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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment at cost

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method with the following useful lives (in years):

	Range
Buildings and building improvements	5 to 40
Leasehold improvements	5 to 10 or life of the lease (whichever is shorter)
Racking	1 to 20 or life of the lease (whichever is shorter)
Warehouse equipment/vehicles	1 to 10
Furniture and fixtures	1 to 10
Computer hardware and software	2 to 5

Property, plant and equipment (including financing leases in the respective category), at cost, consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2019				2018
Land	$	448,566			$	400,980
Buildings and building improvements	3,029,309				2,991,307
Leasehold improvements	852,022				770,666
Racking	2,040,832				2,001,831
Warehouse equipment/vehicles	483,218				481,515
Furniture and fixtures	54,275				56,207
Computer hardware and software	689,261				680,283
Construction in progress	451,423				218,160
	$	8,048,906			$	7,600,949

Schedule of carrying value of goodwill, net for each of the reporting units

The carrying value of goodwill, net for each of our reporting units described above as of December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Carrying Value as of December 31, 2019
North America RIM(1)	$	2,715,550
Europe RIM(1)	572,482
Latin America RIM(1)	140,897
ANZ RIM(1)	274,913
Asia RIM(1)	239,059
Global Data Center(2)	424,568
Fine Arts(3)	37,533
Entertainment Services(3)	34,102
Technology Escrow Services(3)	46,105
Total	$	4,485,209

______________________________________________________________________

(1)    This reporting unit is included in our Global RIM (as defined in Note 9) Business segment.

(2)    This reporting unit comprises our Global Data Center Business segment.

(3)    This reporting unit is included in our Corporate and Other Business segment.

Schedule of changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable operating segment

The carrying value of goodwill, net for each of our reporting units described above as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

	Carrying Value as of December 31, 2018
North American Records and Information Management(1)	$	2,251,795
North American Data Management(2)	493,491
Consumer Storage(3)	—
Fine Arts(3)	35,526
Entertainment Services(3)	34,233
Western Europe(4)	381,806
NEE and MEI(5)	169,780
Latin America(5)	136,099
ANZ SA(5)	300,204
Asia(5)	212,140
Global Data Center(6)	425,956
Total	$	4,441,030

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) This reporting unit comprised our former North American Records and Information Management Business segment.

(2) This reporting unit comprised our former North American Data Management Business segment.

(3) This reporting unit was included in our Corporate and Other Business segment.

(4) This reporting unit comprised our former Western European Business segment.

(5) This reporting unit was included in our former Other International Business segment.

(6) This reporting unit comprised our Global Data Center Business segment.

The changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is as follows:

	Global RIM Business				Global Data Center Business				Corporate and Other Business				Total Consolidated
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2017	$	3,964,114			$	—			$	106,153			$	4,070,267
Deductible goodwill acquired during the year	3,251				—				6,644				9,895
Non-deductible goodwill acquired during the year	34,230				429,853				3,620				467,703
Goodwill allocated to IMFS Divestment (see Note 13)	(1,202		)		—				—				(1,202		)
Fair value and other adjustments(1)	3,860				—				609				4,469
Currency effects	(105,043		)		(3,897		)		(1,162		)		(110,102		)
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2018	3,899,210				425,956				115,864				4,441,030
Deductible goodwill acquired during the year	16,450				—				—				16,450
Non-deductible goodwill acquired during the year	11,228				—				1,904				13,132
Fair value and other adjustments(2)	4,439				258				(417		)		4,280
Currency effects	11,574				(1,646		)		389				10,317
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2019	$	3,942,901			$	424,568			$	117,740			$	4,485,209
Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	132,409			$	—			$	3,011			$	135,420
Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	132,409			$	—			$	3,011			$	135,420

___________________________________________________________________

(1) Total fair value and other adjustments primarily include net adjustments of $(2,717) primarily related to property, plant and equipment, customer relationship intangible assets and other liabilities and $7,186 of cash paid related to certain acquisitions completed in 2017.

(2)

Total fair value and other adjustments primarily include net adjustments of $4,942 primarily related to property, plant and equipment, customer relationship and data center lease-based intangible assets and deferred income taxes and other liabilities offset by $662 of net cash received related to certain acquisitions completed in 2018.

Components of amortizable intangible assets

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, are as follows:

	December 31, 2019												December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Assets:
Customer relationship intangible assets	$	1,751,848			$	(544,721	)		$	1,207,127			$	1,718,919			$	(455,705	)		$	1,263,214
Customer inducements	52,718				(29,397		)		23,321				56,478				(34,181		)		22,297
Data center lease-based intangible assets(1)	265,945				(103,210		)		162,735				271,818				(50,807		)		221,011
Third-party commissions asset(2)	31,708				(4,134		)		27,574				30,071				(1,089		)		28,982
	$	2,102,219			$	(681,462	)		$	1,420,757			$	2,077,286			$	(541,782	)		$	1,535,504
Liabilities:
Data center below-market leases	$	12,750			$	(3,937	)		$	8,813			$	12,318			$	(1,642	)		$	10,676

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Includes Data Center In-Place Leases, Data Center Tenant Relationships and Data Center Above-Market Leases.

(2)

Third-party commissions asset is included in Other, a component of Other assets, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. See Note 6 for additional information on the third-party commissions asset.

	December 31, 2019												December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Other finite-lived intangible assets (included in Other, a component of Other assets, net)	$	19,893			$	(18,405	)		$	1,488			$	20,310			$	(14,798	)		$	5,512

Schedule of amortization expenses

Amortization expense associated with finite-lived intangible assets, revenue reduction associated with the amortization of Permanent Withdrawal Fees and net revenue reduction associated with the amortization of Data Center Above-Market Leases and Data Center Below-Market Leases for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
		2019				2018				2017
Amortization expense included in depreciation and amortization associated with:
Customer relationship and customer inducement intangible assets		$	117,972			$	113,782			$	109,563
Data center in-place leases and tenant relationships		46,696				43,061				—
Third-party commissions asset and other finite-lived intangible assets		7,957				5,713				6,530
Revenue reduction associated with amortization of:
Permanent withdrawal fees		$	9,993			$	11,408			$	11,253
Data center above-market leases and data center below-market leases		3,710				4,873				—

Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for the next five succeeding fiscal years

Estimated amortization expense for existing finite-lived intangible assets (excluding deferred financing costs, as disclosed in Note 2.j. and Contract Fulfillment Costs, as defined and disclosed in Note 2.l.) is as follows:

	Estimated Amortization
	Included in Depreciation and Amortization				Revenue Reduction Associated with the Amortization of Permanent Withdrawal Fees				Revenue Reduction (Increase) Associated with Amortization of Data Center  Above-market leases and Below-market leases
2020	$	160,865			$	7,760			$	872
2021	157,647				5,207				234
2022	127,148				3,200				273
2023	121,256				2,112				(470		)
2024	116,253				1,125				(610		)
Thereafter	712,369				1,303				(3,112		)

Schedule of amortization of deferred financing costs

Estimated amortization expense for deferred financing costs, which are amortized as a component of interest expense, is as follows:

	Estimated Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs
2020	$	17,132
2021	16,002
2022	14,888
2023	11,618
2024	8,424
Thereafter	18,901

Components of prepaid expenses

Accrued expenses, with items greater than 5% of total current liabilities are shown separately, and consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2019				2018
Interest	$	97,987			$	84,283
Incentive compensation	56,662				75,256
Sales tax and VAT payable	115,352				124,232
Dividend	186,021				181,986
Operating lease liabilities	223,249				—
Other	282,481				315,024
Accrued expenses	$	961,752			$	780,781

Schedule of amortization expense associated with commissions asset and Intake Costs

The Contract Fulfillment Costs as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

				December 31, 2019												December 31, 2018
Description		Location in Balance Sheet		Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount				Gross Carrying Amount				Accumulated Amortization				Net Carrying Amount
Intake Costs asset		Other (within Other Assets, Net)		$	41,224			$	(23,579	)		$	17,645			$	39,748			$	(24,504	)		$	15,244
Commissions asset		Other (within Other Assets, Net)		68,008				(27,178		)		40,830				58,424				(34,637		)		23,787

Amortization expense associated with the Intake Costs asset and capitalized commissions asset for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

		Year Ended December 31,
Description		2019				2018
Intake Costs asset		$	10,144			$	10,380
Capitalized commissions asset		19,109				13,838

Contract with customer, future amortization expense

Estimated amortization expense for Contract Fulfillment Costs is as follows:

Year		Estimated Amortization
2020		$	28,156
2021		20,448
2022		9,871

Schedule of deferred revenue liabilities

Deferred revenue liabilities are reflected as follows in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

				December 31,
Description		Location in Balance Sheet		2019				2018
Deferred revenue - Current		Deferred revenue		$	274,036			$	264,823
Deferred revenue - Long-term		Other Long-term Liabilities		36,029				26,401

Schedule of future minimum rental payments for operating leases

The future minimum lease payments we expect to receive under non-cancellable data center operating leases, for which we are the lessor, excluding month to month leases, for the next five years are as follows:

Year		Future minimum lease payments
2020		$	202,130
2021		135,911
2022		98,797
2023		80,079
2024		68,376

The estimated minimum future lease payments as of December 31, 2019, are as follows:

Year		Operating Leases(1)				Sublease Income				Financing Leases(1)
2020		$	339,469			$	(7,695	)		$	62,271
2021		319,628				(5,282		)		54,993
2022		295,981				(4,996		)		44,886
2023		267,809				(4,885		)		39,130
2024		237,604				(3,543		)		31,849
Thereafter		1,454,918				(7,691		)		277,890
Total minimum lease payments		2,915,409				$	(34,092	)		511,019
Less amounts representing interest or imputed interest		(963,474		)						(143,837		)
Present value of lease obligations		$	1,951,935							$	367,182

The estimated minimum future lease payments as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

Year		Operating Leases(1)				Sublease Income				Financing Leases(1)(2)
2019		$	323,454			$	(7,525	)		$	80,513
2020		293,276				(7,200		)		71,335
2021		267,379				(7,063		)		61,269
2022		246,128				(6,694		)		52,832
2023		221,808				(6,409		)		44,722
Thereafter		1,287,807				(6,279		)		377,750
Total minimum lease payments		$	2,639,852			$	(41,170	)		688,421
Less amounts representing interest										(241,248		)
Present value of lease obligations										$	447,173

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Estimated minimum future lease payments exclude variable common area maintenance charges, insurance and taxes. Differences in estimated lease payments between December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are primarily related to adjustments to account for certain build to suit leases that were accounted for as financing obligations under ASC 840 but are accounted for as operating leases under ASU 2016-02 and foreign currency exchange rate impacts.

(2)

Includes financing lease and financing obligations associated with build to suit lease transactions at December 31, 2018.

Schedule of operating and financing lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities

Operating and financing lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and January 1, 2019 (date of adoption of ASU 2016-02) are as follows:

Description		Location in Balance Sheet		December 31, 2019				January 1, 2019 (Date of Adoption of ASU 2016-02)
Assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets(1)		Operating lease right-of-use assets		$	1,869,101			$	1,825,721
Financing lease right-of-use assets, net of accumulated depreciation(2)		Property, Plant and Equipment, Net		327,215				361,078
Total				$	2,196,316			$	2,186,799
Liabilities:
Current
Operating lease liabilities		Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		$	223,249			$	209,911
Financing lease liabilities		Current portion of long-term debt		46,582				50,437
Total current lease liabilities				269,831				260,348
Long-term
Operating lease liabilities		Long-term Operating Lease Liabilities, net of current portion		1,728,686				1,685,771
Financing lease liabilities		Long-term Debt, net of current portion		320,600				350,263
Total long-term lease liabilities				2,049,286				2,036,034
Total				$	2,319,117			$	2,296,382

______________________________________________________________

(1) At December 31, 2019, these assets are comprised of approximately 99% real estate related assets (which include land, buildings and racking) and 1% non-real estate related assets (which include warehouse equipment, vehicles, furniture and fixtures and computer hardware and software).

(2) At December 31, 2019, these assets are comprised of approximately 69% real estate related assets and 31% non-real estate related assets.

Schedule of lease, cost

Supplemental cash flow information relating to our leases for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities:		Year Ended December 31, 2019
Operating cash flows used in operating leases		$	338,059
Operating cash flows used in financing leases (interest)		21,031
Financing cash flows used in financing leases		58,033
Non-cash items:
Operating lease modifications and reassessments		$	108,023
New operating leases (including acquisitions)		170,464
New financing leases, modifications and reassessments		32,742

Weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates as of December 31, 2019 are as follows:

		Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases		11.0 Years
Financing leases		11.6 Years
		Discount Rate
Operating leases		7.1	%
Financing leases		5.7	%

The components of the lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

Description		Location in Statement of Operations		December 31, 2019
Operating lease cost(1)		Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative		$	459,619
Financing lease cost:
Depreciation of financing lease right-of-use assets		Depreciation and amortization		$	59,258
Interest expense for financing lease liabilities		Interest Expense, Net		21,031
Total financing lease cost				$	80,289

______________________________________________________________

(1) Of the $459,619 incurred for the year ended December 31, 2019, $447,194 is included within Cost of sales and $12,425 is included within Selling, general and administrative expenses. Operating lease cost includes variable lease costs of $105,922 for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Schedule of future minimum lease payments for capital leases

The estimated minimum future lease payments as of December 31, 2019, are as follows:

Year		Operating Leases(1)				Sublease Income				Financing Leases(1)
2020		$	339,469			$	(7,695	)		$	62,271
2021		319,628				(5,282		)		54,993
2022		295,981				(4,996		)		44,886
2023		267,809				(4,885		)		39,130
2024		237,604				(3,543		)		31,849
Thereafter		1,454,918				(7,691		)		277,890
Total minimum lease payments		2,915,409				$	(34,092	)		511,019
Less amounts representing interest or imputed interest		(963,474		)						(143,837		)
Present value of lease obligations		$	1,951,935							$	367,182

The estimated minimum future lease payments as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

Year		Operating Leases(1)				Sublease Income				Financing Leases(1)(2)
2019		$	323,454			$	(7,525	)		$	80,513
2020		293,276				(7,200		)		71,335
2021		267,379				(7,063		)		61,269
2022		246,128				(6,694		)		52,832
2023		221,808				(6,409		)		44,722
Thereafter		1,287,807				(6,279		)		377,750
Total minimum lease payments		$	2,639,852			$	(41,170	)		688,421
Less amounts representing interest										(241,248		)
Present value of lease obligations										$	447,173

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) Estimated minimum future lease payments exclude variable common area maintenance charges, insurance and taxes. Differences in estimated lease payments between December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are primarily related to adjustments to account for certain build to suit leases that were accounted for as financing obligations under ASC 840 but are accounted for as operating leases under ASU 2016-02 and foreign currency exchange rate impacts.

(2)

Includes financing lease and financing obligations associated with build to suit lease transactions at December 31, 2018.

Schedule of weighted average assumptions

The weighted average assumptions used for grants in the year ended December 31:

Weighted Average Assumptions		2019			2018			2017
Expected volatility		24.3	%		25.4	%		25.7	%
Risk-free interest rate		2.47	%		2.65	%		1.96	%
Expected dividend yield		7	%		7	%		6	%
Expected life		5.0 years			5.0 years			5.0 years

Summary of stock option activity

A summary of our stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2019 by vesting terms is as follows:

	December 31, 2019
	Stock Options Outstanding			% of Stock Options Outstanding
Three-year vesting period (10 year contractual life)	4,691,321			97.0	%
Five-year vesting period (10 year contractual life)	144,400			3.0	%
	4,835,721			100.0	%

A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price				Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	4,271,834			$	34.78
Granted	920,706			35.71
Exercised	(303,543	)		23.86
Forfeited	(23,984	)		35.21
Expired	(29,292	)		34.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	4,835,721			$	35.64			6.72		$	3,005
Options exercisable at December 31, 2019	3,068,945			$	35.80			5.81		$	3,005
Options expected to vest	1,648,127			$	35.34			8.47		$	—

Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	3,148			$	2,181			$	8,485

Summary of restricted stock and RSU activity

Cash dividends accrued and paid on RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Cash dividends accrued on RSUs	$	3,215			$	2,899			$	2,590
Cash dividends paid on RSUs	2,369				2,477				2,370

The fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Fair value of RSUs vested	$	21,191			$	20,454			$	19,825

A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	RSUs			Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	1,196,566			$	34.33
Granted	823,508			34.72
Vested	(678,138	)		34.06
Forfeited	(138,337	)		34.75
Non-vested at December 31, 2019	1,203,599			$	34.71

Schedule of performance units

Cash dividends accrued and paid on PUs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Cash dividends accrued on PUs	$	2,260			$	1,804			$	1,290
Cash dividends paid on PUs	1,162				644				205

The fair value of earned PUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Fair value of earned PUs that vested	$	6,503			$	3,117			$	1,242

Summary of performance unit (PU) activity

A summary of PU activity for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	Original PU Awards			PU Adjustment(1)			Total PU Awards			Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	967,049			(299,948	)		667,101			$	36.54
Granted	380,856			—			380,856			36.07
Vested	(206,279	)		—			(206,279	)		37.97
Forfeited/Performance or Market Conditions Not Achieved	(27,935	)		(14,850	)		(42,785	)		26.50
Non-vested at December 31, 2019	1,113,691			(314,798	)		798,893			$	36.56

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)

Represents an increase or decrease in the number of original PUs awarded based on either the final performance criteria or market condition achievement at the end of the performance period of such PUs or a change in estimated awards based on the forecasted performance against the predefined targets.

Calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to the entity

The calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	268,211			$	367,558			$	178,015
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	938				1,198				1,611
Income (loss) from continuing operations (utilized in numerator of Earnings Per Share calculation)	267,273				366,360				176,404
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	104				(12,427		)		(6,291		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated	$	267,377			$	353,933			$	170,113
Weighted-average shares—basic	286,971,000				285,913,000				265,898,000
Effect of dilutive potential stock options	145,509				234,558				431,071
Effect of dilutive potential RSUs and PUs	570,435				505,030				509,235
Effect of Over-Allotment Option(1)	—				—				6,278
Weighted-average shares—diluted	287,686,944				286,652,588				266,844,584
Earnings (losses) per share—basic:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	0.93			$	1.28			$	0.66
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax	—				(0.04		)		(0.02		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated(2)	$	0.93			$	1.24			$	0.64
Earnings (losses) per share—diluted:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	0.93			$	1.28			$	0.66
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax	—				(0.04		)		(0.02		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated(2)	$	0.93			$	1.23			$	0.64
Antidilutive stock options, RSUs and PUs, excluded from the calculation	4,475,745				3,258,078				2,326,344

___________________________________________________________________

(1) See Note 12.

(2)

Columns may not foot due to rounding.

Roll forward of allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memo reserves

Rollforward of allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memo reserves is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,		Balance at Beginning of the Year				Credit Memos Charged to Revenue				Allowance for Bad Debts Charged to Expense				Deductions and Other(1)				Balance at End of the Year
2019		$	43,584			$	51,846			$	19,389			$	(71,963	)		$	42,856
2018		46,648				36,329				18,625				(58,018		)		43,584
2017		44,290				38,966				14,826				(51,434		)		46,648

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)

Primarily consists of the issuance of credit memos, the write-off of accounts receivable and the impact associated with currency translation adjustments.

Assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis

						Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019 Using
Description		Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2019				Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)				Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)				Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Money Market Funds(1)		$	13,653			$	—			$	13,653			$	—
Trading Securities		10,732				10,168			(2)	564			(3)	—
Derivative Liabilities(4)		9,756				—				9,756				—

						Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using
Description		Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2018				Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)				Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)				Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Time Deposits(1)		$	956			$	—			$	956			$	—
Trading Securities		10,753				10,248			(2)	505			(3)	—
Derivative Assets(4)		93				—				93				—
Derivative Liabilities(4)		973				—				973				—

_____________________________________________________________

(1) Money market funds and time deposits are measured based on quoted prices for similar assets and/or subsequent transactions.

(2) Certain trading securities are measured at fair value using quoted market prices.

(3) Certain trading securities are measured based on inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable.

(4) Derivative assets and liabilities include (i) interest rate swap agreements, including forward-starting interest rate swap agreements, to limit our exposure to changes in interest rates on a portion of our floating rate indebtedness, (ii) cross-currency swap agreements to hedge the variability of exchange rates impacts between the United States dollar and the Euro and certain of our Euro denominated subsidiaries and (iii) short-term (six months or less) foreign exchange currency forward contracts that we have entered into to hedge certain of our foreign exchange intercompany exposures. Our derivative financial instruments are measured using industry standard valuation models using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves, forward and spot prices for currencies and implied volatilities. Credit risk is also factored into the determination of the fair value of our derivative financial instruments. See Note 3 for additional information on our derivative financial instruments.

Schedule of changes in accumulated other comprehensive items, net

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive items, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment				Change in Fair Value of Derivative Instruments				Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	(212,573	)		$	—			$	(212,573	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment(1)	108,584				—				108,584
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	108,584				—				108,584
Balance as of December 31, 2017	(103,989		)		—				(103,989		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(160,702		)		—				(160,702		)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	—				(973		)		(973		)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(160,702		)		(973		)		(161,675		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	(264,691		)		(973		)		(265,664		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	11,866				—				11,866
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	—				(8,783		)		(8,783		)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	11,866				(8,783		)		3,083
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	(252,825	)		$	(9,756	)		$	(262,581	)

______________________________________________________________

(1)

During the year ended December 31, 2017, approximately $29,100 of cumulative translation adjustment associated with our businesses in Russia and Ukraine was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive items, net and was included in the gain on sale associated with the Russia and Ukraine Divestment (see Note 13).

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 consists of the following:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019				2018				2017
Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net(1)	$	24,852			$	(15,567	)		$	43,248
Debt extinguishment expense, net	—				—				78,368
Other, net(2)	9,046				3,875				(42,187		)
Other Expense (Income), Net	$	33,898			$	(11,692	)		$	79,429

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1) The gain or loss on foreign currency transactions, calculated as the difference between the historical exchange rate and the exchange rate at the applicable measurement date, includes gains or losses primarily related to (i) borrowings in certain foreign currencies under our Revolving Credit Facility and our Former Revolving Credit Facility (each as defined in Note 4), (ii) our Euro Notes (as defined in Note 4), (iii) certain foreign currency denominated intercompany obligations of our foreign subsidiaries to us and between our foreign subsidiaries, which are not considered permanently invested and (iv) amounts that are paid or received on the net settlement amount from forward contracts (as more fully discussed in Note 3).

(2)

Other, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a gain of $38,869 associated with the Russia and Ukraine Divestment (as defined in Note 13).

Schedule of immaterial restatement

The following table sets forth the effect of the (i) change in presentation of Significant Acquisition Costs and (ii) correction in presentation of gain on sale of real estate to certain line items of our Consolidated Statements of Operations for December 31, 2018 and 2017. The effect of these items did not impact Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations or Net Income (Loss).

		Year Ended December 31,
		2018												2017
		Significant Acquisition Costs				Gain on Sale of Real Estate				Total				Significant Acquisition Costs				Gain on Sale of Real Estate				Total
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)		$	(7,628	)		$	—			$	(7,628	)		$	(20,493	)		$	—			$	(20,493	)
Selling, general and administrative		$	(43,037	)		$	—			$	(43,037	)		$	(64,408	)		$	—			$	(64,408	)
Significant Acquisition Costs		$	50,665			$	—			$	50,665			$	84,901			$	—			$	84,901
(Gain) Loss on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net		$	—			$	(63,804	)		$	(63,804	)		$	—			$	(1,565	)		$	(1,565	)
Total Operating Expenses		$	—			$	(63,804	)		$	(63,804	)		$	—			$	(1,565	)		$	(1,565	)
Operating Income (Loss)		$	—			$	63,804			$	63,804			$	—			$	1,565			$	1,565
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations Before Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		$	—			$	63,804			$	63,804			$	—			$	1,565			$	1,565
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		$	—			$	8,476			$	8,476			$	—			$	—			$	—
Gain on Sale of Real Estate, Net of tax		$	—			$	55,328			$	55,328			$	—			$	1,565			$	1,565

The following table sets forth the effect of the immaterial restatement to certain line items of our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
Selling, general and administrative	$	11,045			$	16,623
Total Operating Expenses	$	11,045			$	16,623
Operating Income (Loss)	$	(11,045	)		$	(16,623	)
Interest Expense, Net	$	359			$	70
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations Before Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes	$	(11,404	)		$	(16,693	)
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes	$	(1,986	)		$	(2,985	)
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations	$	(9,418	)		$	(13,708	)
Net Income (Loss)	$	(9,418	)		$	(13,708	)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated	$	(9,418	)		$	(13,708	)
Earnings (Losses) per Share - Basic:
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations	$	(0.03	)		$	(0.05	)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated	$	(0.03	)		$	(0.05	)
Earnings (Losses) per Share - Diluted:
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations	$	(0.03	)		$	(0.05	)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated	$	(0.03	)		$	(0.05	)

The following table sets forth the effect of the immaterial restatement to certain line items of our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018:

	December 31, 2018
Total Other Assets, Net	$	4,971
Total Assets	$	4,971
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	28,097
Total Current Liabilities	$	28,097
(Distribution in excess of earnings) Earnings in excess of distributions	$	(23,126	)
Total Iron Mountain Incorporated Stockholders' Equity	$	(23,126	)

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Tabular disclosure of the significant assumptions used during the year to estimate the fair value of stock options, including, but not limited to: (a) expected term of share options and similar instruments, (b) expected volatility of the entity's shares, (c) expected dividends, (d) risk-free rate(s), and (e) discount for post-vesting restrictions.

+ References

Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 718
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (f)(2)
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- Definition

Disclosure of the number and weighted-average grant date fair value for restricted stock and restricted stock units that were outstanding at the beginning and end of the year, and the number of restricted stock and restricted stock units that were granted, vested, or forfeited during the year.

+ References

No definition available.

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- Definition

Tabular disclosure of the amount of amortization expense expected to be recorded in succeeding fiscal years for finite-lived intangible assets.

+ References

Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 30
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
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