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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment at cost

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method with the following useful lives (in years):

	Range
Buildings and building improvements	5 to 40
Leasehold improvements	5 to 10 or life of the lease (whichever is shorter)
Racking	1 to 20 or life of the lease (whichever is shorter)
Warehouse equipment/vehicles	1 to 10
Furniture and fixtures	1 to 10
Computer hardware and software	2 to 5

Property, plant and equipment (including capital leases in the respective category), at cost, consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2017				2018
Land	$	314,897			$	400,980
Buildings and building improvements	2,039,902				2,991,307
Leasehold improvements	592,700				770,666
Racking	1,996,594				2,001,831
Warehouse equipment/vehicles	467,345				481,515
Furniture and fixtures	55,245				56,207
Computer hardware and software	627,571				680,283
Construction in progress	156,846				218,160
	$	6,251,100			$	7,600,949

Schedule of carrying value of goodwill, net for each of the reporting units

The carrying value of goodwill, net for each of our reporting units described above as of December 31, 2017 is as follows:

	Carrying Value as of December 31, 2017
North American Records and Information Management(1)	$	2,269,446
North American Data Management(2)	497,851
Consumer Storage(3)	—
Fine Arts(3)	25,298
Entertainment Services(3)	34,750
Western Europe(4)	396,489
NEE and MEAI(5)	188,265
Latin America(5)	155,115
Australia and New Zealand(5)	316,883
Asia(5)	186,170
Global Data Center(6)	—
Total	$	4,070,267

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) This reporting unit is included in the North American Records and Information Management Business segment.

(2) This reporting unit is included in the North American Data Management Business segment.

(3) This reporting unit is included in the Corporate and Other Business segment.

(4) This reporting unit is included in the Western European Business segment.

(5) This reporting unit is included in the Other International Business segment.

(6) This reporting unit is included in the Global Data Center Business segment.

The carrying value of goodwill, net for each of our reporting units described above as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Carrying Value as of December 31, 2018
North American Records and Information Management(1)	$	2,251,795
North American Data Management(2)	493,491
Consumer Storage(3)	—
Fine Arts(3)	35,526
Entertainment Services(3)	34,233
Western Europe(4)	381,806
NEE and MEI(5)	169,780
Latin America(5)	136,099
ANZ SA(5)	300,204
Asia(5)	212,140
Global Data Center(6)	425,956
Total	$	4,441,030

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) This reporting unit is included in the North American Records and Information Management Business segment.

(2) This reporting unit is included in the North American Data Management Business segment.

(3) This reporting unit is included in the Corporate and Other Business segment.

(4) This reporting unit is included in the Western European Business segment.

(5) This reporting unit is included in the Other International Business segment.

(6) This reporting unit is included in the Global Data Center Business segment.

Schedule of changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable operating segment

The changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

	North American Records and Information Management Business				North American Data Management Business				Western European Business				Other International Business				Global Data Center Business				Corporate and Other Business				Total Consolidated
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2016	$	2,280,911			$	493,966			$	349,421			$	743,077			$	—			$	37,646			$	3,905,021
Deductible goodwill acquired during the year	894				—				—				9,274				—				717				10,885
Non-deductible goodwill acquired during the year	—				—				—				24,970				—				24,533				49,503
Goodwill impairment	—				—				—				—				—				(3,011		)		(3,011		)
Goodwill allocated to Russia and Ukraine Divestment (see Note 13)	—				—				—				(3,515		)		—				—				(3,515		)
Fair value and other adjustments(1)	(25,195		)		208				10,536				21,079				—				—				6,628
Currency effects	12,836				3,677				36,532				51,548				—				163				104,756
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2017	2,269,446				497,851				396,489				846,433				—				60,048				4,070,267
Deductible goodwill acquired during the year	—				—				—				3,251				—				6,644				9,895
Non-deductible goodwill acquired during the year	—				—				5,231				28,999				429,853				3,620				467,703
Goodwill allocated to IMFS Divestment (see Note 13)	(1,202		)		—				—				—				—				—				(1,202		)
Fair value and other adjustments(2)	(423		)		—				—				4,283				—				609				4,469
Currency effects	(16,026		)		(4,360		)		(19,914		)		(64,743		)		(3,897		)		(1,162		)		(110,102		)
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2018	$	2,251,795			$	493,491			$	381,806			$	818,223			$	425,956			$	69,759			$	4,441,030
Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	85,909			$	—			$	46,500			$	—			$	—			$	3,011			$	135,420
Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	85,909			$	—			$	46,500			$	—			$	—			$	3,011			$	135,420

___________________________________________________________________

(1) Total fair value and other adjustments primarily include net adjustments of $6,628 primarily related to property, plant and equipment, and customer relationship intangible assets.

(2) Total fair value and other adjustments primarily include net adjustments of $(2,717) primarily related to property, plant and equipment, customer relationship intangible assets and deferred income taxes and other liabilities and $7,186 of cash paid related to certain acquisitions completed in 2017.

Components of amortizable intangible assets

	December 31, 2017												December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Other finite-lived intangible assets (included in other assets, net)	$	20,929			$	(10,728	)		$	10,201			$	20,310			$	(14,798	)		$	5,512

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, are as follows:

	December 31, 2017												December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Assets:
Customer relationship intangible assets	$	1,704,105			$	(395,278	)		$	1,308,827			$	1,718,919			$	(455,705	)		$	1,263,214
Customer inducements(1)	140,030				(66,981		)		73,049				56,478				(34,181		)		22,297
Data center lease-based intangible assets(2)	19,314				(643		)		18,671				271,818				(50,807		)		221,011
Third-party commissions asset(3)	—				—				—				30,071				(1,089		)		28,982
	$	1,863,449			$	(462,902	)		$	1,400,547			$	2,077,286			$	(541,782	)		$	1,535,504
Liabilities:
Data center below-market leases	$	—			$	—			$	—			$	12,318			$	(1,642	)		$	10,676

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) The gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization and net carrying amount of customer inducements as of December 31, 2017 includes Free Move Costs, which were capitalized as Customer Inducements prior to the adoption of ASU 2014-09. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Free Move Costs are considered Contract Fulfillment Costs and Customer Inducements consist exclusively of Permanent Withdrawal Fees. Contract Fulfillment Costs are included in Other, a component of Other assets, net, in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018. See Note 2.l. for information regarding Contract Fulfillment Costs included in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018.

(2) Includes Data Center In-Place Leases, Data Center Tenant Relationships and Data Center Above-Market Leases.

(3) Third-party commissions asset is included in Other, a component of Other assets, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018. See Note 6 for additional information on the third-party commissions asset.

Schedule of amortization expenses

Amortization expense associated with finite-lived intangible assets, revenue reduction associated with the amortization of Permanent Withdrawal Fees and net revenue reduction associated with the amortization of Data Center Above-Market Leases and Data Center Below-Market Leases for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2016				2017				2018
Amortization expense included in depreciation and amortization associated with:
Customer relationship and customer inducement intangible assets		$	84,349			$	109,563			$	113,782
Data center in-place leases and tenant relationships		—				—				43,061
Other finite-lived intangible assets		2,451				6,530				4,624
Third-party commissions asset		—				—				1,089
Revenue reduction associated with amortization of:
Permanent withdrawal fees		$	12,217			$	11,253			$	11,408
Data center above-market leases and data center below-market leases		—				—				4,873

Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for the next five succeeding fiscal years

Estimated amortization expense for existing finite-lived intangible assets (excluding deferred financing costs, as disclosed in Note 2.j. and Contract Fulfillment Costs, as defined and disclosed in Note 2.l.) is as follows:

	Estimated Amortization
	Included in Depreciation and Amortization				Revenue Reduction Associated with the Amortization of Permanent Withdrawal Fees				Revenue Reduction (Increase) Associated with Amortization of Data Center  Above-market leases and Below-market leases
2019	$	160,048			$	7,386			$	4,332
2020	155,324				5,705				1,260
2021	151,546				3,792				676
2022	121,459				1,667				157
2023	118,586				1,192				(523		)
Thereafter	800,248				1,387				(3,902		)

Schedule of amortization of deferred financing costs

Estimated amortization expense for deferred financing costs, which are amortized as a component of interest expense, is as follows:

	Estimated Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs
2019	$	15,544
2020	15,396
2021	14,272
2022	13,227
2023	10,108
Thereafter	18,060

Components of prepaid expenses

Accrued expenses, with items greater than 5% of total current liabilities are shown separately, and consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2017				2018
Interest	$	71,176			$	83,854
Payroll and vacation	67,379				65,846
Incentive compensation	72,006				75,256
Sales tax and VAT payable	63,725				96,564
Dividend	172,102				181,986
Other	206,758				249,178
Accrued expenses	$	653,146			$	752,684

Schedule of new accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting principles

Deferred revenue liabilities are reflected as follows in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

				December 31,
Description		Balance Sheet Location		2017				2018
Deferred revenue - Current		Deferred revenue		$	241,590			$	264,823
Deferred revenue - Long-term		Other Long-term Liabilities		—				26,401

The Contract Fulfillment Costs recorded as a result of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 are as follows:

				January 1, 2018 (Date of Adoption of ASU 2014-09)													December 31, 2018
Description		Location in Balance Sheet		Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount					Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Intake Costs asset		Other (within Other Assets, Net)		$	31,604			$	(14,954	)		$	16,650				$	39,748			$	(24,504	)		15,244
Commissions asset		Other (within Other Assets, Net)		42,072				(21,173		)		20,899					58,424				(34,637		)		23,787

The following table presents certain components of our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 as reported and as if we had not adopted ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018:

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
	As Reported				If ASU 2014-09 was not adopted
Revenues	$	4,225,761			$	4,219,663
Operating Income	$	755,508			$	751,648
Income from Continuing Operations	$	376,976			$	373,113
Per Share Income from Continuing Operations - Basic	$	1.31			$	1.30
Per Share Income from Continuing Operations - Diluted	$	1.31			$	1.30

Contract with customer, future amortization expense

Estimated amortization expense for Contract Fulfillment Costs is as follows:

	Estimated Amortization
2019	$	21,227
2020	12,526
2021	5,278

Schedule of future minimum rental payments for operating leases

The future minimum lease payments to be received under non-cancellable data center operating leases, for which we are the lessor, excluding month to month leases, for the next five years are as follows:

	Future minimum lease payments
2019	$	178,196
2020	138,216
2021	92,724
2022	71,784
2023	57,882

Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards related to continuing operations

Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	$	110			$	108			$	119
Selling, general and administrative expenses	28,866				29,911				31,048
Total stock-based compensation	$	28,976			$	30,019			$	31,167

Schedule of weighted average assumptions

. The weighted average assumptions used for grants in the year ended December 31:

Weighted Average Assumptions		2016			2017			2018
Expected volatility		27.2	%		25.7	%		25.4	%
Risk-free interest rate		1.32	%		1.96	%		2.65	%
Expected dividend yield		7	%		6	%		7	%
Expected life		5.6 years			5.0 years			5.0 years

Summary of stock option activity

A summary of our stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 by vesting terms is as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	Stock Options Outstanding			% of Stock Options Outstanding
Three-year vesting period (10 year contractual life)	3,965,018			92.8	%
Five-year vesting period (10 year contractual life)	306,816			7.2	%
	4,271,834			100.0	%

A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price				Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	3,671,740			$	34.41
Granted	846,517			33.71
Exercised	(182,607	)		22.36
Forfeited	(47,754	)		34.69
Expired	(16,062	)		34.69
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	4,271,834			$	34.78			7.03		$	6,066
Options exercisable at December 31, 2018	2,393,010			$	34.51			5.97		$	5,785
Options expected to vest	1,808,321			$	35.10			8.36		$	279

Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	18,298			$	8,485			$	2,181

Summary of restricted stock and RSU activity

Cash dividends accrued and paid on RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Cash dividends accrued on RSUs	$	2,525			$	2,590			$	2,899
Cash dividends paid on RSUs	2,363				2,370				2,477

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Fair value of RSUs vested	$	22,236			$	19,825			$	20,454

A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

	RSUs			Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2017	1,071,469			$	35.38
Granted	814,659			33.59
Vested	(582,687	)		35.10
Forfeited	(106,875	)		34.92
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	1,196,566			$	34.33

Schedule of performance units

The fair value of earned PUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Fair value of earned PUs that vested	$	5,748			$	1,242			$	3,117

Cash dividends accrued and paid on PUs for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Cash dividends accrued on PUs	$	1,078			$	1,290			$	1,804
Cash dividends paid on PUs	645				205				644

Summary of performance unit (PU) activity

A summary of PU activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Original PU Awards			PU Adjustment(1)			Total PU Awards			Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2017	717,878			(250,067	)		467,811			$	39.28
Granted	353,507			—			353,507			33.64
Vested	(81,305	)		—			(81,305	)		38.34
Forfeited/Performance or Market Conditions Not Achieved	(23,031	)		(49,881	)		(72,912	)		38.01
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	967,049			(299,948	)		667,101			$	36.54

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Represents an increase or decrease in the number of original PUs awarded based on either the final performance criteria or market condition achievement at the end of the performance period of such PUs or a change in estimated awards based on the forecasted performance against the predefined targets.

Calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to the entity

The calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	103,880			$	191,723			$	376,976
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2,409				1,611				1,198
Income (loss) from continuing operations (utilized in numerator of Earnings Per Share calculation)	$	101,471			$	190,112			$	375,778
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	3,353				(6,291		)		(12,427		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated	$	104,824			$	183,821			$	363,351
Weighted-average shares—basic	246,178,000				265,898,000				285,913,000
Effect of dilutive potential stock options	574,954				431,071				234,558
Effect of dilutive potential RSUs and PUs	514,044				509,235				505,030
Effect of Over-Allotment Option(1)	—				6,278				—
Weighted-average shares—diluted	247,266,998				266,844,584				286,652,588
Earnings (losses) per share—basic:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	0.41			$	0.71			$	1.31
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	0.01				(0.02		)		(0.04		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated(2)	$	0.43			$	0.69			$	1.27
Earnings (losses) per share—diluted:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	0.41			$	0.71			$	1.31
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	0.01				(0.02		)		(0.04		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated(2)	$	0.42			$	0.69			$	1.27
Antidilutive stock options, RSUs and PUs, excluded from the calculation	1,790,362				2,326,344				3,258,078

___________________________________________________________________

(1) See Note 12.

(2) Columns may not foot due to rounding.

Roll forward of allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memo reserves

Rollforward of allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memo reserves is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,		Balance at Beginning of the Year				Credit Memos Charged to Revenue				Allowance for Bad Debts Charged to Expense				Other(1)				Deductions(2)				Balance at End of the Year
2016		$	31,447			$	37,616			$	8,705			$	16,528			$	(50,006	)		$	44,290
2017		44,290				38,966				14,826				1,905				(53,339		)		46,648
2018		46,648				36,329				18,625				(1,568		)		(56,450		)		43,584

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Primarily consists of recoveries of previously written-off accounts receivable, allowances of businesses acquired (primarily Recall in 2016) and the impact associated with currency translation adjustments.

(2) Primarily consists of the issuance of credit memos and the write-off of accounts receivable.

Assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis

The assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, are as follows:

					Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using
Description	Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2017				Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)				Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)				Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Money Market Funds(1)	$	585,000			$	—			$	585,000			$	—
Time Deposits(1)	24,482				—				24,482				—
Trading Securities	11,784				11,279			(2)	505			(3)	—
Derivative Assets(4)	1,579				—				1,579				—
Derivative Liabilities(4)	2,329				—				2,329				—

					Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using
Description	Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2018				Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)				Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)				Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Time Deposits(1)	$	956			$	—			$	956			$	—
Trading Securities	10,753				10,248			(2)	505			(3)	—
Derivative Assets(4)	93				—				93				—
Interest Rate Swap Agreements Liabilities(5)	973				—				973				—

_____________________________________________________________

(1) Money market funds and time deposits are measured based on quoted prices for similar assets and/or subsequent transactions.

(2) Certain trading securities are measured at fair value using quoted market prices.

(3) Certain trading securities are measured based on inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable.

(4) Derivative assets and liabilities relate to short-term (six months or less) foreign currency contracts that we have entered into to hedge certain of our foreign exchange intercompany exposures, as more fully disclosed at Note 3. We calculate the value of such forward contracts by adjusting the spot rate utilized at the balance sheet date for translation purposes by an estimate of the forward points observed in active markets.

(5) We have entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge certain of our interest rate exposures, as more fully disclosed in Note 3. The interest rate swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges and are measured based on inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable.

Schedule of changes in accumulated other comprehensive items, net

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive items, net for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments				Market Value Adjustments for Securities				Fair Value Adjustments for Interest Rate Swap Agreements				Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	(175,651	)		$	734			$	—			$	(174,917	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(36,922		)		—				—				(36,922		)
Market value adjustments for securities	—				(734		)		—				(734		)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(36,922		)		(734		)		—				(37,656		)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	(212,573	)		$	—			—				$	(212,573	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment(1)	108,584				—				—				108,584
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	108,584				—				—				108,584
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	(103,989	)		$	—			—				$	(103,989	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(160,702		)		—				—				(160,702		)
Fair value adjustments for interest rate swap agreements	—				—				(973		)		(973		)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(160,702		)		—				(973		)		(161,675		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	(264,691	)		$	—			$	(973	)		$	(265,664	)

______________________________________________________________

(1) During the year ended December 31, 2017, approximately $29,100 of cumulative translation adjustment associated with our businesses in Russia and Ukraine was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive items, net and was included in the gain on sale associated with the Russia and Ukraine Divestment (see Note 13).

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net consists of the following:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net(1)	$	20,413			$	43,248			$	(15,567	)
Debt extinguishment expense, net	9,283				78,368				—
Other, net(2)	14,604				(42,187		)		3,875
	$	44,300			$	79,429			$	(11,692	)

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) The gain or loss on foreign currency transactions, calculated as the difference between the historical exchange rate and the exchange rate at the applicable measurement date, includes gains or losses primarily related to (i) our Euro Notes (as defined in Note 4), (ii) borrowings in certain foreign currencies under our Revolving Credit Facility and our Former Revolving Credit Facility (each as defined in Note 4), (iii) certain foreign currency denominated intercompany obligations of our foreign subsidiaries to us and between our foreign subsidiaries, which are not considered permanently invested and (iv) amounts that are paid or received on the net settlement amount from forward contracts (as more fully discussed in Note 3).

(2) Other, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes a charge of $15,417 associated with the loss on disposal of the Australia Divestment Business (as defined in Note 6) and a charge of $1,421 associated with the loss on disposal of the Iron Mountain Canadian Divestments (as defined in Note 6). Other, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a gain of $38,869 associated with the Russia and Ukraine Divestment (as defined in Note 13).

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