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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies Business We are one of the largest North American less-than-truckload (“LTL”) motor carriers. We provide regional, inter-regional and national LTL services through a single integrated, union-free organization. Our service offerings, which include expedited transportation, are provided through an expansive network of service centers located throughout the continental United States. Through strategic alliances, we also provide LTL services throughout North America. In addition to our core LTL services, we offer a range of value-added services including container drayage, truckload brokerage and supply chain consulting. We have one operating segment and no single customer exceeds 6% of our revenue. The composition of our revenue is summarized below:
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
LTL services |  | $ | 5,804,939 |  |  | $ | 6,177,055 |  |  | $ | 5,177,497 |
Other services |  |  | 61,213 |  |  |  | 83,022 |  |  |  | 78,831 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 5,866,152 |  |  | $ | 6,260,077 |  |  | $ | 5,256,328 |
Basis of Presentation The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain amounts in prior years have been reclassified to conform prior years’ financial statements to the current presentation. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in these Notes to “Old Dominion,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc. Revenue and Expense Recognition We recognize revenue based upon when our transportation and related services have been completed in accordance with the bill of lading (“BOL”) contract, our general tariff provisions and contractual agreements with our customers. Generally, our performance obligations begin when we receive a BOL from a customer and are satisfied when we complete the delivery of a shipment and related services. We recognize revenue for our performance obligations under our customer contracts over time, as our customers receive the benefits of our services in accordance with ASC Topic 606. With respect to services not completed at the end of a reporting period, we use a percentage of completion method to allocate the appropriate revenue to each separate reporting period. Under this method, we develop a factor for each uncompleted shipment by dividing the actual number of days in transit at the end of a reporting period by that shipment’s standard delivery time schedule. This factor is applied to the total revenue for that shipment and revenue is allocated between reporting periods accordingly. Payment terms vary by customer and are short-term in nature. Expenses are recognized when incurred. Allowances for Uncollectible Accounts and Revenue Adjustments We maintain an allowance for uncollectible accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We estimate this allowance by analyzing the aging of our customer receivables, our historical loss experience and other trends and factors affecting the credit risk of our customers, including anticipated changes to future performance. Write-offs occur when we determine an account to be uncollectible and could differ from our allowance estimate as a result of factors such as changes in the overall economic environment or risks surrounding our customers. Additional allowances may be required if the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments. We periodically review the underlying assumptions in our estimate of the allowance for uncollectible accounts to ensure that the allowance reflects the most recent trends and factors. We also maintain an allowance for estimated revenue adjustments resulting from future billing corrections, customer allowances, money-back service guarantees and other miscellaneous revenue adjustments. These revenue adjustments are recorded in our revenue from operations. We use historical experience, trends and current information to update and evaluate these estimates. Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of customer receivables. We perform initial and ongoing credit evaluations of our customers to minimize credit risk. We generally do not require collateral but may requ ire prepayment of our services under certain circumstances. Credit risk is generally diversified due to the large number of entities comprising our customer base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographic regions. When held, we generally expect our short-term investments will be diversified over various high-quality issuers. Such short-term investments may also subject us to concentrations of credit risk. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider cash on hand and deposits in banks along with certificates of deposit and short-term marketable securities with original maturities of three months or less as cash and cash equivalents. Short-term Investments The Company’s investments in commercial paper with an original maturity of greater than three months have been classified and accounted for as trading securities, and are reported in “Short-term investments” on our Balance Sheets. These investments are measured at fair value each reporting period, with gains or losses recorded in “Non-operating (income) expense” on our Statements of Operations. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Major additions and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are charged to expense as incurred. We capitalize the cost of tires mounted on purchased revenue equipment as a part of the total equipment cost. Subsequent replacement tires are expensed at the time those tires are placed in service. We assess the realizable value of our long-lived assets and evaluate such assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Depreciation of property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The following table provides the estimated useful lives by asset type:
Structures |  | 7 to 30 years
Revenue equipment |  | 4 to 15 years
Other equipment |  | 2 to 20 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of economic life or life of lease
Depreciation expense was $324.0 million, $275.6 million and $259.5 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Claims and Insurance Accruals We carry a significant amount of insurance with third-party insurance carriers that provides various levels of protection for our risk exposure, including protection in the areas of property, casualty, cyber, management, and group health, with coverage limits and retention and deductible levels that we believe are reasonable given historical claim activity and severity. We believe that our policy of maintaining self-insured retentions or deductibles under these various insurance programs for a portion of our risks, supported by our safety, claims management and loss prevention programs, is an effective means of managing insurance costs. We periodically review our risk exposure and insurance coverage applicable to those risks and believe that we maintain sufficient insurance coverage. Claims and insurance accruals reflect the Company’s estimated cost of claims for cargo loss and damage, BIPD, workers’ compensation, group health and group dental. These accruals include amounts for future claims development and claims incurred but not reported, which are primarily based on historical claims development experience. The related cost for cargo loss and damage and BIPD is charged to “Insurance and claims” on our Statements of Operations, while the related costs for workers’ compensation, group health and group dental are charged to “Salaries, wages and benefits” on our Statements of Operations. Our liability for claims and insurance totaled $153.8 million and $156.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The long-term portions of those reserves were $90.4 million and $92.7 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were included in “Other non-current liabilities” on our Balance Sheets. Share-Based Compensation We have various share-based compensation plans for our employees and non-employee directors. Our share-based compensation includes awards of phantom stock, restricted stock, and performance-based restricted stock units which are accounted for under ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. All share-based compensation expense is presented in “Salaries, wages and benefits” for employees and “Miscellaneous expenses, net” for non-employee directors in the accompanying Statements of Operations. Total compensation expense recognized for all share-based compensation awards was $11.1 million, $15.9 million and $15.0 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The total tax benefit recognized related to these awards was $3.3 million, $3.3 million and $2.9 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Awards of restricted stock, modified phantom stock and performance-based restricted stock units are accounted for as equity under ASC Topic 718. We recognize compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, for restricted stock awards and modified phantom stock awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award. Compensation cost for performance-based restricted stock unit awards is recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period of each award. At the end of each reporting period, we reassess the probability of achieving performance targets and changes to our initial assessment are reflected in the reporting period in which the change in estimate occurs. Advertising The costs of advertising our services are expensed as incurred and are included in “General supplies and expenses” on our Statements of Operations. Advertising costs charged to expense totaled $34.6 million, $29.0 million and $28.1 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The levels of inputs used to measure fair value are: • Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; • Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and • Level 3 — Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable, generally utilizing pricing models or other valuation techniques that reflect management’s judgment and estimates. Our short-term investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Our long-term debt, including current maturities, are measured at fair value. Both of these instruments are further described in Note 9. Our other financial securities in current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Stock Repurchase Program On May 1, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a two-year stock repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to an aggregate of $700.0 million of our outstanding common stock (the “2020 Repurchase Program”). The 2020 Repurchase Program became effective on May 29, 2020. On July 28, 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to an aggregate of $2.0 billion of our outstanding common stock (the “2021 Repurchase Program”). The 2021 Repurchase Program, which does not have an expiration date, began after the completion of the 2020 Repurchase Program in January 2022. At December 31, 2023, we had $225.4 million remaining authorized under the 2021 Repurchase Program. On July 26, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to an aggregate of $3.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. The new repurchase program, which does not have an expiration date, will be effective upon the completion of our 2021 Repurchase Program. Under our repurchase programs, we may repurchase shares from time to time in open market purchases or through privately negotiated transactions. Shares of our common stock repurchased under our repurchase programs are canceled at the time of repurchase and are classified as authorized but unissued shares of our common stock. We entered into accelerated share repurchase agreements with a third-party financial institution on each of August 26, 2021 and February 24, 2022. The Company’s accelerated share repurchase agreements are each accounted for as a settled treasury stock purchase and a forward stock purchase contract. The par value of the initial shares received is recorded as a reduction to common stock, with the excess purchase price recorded as a reduction to retained earnings. The forward stock purchase contract is accounted for as a contract indexed to our own stock and is classified within capital in excess of par value on our Balance Sheets. The Company's accelerated share repurchase agreements are each settled with the final number of shares received based on the daily volume-weighted average share price of our common stock over the term of the agreement, less a negotiated discount. The table below summarizes our accelerated share repurchase activity for 2022 and 2021. There was no accelerated share repurchase activity for the year ended December 31, 2023.
|  |  |  |  |  | Agreement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agreement |  | Settlement |  | Amount |  |  | Initial Shares |  |  | Shares Received |  |  | Total Shares |
Date |  | Date |  | (In millions) |  |  | Received |  |  | at Settlement |  |  | Received |
February 2021 |  |  | August 2021 |  |  | $ | 275.0 |  |  |  | 960,330 |  |  |  | 140,716 |  |  |  | 1,101,046 |
August 2021 |  |  | January 2022 |  |  | $ | 250.0 |  |  |  | 655,365 |  |  |  | 123,410 |  |  |  | 778,775 |
February 2022 |  |  | April 2022 |  |  | $ | 400.0 |  |  |  | 1,018,157 |  |  |  | 372,809 |  |  |  | 1,390,966 |
Comprehensive Income The Company has no components of other comprehensive income. Accordingly, net income equals comprehensive income for all periods presented in this report.

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