XML 51 R12.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.22.4
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
A. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION
The accompanying financial statements reflect our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows on a consolidated basis. The accompanying financial statements include the results of those entities over which we have a controlling financial interest and we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated.
B. USE OF ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and for the period then ended. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate the estimates used. We base our estimates on historical experience, actuarial estimates, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
C. FOREIGN CURRENCY
Local currencies are the functional currencies for our operations outside the United States, with the exception of certain foreign holding companies, whose functional currency is the United States dollar. In those instances where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities are translated at period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the applicable period. See Note 2.r.
D. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and cash invested in highly liquid short-term securities, which have remaining maturities at the date of purchase of less than 90 days. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
E. ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS AND CREDIT MEMO RESERVES
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts and a credit memo reserve for estimated losses resulting from the potential inability of our customers to make required payments and potential disputes regarding billing and service issues. We calculate and monitor our allowance considering future potential economic and macroeconomic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts for expected future collectability of our outstanding receivables, in addition to considering our past loss experience, current and prior trends in our aged receivables and credit memo activity. Our considerations when calculating our allowance include, but are not limited to, the following: the location of our businesses, the composition of our customer base, our product and service lines, potential future economic unrest, and potential future macroeconomic factors, including natural disasters. Continued adjustments will be made should there be any material change to reasonable and supportable forecasts that may impact our likelihood of collection, as it becomes evident. Our highly diverse global customer base, with no single customer accounting for more than approximately 1% of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, limits our exposure to concentration of credit risk. Additionally, we write off uncollectible balances as circumstances warrant, generally no later than one year past due.
The rollforward of the allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memo reserves is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
BALANCE AT
BEGINNING OF
THE YEAR
CREDIT MEMOS
CHARGED TO
REVENUE
ALLOWANCE FOR
BAD DEBTS CHARGED
TO EXPENSE
DEDUCTIONS
AND OTHER(1)
BALANCE AT
END OF
THE YEAR
2022$62,009 $62,891 $13,666 $(84,423)$54,143 
202156,981 47,931 26,896 (69,799)62,009 
202042,856 55,118 34,411 (75,404)56,981 
(1)Primarily consists of the issuance of credit memos, the write-off of accounts receivable and the impact associated with currency translation adjustments.
F. INVENTORY
Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, based on a first-in, first-out methodology. Our inventory primarily consists of IT-related assets including memory, central processing units, hard drives, adaptors and networking. All of our inventory is considered finished goods. Inventory is included as a component of Prepaid expenses and other in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2022, we have inventory of approximately $11,726, net of related reserves for obsolete, excess and slow-moving inventory, related to our ALM business. We had no inventory as of December 31, 2021.
G. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents (including money market funds and time deposits) and accounts receivable. The only significant concentrations of liquid investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 related to cash and cash equivalents held in money market funds. As per our risk management investment policy, we limit exposure to concentration of credit risk by limiting the amount invested in any one mutual fund to a maximum of 1% of the fund's total assets or in any one financial institution to a maximum of $75,000. See Note 2.p.
H. PREPAID EXPENSES AND ACCRUED EXPENSES
Prepaid expenses totaled $114,130 and $109,478 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no other items greater than 5% of total current assets included within Prepaid expenses and other as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities with items greater than 5% of total current liabilities are shown separately and consist of the following:
 DECEMBER 31,
DESCRIPTION20222021
Interest$128,272 $124,764 
Dividends194,272 190,559 
Operating lease liabilities288,738 259,597 
Other420,628 457,617 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities$1,031,910 $1,032,537 
I. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method with the following useful lives (in years):
DESCRIPTIONRANGE
Buildings and building improvements
5 to 40
Leasehold improvements
5 to 10 or life of the lease (whichever is shorter)
Racking
1 to 20 or life of the lease (whichever is shorter)
Warehouse equipment/vehicles
1 to 10
Furniture and fixtures
1 to 10
Computer hardware and software
2 to 5
Property, plant and equipment (including financing leases in the respective categories), at cost, consist of the following:
 DECEMBER 31,
DESCRIPTION20222021
Land$486,715 $372,411 
Buildings and building improvements3,336,778 3,391,143 
Leasehold improvements1,079,419 1,054,757 
Racking2,058,054 2,075,473 
Warehouse equipment/vehicles493,128 494,464 
Furniture and fixtures49,610 50,692 
Computer hardware and software585,792 823,649 
Construction in progress936,269 384,714 
Property, plant and equipment$9,025,765 $8,647,303 
Minor maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Major improvements which extend the life, increase the capacity or improve the safety or the efficiency of property owned are capitalized and depreciated. Major improvements to leased buildings are capitalized as leasehold improvements and depreciated.
CAPITALIZED INTEREST
We capitalize interest expense during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and is amortized over the useful lives of the assets. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, capitalized interest is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Capitalized interest$14,078 $12,673 $14,321 
INTERNAL USE SOFTWARE
We develop various software applications for internal use. Computer software costs associated with internal use software are expensed as incurred until certain capitalization criteria are met. Third party consulting costs, as well as payroll and related costs for employees directly associated with, and devoting time to, the development of internal use computer software projects (to the extent time is spent directly on the project) are capitalized. Capitalization begins when the design stage of the application has been completed and it is probable that the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Capitalization ends when the asset is ready for its intended use. Depreciation begins when the software is placed in service. Computer software costs that are capitalized are periodically evaluated for impairment.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, capitalized costs associated with the development of internal use computer software projects are as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Capitalized costs associated with the development of internal use computer software projects$44,152 $48,557 $38,329 
ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS
Entities are required to record the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation in the period in which it is incurred. Asset retirement obligations represent the costs to replace or remove tangible long-lived assets required by law, regulatory rule or contractual agreement. Our asset retirement obligations are primarily the result of requirements under our facility lease agreements which generally have "return to original condition" clauses which would require us to remove or restore items such as shred pits, vaults, demising walls and office build-outs, among others. The significant assumptions used in estimating our aggregate asset retirement obligations are the timing of removals, the probability of a requirement to perform, estimated cost and associated expected inflation rates that are consistent with historical rates and credit-adjusted risk-free rates that approximate our incremental borrowing rate. Our asset retirement obligations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $36,119 and $36,493, respectively, and are included in Other Long-term Liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
J. LEASES
We lease facilities for certain warehouses, data centers and office space. We also have land leases, including those on which certain facilities are located. The majority of our leased facilities are classified as operating leases that, on average, have initial lease terms of five to 10 years, with one or more lease renewal options to extend the lease term. Our lease renewal option terms generally range from one to five years. The exercise of the lease renewal option is at our sole discretion and may contain fixed rent, fair market value based rent or Consumer Price Index rent escalation clauses. We include option periods in the lease term when our failure to renew the lease would result in an economic disincentive, thereby making it reasonably certain that we will renew the lease. We recognize straight line rental expense over the life of the lease and any fair market value or Consumer Price Index rent escalations are recognized as variable lease expense in the period in which the obligation is incurred. In addition, we lease certain vehicles and equipment. Vehicle and equipment leases typically have lease terms ranging from one to seven years.
We account for all leases, both operating and financing, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 842 Leases, ("ASC 842"). Our accounting policy provides that leases with an initial term of 12 months or less will not be included within the lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recognize the lease payments for those leases with an initial term of 12 months or less in our Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The lease right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities are classified as either operating or financing. Lease right-of-use assets are calculated as the net present value of future payments plus any capitalized initial direct costs less any tenant improvements or lease incentives. Lease liabilities are calculated as the net present value of future payments. In calculating the present value of the lease payments, we utilize the rate stated in the lease (in the limited circumstances when such rate is explicitly stated) or, if no rate is explicitly stated, we utilize a rate that reflects our securitized incremental borrowing rate by geography for the lease term. We account for nonlease components (which include common area maintenance, taxes, and insurance) with the related lease component. Any variable nonlease components are not included within the lease right-of-use asset and lease liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and instead, are reflected as an expense in the period incurred.
Operating and financing lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
 DECEMBER 31,
DESCRIPTION20222021
Assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets(1)
$2,583,704 $2,314,422 
Financing lease right-of-use assets, net of accumulated depreciation(2)(3)
251,690 298,049 
Liabilities:
Current
Operating lease liabilities$288,738 $259,597 
Financing lease liabilities(3)
43,857 41,168 
Long-term
Operating lease liabilities$2,429,167 $2,171,472 
Financing lease liabilities(3)
289,048 315,561 
(1)At December 31, 2022 and 2021, these assets are comprised of approximately 99% real estate related assets (which include land, buildings and racking) and 1% non-real estate related assets (which include warehouse equipment, vehicles, furniture and fixtures and computer hardware and software).
(2)At December 31, 2022, these assets are comprised of approximately 64% real estate related assets and 36% non-real estate related assets. At December 31, 2021, these assets are comprised of approximately 69% real estate related assets and 31% non-real estate related assets.
(3)Financing lease right-of-use assets, current financing lease liabilities and long-term financing lease liabilities are included within Property, Plant and Equipment, Net, Current portion of long-term debt and Long-term Debt, net of current portion, respectively, within our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The components of the lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
DESCRIPTION202220212020
Operating lease cost(1)
$574,115 $545,097 $499,464 
Financing lease cost:
Depreciation of financing lease right-of-use assets$42,708 $50,970 $51,629 
Interest expense for financing lease liabilities17,329 19,808 19,942 
(1)Operating lease cost, the majority of which is included in Cost of sales, includes variable lease costs of $119,184, $111,949 and $111,501 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
DECEMBER 31, 2022DECEMBER 31, 2021
OPERATING LEASESFINANCING LEASESOPERATING LEASESFINANCING LEASES
Remaining Lease Term11.3 years10.6 years10.9 years10.9 years
Discount Rate6.4 %5.8 %6.6 %5.9 %
The estimated minimum future lease payments (receipts) as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:
YEAR
OPERATING LEASES(1)
SUBLEASE INCOME
FINANCING LEASES(1)
2023$435,386 $(9,499)$52,340 
2024417,058 (5,766)46,244 
2025392,117 (3,243)119,130 
2026360,684 (2,528)31,232 
2027335,269 (3,521)15,778 
Thereafter1,962,941 — 144,701 
Total minimum lease payments (receipts)3,903,455 $(24,557)409,425 
Less amounts representing interest or imputed interest1,185,550 76,520 
Present value of lease obligations$2,717,905 $332,905 
(1)Estimated minimum future lease payments exclude variable common area maintenance charges, insurance and taxes.
At December 31, 2022, we have 10 leases which we have signed but which have not yet commenced and are not included in our lease obligation table above. The total undiscounted minimum lease payments for these leases are approximately $270,023 and have lease terms that range from 10 to 15 years. Each of these leases is expected to commence during 2023.
Other information: Supplemental cash flow information relating to our leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
CASH PAID FOR AMOUNTS INCLUDED IN MEASUREMENT OF LEASE LIABILITIES:202220212020
Operating cash flows used in operating leases$409,163 $392,987 $360,088 
Operating cash flows used in financing leases (interest)17,329 19,808 19,942 
Financing cash flows used in financing leases44,869 46,118 47,829 
NON-CASH ITEMS:
Operating lease modifications and reassessments$179,094 $144,310 $143,382 
New operating leases (including acquisitions and sale-leaseback transactions) 540,830 282,490 370,011 
K. LONG-LIVED ASSETS
We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the sum of the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows of the operation to which the assets relate to their carrying amount. The operations are generally distinguished by the business segment and geographic region in which they operate. If it is determined that we are unable to recover the carrying amount of the assets, the long-lived assets are written down, on a pro rata basis, to fair value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows or appraised values, depending upon the nature of the assets. Long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets, are amortized over their useful lives. Annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances warrant, we assess whether a change in the lives over which long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets, are amortized is necessary.
Gain on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Gain on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net$93,268 $172,041 $363,537 
The gains primarily consist of(1):
•Gains associated with sale and sale-leaseback transactions of approximately $94,500, of which (i) approximately $49,000 relates to sale and sale-leaseback transactions of 11 facilities and parcels of land in the United States during the second quarter of 2022, (ii) approximately $17,000 relates to sale-leaseback transactions of two facilities in the United States and one in Canada during the third quarter of 2022 and (iii) approximately $28,500 relates to sale and sale-leaseback transactions of 12 facilities and one parcel of land in the United States and one facility in the United Kingdom during the fourth quarter of 2022.
•Gains associated with sale and sale-leaseback transactions of approximately $164,000, of which (i) approximately $127,400 relates to sale-leaseback transactions of five facilities in the United Kingdom during the second quarter of 2021 and (ii) approximately $36,600 relates to sale and sale-leaseback transactions of nine facilities in the United States during the fourth quarter of 2021.


•Gains associated with sale-leaseback transactions of approximately $342,100, of which (i) approximately $265,600 relates to sale-leaseback transactions of 14 facilities in the United States during the fourth quarter of 2020 and (ii) approximately $76,400 relates to sale-leaseback transactions of two facilities in the United States during the third quarter of 2020.
•Gains of approximately $24,100 associated with the Frankfurt JV Transaction (as defined in Note 5).
(1) The gains recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are the result of our program to monetize a small portion of our industrial assets through sale and sale-leaseback transactions. The terms for these leases are consistent with the terms of our lease portfolio, which are disclosed in Note 2.j.
L. GOODWILL AND OTHER INDEFINITE-LIVED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but are reviewed annually for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Other than goodwill, we currently have no intangible assets that have indefinite lives and which are not amortized.
We test goodwill annually on October 1, and more frequently if impairment indicators arise that would require an interim test. The following is a discussion regarding (i) interim goodwill impairment review for our Fine Arts reporting unit during the first quarter of 2020, (ii) the reporting units at which level we tested goodwill for impairment as of October 1, 2021 and the composition of these reporting units at December 31, 2021 (including the amount of goodwill associated with each reporting unit), (iii) interim reporting unit changes and goodwill impairment review during the second quarter of 2022 and (iv) the reporting units at which level we tested goodwill for impairment as of October 1, 2022 and the composition of these reporting units at December 31, 2022 (including the amount of goodwill associated with each reporting unit).
I. INTERIM GOODWILL IMPAIRMENT REVIEW - FINE ARTS, FIRST QUARTER OF 2020
During the first quarter of 2020, we concluded that we had a triggering event related to our Fine Arts reporting unit, requiring us to perform an interim goodwill impairment test. The primary factor contributing to our conclusion was the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to this particular business and its customers and revenue sources, which caused us to believe it was more likely than not that the carrying value of our Fine Arts reporting unit exceeded its fair value. During the first quarter of 2020, we performed an interim goodwill impairment test for our Fine Arts reporting unit utilizing a discounted cash flow model, with updated assumptions on future revenues, operating expenditures and capital expenditures. We concluded that the fair value of our Fine Arts reporting unit was less than its carrying value, and, therefore, we recorded a $23,000 impairment charge on the goodwill associated with this reporting unit during the first quarter of 2020. Factors that may impact these assumptions include, but are not limited to: (i) our ability to maintain, or grow, storage and retail service revenues in this reporting unit in line with current expectations and (ii) our ability to manage our fixed and variable costs in this reporting unit in line with potential future revenue declines.
II. REPORTING UNITS AS OF OCTOBER 1, 2021
Our reporting units at which level we performed our goodwill impairment analysis as of October 1, 2021 were as follows:
•North America Records and Information Management ("North America RIM")
•Europe Records and Information Management ("Europe RIM")
•Latin America Records and Information Management ("Latin America RIM")
•Australia and New Zealand Records and Information Management ("ANZ RIM")

•Asia Records and Information Management ("Asia RIM")
•Global Data Center
•Fine Arts
•Entertainment Services

We concluded that the goodwill associated with each of our reporting units was not impaired as of such date. There were no changes to the composition of our reporting units between October 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021.
GOODWILL BY REPORTING UNIT AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021
The carrying value of goodwill, net for each of our reporting units described above as of December 31, 2021 is as follows:
SEGMENTREPORTING UNITCARRYING VALUE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021
Global RIM (as defined in Note 11) Business North America RIM$2,720,049 
Europe RIM624,502 
Latin America RIM107,174 
ANZ RIM284,042 
Asia RIM240,494 
Global Data Center BusinessGlobal Data Center426,074 
Corporate and OtherFine Arts27,905 
Entertainment Services33,291 
Total$4,463,531 
III. 2022 REPORTING UNIT CHANGES
During the second quarter of 2022, as a result of the realignment of our global managerial structure, we reassessed the composition of our reportable segments (see Note 11 for a description and definition of our reportable segments) as well as our reporting units.
We note the following changes to our reporting units as a result of the reassessment described above:
•our former Europe RIM reporting unit is now managed as two separate reporting units: (i) our Middle East, North Africa and Turkey ("MENAT") businesses will comprise our "MENAT RIM" reporting unit and (ii) our other businesses in Europe and South Africa ("ESA") will comprise our "ESA RIM" reporting unit;
•our former ANZ RIM and Asia RIM reporting units are now managed as one "APAC RIM" reporting unit; and
•our ALM business, which includes our legacy secure IT asset disposition business (which was previously primarily included in our North America RIM reporting unit) and the business acquired through our acquisition of Intercept Parent, Inc. ("ITRenew"), will comprise our newly formed "ALM" reporting unit.

There were no changes to our Latin America RIM, Global Data Center and Fine Arts reporting units. We have reassigned goodwill associated with the reporting units impacted by the reorganization on a relative fair value basis, where appropriate. The fair value of each of our new reporting units was determined based on the application of a combined weighted average approach of preliminary fair value multiples of revenue and earnings and discounted cash flow techniques. These fair values represent our best estimate and preliminary assessment of goodwill allocations to each of the new reporting units on a relative fair value basis. We have completed an interim goodwill impairment analysis before and after the reporting unit changes, and we have concluded that the goodwill associated with each of our reporting units was not impaired.
IV. REPORTING UNITS AS OF OCTOBER 1, 2022
Our reporting units at which level we performed our goodwill impairment analysis as of October 1, 2022 were as follows:
•North America RIM
•ESA RIM
•MENAT RIM
•Latin America RIM
•APAC RIM

•Entertainment Services
•Global Data Center
•Fine Arts
•ALM

We concluded that the goodwill associated with each of our reporting units was not impaired as of such date. There were no changes to the composition of our reporting units between October 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022.
GOODWILL BY REPORTING UNIT AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022
The carrying value of goodwill, net for each of our reporting units described above as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:
SEGMENTREPORTING UNITCARRYING VALUE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022
Global RIM Business North America RIM$2,667,400 
ESA RIM521,949 
MENAT RIM25,007 
Latin America RIM109,069 
APAC RIM497,792 
Entertainment Services31,729 
Global Data Center BusinessGlobal Data Center418,502 
Corporate and OtherFine Arts33,908 
ALM577,378 
Total$4,882,734 
The fair value of our reporting units has generally been determined using a combined approach based on the present value of future cash flows (the "Discounted Cash Flow Model") and market multiples (the "Market Approach").
The Discounted Cash Flow Model incorporates significant assumptions including future revenue growth rates, operating margins, discount rates and capital expenditures.
The Market Approach requires us to make assumptions related to Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in Note 11) multiples.
Changes in economic and operating conditions impacting these assumptions or changes in multiples could result in goodwill impairments in future periods. In conjunction with our annual goodwill impairment reviews, we reconcile the sum of the valuations of all of our reporting units to our market capitalization as of such dates.
The changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
 GLOBAL RIM
BUSINESS 		GLOBAL
DATA CENTER
BUSINESS		CORPORATE
AND OTHER 		TOTAL
CONSOLIDATED
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2020$4,022,641 $436,987 $97,981 $4,557,609 
Non-tax deductible goodwill acquired during the year14,406 — 13,141 27,547 
Goodwill allocated to IPM Divestment— — (46,105)(46,105)
Fair value and other adjustments(6,091)— (1,268)(7,359)
Currency effects(58,104)(10,913)856 (68,161)
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 20213,972,852 426,074 64,605 4,463,531 
Deductible goodwill acquired during the year— — 912 912 
Non-tax deductible goodwill acquired during the year696 — 546,693 547,389 
Fair value and other adjustments(1)
(12,199)— 384 (11,815)
Currency effects(108,403)(7,572)(1,308)(117,283)
Goodwill balance, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2022$3,852,946 $418,502 $611,286 $4,882,734 
Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2021$132,409 $— $26,011 $158,420 
Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2022$132,409 $— $26,011 $158,420 
(1) This amount primarily represents an adjustment to goodwill as a result of the deconsolidation of certain businesses, as described in Note 4.
M. FINITE-LIVED INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
I. CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Customer and supplier relationship intangible assets, which are acquired through either business combinations or acquisitions of customer relationships, are amortized over periods ranging from 10 to 30 years. Customer and supplier relationship intangible assets are recorded based upon estimates of their fair value.
II. CUSTOMER INDUCEMENTS
Payments that are made to a customer in order to terminate the customer’s storage of records with its current records management vendor ("Permanent Withdrawal Fees"), or direct payments to a customer for which no distinct benefit is received in return, are collectively referred to as "Customer Inducements". Customer Inducements are treated as a reduction of the transaction price over periods ranging from one to 10 years and are included in storage and service revenue in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. If the customer terminates its relationship with us, the unamortized carrying value of the Customer Inducement intangible asset is charged to revenue. However, in the event of such termination, we generally collect, and record as income, Permanent Withdrawal Fees that generally equal or exceed the amount of the unamortized Customer Inducement intangible asset.
III. DATA CENTER INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Finite-lived intangible assets associated with our Global Data Center Business consist of the following:
DATA CENTER IN-PLACE LEASE INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND DATA CENTER TENANT RELATIONSHIP INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Data Center In-Place Lease Intangible Assets ("Data Center In-Place Leases") and Data Center Tenant Relationship Intangible Assets ("Data Center Tenant Relationships") reflect the value associated with acquiring a data center operation with active tenants as of the date of acquisition. The value of Data Center In-Place Leases is determined based upon an estimate of the economic costs (such as lost revenues, tenant improvement costs, commissions, legal expenses and other costs to acquire new data center leases) avoided by acquiring a data center operation with active tenants that would have otherwise been incurred if the data center operation was purchased vacant. Data Center In-Place Leases are amortized over the weighted average remaining term of the acquired data center leases. The value of Data Center Tenant Relationships is determined based upon an estimate of the economic costs avoided upon lease renewal of the acquired tenants, based upon expectations of lease renewal. Data Center Tenant Relationships are amortized over the weighted average remaining anticipated life of the relationship with the acquired tenant.
DATA CENTER ABOVE-MARKET AND BELOW-MARKET IN-PLACE LEASE INTANGIBLE ASSETS
We record Data Center Above-Market In-Place Lease Intangible Assets ("Data Center Above-Market Leases") and Data Center Below-Market In-Place Lease Intangible Assets ("Data Center Below-Market Leases") at the net present value of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (ii) management’s estimate of the fair market lease rates for each corresponding in-place lease. Data Center Above-Market Leases and Data Center Below-Market Leases are amortized over the remaining non-cancellable term of the acquired in-place lease to storage revenue.
The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are as follows:
DECEMBER 31, 2022DECEMBER 31, 2021
DESCRIPTIONGROSS CARRYING AMOUNTACCUMULATED AMORTIZATIONNET CARRYING AMOUNTGROSS CARRYING AMOUNTACCUMULATED AMORTIZATIONNET CARRYING AMOUNT
Assets:
Customer and supplier relationship intangible assets(1)
$2,162,154 $(823,392)$1,338,762 $1,835,949 $(763,943)$1,072,006 
Customer inducements(1)
47,794 (26,158)21,636 51,403 (28,400)23,003 
Data center lease-based intangible assets(1)(2)
272,649 (209,902)62,747 278,904 (192,870)86,034 
Third-party commissions asset and other(3)
83,297 (28,581)54,716 33,947 (13,716)20,231 
Liabilities:
Data center below-market leases(4)
$12,831 $(7,806)$5,025 $12,782 $(6,923)$5,859 
(1)Included in Customer and supplier relationship and other intangible assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(2)Data center lease-based intangible assets includes Data Center In-Place Leases, Data Center Tenant Relationships and Data Center Above-Market Leases.
(3)Included in Other (within Other Assets, Net) in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(4)Included in Other long-term liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Amortization expense associated with finite-lived intangible assets, revenue reduction associated with the amortization of Customer Inducements and net revenue reduction associated with the amortization of Data Center Above-Market Leases and Data Center Below-Market Leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
 202220212020
Amortization expense included in depreciation and amortization associated with:   
Customer and supplier relationship intangible assets$156,779 $117,761 $117,514 
Data center in-place leases and tenant relationships16,955 42,333 42,637 
Third-party commissions asset and other finite-lived intangible assets16,148 6,987 7,004 
Revenue reduction associated with amortization of:   
Customer inducements and data center above-market and below-market leases$8,119 $8,852 $9,878 
Estimated amortization expense for existing finite-lived intangible assets (excluding Contract Fulfillment Costs, as defined and disclosed in Note 2.s.) is as follows:
 ESTIMATED AMORTIZATION
YEARINCLUDED IN DEPRECIATION
AND AMORTIZATION		REVENUE REDUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH CUSTOMER INDUCEMENTS
AND DATA CENTER ABOVE-MARKET AND
BELOW-MARKET LEASES
2023$181,866 $6,198 
2024177,512 3,997 
2025175,963 2,504 
2026146,812 1,909 
2027124,434 1,299 
Thereafter648,895 1,447 
N. DEFERRED FINANCING COSTS
Deferred financing costs are amortized over the life of the related debt. If debt is retired early, the related unamortized deferred financing costs are written-off in the period the debt is retired to Other (income) expense, net. See Note 7.
O. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Every derivative instrument is required to be recorded in the balance sheet as either an asset or a liability measured at its fair value. Periodically, we acquire derivative instruments that are intended to hedge either cash flows or values that are subject to foreign exchange or other market price risk and not for trading purposes. We have formally documented our hedging relationships, including identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as our risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking each hedge transaction. Given the recurring nature of our revenues and the long-term nature of our asset base, we have the ability and the preference to use long-term, fixed interest rate debt to finance our business, thereby preserving our long-term returns on invested capital. We may use interest rate swaps as a tool to maintain our targeted level of fixed rate debt. In addition, we may enter into cross-currency swaps to hedge the variability of exchange rates between the United States dollar and the currencies of our foreign subsidiaries, as well as interest rates. We may also use borrowings in foreign currencies, either obtained in the United States or by our foreign subsidiaries, to hedge foreign currency risk associated with our international investments. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, none of our derivative instruments contained credit-risk related contingent features. See Note 6.
P. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Entities are permitted under GAAP to elect to measure certain financial instruments and certain other items at either fair value or cost. We have elected the cost measurement option in all circumstances where we had an option.
Our financial assets or liabilities that are carried at fair value are required to be measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
The assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are as follows:
  
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 USING
DESCRIPTION
TOTAL CARRYING
VALUE AT
DECEMBER 31, 2022
QUOTED PRICES IN
ACTIVE MARKETS
(LEVEL 1) 		 SIGNIFICANT OTHER
OBSERVABLE INPUTS
(LEVEL 2) 		 SIGNIFICANT
UNOBSERVABLE INPUTS
(LEVEL 3)
Money Market Funds(1)
$11,311 $— $11,311 $— 
Time Deposits(1)
1,102 — 1,102 — 
Trading Securities9,462 9,426 
(2)
36 
(3)
— 
Derivative Assets(4)
51,396 — 51,396 — 
Derivative Liabilities(4)
489 — 489 — 
Deferred Purchase Obligations(5)
193,033 — — 193,033 
  FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 USING
DESCRIPTION
TOTAL CARRYING
VALUE AT
DECEMBER 31, 2021
QUOTED PRICES IN
ACTIVE MARKETS
(LEVEL 1) 		 SIGNIFICANT OTHER
OBSERVABLE INPUTS
(LEVEL 2) 		 SIGNIFICANT
UNOBSERVABLE INPUTS
(LEVEL 3)
Money Market Funds(1)
$101,022 $— $101,022 $— 
Time Deposits(1)
2,238 — 2,238 — 
Trading Securities11,147 11,062 
(2)
85 
(3)
— 
Derivative Assets(4)
11,021 — 11,021 — 
Derivative Liabilities(4)
8,344 — 8,344 — 
(1)Money market funds and time deposits are measured based on quoted prices for similar assets and/or subsequent transactions.
(2)Certain trading securities are measured at fair value using quoted market prices.
(3)Certain trading securities are measured based on inputs other than quoted market prices that are observable.
(4)Derivative assets and liabilities include (i) interest rate swap agreements, including our forward-starting interest rate swap agreement, to limit our exposure to changes in interest rates on a portion of our floating rate indebtedness and on future borrowings from our Virginia Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 7) and (ii) cross-currency swap agreements to hedge the variability of exchange rate impacts between the United States dollar and the Euro and certain of our Euro denominated subsidiaries. Our derivative financial instruments are measured using industry standard valuation models using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves, forward and spot prices for currencies and implied volatilities. Credit risk is also factored into the determination of the fair value of our derivative financial instruments. See Note 6 for additional information on our derivative financial instruments.
(5)Primarily relates to the fair value of the Deferred Purchase Obligation associated with the ITRenew Transaction (each as defined in Note 3), which was determined utilizing a Monte-Carlo model and takes into account our forecasted projections as it relates to the underlying performance of the business. The Monte-Carlo simulation model incorporates assumptions as to expected gross profits over the applicable achievement period, including adjustments for the volatility of timing and amount of the associated revenue and costs, as well as discount rates that account for the risk of the underlying arrangement and overall market risks. Any material change to these assumptions may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value of the Deferred Purchase Obligation. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we recorded a change in the estimated fair value of the Deferred Purchase Obligation as described in Note 2.v.
There were no material items that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, with the exception of: (i) the reporting units as presented in our goodwill impairment analysis (as disclosed in Note 2.l.); (ii) assets acquired and liabilities assumed through our acquisitions (as disclosed in Note 3); (iii) the redemption value of certain redeemable noncontrolling interests (as disclosed in Note 2.q.); (iv) our investments in the Frankfurt JV, the Clutter JV and the Web Werks JV (each as defined in Note 5); and (v) the fair value of our retained investment of our deconsolidated businesses (as described in Note 4), all of which are based on Level 3 inputs.
The fair value of our long-term debt, which was determined based on either Level 1 inputs or Level 3 inputs, is disclosed in Note 7. Long-term debt is measured at cost in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Q. REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Certain unaffiliated third parties own noncontrolling interests in certain of our consolidated subsidiaries. The underlying agreements between us and our noncontrolling interest shareholders for these subsidiaries contain provisions under which the noncontrolling interest shareholders can require us to purchase their respective interests in such subsidiaries at certain times and at a purchase price as stipulated in the underlying agreements (generally at fair value). These put options make these noncontrolling interests redeemable and, therefore, these noncontrolling interests are classified as temporary equity outside of stockholders’ equity. Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reported at the higher of their redemption value or the noncontrolling interest holders’ proportionate share of the underlying subsidiaries net carrying value. Increases or decreases in the redemption value of the noncontrolling interest are offset against Additional Paid-in Capital.
In 2018, one of our noncontrolling interest shareholders exercised its option to put its ownership interest back to us. Upon the exercise of the put option, this noncontrolling interest became mandatorily redeemable by us, and, therefore, was accounted for as a liability rather than a component of redeemable noncontrolling interests. In May 2021, we agreed to final settlement terms and paid the put option price for the noncontrolling interest shares.
R. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE ITEMS, NET
The changes in Accumulated other comprehensive items, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
 
FOREIGN CURRENCY
 TRANSLATION AND
OTHER ADJUSTMENTS
CHANGE IN FAIR
VALUE OF DERIVATIVE
INSTRUMENTS
TOTAL
Balance as of December 31, 2019$(252,825)$(9,756)$(262,581)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments46,635 — 46,635 
Change in fair value of derivative instruments— (39,947)(39,947)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)46,635 (39,947)6,688 
Balance as of December 31, 2020(206,190)(49,703)(255,893)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments(134,834)— (134,834)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments— 52,380 52,380 
Total other comprehensive (loss) income(134,834)52,380 (82,454)
Balance as of December 31, 2021(341,024)2,677 (338,347)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments(113,485)— (113,485)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments— 9,829 9,829 
Total other comprehensive (loss) income (113,485)9,829 (103,656)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$(454,509)$12,506 $(442,003)
S. REVENUES
Our revenues consist of storage rental revenues as well as service revenues and are reflected net of sales and value-added taxes. Storage rental revenues, which are considered a key driver of financial performance for the storage and information management services industry, consist primarily of recurring periodic rental charges related to the storage of materials or data (generally on a per unit basis) that are typically retained by customers for many years and revenues associated with our data center operations. Service revenues include charges for related service activities, the most significant of which include: (1) the handling of records, including the addition of new records, temporary removal of records from storage, refiling of removed records, customer termination and permanent withdrawal fees, project revenues and courier operations, consisting primarily of the pickup and delivery of records upon customer request; (2) destruction services, consisting primarily of (i) secure shredding of sensitive documents and the subsequent sale of shredded paper for recycling, the price of which can fluctuate from period to period, and (ii) the decommissioning, data erasure, processing and disposition or sale of IT hardware and component assets; (3) digital solutions, including the scanning, imaging and document conversion services of active and inactive records, and consulting services; and (4) data center services, including set up, monitoring and support of our customers' assets which are protected in our data center facilities, and special project services, including data center fitout.
We account for our revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), with the exception of our data center revenue, as described below. Customers are generally billed monthly based on contractually agreed-upon terms, and storage rental and service revenues are recognized in the month the respective storage rental or service is provided, in line with the transfer of control to the customer. When storage rental fees or services are billed in advance, amounts related to future storage rental or prepaid service contracts are accounted for as deferred revenue and recognized upon the transfer of control to the customer, generally ratably over the contract term. Customer contracts generally include promises to provide monthly recurring storage and related services that are essentially the same over time and have the same pattern of transfer of control to the customer; therefore, most performance obligations represent a promise to deliver a series of distinct services over time (as determined for purposes of ASC 606, a "series"). For those contracts that qualify as a series, we apply the "right to invoice" practical expedient as we have a right to consideration from the customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the underlying performance obligation transferred to the customer to date. Additionally, each purchasing decision is fully in the control of the customer; therefore, consideration beyond the current reporting period is variable and allocated to the specific period to which the consideration relates, which is consistent with the practical expedient. Revenue from product sales, the significant majority of which are shred paper and IT asset sales, is recognized at the point in time at which control transfers to the customer, which is generally upon shipment.
Our Global Data Center Business features storage rental provided to the customer at contractually specified rates over a fixed contractual period. Storage rental revenue related to the storage component of our Global Data Center Business is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term in accordance with ASC 842. The revenue related to the service component of our Global Data Center Business is recognized in the period the related services are provided.
The costs associated with the initial movement of customer records into physical storage and certain commissions are considered costs to obtain or fulfill customer contracts ("Contract Fulfillment Costs"). The following describes our significant Contract Fulfillment Costs:
INTAKE COSTS (AND ASSOCIATED DEFERRED REVENUE)
The costs of the initial intake of customer records into physical storage ("Intake Costs") are deferred and amortized as a component of depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations generally over three years, consistent with the transfer of the performance obligation to the customer to which the asset relates. In instances where such Intake Costs are billed to the customer, the associated revenue is deferred and recognized over the same three-year period.
COMMISSIONS
Certain commission payments that are directly associated with the fulfillment of long-term contracts are capitalized and amortized as a component of depreciation and amortization in our Consolidated Statements of Operations generally over three years, consistent with the transfer of the performance obligation to the customer to which the asset relates. Certain direct commission payments associated with contracts with a duration of one year or less are expensed as incurred under the practical expedient which allows an entity to expense as incurred an incremental cost of obtaining a contract if the amortization period of the asset that the entity otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.
Contract Fulfillment Costs, which are included as a component of Other within Other Assets, Net, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
DECEMBER 31, 2022DECEMBER 31, 2021
DESCRIPTIONGROSS
CARRYING
AMOUNT		ACCUMULATED
AMORTIZATION		NET
CARRYING
AMOUNT		GROSS
CARRYING
AMOUNT		ACCUMULATED
AMORTIZATION		NET
CARRYING AMOUNT
Intake Costs asset$68,345 $(42,132)$26,213 $71,336 $(42,678)$28,658 
Commissions asset133,145 (58,949)74,196 114,791 (50,553)64,238 
Amortization expense associated with the Intake Costs and Commissions assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
DESCRIPTION20222021
2020
Intake Costs asset$18,117 $17,530 $13,300 
Commissions asset40,612 30,739 24,052 
Estimated amortization expense for Contract Fulfillment Costs is as follows:
YEAR
ESTIMATED AMORTIZATION
2023$51,785 
202433,731 
202514,893 
Deferred revenue liabilities are reflected as follows in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:
DECEMBER 31,
DESCRIPTIONLOCATION IN BALANCE SHEET20222021
Deferred revenue - CurrentDeferred revenue$328,910 $307,470 
Deferred revenue - Long-termOther Long-term Liabilities32,960 33,691 
DATA CENTER LESSOR CONSIDERATIONS
Our Global Data Center Business features storage rental provided to customers at contractually specified rates over a fixed contractual period. Our data center revenue contracts are accounted for in accordance with ASC 842. ASC 842 provides a practical expedient which allows lessors to account for nonlease components (such as power and connectivity, in the case of our Global Data Center Business) with the related lease component if both the timing and pattern of transfer are the same for nonlease components and the lease component, and the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. The single combined component is accounted for under ASC 842 if the lease component is the predominant component and is accounted for under ASC 606 if the nonlease components are the predominant components. We have elected to take this practical expedient. Our data center revenue contracts may contain Consumer Price Index rent escalation clauses. Consumer Price Index rent escalation clauses are recognized as income in the period earned.
Storage rental revenue, including revenue associated with power and connectivity, associated with our Global Data Center Business for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Storage rental revenue(1)
$372,208 $289,592 $263,695 
(1)Revenue associated with power and connectivity included within storage rental revenue was $130,101, $62,185 and $47,451 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The revenue related to the service component of our Global Data Center Business is recognized in the period the related services are provided.
The future minimum lease payments we expect to receive under non-cancellable data center operating leases for which we are the lessor, excluding month to month leases, for the next five years are as follows:
YEARFUTURE MINIMUM LEASE PAYMENTS
2023$295,489 
2024269,438 
2025220,528 
2026185,368 
2027162,032 
T. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We record stock-based compensation expense, utilizing the straight-line method, for the cost of stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and performance units ("PUs") (together, "Employee Stock-Based Awards").
2022 RETIREMENT ELIGIBLE CRITERIA
For our Employee Stock-Based Awards made on or after March 1, 2022, we have included the following retirement provision:
•Upon an employee’s retirement on or after attaining age 55 with at least five years of service, if the sum of (i) the award recipient’s age at retirement and (ii) the award recipient’s years of service with us totals at least 65, the award recipient is entitled to continued vesting of any outstanding Employee Stock-Based Awards, provided that their retirement occurs on or after a minimum of six months from the grant date (the "Retirement Criteria").
•Accordingly, (i) grants of Employee Stock-Based Awards to an employee who has met the Retirement Criteria on or before the date of grant, or will meet the Retirement Criteria before the six month anniversary in the year of the grant, will be expensed over six months from the date of grant and (ii) grants of Employee Stock-Based Awards to employees who will meet the Retirement Criteria during the award’s normal vesting period will be expensed between the date of grant and the date upon which the award recipient meets the Retirement Criteria.
•Stock options and RSUs granted to award recipients who meet the Retirement Criteria will be delivered to the award recipient based upon the original vesting schedule. If an award recipient retires and has met the Retirement Criteria, stock options will remain exercisable until the original expiration date of the stock options. PUs granted to award recipients who meet the Retirement Criteria will be delivered in accordance with the original vesting schedule of the applicable PU award and remain subject to the same performance conditions.
Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Stock-based compensation expense$56,861 $61,001 $37,674 
Stock-based compensation expense, after tax52,600 59,243 36,584 
The substantial majority of stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
STOCK OPTIONS
Options are generally granted with exercise prices equal to the market price of the stock on the date of grant; however, in certain instances, options are granted at prices greater than the market price of the stock on the date of grant. The substantial majority of options we issue become exercisable ratably over a period three years from the date of grant and have a contractual life of 10 years from the date of grant, unless the holder’s employment is terminated sooner. Our non-employee directors are considered employees for purposes of our stock option plans and stock option reporting.
Our stock options outstanding at December 31, 2022 are based on the three-year vesting period (10 year contractual life) described above.
Our equity compensation plans generally provide that, upon a vesting change in control (as defined in each plan), any unvested options and other awards granted thereunder shall vest immediately if an employee is terminated as a result of the change in control or terminates their own employment for good reason (as defined in each plan). On January 20, 2015, our stockholders approved the adoption of the Iron Mountain Incorporated 2014 Stock and Cash Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2014 Plan").
In May 2021, our stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to (i) increase the number of shares of our common stock authorized for issuance thereunder by 8,000,000 from 12,750,000 to 20,750,000, (ii) extend the termination date of the 2014 Plan from May 24, 2027 to May 12, 2031, (iii) provide that, other than in specified circumstances, no equity-based award will vest before the first anniversary of the date of grant and (iv) provide that dividends and dividend equivalents are not paid with respect to stock options or stock appreciation rights.
A total of 20,750,000 shares of common stock have been reserved for grants of options and other rights under our various stock incentive plans, including the 2014 Plan. The number of shares available for grant under our various stock incentive plans at December 31, 2022 was 7,981,518.
The weighted average fair value of stock options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $7.44, $3.23 and $2.35 per share, respectively. These values were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average assumptions used for grants in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
WEIGHTED AVERAGE ASSUMPTIONS202220212020
Expected volatility(1)
28.0 %28.3 %25.4 %
Risk-free interest rate(2)
1.72 %1.45 %1.45 %
Expected dividend yield(3)
5 %7 %7 %
Expected life(4)
10.0 years10.0 years10.0 years
(1)Expected volatility is calculated utilizing daily historical volatility over a period that equates to the expected life of the option.
(2)Risk-free interest rate is based on the United States Treasury interest rates whose term is consistent with the expected life (estimated period of time outstanding) of the stock options.
(3)Expected dividend yield is considered in the option pricing model and represents our current annualized expected per share dividends over the current trade price of our common stock.
(4)Expected life of the stock options granted is estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees.
A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:
 OPTIONSWEIGHTED
AVERAGE
EXERCISE PRICE		WEIGHTED AVERAGE
REMAINING
CONTRACTUAL
TERM (YEARS)		AGGREGATE
INTRINSIC
VALUE
Outstanding at December 31, 20214,224,073 $36.06 
Granted211,455 49.67 
Exercised(208,093)33.00 
Forfeited(1,116)35.72 
Expired— — 
Outstanding at December 31, 20224,226,319 $36.89 5.03$54,788 
Options exercisable at December 31, 20223,531,786 $36.49 4.41$47,169 
Options expected to vest694,533 $38.88 8.19$7,619 
RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS
Our RSUs generally have a vesting period of three years from the date of grant. However, RSUs granted to our non-employee directors vest immediately upon grant. All RSUs accrue dividend equivalents associated with the underlying stock as we declare dividends. Dividends will generally be paid to holders of RSUs in cash upon the vesting date of the associated RSU and will be forfeited if the RSU does not vest. The fair value of RSUs is the excess of the market price of our common stock at the date of grant over the holder's purchase price (which is typically zero).
The fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, are as follows:
 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Fair value of RSUs vested$27,078 $29,332 $26,492 
A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:
 RSUsWEIGHTED-AVERAGE
GRANT-DATE FAIR VALUE
Non-vested at December 31, 20211,403,633 $34.11 
Granted949,413 50.26 
Vested(802,454)33.74 
Forfeited(244,477)38.63 
Non-vested at December 31, 20221,306,115 $43.43 
PERFORMANCE UNITS
The PUs we issue vest based on our performance against predefined operational and share based targets. The vesting is subject to a minimum level of return on invested capital in the third year of the performance period, and thereafter the number of PUs earned is based on (i) the revenue performance for each year averaged at the end of the three-year performance period, (ii) the total return on our common stock in relation to the MSCI United States REIT Index and (iii) for grants issued in 2021 and 2020, the revenue exit rate of new products in the last quarter of the three-year performance period. The number of PUs earned may range from 0% to approximately 238% of the initial award.
All of our PUs will be settled in shares of our common stock and are subject to cliff vesting three years from the date of the original PU grant. PUs are generally expensed over the three-year performance period. As detailed above, PUs granted are subject to the Retirement Criteria. PUs granted to recipients who meet the Retirement Criteria will continue to vest and be delivered in accordance with the original vesting schedule of the applicable PU award and remain subject to the same performance conditions.
All PUs accrue dividend equivalents associated with the underlying stock as we declare dividends. Dividends will generally be paid to holders of PUs in cash upon the settlement date of the associated PU and will be forfeited if the PU does not vest.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we issued 435,675, 488,953 and 425,777 PUs, respectively. We forecast the likelihood of achieving the predefined targets for our PUs in order to calculate the expected PUs to be earned. We record a compensation charge based on either the forecasted PUs to be earned (during the performance period) or the actual PUs earned (at the three-year anniversary of the grant date) over the vesting period for each of the awards. The fair value of PUs based on our performance against predefined targets is the excess of the market price of our common stock at the date of grant over the purchase price (which is typically zero). For PUs earned based on a market condition, we utilize a Monte Carlo simulation to fair value these awards at the date of grant, and such fair value is expensed over the three-year performance period.
The fair value of earned PUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, is as follows:
 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
202220212020
Fair value of earned PUs that vested$20,059 $29,701 $11,812 
A summary of PU activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:
 ORIGINAL
PU AWARDS
PU
ADJUSTMENT(1)
TOTAL PU
AWARDS		WEIGHTED-AVERAGE
GRANT-DATE
FAIR VALUE
Non-vested at December 31, 2021873,235 (541,444)331,791 $44.65 
Granted435,675 — 435,675 52.27 
Prior year grant adjustments for performance (1)
— 56,894 56,894 36.78 
Vested(386,627)— (386,627)51.88 
Forfeited(92,110)— (92,110)49.61 
Non-vested at December 31, 2022830,173 (484,550)345,623 $45.65 
(1)Represents an increase or decrease in the number of original PUs awarded based on either the final performance criteria or market condition achievement at the end of the performance period of such PUs or a change in estimated awards based on the forecasted performance against the predefined targets.
EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
We offer an Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") in which participation is available to substantially all United States and Canadian employees who meet certain service eligibility requirements. Shares of our common stock may be purchased by eligible employees at six-month intervals at 95% of the fair market price at the end of each six-month period, without a look-back feature, up to a maximum of 15% of their gross compensation during the offering period. We do not recognize compensation expense for the ESPP shares purchased. In May 2021, our stockholders approved an amendment to the ESPP to increase the number of shares of Common Stock authorized for issuance thereunder from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were 112,486, 112,297 and 159,853 shares, respectively, purchased under the ESPP. As of December 31, 2022, we have 991,504 shares available under the ESPP.
As of December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested portion of our Employee Stock-Based Awards was $49,455 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
We issue shares of our common stock for the exercises of stock options, and the vesting of RSUs, PUs and shares of our common stock under our ESPP from unissued reserved shares.
U. ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION COSTS
Acquisition and integration costs represent operating expenditures directly associated with the closing and integration activities of our business acquisitions that have closed, or are highly probable of closing, and include (i) advisory, legal and professional fees to complete business acquisitions and (ii) costs to integrate acquired businesses into our existing operations, including move, severance and system integration costs (collectively, "Acquisition and Integration Costs"). Acquisition and integration costs for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $47,746, $12,764 and $0, respectively.
V. OTHER (INCOME) EXPENSE, NET
Other (income) expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following:
 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
 202220212020
Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses, net(1)
$(61,684)$(15,753)$29,830 
Debt extinguishment expense671 — 68,300 
Other, net(2)(3)
(8,768)(177,051)45,415 
Other (Income) Expense, Net$(69,781)$(192,804)$143,545 
(1)The gain or loss on foreign currency transactions, calculated as the difference between the historical exchange rate and the exchange rate at the applicable measurement date, includes gains or losses primarily related to (i) borrowings in certain foreign currencies under our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined in Note 7), (ii) our previously outstanding 3% Euro Senior Notes due 2025, which were redeemed in 2020, and (iii) certain foreign currency denominated intercompany obligations of our foreign subsidiaries to us and between our foreign subsidiaries, which are not considered permanently invested.
(2)Other, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 consists primarily of (i) a gain of approximately $93,600 associated with the remeasurement of the Deferred Purchase Obligation to the present value of our best estimate of fair value and (ii) a gain of approximately $35,800 associated with the Clutter Transaction (as defined in Note 5), partially offset by (iii) a loss of approximately $105,800 associated with the OSG Deconsolidation (as defined in Note 4) and (iv) losses on our equity method investments.
(3)Other, net for the year ended December 31, 2021 consists primarily of (i) a gain of approximately $179,000 associated with our IPM Divestment (as defined in Note 4) and (ii) a gain of approximately $20,300 associated with the loss of control and related deconsolidation, as of May 18, 2021, of one of our wholly owned Netherlands subsidiaries, for which we had value-added tax liability exposure that was recorded in 2019, partially offset by (iii) losses on our equity method investments.
W. INCOME TAXES
Accounting for income taxes requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax and financial reporting bases of assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided when recovery of deferred tax assets does not meet the more likely than not standard as defined in GAAP. We have elected to recognize interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of the Provision (benefit) for income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
X. INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE—BASIC AND DILUTED
Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The calculation of diluted income (loss) per share is consistent with that of basic income (loss) per share but gives effect to all potential common shares (that is, securities such as stock options, RSUs, PUs, warrants or convertible securities) that were outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive.
The calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
 202220212020
Net Income (Loss)$562,149 $452,725 $343,096 
Less: Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests5,168 2,506 403 
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated (utilized in numerator of Earnings Per Share calculation)$556,981 $450,219 $342,693 
Weighted-average shares—basic290,812,000 289,457,000 288,183,000 
Effect of dilutive potential stock options1,125,068 645,886 24,903 
Effect of dilutive potential RSUs and PUs507,109 872,204 435,287 
Weighted-average shares—diluted292,444,177 290,975,090 288,643,190 
Net Income (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated:   
Basic$1.92 $1.56 $1.19 
Diluted$1.90 $1.55 $1.19 
Antidilutive stock options, RSUs and PUs, excluded from the calculation305,527 1,447,722 5,663,981 
Y. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
NOT YET ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In December 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2021-08"). ASU 2021-08 requires that an entity recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASU 2014-09 and for the related revenue contracts in accordance with ASU 2014-09 as if it had originated the contracts. ASU 2021-08 will be effective for us on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect ASU 2021-08 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon its adoption.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions, for a limited period of time, to ease the potential burden of recognizing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments in ASU 2020-04 apply to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to the global transition away from LIBOR and certain other interbank offered rates. Under ASU 2020-04, an entity could elect to apply the amendments beginning March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06") to defer the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. We are currently evaluating these amendments as they relate to our contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR, as well as the impact of ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2022-06 on our consolidated financial statements, but we do not expect the impact to be material.