are classified as Level 2, because these financial instruments do not trade in active markets with observable prices, but rely on observable inputs other than quoted prices. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, interest rate swaps and interest rate caps were valued using the overnight SOFR curve and the implied volatilities suggested by the SOFR rate curve. These were determined to be observable inputs from active markets.
(8)The purchase price earn-out provision is classified as Level 3 because of our reliance on unobservable inputs related to the underlying loan portfolio performance, such as conditional prepayment rates, annual default rates and discount rates.
(9)IRLCs and student loan commitments are classified as Level 3 because of our reliance on assumed loan funding probabilities. The assumed probabilities are based on our internal historical experience with home loans and student loans similar to those in the funding pipelines on the measurement date.
(10)The digital assets safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset are classified as Level 2, because they do not trade in active markets, and are valued using quoted prices on an active exchange that has been identified as the principal market for the underlying digital assets that are being held by our third-party custodians for the benefit of our members.
(11)The fair value of our securitization debt was classified as Level 2 and valued using a discounted cash flow model, with key inputs relating to the underlying contractual coupons, terms, discount rate and expectations for defaults and prepayments. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unpaid principal related to debt measured at fair value was $82,647 and $98,868, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, losses from changes in fair value were $944. The estimated amounts of gains (losses) included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk, which were derived principally from observable changes in credit spread as observed in the bond market, were immaterial.
Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Rollforward
The following tables present the changes in our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). We did not have any transfers into or out of Level 3 during the periods presented.
Fair Value atFair Value at
January 1, 2023Impact on EarningsPurchasesSalesIssuancesSettlementsMarch 31, 2023
Assets
Personal loans$8,610,434 $86,094 $40,039 $— $2,951,358 $(1,150,926)$10,536,999 
Student loans4,877,177 67,190 — — 525,373 (229,681)5,240,059 
Home loans69,463 (494)552 (77,880)89,787 (381)81,047 
Loans at fair value(1)
13,557,074 152,790 40,591 (77,880)3,566,518 (1,380,988)15,858,105 
Servicing rights149,854 12,084 613 (135)954 (16,856)146,514 
Residual investments(2)
46,238 1,104 — (306)— (4,076)42,960 
Purchase price earn out54 9 — — — (63)— 
IRLCs(3)
216 634 — — — (216)634 
Student loan commitments(3)
(236)75 — — — 236 75 
Third party warrants630 — — — — — 630 
Liabilities
Residual interests classified as debt(2)
(17,048)(89)— — — 1,572 (15,565)
Net impact on earnings166,607 
Fair Value atFair Value at
January 1, 2022Impact on EarningsPurchasesSalesIssuancesSettlementsMarch 31, 2022
Assets
Personal loans$2,289,426 $(7,016)$160,748 $(977,920)$2,026,004 $(372,454)$3,118,788 
Student loans3,450,837 (42,370)116,433 (544,150)983,804 (227,115)3,737,439 
Home loans212,709 (9,162)498 (365,370)312,383 (4,400)146,658 
Loans at fair value(1)
5,952,972 (58,548)277,679 (1,887,440)3,322,191 (603,969)7,002,885 
Servicing rights168,259 11,580 629 (1,410)16,486 (22,039)173,505 
Residual investments(2)
121,019 762 — — — (15,104)106,677 
Purchase price earn out4,272 830 — — — (2,817)2,285 
Student loan commitments(3)
2,220 23 — — — (2,220)23 
Third party warrants1,369 (142)— — — — 1,227 
Liabilities
Residual interests classified as debt(2)
(93,682)(2,963)— — — 26,113 (70,532)
IRLCs(3)
3,759 (3,039)— — — (3,759)(3,039)
Net impact on earnings(51,497)
_____________________
(1)For loans at fair value, issuances represent the principal balance of loans originated during the period. Purchases reflect unpaid principal balance and relate to previously transferred loans. Purchase activity during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 included securitization clean-up calls of $39,936 and $275,499, respectively. The remaining purchases during the periods presented related to standard representations and warranties pursuant to our various loan sale agreements. Gains and losses recognized in earnings include changes in accumulated interest and fair value adjustments on loans originated during the period and on loans held at the balance sheet date, as well as loan charge-offs. Changes in fair value are impacted by valuation assumption changes, as well as sales price execution and amount of time the loans are held prior to sale. The estimated amount of gains (losses) included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were $(50,529) and $6,496 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The gains (losses) attributable to instrument-specific credit risk were estimated by incorporating our current default and loss severity assumptions for the loans. These assumptions are based on historical performance, market trends and performance expectations over the term of the underlying instrument.
(2)For residual investments, sales include the derecognition of investments associated with securitization clean up calls. The estimated amounts of gains and losses for residual investments included in earnings attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were immaterial during the periods presented. For residual investments and residual interests classified as debt, we record changes in fair value within noninterest income—securitizations in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), a portion of which is subsequently reclassified to interest expense—securitizations and warehouses for residual interests classified as debt and to interest income—securitizations for residual investments, but does not impact the liability or asset balance, respectively.
(3)For IRLCs and student loan commitments, settlements reflect funded and unfunded adjustments representing the unpaid principal balance of funded and unfunded loans during the quarter multiplied by the IRLC or student loan commitment price in effect at the beginning of the quarter. For year-to-date periods, amounts represent the summation of the per-quarter effects. Changes in fair value are recorded within noninterest income—loan origination and sales in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Level 3 Significant Inputs
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Level 3 fair value measurements include unobservable inputs for assets or liabilities for which there is little or no market data, which requires us to develop our own assumptions. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include the use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models, or similar techniques, which incorporate management’s own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
Loans
The following key unobservable assumptions were used in the fair value measurement of our loans:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
RangeWeighted AverageRangeWeighted Average
Personal loans
Conditional prepayment rate
14.0% – 24.2%
19.1%
17.3% – 25.5%
19.1%
Annual default rate
3.2% – 52.8%
4.6%
3.8% – 37.7%
4.4%
Discount rate
5.2% – 8.6%
5.5%
5.4% – 8.3%
6.1%
Student loans
Conditional prepayment rate
8.5% – 12.9%
10.4%
16.3% – 21.8%
20.4%
Annual default rate
0.2% – 4.3%
0.4%
0.2% – 4.5%
0.5%
Discount rate
3.7% – 8.1%
4.1%
3.6% – 8.7%
4.0%
Home loans
Conditional prepayment rate
2.1% – 13.4%
8.9%
2.0% – 10.2%
7.0%
Annual default rate
0.1% – 0.9%
0.1%
0.1% – 1.3%
0.1%
Discount rate
5.6% – 14.5%
6.0%
5.7% – 14.1%
5.9%
The key assumptions are defined as follows:
•Conditional prepayment rate — The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Annual default rate — The annualized rate of borrowers who do not make loan payments on time. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Discount rate — The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the loans. The discount rate is primarily determined based on an underlying benchmark rate curve and spread(s), the latter of which is determined based on factors including, but not limited to, weighted average coupon rate, prepayment rate, default rate and resulting expected duration of the assets. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
See Note 4. Loans for additional loan fair value disclosures.
Servicing Rights
Servicing rights for personal loans and student loans do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices. Similarly, home loan servicing rights infrequently trade in an active market. At the time of the underlying loan sale or the assumption of servicing rights, the fair value of servicing rights is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology based on observable and unobservable inputs. Management classifies servicing rights as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement.
The following key unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurement of our classes of servicing rights:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
RangeWeighted AverageRange
Weighted Average
Personal loans
Market servicing costs
0.2% – 0.6%
0.3%
0.2% – 0.5%
0.3%
Conditional prepayment rate
18.2% – 28.9%
22.8%
17.9% – 31.3%
22.7%
Annual default rate
3.5% – 17.5%
5.7%
3.4% – 7.9%
4.9%
Discount rate
7.8% – 7.8%
7.8%
7.8% – 7.8%
7.8%
Student loans
Market servicing costs
0.1% – 0.2%
0.1%
0.1% – 0.2%
0.1%
Conditional prepayment rate
9.1% – 15.3%
12.5%
15.4% – 21.9%
17.8%
Annual default rate
0.3% – 3.7%
0.5%
0.3% – 4.3%
0.4%
Discount rate
7.8% – 7.8%
7.8%
7.8% – 7.8%
7.8%
Home loans
Market servicing costs
0.1% – 0.1%
0.1%
0.1% – 0.1%
0.1%
Conditional prepayment rate
4.9% – 12.3%
5.5%
4.9% – 11.0%
5.2%
Annual default rate
0.1% – 0.2%
0.1%
0.1% – 0.1%
0.1%
Discount rate
9.0% – 9.0%
9.0%
9.0% – 9.0%
9.0%
    
The key assumptions are defined as follows:
•Market servicing costs — The fee a willing market participant, which we validate through actual third-party bids for our servicing, would require for the servicing of personal loans, student loans and home loans with similar characteristics as those in our serviced portfolio. An increase in the market servicing cost, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Conditional prepayment rate — The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Annual default rate — The annualized rate of default within the total serviced loan balance. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Discount rate — The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the servicing rights. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
The following table presents the estimated decrease to the fair value of our servicing rights if the key assumptions had each of the below adverse changes:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Market servicing costs
2.5 basis points increase
$(10,615)$(10,395)
5.0 basis points increase
(21,230)(20,807)
Conditional prepayment rate
10% increase
$(3,592)$(4,036)
20% increase
(7,011)(7,833)
Annual default rate
10% increase
$(163)$(166)
20% increase
(326)(331)
Discount rate
100 basis points increase
$(4,093)$(3,905)
200 basis points increase
(7,921)(7,562)

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. The effect on fair value of a variation in assumptions generally cannot be determined because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the fair value may not be linear. Additionally, the effect of an adverse variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of our servicing rights is calculated while holding the other assumptions constant. In reality, changes in one factor may lead to changes in other factors, which could impact the above hypothetical effects.
Residual Investments and Residual Interests Classified as Debt
Residual investments and residual interests classified as debt do not trade in active markets with readily observable prices, and there is limited observable market data for reference. The fair values of residual investments and residual interests classified as debt are determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. Management classifies residual investments and residual interests classified as debt as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurements.
The following key unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurements of our residual investments and residual interests classified as debt:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
RangeWeighted AverageRange
Weighted Average
Residual investments
Conditional prepayment rate
12.7% – 25.2%
14.4%
17.9% – 32.0%
19.9%
Annual default rate
0.4% – 5.8%
1.1%
0.4% – 5.4%
1.1%
Discount rate
5.0% – 10.0%
6.9%
4.8% – 10.5%
6.7%
Residual interests classified as debt
Conditional prepayment rate
12.5% – 13.1%
12.6%
17.2% – 18.1%
17.8%
Annual default rate
0.6% – 0.8%
0.6%
0.6% – 0.8%
0.7%
Discount rate
7.8% – 7.8%
7.8%
7.5% – 7.5%
7.5%
The key assumptions are defined as follows:
•Conditional prepayment rate — The monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period for the pool of loans in the securitization. An increase in the conditional prepayment rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Annual default rate — The annualized rate of borrowers who fail to remain current on their loans for the pool of loans in the securitization. An increase in the annual default rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
•Discount rate — The weighted average rate at which the expected cash flows are discounted to arrive at the net present value of the residual investments and residual interests classified as debt. An increase in the discount rate, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumption was weighted based on relative fair value.
Loan Commitments
We classify student loan commitments as Level 3 because the assets do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices and, as such, our valuations utilize significant unobservable inputs. Additionally, we classify IRLCs as Level 3, as our IRLCs are inherently uncertain and unobservable given that a home loan origination is contingent on a plethora of factors. The following key unobservable inputs were used in the fair value measurements of our IRLCs and student loan commitments:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
RangeWeighted AverageRange
Weighted Average
IRLCs
Loan funding probability(1)
2.6% – 58.5%
57.8%
11.1% – 58.6%
46.3%
Student loan commitments
Loan funding probability(1)
95.0% – 95.0%
95.0%
95.0% – 95.0%
95.0%
___________________
(1)The aggregate amount of student loans we committed to fund was $4,842 as of March 31, 2023. See Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments for the aggregate notional amount associated with IRLCs.
The key assumption is defined as follows:
•Loan funding probability — Our expectation of the percentage of IRLCs or student loan commitments which will become funded loans. A significant difference between the actual funded rate and the assumed funded rate at the measurement date could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement of our IRLCs and student loan commitments. An increase in the loan funding probabilities, in isolation, would result in an increase in a fair value measurement. The weighted average assumptions were weighted based on relative fair values.
Safeguarding Assets and Liabilities
Through our SoFi Invest product (via our wholly-owned subsidiary, SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a licensed money transmitter), our members can invest in digital assets. We engage third parties to provide custodial services for our digital assets offering, which includes holding the cryptographic key information and working to protect the digital assets from loss or theft. The third-party custodians hold digital assets as custodial assets in an account in SoFi’s name for the benefit of our members. We maintain the internal recordkeeping of our members’ digital assets, including the amount and type of digital assets owned by each of our members in the custodial accounts. We currently utilize two third-party custodians. Therefore, we have concentration risk in the event the custodians are not able to perform in accordance with our agreements. As of March 31, 2023, we did not identify any loss events.
The following table presents the significant digital assets held by our third-party custodians on behalf of our members:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Bitcoin (BTC)$76,729 $44,346 
Ethereum (ETH)55,026 37,826 
Cardano (ADA)8,403 5,217 
Dogecoin (DOGE)5,483 4,784 
Solana (SOL)3,432 1,588 
Litecoin (LTC)3,165 2,492 
Ethereum Classic (ETC)2,957 2,333 
All other(1)
12,759 8,240 
Digital assets safeguarding liability and corresponding safeguarding asset$167,954 $106,826 
___________________
(1)Includes 23 and 23 digital assets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, none of which were determined to be individually significant.
Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value
The following table summarizes the carrying values and estimated fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of our assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Fair Value
Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
March 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$2,487,778 $2,487,778 $— $— $2,487,778 
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents(1)
489,736 489,736 — — 489,736 
Loans at amortized cost(2)
328,029 — — 348,885 348,885 
Other investments(3)
33,503 — 33,503 — 33,503 
Total assets
$3,339,046 $2,977,514 $33,503 $348,885 $3,359,902 
Liabilities
Deposits(4)
$10,088,441 $— $10,087,506 $— $10,087,506 
Debt(5)
6,050,826 847,511 4,874,094 — 5,721,605 
Total liabilities
$16,139,267 $847,511 $14,961,600 $— $15,809,111 
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$1,421,907 $1,421,907 $— $— $1,421,907 
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents(1)
424,395 424,395 — — 424,395 
Loans at amortized cost(2)
307,957 — — 328,775 328,775 
Other investments(3)
28,651 — 28,651 — 28,651 
Total assets
$2,182,910 $1,846,302 $28,651 $328,775 $2,203,728 
Liabilities
Deposits(4)
$7,342,296 $— $7,340,160 $— $7,340,160 
Debt(5)
5,396,740 826,242 4,219,574 — 5,045,816 
Total liabilities
$12,739,036 $826,242 $11,559,734 $— $12,385,976 
___________________
(1)The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities and highly liquid nature of these accounts.
(2)The fair value of our credit cards was determined using a discounted cash flow model with key inputs relating to weighted average lives, expected lifetime loss rates and discount rate. The fair value of our commercial and consumer banking loans was determined using a discounted cash flow model with key inputs relating to the underlying contractual coupons, terms, discount rate and expectations for defaults.
(3)Other investments include Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock and FHLB stock, which are presented within other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(4)The fair values of our deposits without contractually defined maturities (such as demand and savings deposits) and our noninterest-bearing deposits approximate the carrying values. The fair value of our time-based deposits was determined using a discounted cash flow model based on rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
(5)The carrying value of our debt is net of unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs. The fair value of our convertible notes was classified as Level 1, as it was based on an observable market quote. The fair values of our warehouse facility debt and revolving credit facility debt were classified as Level 2 and based on market factors and credit factors specific to these financial instruments. The fair value of our securitization debt was classified as Level 2 and valued using a discounted cash flow model, with key inputs relating to the underlying contractual coupons, terms, discount rate and expectations for defaults and prepayments.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Investments in equity securities of $22,861 and $22,825 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which are presented within other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, include investments for which fair values are not readily determinable, which we elect to measure using the measurement alternative method of accounting. The fair value measurements are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the use of unobservable inputs in the fair value measurements. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balance was primarily composed of a $19,739 investment valued under the measurement alternative method during 2022 that was a former equity method investment.