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Income Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Components of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities
The deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:
 
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
Noncurrent deferred tax assets (Included in Other, a component of Other assets, net)
$
16,538

 
$
16,648

Deferred income taxes
(188,128
)
 
(183,836
)

The significant components of our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:
 
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
Deferred Tax Assets:
 

 
 

Accrued liabilities and other adjustments(1)
$
53,197

 
$
59,477

Net operating loss carryforwards
99,240

 
92,952

Federal benefit of unrecognized tax benefits
3,039

 
2,925

Valuation allowance
(60,003
)
 
(55,666
)
 
95,473

 
99,688

Deferred Tax Liabilities:
 

 
 

Other assets, principally due to differences in amortization
(177,645
)
 
(166,469
)
Plant and equipment, principally due to differences in depreciation
(67,515
)
 
(74,147
)
Other
(21,903
)
 
(26,260
)
 
(267,063
)
 
(266,876
)
Net deferred tax liability
$
(171,590
)
 
$
(167,188
)


______________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Amounts as of December 31, 2018 has been restated to reflect the impact of the Netherlands VAT liability (as discussed in Note 2.y.) which resulted in an increase in accrued liabilities and other adjustments of $4,971.
Roll forward of Valuation allowance
Rollforward of the valuation allowance is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
 
Balance at
Beginning of
the Year
 
Charged
(Credited) to
Expense
 
Other Increases/(Decreases)(1)
 
Balance at
End of
the Year
2019
 
$
55,666

 
$
6,211

 
$
(1,874
)
 
$
60,003

2018
 
61,756

 
3,568

 
(9,658
)
 
55,666

2017
 
71,359

 
(4,317
)
 
(5,286
)
 
61,756


_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Other increases and decreases in valuation allowances are primarily related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and disposal of certain foreign subsidiaries.
Components of income (loss) from continuing operations before provision for income taxes
The components of income (loss) from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes are:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
United States
$
203,225

 
$
203,078

 
$
162,763

Canada
48,326

 
53,779

 
50,019

Other Foreign
76,591

 
153,454

 
(11,805
)
 
$
328,142

 
$
410,311

 
$
200,977
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following components:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Federal—current
$
7,262

 
$
703

 
$
16,345

Federal—deferred
(3,356
)
 
(4,162
)
 
(12,655
)
State—current
3,943

 
918

 
3,440

State—deferred
(1,126
)
 
627

 
(1,276
)
Foreign—current
49,350

 
45,371

 
42,532

Foreign—deferred
3,858

 
(704
)
 
(25,424
)
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
$
59,931

 
$
42,753

 
$
22,962
Reconciliation of total income tax expense and amount computed by applying the federal income tax rate
A reconciliation of total income tax expense and the amount computed by applying the current federal statutory tax rate of 21.0% to income from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the former federal statutory tax rate of 35.0% to income from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Computed "expected" tax provision
$
68,910

 
$
86,165

 
$
70,342

Changes in income taxes resulting from:
 

 
 

 
 

Tax adjustment relating to REIT
(40,577
)
 
(35,165
)
 
(78,873
)
State taxes (net of federal tax benefit)
2,115

 
1,599

 
2,692

Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance (net operating losses)
6,211

 
3,568

 
(4,317
)
Foreign repatriation
—

 
—

 
29,476

U.S. Federal Rate Reduction
—

 
—

 
(4,685
)
Reserve (reversal) accrual and audit settlements (net of federal tax benefit)
514

 
(13,985
)
 
(9,103
)
Foreign tax rate differential
8,562

 
1,031

 
(9,639
)
Disallowed foreign interest, Subpart F income, and other foreign taxes
14,241

 
903

 
29,325

Other, net
(45
)
 
(1,363
)
 
(2,256
)
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
$
59,931

 
$
42,753

 
$
22,962
Tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions
A summary of tax years that remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions is as follows:
Tax Years
 
Tax Jurisdiction
See Below
 
United States—Federal and State
2015 to present
 
United Kingdom
2012 to present
 
Canada
Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits
A rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2016
$
59,466

Gross additions based on tax positions related to the current year
4,067

Gross additions for tax positions of prior years
3,368

Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years(1)
(2,789
)
Lapses of statutes
(2,629
)
Settlements
(22,950
)
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2017
38,533

Gross additions based on tax positions related to the current year
3,147

Gross additions for tax positions of prior years
981

Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years
(2,865
)
Lapses of statutes
(4,462
)
Settlements
(14
)
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2018
35,320

Gross additions based on tax positions related to the current year
2,914

Gross additions for tax positions of prior years
1,271

Gross reductions for tax positions of prior years
(299
)
Lapses of statutes
(4,034
)
Settlements
(104
)
Gross tax contingencies—December 31, 2019
$
35,068


_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)
This amount includes gross additions related to the Recall Transaction.