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Investment in Securities

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

9. Investment in Securities

Investment in securities as of March 31, 2024 and 2025 consists of the following:


	Millions of yen
	2024		2025
Equity securities*	¥	597,601	¥	626,910
Available-for-sale debt securities		2,665,478		2,607,637

Total	¥	3,263,079	¥	3,234,547

The amount of assets under management of variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts included in equity securities were ¥161,244 million and ¥132,313 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The amount of investment funds and others elected the fair value option included in equity securities were ¥26,945 million and ¥24,960 million as of March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Gains and losses realized from the sale of equity securities and net unrealized holding gains (losses) on equity securities are included in gains on investment securities and dividends, life insurance premiums and related investment income, and write-downs of securities. For further information, see Note 22 “Gains on Investment Securities and Dividends” and Note 23 “Income and Expenses Relating to Life Insurance Operations.” Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on equity securities held as of March 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were gains of ¥18,065 million, ¥53,318 million and ¥4,422 million for fiscal 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, which did not include net unrealized holding gains (losses) on both investment funds, and others above mentioned.

Equity securities include

non-marketable

equity securities and preferred equity securities, etc. elected for the measurement alternative. Upward or downward adjustments resulting from observable price changes are included in gains on investment securities and dividends and life insurance premiums and related investment income. Impairments are included in write-downs of securities. The following tables provide information about impairment and upward or downward adjustments resulting from observable price changes as of March 31, 2024 and 2025, and for fiscal 2024 and 2025.


	Millions of yen
	March 31, 2024							Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2024
	Carrying value		Accumulated impairments and downward adjustments			Accumulated upward adjustments		Impairments and downward adjustments			Upward adjustments
Equity securities measured using the measurement alternative	¥	96,714	¥	(16,171	)	¥	2,201	¥	(774	)	¥	1,185


	Millions of yen
	March 31, 2025							Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2025
	Carrying value		Accumulated impairments and downward adjustments			Accumulated upward adjustments		Impairments and downward adjustments		Upward adjustments
Equity securities measured using the measurement alternative	¥	89,554	¥	(16,955	)	¥	3,643	¥	(1,438)	¥	1,485

Gains and losses realized from the sale of trading debt securities and net unrealized holding gains (losses) on trading debt securities are included in gains on investment securities and dividends. Net unrealized holding

gains (losses) on trading debt securities were losses of ¥469 million and ¥96 million during fiscal 2023 and 2024, respectively. There were no gains or losses recognized on trading debt securities during fiscal 2025.

During fiscal 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Company and its subsidiaries sold

available-for-sale

debt securities for aggregate proceeds of ¥323,773 million, ¥215,674 million and ¥299,890 million, respectively, resulting in gross realized gains of ¥7,757 million, ¥4,137 million and ¥8,499 million, respectively, and gross realized losses of ¥8,367 million, ¥11,090 million and ¥16,517 million, respectively. The cost of the

available-for-sale

securities or the debt securities sold was based on the average cost of each issue of securities held at the time of the sale.

Certain subsidiaries elected the fair value option for certain investments in investment funds and others included in equity securities whose net asset values do not represent the fair value of investments due to the illiquid nature of these investments. The subsidiaries manage these investments on a fair value basis and the election of the fair value option enables the subsidiaries to reflect more appropriate assumptions to measure the fair value of these investments. As of March 31, 2024 and 2025, these investments were fair valued at ¥26,945 million and ¥24,960 million, respectively.

A certain subsidiary elected the fair value option for investments in foreign government bond securities included in

available-for-sale

debt securities to mitigate volatility in the consolidated statements of income caused by the difference in recognition of gain or loss that would otherwise exist between the foreign government bond securities and the derivatives used to reduce the risks of fluctuations in market interest rates and exchange rates on these foreign government bond securities. As of March 31, 2024 and 2025, these investments were fair valued at ¥1,000 million and ¥5,379 million, respectively.

A certain subsidiary elected the fair value option for investments in foreign corporate debt securities included in

available-for-sale

debt securities to mitigate volatility in the consolidated statements of income caused by the difference in recognition of gain or loss that would otherwise exist between the foreign corporate debt securities and the derivatives used to reduce the risks of fluctuations in market interest rates and exchange rates on these foreign corporate debt securities. As of March 31, 2024 and 2025, these investments were fair valued at ¥7,751 million and ¥10,679 million, respectively.

The amortized cost basis amounts, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and fair values of

available-for-sale

debt securities in each major security type as of March 31, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:

March 31, 2024


	Millions of yen
	Amortized cost		Allowance for credit losses			Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Japanese and foreign government bond securities	¥	1,299,025	¥	0		¥	11,526	¥	(275,637	)	¥	1,034,914
Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond securities		425,426		(248	)		2,623		(26,336	)		401,465
Corporate debt securities		905,706		0			21,415		(82,542	)		844,579
CMBS and RMBS in the Americas		88,586		0			929		(1,775	)		87,740
Other asset-backed securities and debt securities		297,197		(386	)		5,496		(5,527	)		296,780

	¥	3,015,940	¥	(634	)	¥	41,989	¥	(391,817	)	¥	2,665,478

March 31, 2025
	Millions of yen
	Amortized cost		Allowance for credit losses			Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Japanese and foreign government bond securities	¥	1,520,672	¥	0		¥	1,325	¥	(429,471	)	¥	1,092,526
Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond securities		439,565		(245	)		2,408		(34,898	)		406,830
Corporate debt securities		906,297		(34	)		15,246		(118,964	)		802,545
CMBS and RMBS in the Americas		106,578		0			1,053		(880	)		106,751
Other asset-backed securities and debt securities		200,924		(391	)		5,438		(6,986	)		198,985

	¥	3,174,036	¥	(670	)	¥	25,470	¥	(591,199	)	¥	2,607,637

The following table presents roll-forwards of the allowance for credit losses for fiscal 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.


	Millions of yen
	Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2023
	Foreign municipal bond securities		Japanese other asset- backed securities and debt securities			Total
Beginning	¥	132	¥	21		¥	153
Additional increases (decreases) to the allowance for credit losses on AFS debt securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period, net		0		(21	)		(21	)
Increase (Decrease) from the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates		12		0			12

Ending	¥	144	¥	0		¥	144


	Millions of yen
	Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2024
	Foreign municipal bond securities		Foreign other asset- backed securities and debt securities		Total
Beginning	¥	144	¥	0	¥	144
Additions to the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded		80		365		445
Increase (Decrease) from the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates		24		21		45

Ending	¥	248	¥	386	¥	634


	Millions of yen
	Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2025
	Foreign municipal bond securities			Foreign corporate debt securities		Foreign other asset- backed securities and debt securities			Total
Beginning	¥	248		¥	0	¥	386		¥	634
Additions to the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded		0			34		107			141
Additional increases to the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period		0			0		32			32
Increase (Decrease) from the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates		(3	)		0		(134	)		(137	)

Ending	¥	245		¥	34	¥	391		¥	670

The following tables provide information about

available-for-sale

debt securities with gross unrealized losses (including allowance for credit losses) and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively:

March 31, 2024


	Millions of yen
	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
	Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Japanese and foreign government bond securities	¥	288,662	¥	(20,561	)	¥	605,941	¥	(255,076	)	¥	894,603	¥	(275,637	)
Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond securities		81,368		(573	)		234,289		(26,011	)		315,657		(26,584	)
Corporate debt securities		113,066		(1,317	)		418,666		(81,225	)		531,732		(82,542	)
CMBS and RMBS in the Americas		3,482		(79	)		35,880		(1,696	)		39,362		(1,775	)
Other asset-backed securities and debt securities		46,950		(2,557	)		52,382		(3,356	)		99,332		(5,913	)

	¥	533,528	¥	(25,087	)	¥	1,347,158	¥	(367,364	)	¥	1,880,686	¥	(392,451	)

March 31, 2025


	Millions of yen
	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
	Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Japanese and foreign government bond securities	¥	132,283	¥	(9,785	)	¥	913,742	¥	(419,686	)	¥	1,046,025	¥	(429,471	)
Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond securities		95,936		(3,409	)		224,679		(31,734	)		320,615		(35,143	)
Corporate debt securities		152,094		(5,196	)		427,837		(113,802	)		579,931		(118,998	)
CMBS and RMBS in the Americas		16,940		(103	)		15,817		(777	)		32,757		(880	)
Other asset-backed securities and debt securities		56,671		(411	)		35,183		(6,966	)		91,854		(7,377	)

	¥	453,924	¥	(18,904	)	¥	1,617,258	¥	(572,965	)	¥	2,071,182	¥	(591,869	)

The following table provides information about

available-for-sale

debt securities with gross unrealized losses for which allowance for credit losses were not recorded and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively:

March 31, 2024


	Millions of yen
	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
	Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Japanese and foreign government bond securities	¥	288,662	¥	(20,561	)	¥	605,941	¥	(255,076	)	¥	894,603	¥	(275,637	)
Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond securities		80,058		(488	)		230,512		(25,848	)		310,570		(26,336	)
Corporate debt securities		113,066		(1,317	)		418,666		(81,225	)		531,732		(82,542	)
CMBS and RMBS in the Americas		3,482		(79	)		35,880		(1,696	)		39,362		(1,775	)
Other asset-backed securities and debt securities		45,517		(2,474	)		51,812		(2,932	)		97,329		(5,406	)

	¥	530,785	¥	(24,919	)	¥	1,342,811	¥	(366,777	)	¥	1,873,596	¥	(391,696	)

March 31, 2025


	Millions of yen
	Less than 12 months					12 months or more					Total
	Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value		Gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Japanese and foreign government bond securities	¥	132,283	¥	(9,785	)	¥	913,742	¥	(419,686	)	¥	1,046,025	¥	(429,471	)
Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond securities		94,691		(3,325	)		220,950		(31,573	)		315,641		(34,898	)
Corporate debt securities		149,367		(5,128	)		427,837		(113,802	)		577,204		(118,930	)
CMBS and RMBS in the Americas		16,940		(103	)		15,817		(777	)		32,757		(880	)
Other asset-backed securities and debt securities		56,671		(340	)		34,868		(6,553	)		91,539		(6,893	)

	¥	449,952	¥	(18,681	)	¥	1,613,214	¥	(572,391	)	¥	2,063,166	¥	(591,072	)

The number of investment securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024 and 2025 were 1,126 and 1,272, respectively. The gross unrealized losses on these debt securities are attributable to a number of factors including changes in interest rates, credit spreads and market trends.

As of March 31, 2024 and 2025, the amount of accrued

interest

available-for-sale

debt securities were ¥13,960 million and ¥14,545 million, respectively, which was included in other assets. The Company and its subsidiaries estimate credit losses and develop an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. There was no allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables as of March 31, 2024 and 2025.

For

available-for-sale

debt securities, if the fair value is less than the amortized cost, the debt securities are impaired. The Company and its subsidiaries identify per each impaired security whether the decline of fair value is due to credit losses component or

non-credit

losses component. Impairment related to credit losses is recognized in earning through an allowance for credit losses. Impairment related to other factors than credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. In estimating an allowance of credit losses, the Company and its subsidiaries consider the existence of credit losses if the present value of estimated cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis. When the Company and its subsidiaries intend to sell the debt securities for which an allowance for credit losses is previously established or it is more likely than not that the Company and its subsidiaries will be required to sell the debt securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis, the allowance for credit losses is fully

written-off

and the amortized cost is reduced to the fair value after recognizing additional impairment in earnings. In addition, the Company and its subsidiaries recognize in earnings the full difference between the amortized cost and the fair value of the debt securities by direct write-down, without any allowance for credit losses, if the debt securities are expected to be sold and the fair value is less than the amortized cost.

Reversals of credit losses related to

available-for-sale

debt securities recognized for fiscal 2023 resulted from the redemption of Japanese other asset-backed and debt securities, as of March 31, 2023. Credit losses related to

available-for-sale

debt securities recognized for fiscal 2024 resulted from the respective deterioration of cash flows relating to foreign municipal bond securities and foreign other asset-backed securities and debt

securities, as of March 31, 2024. Credit losses related to available-for- sale debt securities recognized for fiscal 2025 resulted from the respective deterioration of the issuers’ credit conditions and cash flows relating to foreign corporate debt securities and foreign other asset-backed securities and debt securities, as of March 31, 2025. The evaluation of credit losses with

available-for-sale

debt securities is compared to the amortized cost of debt securities with the present value of cash flows estimated based on a number of overall conditions, including estimated fair value of the underlying receivables and the repayment priority of the securities. Because the Company and its subsidiaries do not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not that the Company and its subsidiaries will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company and its subsidiaries recognized the allowance for credit losses.

Unrealized losses on

available-for-sale

debt securities mainly result from changes in market interest rates and foreign exchange rates, and changes in risk premiums. In order to evaluate the recoverability of the

available-for-sale

debt securities, the Company and its subsidiaries utilize all available information such as an issuer’s financial condition and business outlook. The fair value of Japanese and foreign government bond securities, Japanese prefectural and foreign municipal bond, and corporate debt securities is mainly estimated based on prices for similar assets. If there are no prices for similar assets available, the fair value of these securities is estimated by using discounted cash flow methodologies and broker quotes. The fair value of CMBS and RMBS in the Americas and other asset-backed securities and debt securities refers to prices from independent pricing service vendors and brokers, such as trading prices and bit prices. If the Company and its subsidiaries cannot rely on such prices, the fair value is calculated by using discounted cash flow methodologies and broker quotes. In discounted cash flow methodologies, future cash flows estimated based on a number of assumptions such as default rate, prepayment rate, and seniority are discounted by discount rate adjusted for credit risk and liquidity risk.

The following is a summary of the contractual maturities of

available-for-sale

debt securities as of March 31, 2025:

Available-for-sale

debt securities held as of March 31, 2025


	Millions of yen
	Amortized cost		Fair value
Due within one year	¥	50,655	¥	50,294
Due after one to five years		348,552		347,285
Due after five to ten years		410,186		407,825
Due after ten years		2,364,643		1,802,233

	¥	3,174,036	¥	2,607,637

Debt securities not due at a single maturity date, such as mortgage-backed securities, are included in the above table based on their final maturities.

Certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. This right may cause actual maturities to differ from the contractual maturities summarized above.

Included in finance revenues in the consolidated statements of income is interest income on investment securities of ¥19,906 million, ¥26,331 million and ¥29,140 million for fiscal 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

There were no

available-for-sale

debt securities accounted for as purchased credit deterioration financial assets acquired during fiscal 2024 and 2025.