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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities

The significant components of our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:

	December 31,
	2017				2018
Deferred Tax Assets:
Accrued liabilities and other adjustments	$	38,931			$	54,506
Net operating loss carryforwards	105,026				92,952
Federal benefit of unrecognized tax benefits	3,051				2,925
Valuation allowance	(61,756		)		(55,666		)
	85,252				94,717
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Other assets, principally due to differences in amortization	(168,028		)		(166,469		)
Plant and equipment, principally due to differences in depreciation	(61,530		)		(74,147		)
Other(1)	—				(26,260		)
	(229,558		)		(266,876		)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(144,306	)		$	(172,159	)

______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Other consists primarily of withholding taxes on the earnings of foreign qualified REIT subsidiaries, capital lease obligations and an accounting method change for certain tangible assets acquired as part of the IODC Transaction. At December 31, 2017, the comparable amount of approximately $12,800 was presented as a reduction to accrued liabilities and other adjustments in the table above.

Schedule of current and noncurrent deferred tax assets (liabilities)

The deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below:

	December 31,
	2017				2018
Noncurrent deferred tax assets (Included in Other, a component of Other Assets, net)	$	11,422			$	11,677
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities	(155,728		)		(183,836		)

Roll forward of Valuation allowance

Rollforward of the valuation allowance is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,		Balance at Beginning of the Year				Charged (Credited) to Expense				Other Increases/(Decreases)(1)				Balance at End of the Year
2016		$	60,009			$	7,660			$	3,690			$	71,359
2017		71,359				(4,317		)		(5,286		)		61,756
2018		61,756				3,568				(9,658		)		55,666

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Other increases and decreases in valuation allowances are primarily related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and disposal of certain foreign subsidiaries.

Components of income (loss) from continuing operations before provision for income taxes

The components of income (loss) from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes and gain on sale of real estate are:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
United States	$	106,223			$	161,198			$	201,730
Canada	28,157				50,019				53,779
Other Foreign	12,264				4,888				102,402
	$	146,644			$	216,105			$	357,911

Provision (benefit) for income taxes

The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following components:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Federal—current	$	52,944			$	16,345			$	703
Federal—deferred	(28,127		)		(12,655		)		(4,675		)
State—current	6,096				3,440				918
State—deferred	(1,479		)		(1,276		)		627
Foreign—current	36,272				42,532				45,371
Foreign—deferred	(20,762		)		(22,439		)		(6,681		)
	$	44,944			$	25,947			$	36,263

Reconciliation of total income tax expense and amount computed by applying the federal income tax rate

A reconciliation of total income tax expense and the amount computed by applying the former federal statutory tax rate of 35.0% to income from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes and gain on sale of real estate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 and the current federal statutory tax rate of 21.0% to income from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes and gain on sale of real estate for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016				2017				2018
Computed "expected" tax provision	$	51,325			$	75,637			$	75,161
Changes in income taxes resulting from:
Tax adjustment relating to REIT	(18,526		)		(78,873		)		(35,165		)
Deferred tax adjustment and other taxes due to REIT conversion	247				—				—
State taxes (net of federal tax benefit)	3,796				2,692				1,599
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance (net operating losses)	7,660				(4,317		)		3,568
Foreign repatriation	510				29,476				—
U.S. Federal Rate Reduction	—				(4,685		)		—
Reserve (reversal) accrual and audit settlements (net of federal tax benefit)	1,898				(9,103		)		(13,985		)
Foreign tax rate differential	(13,328		)		(11,949		)		5,545
Disallowed foreign interest, Subpart F income, and other foreign taxes	7,773				29,325				903
Other, net	3,589				(2,256		)		(1,363		)
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes	$	44,944			$	25,947			$	36,263

Tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions

A summary of tax years that remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions is as follows:

Tax Years		Tax Jurisdiction
See Below		United States—Federal and State
2012 to present		Canada
2015 to present		United Kingdom

Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits

A rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2015	$	47,685
Gross additions based on tax positions related to the current year	3,704
Gross additions for tax positions of prior years	12,207
Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years	(1,740		)
Lapses of statutes	(2,390		)
Settlements	—
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2016	$	59,466
Gross additions based on tax positions related to the current year	4,067
Gross additions for tax positions of prior years	3,368
Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years(1)	(2,789		)
Lapses of statutes	(2,629		)
Settlements	(22,950		)
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2017	$	38,533
Gross additions based on tax positions related to the current year	3,147
Gross additions for tax positions of prior years	981
Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years	(2,865		)
Lapses of statutes	(4,462		)
Settlements	(14		)
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2018	$	35,320

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) This amount includes gross additions related to the Recall Transaction.

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