10-Q 1 q3201610-q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016
Commission file number 1-12672
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 77-0404318
(State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) |  | Identification No.)

Ballston Tower
671 N. Glebe Rd, Suite 800
Arlington, Virginia 22203
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(703) 329-6300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve (12) months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past ninety (90) days.
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) o | Smaller reporting company o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes o No ý
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date:
137,325,877 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of October 31, 2016.

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| PAGE
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2016 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2015 | 1
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2016 AND 2015 | 2
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2016 AND 2015 | 3
| NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) | 5
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 24
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 53
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 53
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 53
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS | 54
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 55
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 55
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 55
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION | 55
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS | 56
SIGNATURES | 58

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| 9/30/2016 |  | 12/31/2015
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Land and improvements | $ | 3,894,647 |  |  | $ | 3,636,761 |
Buildings and improvements | 13,993,232 |  |  | 13,056,292 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 515,887 |  |  | 458,224 |
| 18,403,766 |  |  | 17,151,277 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (3,591,604 | ) |  | (3,303,751 | )
Net operating real estate | 14,812,162 |  |  | 13,847,526 |
Construction in progress, including land | 1,439,271 |  |  | 1,592,917 |
Land held for development | 519,626 |  |  | 484,377 |
Real estate assets held for sale, net | 100,351 |  |  | 17,489 |
Total real estate, net | 16,871,410 |  |  | 15,942,309 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 65,899 |  |  | 400,507 |
Cash in escrow | 166,289 |  |  | 104,821 |
Resident security deposits | 32,640 |  |  | 30,077 |
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities | 176,882 |  |  | 216,919 |
Deferred development costs | 46,188 |  |  | 37,577 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 229,349 |  |  | 199,095 |
Total assets | $ | 17,588,657 |  |  | $ | 16,931,305 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes, net | $ | 4,070,247 |  |  | $ | 3,845,674 |
Variable rate unsecured credit facility | 170,000 |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 2,575,723 |  |  | 2,611,274 |
Dividends payable | 185,384 |  |  | 171,257 |
Payables for construction | 100,113 |  |  | 98,802 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 335,249 |  |  | 260,005 |
Accrued interest payable | 44,027 |  |  | 40,085 |
Resident security deposits | 57,495 |  |  | 53,132 |
Liabilities related to real estate assets held for sale | 3,845 |  |  | 553 |
Total liabilities | 7,542,083 |  |  | 7,080,782 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 9,950 |  |  | 9,997 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015; zero shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015; 137,324,780 and 137,002,031 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively | 1,373 |  |  | 1,370 |
Additional paid-in capital | 10,099,739 |  |  | 10,068,532 |
Accumulated earnings less dividends | 36,043 |  |  | (197,989 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (100,531 | ) |  | (31,387 | )
Total equity | 10,036,624 |  |  | 9,840,526 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 17,588,657 |  |  | $ | 16,931,305 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 514,891 |  |  | $ | 473,199 |  |  | $ | 1,522,705 |  |  | $ | 1,367,473 |
Management, development and other fees | 1,320 |  |  | 2,161 |  |  | 4,310 |  |  | 7,714 |
Total revenue | 516,211 |  |  | 475,360 |  |  | 1,527,015 |  |  | 1,375,187 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 124,789 |  |  | 115,655 |  |  | 360,318 |  |  | 340,501 |
Property taxes | 52,338 |  |  | 50,416 |  |  | 153,512 |  |  | 143,505 |
Interest expense, net | 47,871 |  |  | 43,234 |  |  | 137,862 |  |  | 133,398 |
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net | — |  |  | (18,987 | ) |  | 2,461 |  |  | (26,736 | )
Depreciation expense | 131,729 |  |  | 120,184 |  |  | 391,414 |  |  | 355,664 |
General and administrative expense | 11,928 |  |  | 10,464 |  |  | 35,343 |  |  | 31,266 |
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 3,804 |  |  | 3,391 |  |  | 8,702 |  |  | 5,251 |
Casualty and impairment loss (gain), net | — |  |  | 658 |  |  | (3,935 | ) |  | (10,668 | )
Total expenses | 372,459 |  |  | 325,015 |  |  | 1,085,677 |  |  | 972,181 |
Equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities | (342 | ) |  | 20,554 |  |  | 54,779 |  |  | 68,925 |
Gain on sale of communities | 202,163 |  |  | 35,216 |  |  | 284,582 |  |  | 106,151 |
Gain on sale of other real estate | 10,778 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,921 |  |  | 9,647 |
Income before taxes | 356,351 |  |  | 206,115 |  |  | 791,620 |  |  | 587,729 |
Income tax expense | 22 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 1,348 |
Net income | 356,329 |  |  | 206,076 |  |  | 791,525 |  |  | 586,381 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 63 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 229 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 356,392 |  |  | $ | 206,142 |  |  | $ | 791,767 |  |  | $ | 586,610 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) on cash flow hedges | 719 |  |  | (31 | ) |  | (73,826 | ) |  | (67 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 1,748 |  |  | 1,373 |  |  | 4,682 |  |  | 4,401 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 358,859 |  |  | $ | 207,484 |  |  | $ | 722,623 |  |  | $ | 590,944 |
Earnings per common share - basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2.60 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  | $ | 5.77 |  |  | $ | 4.42 |
Earnings per common share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 5.76 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |
Dividends per common share | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.25 |  |  | $ | 4.05 |  |  | $ | 3.75 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

| For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 791,525 |  |  | $ | 586,381 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation expense | 391,414 |  |  | 355,664 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 5,664 |  |  | 5,117 |
Amortization of debt premium | (14,146 | ) |  | (19,571 | )
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, net | 2,461 |  |  | (26,736 | )
Amortization of stock-based compensation | 12,103 |  |  | 11,980 |
Equity in loss of, and return on, unconsolidated entities and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations | 11,756 |  |  | 13,502 |
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (3,935 | ) |  | (17,303 | )
Abandonment of development pursuits | 1,598 |  |  | — |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 4,682 |  |  | 4,334 |
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (348,675 | ) |  | (146,745 | )
Increase in cash in operating escrows | (4,563 | ) |  | (8,409 | )
(Increase) decrease in resident security deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets | (16,127 | ) |  | 2,986 |
Increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable | 17,911 |  |  | 33,072 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 851,668 |  |  | 794,272 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs | (869,342 | ) |  | (1,265,829 | )
Acquisition of real estate assets, including partnership interest | (393,916 | ) |  | — |
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets | (43,020 | ) |  | (40,358 | )
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets | (5,513 | ) |  | (4,887 | )
Proceeds from sale of real estate, net of selling costs | 404,731 |  |  | 232,415 |
Increase in cash in deposit escrows | (59,263 | ) |  | — |
Insurance proceeds for property damage claims | 17,196 |  |  | 44,142 |
Mortgage note receivable lending | (11,074 | ) |  | — |
Increase in payables for construction | 1,311 |  |  | 1,010 |
Distributions from unconsolidated real estate entities | 94,748 |  |  | 47,873 |
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities | (2,449 | ) |  | (881 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (866,591 | ) |  | (986,515 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Issuance of common stock, net | 14,147 |  |  | 674,631 |
Dividends paid | (541,485 | ) |  | (484,251 | )
Net borrowings under unsecured credit facility | 170,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties | (161,095 | ) |  | (743,653 | )
Issuance of unsecured notes | 474,838 |  |  | 574,066 |
Repayment of unsecured notes | (250,000 | ) |  | — |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (10,910 | ) |  | (4,741 | )
Payment for termination of forward interest rate swaps | (14,847 | ) |  | — |
Distributions to DownREIT partnership unitholders | (30 | ) |  | (28 | )
Distributions to joint venture and profit-sharing partners | (303 | ) |  | (274 | )
Redemption of preferred interest obligation | — |  |  | (14,410 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (319,685 | ) |  | 1,340 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (334,608 | ) |  | (190,903 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 400,507 |  |  | 509,460 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 65,899 |  |  | $ | 318,557 |
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized | $ | 137,720 |  |  | $ | 149,097 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016:

• | As described in Note 4, “Equity,” 196,491 shares of common stock were issued as part of the Company's stock based compensation plans, of which 115,618 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 80,873 shares valued at $13,129,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 44,327 shares valued at $3,894,000 were issued in conjunction with the conversion of deferred stock awards; 1,689 shares valued at $304,000 were issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan; 53,214 shares valued at $8,316,000 were withheld to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities; and 3,848 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $627,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• | Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $185,384,000.

• | The Company recorded an increase of $529,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units. For further discussion of the nature and valuation of these items, see Note 10, “Fair Value.”

• | The Company recorded a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $2,689,000 and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $53,591,000, and a corresponding loss to other comprehensive income of $56,280,000, and reclassified $4,682,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company’s derivative and hedge accounting activity.

• | The Company assumed fixed rate indebtedness with a principal amount of $67,904,000 in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Hoboken.

• | The Company assumed fixed rate indebtedness with a principal amount of $70,507,000 in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Columbia Pike.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2015:

• | The Company issued 157,779 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock based compensation plans, of which 95,826 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 61,953 shares valued at $10,721,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 46,589 shares valued at $3,552,000 were issued in conjunction with the conversion of deferred stock awards; 1,608 shares valued at $275,000 were issued through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan; 39,800 shares valued at $5,921,000 were withheld to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities; and 4,293 restricted stock units with a value of $502,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• | Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $171,098,000.

• | The Company recorded a decrease of $1,722,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding increase to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.

• | The Company recorded a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and a corresponding loss to other comprehensive income of $67,000, and reclassified $4,401,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company’s derivative and hedge accounting activity.

• | The Company recognized a charge of $26,039,000 to write off the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed by the fire that occurred in 2015 at Avalon at Edgewater ("Edgewater") and winter storm damage.

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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Basis of Presentation
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the “Company,” which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California.
At September 30, 2016, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 261 operating apartment communities containing 75,254 apartment homes in 10 states and the District of Columbia, of which eight communities containing 3,363 apartment homes were under reconstruction. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 22 communities under construction that are expected to contain an aggregate of 7,454 apartment homes when completed. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 28 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 9,550 apartment homes.
The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.
Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share (“EPS”). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company’s earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Basic and diluted shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 136,997,756 |  |  | 133,669,584 |  |  | 136,901,164 |  |  | 132,516,847 |
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 499,798 |  |  | 1,032,376 |  |  | 533,642 |  |  | 1,139,423 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 137,505,054 |  |  | 134,709,460 |  |  | 137,442,306 |  |  | 133,663,770 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 356,392 |  |  | $ | 206,142 |  |  | $ | 791,767 |  |  | $ | 586,610 |
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares | (872 | ) |  | (467 | ) |  | (2,036 | ) |  | (1,444 | )
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted | $ | 355,520 |  |  | $ | 205,675 |  |  | $ | 789,731 |  |  | $ | 585,166 |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 136,997,756 |  |  | 133,669,584 |  |  | 136,901,164 |  |  | 132,516,847 |
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 2.60 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  | $ | 5.77 |  |  | $ | 4.42 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 356,392 |  |  | $ | 206,142 |  |  | $ | 791,767 |  |  | $ | 586,610 |
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships, including discontinued operations | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 28 |
Adjusted net income available to common stockholders | $ | 356,402 |  |  | $ | 206,151 |  |  | $ | 791,797 |  |  | $ | 586,638 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 137,505,054 |  |  | 134,709,460 |  |  | 137,442,306 |  |  | 133,663,770 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 5.76 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |

All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2016 and 2015 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
The Company is required to estimate the forfeiture of stock options and recognize compensation cost net of the estimated forfeitures. The estimated forfeitures included in compensation cost are adjusted to reflect actual forfeitures at the end of the vesting period. The forfeiture rate at September 30, 2016 was 0.8% and is based on the average forfeiture activity over a period equal to the estimated life of the stock options. The application of estimated forfeitures did not materially impact compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 or 2015.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, “Hedging Derivatives”) for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of general and administrative expenses. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the effective portion of cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive income (loss). Amounts recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that the Company has determined qualified as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged. See Note 10, "Fair Value," for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
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Legal and Other Contingencies
In January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community located in Edgewater, New Jersey. Edgewater consisted of two residential buildings. One building, containing 240 apartment homes, was destroyed. The second building, containing 168 apartment homes, suffered minimal damage and has been repaired.
The Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.
Three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants of the destroyed building and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a proposed settlement which would provide a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. On July 8, 2016, class counsel filed with the court a motion for preliminary approval of this class settlement, and the Company did not oppose such motion. The Court administratively terminated this motion without prejudice due to the filing of an appeal of an order denying a motion to intervene in the settlement, but the Company expects that the motion will be re-filed shortly. The Company cannot predict when or if the court will approve the settlement. A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, 20 lawsuits representing approximately 141 individual plaintiffs have been filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen County - Law Division and 19 of these lawsuits are currently pending. All of these state court cases have been consolidated by the court; the Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in all of the suits. There are also three subrogation lawsuits that have been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained “renter’s insurance”; it is the Company’s position that in the majority of the applicable leases the residents waived subrogation rights. One of these lawsuits has been dismissed on that basis and the other two are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.
Having settled many third party claims through the insurance claims process, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above, if approved) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter. See Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," and Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the casualty gains and losses and lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.
The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate
The Company accounts for acquisitions of investments in real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which requires the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree to be recognized at fair value. Typical assets and liabilities acquired include land, building, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years’ notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification and disposition activity.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, a revenue recognition standard that will result in companies recognizing revenue from contracts when control for the service or product that is the subject of the contract is transferred from the seller to the buyer. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers-Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date of the new revenue recognition standard until the first quarter of 2018. Subsequently, the FASB has issued multiple ASU’s clarifying ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2015-14. The Company is assessing whether the new standard will have a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The new standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2019 and allows for early adoption. The Company is assessing whether the new standard will have a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies several aspects of share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as equity or liability, statement of cash flows classification and policy election options for forfeitures. The new standard requires either a prospective, retrospective or modified retrospective approach depending on the amendment type. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2017 and allows for early adoption. The Company is assessing whether the new standard will have a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This ASU addresses eight specific cash flow issues including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, distributions received from equity method investees and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The new standard requires a retrospective approach. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2018 and allows for early adoption. The Company is assessing whether the new standard will have a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
2. Interest Capitalized
The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company’s development or redevelopment activities totaled $19,889,000 and $20,356,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $60,522,000 and $59,186,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
3. Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
The Company’s mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, variable rate unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”) and Credit Facility, as defined below, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are summarized below (dollars in thousands). The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, “Real Estate Disposition Activities”).
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| 9/30/2016 |  | 12/31/2015
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1) | $ | 3,800,000 |  |  | $ | 3,575,000 |
Term Loan | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 1,672,758 |  |  | 1,561,109 |
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 908,621 |  |  | 1,045,182 |
Total mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes | 6,681,379 |  |  | 6,481,291 |
Credit Facility | 170,000 |  |  | — |
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Credit Facility | $ | 6,851,379 |  |  | $ | 6,481,291 |

_____________________________________

(1) | Balances at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 exclude $6,882 and $7,601, respectively, of debt discount, and $22,871 and $21,725, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Balances at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 exclude $6,501 and $19,686, respectively, of debt premium, and $12,157 and $14,703, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following debt activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2016:

• | In January 2016, in conjunction with the disposition of Eaves Trumbull, Avalon at Stratford was substituted as collateral for the outstanding fixed rate mortgage note secured by Eaves Trumbull.

• | In January 2016, in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Hoboken, the Company assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $67,904,000 and a contractual interest rate of 4.18% maturing in December 2020.

• | In February 2016, the Company repaid the $16,212,000 fixed rate mortgage note secured by Archstone Lexington, with an effective interest rate of 3.32% at par and without penalty in advance of its March 2016 maturity date. Upon repayment, Archstone Lexington was substituted as collateral for the outstanding fixed rate mortgage note secured by Avalon Walnut Ridge I.

• | In April 2016, the Company repaid $134,500,000 of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Walnut Creek at par in advance of its March 2046 maturity date, recognizing a non-cash charge of $2,461,000 for the write-off of deferred financing costs.

• | In May 2016, the Company issued $475,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $471,751,000. The notes mature in May 2026 and were issued at a 2.95% coupon rate. The notes have an effective interest rate of approximately 3.35%, including the effect of an interest rate hedge and offering costs.

• | In August 2016, Avalon Wilshire, Avalon Mission Oaks and Avalon Encino were substituted as collateral for the outstanding fixed rate mortgage notes secured by Eaves Nanuet, Avalon Shrewsbury and Avalon at Freehold, respectively.

• | In September 2016, the Company repaid $250,000,000 principal amount of its 5.75% coupon unsecured notes pursuant to its scheduled maturity.

• | In September 2016, in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Columbia Pike, the Company assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $70,507,000 and a contractual interest rate of 3.38% maturing in November 2019.

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In January 2016, the Company extended the maturity of its revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) from April 2017 to April 2020, and amended other provisions in the Credit Facility. In addition, pursuant to an option available under the terms of the Credit Facility, with the approval of the syndicate of lenders, the Company increased the aggregate facility size from $1,300,000,000 to $1,500,000,000 (the "Credit Facility Increase"). The Company may further extend the term for up to nine months, provided the Company is not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. In connection with the Credit Facility Increase, the applicable margin over reference rates used to determine the applicable interest rates on the Company's borrowings from time to time decreased. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on the Company's unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by the Company. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (1.36% at September 30, 2016), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The stated spread over LIBOR can vary from LIBOR plus 0.80% to LIBOR plus 1.55% based on the Company's credit ratings. In addition, a competitive bid option is available for borrowings up to 65% of the Credit Facility amount, which allows banks that are part of the lender consortium to bid to make loans at a rate that is lower than the stated rate if market conditions allow. In connection with the Credit Facility Increase, the annual facility fee was also amended to lower the fee to 0.125% from 0.15%, resulting in a fee of approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on the Company's current credit rating.
The Company had $170,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2016 and no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2015. The Company had $53,137,000 and $43,049,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced the borrowing capacity as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from February 2017 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $3,482,680,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of September 30, 2016).
As of September 30, 2016, the Company has guaranteed $100,000,000 of mortgage notes payable held by wholly-owned subsidiaries; all such mortgage notes payable are consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s fixed rate mortgage notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 4.4% and 4.6% at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s variable rate mortgage notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt), the Term Loan and its Credit Facility, including the effect of certain financing related fees, was 2.3% and 1.8% at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Scheduled payments and maturities of mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at September 30, 2016 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year |  | Secured notes payments |  | Secured notes maturities |  | Unsecured notes maturities |  | Stated interest rate of unsecured notes
2016 |  | $ | 4,536 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |
2017 |  | 18,671 |  |  | 709,591 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 5.700 | %
2018 |  | 17,793 |  |  | 76,669 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
2019 |  | 4,696 |  |  | 655,386 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
2020 |  | 3,624 |  |  | 118,729 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 6.100 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3.625 | %
2021 |  | 3,551 |  |  | 27,844 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 3.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | LIBOR + 1.450% |
2022 |  | 3,795 |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
2023 |  | 4,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 4.200 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 2.850 | %
2024 |  | 4,310 |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
2025 |  | 4,585 |  |  | 84,835 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | 3.450 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
Thereafter |  | 218,644 |  |  | 620,080 |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
|  | $ | 288,245 |  |  | $ | 2,293,134 |  |  | $ | 4,100,000 |  |  |  |

The Company was in compliance at September 30, 2016 with customary financial and other covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loan, and the Company’s fixed rate unsecured notes.
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4. Equity
The following summarizes the changes in equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated earnings less dividends |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 10,068,532 |  |  | $ | (197,989 | ) |  | $ | (31,387 | ) |  | $ | 9,840,526 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 791,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 791,767 |
Loss on cash flow hedges | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73,826 | ) |  | (73,826 | )
Cash flow hedge loss reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,682 |  |  | 4,682 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (529 | ) |  | — |  |  | (529 | )
Dividends declared to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | (555,916 | ) |  | — |  |  | (555,916 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 3 |  |  | 11,148 |  |  | (1,290 | ) |  | — |  |  | 9,861 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 20,059 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,059 |
Balance at September 30, 2016 | $ | 1,373 |  |  | $ | 10,099,739 |  |  | $ | 36,043 |  |  | $ | (100,531 | ) |  | $ | 10,036,624 |

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company’s charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company:

i. | issued 128,192 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;

ii. | issued 1,689 common shares through the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan;

iii. | issued 196,491 common shares in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares;

iv. | issued 44,327 common shares in conjunction with the conversion of deferred stock awards;

v. | withheld 53,214 common shares to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and other liabilities;

vi. | issued 5,671 common shares through the Employee Stock Purchase Program; and

vii. | canceled 407 common shares of restricted stock upon forfeiture.

Any deferred compensation related to the Company’s stock option, restricted stock and performance award grants during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is not reflected on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2016, and will not be reflected until recognized as compensation cost.
In December 2015, the Company commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which the Company may sell up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company's common stock and determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. In conjunction with CEP IV, the Company engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. CEP IV also allows the Company to enter into forward sale agreements up to $1,000,000,000 in aggregate sales price of its common stock. The Company expects that it will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case the Company will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, the Company may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, the Company will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company had no sales under the program and did not enter into any forward sale agreements.
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5. Investments in Real Estate Entities
Investment in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities
As of September 30, 2016, the Company had investments in five unconsolidated real estate entities with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 31.3%, excluding development joint ventures and joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated real estate entities under the equity method of accounting. The significant accounting policies of the Company’s unconsolidated real estate entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, AvalonBay Value Added Fund II, L.P. ("Fund II") sold two communities:

• | Eaves Rancho San Diego, located in El Cajon, CA, containing 676 apartment homes, was sold for $158,000,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP for the disposition was $13,057,000.

• | Eaves Tustin, located in Tustin, CA, containing 628 apartment homes, was sold for $163,550,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP for the disposition was $23,547,000.

In conjunction with the disposition of these communities during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, Fund II repaid $127,191,000 of secured indebtedness in advance of the scheduled maturity dates. This resulted in charges for prepayment penalties and write-offs of deferred financing costs, of which the Company's portion was $1,670,000, which is reported as a reduction of equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The Company has an equity interest of 31.3% in Fund II, and upon achievement of a threshold return, the Company has a right to incentive distributions for its promoted interest representing 20.0% of further Fund II distributions, which is in addition to its share of the remaining 80.0% of distributions. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized income of $3,447,000 for its promoted interest, which is reported as a component of equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund") sold two communities:

• | Archstone Boca Town Center, located in Boca Raton, FL, containing 252 apartment homes, was sold for $56,300,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP for the disposition was $4,120,000.

• | Avalon Kips Bay, located in New York, NY, containing 209 apartment homes, was sold for $173,000,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP for the disposition was $12,448,000.

In conjunction with the disposition of these communities, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the U.S. Fund repaid an aggregate of $94,822,000 of secured indebtedness in advance of the scheduled maturity dates. This resulted in charges for prepayment penalties and write-offs of deferred financing costs, of which the Company's aggregate portion was $2,003,000, which is reported as a reduction of equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):
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| 9/30/2016 |  | 12/31/2015
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Real estate, net | $ | 1,005,924 |  |  | $ | 1,392,833 |
Other assets | 52,992 |  |  | 57,044 |
Total assets | $ | 1,058,916 |  |  | $ | 1,449,877 |
Liabilities and partners’ capital: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable and credit facility | $ | 720,703 |  |  | $ | 947,205 |
Other liabilities | 20,771 |  |  | 20,471 |
Partners’ capital | 317,442 |  |  | 482,201 |
Total liabilities and partners’ capital | $ | 1,058,916 |  |  | $ | 1,449,877 |

The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Rental and other income | $ | 30,771 |  |  | $ | 43,868 |  |  | $ | 101,534 |  |  | $ | 132,518 |
Operating and other expenses | (12,069 | ) |  | (17,910 | ) |  | (39,206 | ) |  | (52,622 | )
Gain on sale of communities | — |  |  | 66,410 |  |  | 180,256 |  |  | 98,899 |
Interest expense, net (1) | (7,919 | ) |  | (14,883 | ) |  | (37,857 | ) |  | (35,694 | )
Depreciation expense | (8,081 | ) |  | (11,213 | ) |  | (26,027 | ) |  | (35,058 | )
Net income | $ | 2,702 |  |  | $ | 66,272 |  |  | $ | 178,700 |  |  | $ | 108,043 |

_____________________________________

(1) | Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes charges for prepayment penalties and write-offs of deferred financing costs of $12,344.

In conjunction with the formation of Fund II, and the acquisition of the U.S. Fund, Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the "AC JV") and Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC ("Brandywine"), the Company incurred costs in excess of its equity in the underlying net assets of the respective investments. These costs represent $38,485,000 and $40,978,000 at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, of the Company's respective investment balances. These amounts are being amortized over the lives of the underlying assets as a component of equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
In May 2016, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement to facilitate the acquisition of Avalon Clarendon, located in Arlington, VA. Avalon Clarendon is part of a mixed-use development containing residential, retail, office and public parking. The Company contributed $120,300,000 to the venture for the Company's share of the purchase price. The Company had shared control of the overall venture with its partner, but had all of the rights and obligations associated with the residential component of Avalon Clarendon, containing 300 apartment homes. The joint venture partner had all of the rights and obligations associated with the retail, office and public parking components of the mixed-use development. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company and its venture partner established separate legal ownership of the residential and retail, office and public parking components of the venture, and the Company retained all of the rights and obligations associated with the residential component. After this legal separation, the Company will report the operating results of Avalon Clarendon as part of its consolidated operations. In conjunction with the consolidation of Avalon Clarendon, the Company recorded the consolidated assets at fair value applying the framework discussed below under "Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities" for valuation, resulting in a gain of $4,322,000 for the difference between the fair value of Avalon Clarendon and the Company's equity interest at the date of consolidation of $115,848,000, primarily attributable to depreciation recognized during the period the community was owned in the joint venture. The Company has included this gain as a component of gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company entered into a joint venture to develop, own, and operate AVA North Point, an apartment community located in Cambridge, MA, which is currently under construction and expected to contain 265 apartment homes upon completion. The Company owns a 55.0% interest in the venture, and the venture partner owns the remaining 45.0% interest. AVA North Point is the third phase of a master planned development, the other phases of which are owned through the AC JV. The AC JV’s partnership agreement contains provisions that require the Company to provide a right of first offer (“ROFO”) to the venture partners in connection with opportunities to acquire or develop additional interests in multifamily real estate assets within a specified geographic radius of the AC JV’s existing assets, generally one mile or less. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company provided the partners of the AC JV the opportunity to acquire the AVA North Point land parcel owned by the Company as required in the ROFO provisions for the AC JV. After certain partners of the AC JV declined to participate, the Company entered into the new joint venture and sold the land parcel to the venture in exchange for a cash payment and a capital account credit, and is overseeing the development in exchange for a developer fee. Upon sale of the land parcel, the Company recognized a gain of $10,621,000, included in gain on sale of other real estate on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, in addition to Avalon Clarendon discussed above, the Company acquired four consolidated communities:

• | Avalon Hoboken, located in Hoboken, NJ, contains 217 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $129,700,000. In conjunction with the acquisition, the Company assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $67,904,000 and a contractual interest rate of 4.18% maturing in December 2020.

• | Avalon Potomac Yard, located in Alexandria, VA, contains 323 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $108,250,000.

• | Avalon Columbia Pike, located in Arlington, VA, contains 269 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $102,000,000. In conjunction with the acquisition, the Company assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $70,507,000 and a contractual interest rate of 3.38% maturing in November 2019.

• | Studio 77, located in North Hollywood, CA, contains 156 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $72,100,000.

The Company accounted for these acquisitions as business combinations and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their fair values. The Company used third party pricing or internal models for the values of the land, a valuation model for the values of the buildings and debt, and an internal model to determine the fair values of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, debt, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.
Expensed Acquisition, Development and Other Pursuit Costs and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which the Company currently believes future development is probable (“Development Rights”). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Initial pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are expensed. The Company expensed costs related to the abandonment of Development Rights as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition of assets or costs incurred pursuing the disposition of assets for which such disposition activity did not occur, in the amounts of $3,804,000 and $3,391,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $7,086,000 and $5,251,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These costs are included in expensed acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.
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The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property or long-lived asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the property or long-lived asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the property or long-lived asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses for wholly-owned operating real estate assets.
The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for both development and investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized $10,500,000 of aggregate impairment charges related to three ancillary land parcels. This charge was determined as the excess of the Company's carrying basis over the expected sales price for each parcel, and is included in casualty and impairment loss (gain), net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company did not recognize any material impairment charges on its investment in land during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015.
The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both the extent and amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. There were no material other than temporary impairment losses recognized by any of the Company’s investments in unconsolidated real estate entities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.
Casualty Gains and Losses
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company reached a final insurance settlement for the Company's property damage and lost income for the Edgewater casualty loss, for which it received aggregate insurance proceeds for Edgewater of $73,150,000, after self-insurance and deductibles, as discussed below.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company received $44,142,000 in insurance proceeds, which were partially offset by casualty charges of $21,844,000 to write off the net book value of the building destroyed by the fire at Edgewater, and $6,635,000 to record demolition and additional incident expenses, resulting in a net casualty gain of $15,663,000. Of these amounts, during the three months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recorded casualty charges for additional demolition and incident costs related to Edgewater of $658,000. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company received the final $29,008,000 of insurance proceeds, of which $8,702,000 was recognized as an additional net casualty gain and $20,306,000 as business interruption insurance proceeds. The Company reported the net casualty gains from each of the respective reporting periods as casualty and impairment loss (gain), net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, and reported the business interruption insurance proceeds as a component of rental and other income on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
See discussion in Note 1, "Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, Legal and Other Contingencies," and Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the Edgewater casualty loss.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, several of the Company's communities in its Northeast markets incurred property and casualty damages from severe winter storms, for which the Company recorded an impairment due to a casualty loss of $4,195,000. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded a net casualty gain related to the 2015 severe winter storms of $5,732,000, which is comprised of $8,493,000 in third-party insurance proceeds received, partially offset by incremental costs of $2,761,000. These amounts are included in casualty and impairment loss (gain), net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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6. Real Estate Disposition Activities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company sold five wholly-owned operating communities.

• | Eaves Trumbull, located in Trumbull, CT, containing 340 homes, was sold for $70,250,000. The Company's gain in accordance with GAAP on the disposition was $51,430,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | Avalon Essex, located in Peabody, MA, containing 154 homes, was sold for $45,100,000. The Company's gain in accordance with GAAP on the disposition was $31,081,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | Eaves Nanuet, located in Nanuet, NY, containing 504 homes, was sold for $147,000,000. The Company's gain in accordance with GAAP on the disposition was $118,008,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | Avalon Shrewsbury, located in Shrewsbury, MA, containing 251 homes, was sold for $60,500,000. The Company's gain in accordance with GAAP on the disposition was $33,350,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The sale of Avalon Shrewsbury was expected to be part of a tax deferred exchange under which the Company had restricted the cash proceeds in an escrow account, classified as cash in escrow on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. These proceeds will be available to the Company as unrestricted cash in the fourth quarter of 2016.

• | Avalon at Freehold, located in Freehold, NJ, containing 296 homes, was sold for $68,000,000. The Company's gain in accordance with GAAP on the disposition was $46,482,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

At September 30, 2016, the Company had three communities and three ancillary land parcels that qualified as held for sale.
7. Segment Reporting
The Company’s reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, and Development/Redevelopment Communities. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change.
In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.
The Company’s segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing each segment’s performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income (“NOI”) as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment loss (gain), net, gain on sale of real estate assets and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.
A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Net income | $ | 356,329 |  |  | $ | 206,076 |  |  | $ | 791,525 |  |  | $ | 586,381 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 14,946 |  |  | 13,427 |  |  | 46,960 |  |  | 43,642 |
Investments and investment management expense | 1,205 |  |  | 1,167 |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 3,274 |
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 3,804 |  |  | 3,391 |  |  | 8,702 |  |  | 5,251 |
Interest expense, net | 47,871 |  |  | 43,234 |  |  | 137,862 |  |  | 133,398 |
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net | — |  |  | (18,987 | ) |  | 2,461 |  |  | (26,736 | )
General and administrative expense | 11,928 |  |  | 10,464 |  |  | 35,343 |  |  | 31,266 |
Equity in loss (income) of unconsolidated real estate entities | 342 |  |  | (20,554 | ) |  | (54,779 | ) |  | (68,925 | )
Depreciation expense | 131,729 |  |  | 120,184 |  |  | 391,414 |  |  | 355,664 |
Income tax expense | 22 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 1,348 |
Casualty and impairment loss (gain), net | — |  |  | 658 |  |  | (3,935 | ) |  | (10,668 | )
Gain on sale of real estate | (212,941 | ) |  | (35,216 | ) |  | (295,503 | ) |  | (115,798 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale (1) | (5,525 | ) |  | (9,180 | ) |  | (19,751 | ) |  | (28,248 | )
Net operating income | $ | 349,710 |  |  | $ | 314,703 |  |  | $ | 1,043,939 |  |  | $ | 909,849 |

__________________________________

(1) | Represents NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale as of September 30, 2016 that are not otherwise classified as discontinued operations.

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 8,814 |  |  | $ | 15,098 |  |  | $ | 31,731 |  |  | $ | 46,610 |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (3,289 | ) |  | (5,918 | ) |  | (11,980 | ) |  | (18,362 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 5,525 |  |  | $ | 9,180 |  |  | $ | 19,751 |  |  | $ | 28,248 |

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.
The following table provides details of the Company’s segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community’s status at the beginning of the given calendar year. Therefore, each year the composition of communities within each business segment is adjusted. Accordingly, the amounts between years are not directly comparable. Segment information for total revenue and NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2015 through September 30, 2016, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2016, as described in Note 6, “Real Estate Disposition Activities.” Segment information for gross real estate as of September 30, 2016 and 2015 has not been adjusted to exclude real estate assets that were sold or otherwise qualified as held for sale subsequent to the respective balance sheet dates.
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended |  |
| Total revenue |  | NOI |  | % NOI change from prior year |  | Total revenue |  | NOI |  | % NOI change from prior year |  | Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended September 30, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 59,321 |  |  | $ | 37,657 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | $ | 174,731 |  |  | $ | 111,497 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | $ | 1,845,679 |
Metro NY/NJ | 96,231 |  |  | 65,299 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 283,554 |  |  | 193,001 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 3,206,696 |
Mid-Atlantic | 58,929 |  |  | 40,029 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 174,922 |  |  | 120,623 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 2,335,116 |
Pacific Northwest | 20,216 |  |  | 14,502 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 59,333 |  |  | 42,753 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 736,377 |
Northern California | 80,783 |  |  | 61,560 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | 238,867 |  |  | 182,658 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 2,657,020 |
Southern California | 73,570 |  |  | 52,527 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 217,686 |  |  | 155,242 |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 2,667,875 |
Total Established | 389,050 |  |  | 271,574 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | 1,149,093 |  |  | 805,774 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 13,448,763 |
Other Stabilized (2) | 53,905 |  |  | 34,812 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 177,016 |  |  | 125,017 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2,325,539 |
Development / Redevelopment | 63,122 |  |  | 43,324 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 164,865 |  |  | 113,148 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 3,994,361 |
Land Held for Future Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 519,626 |
Non-allocated (3) | 1,320 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 4,310 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 74,374 |
Total | $ | 507,397 |  |  | $ | 349,710 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | $ | 1,495,284 |  |  | $ | 1,043,939 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | $ | 20,362,663 |
For the period ended September 30, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 45,245 |  |  | $ | 29,036 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 132,054 |  |  | $ | 81,883 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | $ | 1,487,944 |
Metro NY/NJ | 92,153 |  |  | 65,207 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 270,406 |  |  | 190,735 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | 3,196,771 |
Mid-Atlantic | 52,839 |  |  | 36,157 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 156,806 |  |  | 108,125 |  |  | (0.4 | )% |  | 2,172,951 |
Pacific Northwest | 17,319 |  |  | 12,077 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 50,563 |  |  | 36,214 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 720,223 |
Northern California | 69,850 |  |  | 53,095 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 202,508 |  |  | 155,464 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 2,412,264 |
Southern California | 65,019 |  |  | 43,714 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 190,513 |  |  | 130,278 |  |  | 9.1 | % |  | 2,505,625 |
Total Established | 342,425 |  |  | 239,286 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 1,002,850 |  |  | 702,699 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 12,495,778 |
Other Stabilized | 56,564 |  |  | 36,949 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 165,319 |  |  | 108,355 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2,106,947 |
Development / Redevelopment | 59,112 |  |  | 38,468 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 152,694 |  |  | 98,795 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 3,795,868 |
Land Held for Future Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 553,729 |
Non-allocated (3) | 2,161 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 7,714 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 50,556 |
Total | $ | 460,262 |  |  | $ | 314,703 |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 1,328,577 |  |  | $ | 909,849 |  |  | 12.8 | % |  | $ | 19,002,878 |

__________________________________

(1) | Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $135,054 as of September 30, 2016.

(2) | Total revenue and NOI for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes $20,306 in business interruption insurance proceeds related to the Edgewater casualty loss.

(3) | Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

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8. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
As part of its long term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock. Detail of the outstanding awards and activity is presented below.
Information with respect to stock options granted under the Company’s 1994 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “1994 Plan”) and its 2009 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”) is as follows:

|  | 2009 Plan shares |  | Weighted average exercise price per share |  | 1994 Plan shares |  | Weighted average exercise price per share
Options Outstanding, December 31, 2015 |  | 249,178 |  |  | $ | 122.17 |  |  | 82,195 |  |  | $ | 103.27 |
Exercised |  | (68,538 | ) |  | 116.37 |  |  | (59,654 | ) |  | 112.85 |
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Options Outstanding, September 30, 2016 (1) |  | 180,640 |  |  | $ | 124.37 |  |  | 22,541 |  |  | $ | 77.91 |

__________________________________

(1) | All options outstanding are exercisable as of September 30, 2016.

Information with respect to performance awards granted is as follows:

|  | Performance awards |  | Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  | 238,266 |  |  | $ | 119.65 |
Granted (1) |  | 94,054 |  |  | 141.92 |
Change in units based on performance (2) |  | 36,091 |  |  | 101.52 |
Converted to restricted stock |  | (115,618 | ) |  | 94.67 |
Forfeited |  | (1,630 | ) |  | 141.98 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2016 |  | 251,163 |  |  | $ | 136.74 |

__________________________________

(1) | The amount of restricted stock that ultimately may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics related to the Company’s common stock for 61,039 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 33,015 performance awards.

(2) | Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on performance achievement.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

|  | 2016
Dividend yield |  | 3.3%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1) |  | 15.2% - 22.8%
Risk free rate |  | 0.44% - 0.88%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure |  | $131.24

__________________________________

(1) | Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2016, for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on a weighted average grant date value of $161.66, and the Company's estimate of corporate achievement for the financial metrics.
Information with respect to restricted stock granted is as follows:
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|  | Restricted stock shares |  | Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share |  | Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2015 |  | 147,884 |  |  | $ | 146.21 |  |  | 98,347 |
Granted - restricted stock shares |  | 80,873 |  |  | 162.34 |  |  | 115,618 |
Vested - restricted stock shares |  | (84,623 | ) |  | 141.49 |  |  | (36,872 | )
Forfeited |  | (3,453 | ) |  | 162.34 |  |  | (395 | )
Outstanding at September 30, 2016 |  | 140,681 |  |  | $ | 157.49 |  |  | 176,698 |

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $11,555,000 and $11,255,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $7,790,000 and $7,738,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At September 30, 2016, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $28,890,000 for unvested restricted stock and performance awards, which does not include estimated forfeitures, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.6 years.
9. Related Party Arrangements
Unconsolidated Entities
The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $1,320,000 and $2,161,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $4,310,000 and $7,714,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These fees are recognized on an accrual basis when earned in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to revenue recognition, and are included in management, development and other fees on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In addition, the Company has outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management role of $9,983,000 and $3,832,000 as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Director Compensation
The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards in the amount of $260,000 and $293,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $877,000 and $842,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards to non-employee directors was $693,000 and $488,000 on September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company issued 44,327 shares of common stock in conjunction with the conversion of deferred stock awards.
10. Fair Value
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
Derivative Financial Instruments
Currently, the Company uses interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company’s financial statements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of counterparty nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of its net position with a given counterparty, as well as any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor’s Ratings Group. As part of its on-going control procedures, the Company monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity, thus reducing credit risk concentration. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of September 30, 2016, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
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Hedge ineffectiveness did not have a material impact on earnings of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, or any prior period, and the Company does not anticipate that it will have a material effect in the future.
The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at September 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

| Non-designated Hedges Interest Rate Caps |  | Cash Flow Hedges Interest Rate Caps |  | Cash Flow Hedges Interest Rate Swaps
Notional balance | $ | 722,943 |  |  | $ | 36,108 |  |  | $ | 800,000 |
Weighted average interest rate (1) | 2.6 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | N/A |
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate | 6.2 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 2.3 | %
Earliest maturity date | Nov 2016 |  |  | Apr 2019 |  |  | Nov 2017 |
Latest maturity date | Jul 2021 |  |  | Apr 2019 |  |  | Nov 2017 |

____________________________________

(1) | For interest rate caps, represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company entered into $600,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements for a total of $1,200,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements executed to reduce the impact of variability in interest rates on a portion of the Company's expected debt issuance activity in 2016 and 2017. In May 2016, the Company settled $400,000,000 of the aggregate outstanding swaps, as discussed below. For the remaining outstanding swaps, at maturity of the agreements, the Company expects to cash settle the contracts and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that the Company issues the debt as expected, the impact from settling these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.
In May 2016, in conjunction with the Company's May 2016 unsecured note issuance, the Company settled $400,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the forecasted issuance of the unsecured notes, making a payment of $14,847,000. The Company has deferred the effective portion of the fair value change of these swaps in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and will recognize the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the life of the unsecured notes.
Excluding derivatives executed to hedge secured debt on communities classified as held for sale, the Company had 11 derivatives designated as cash flow hedges and 15 derivatives not designated as hedges at September 30, 2016. Fair value changes for derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were not material. During nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company deferred $73,826,000 of losses for cash flow hedges reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).
The following table summarizes the deferred losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income as a component of interest expense, net (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | $ | 1,748 |  |  | $ | 1,373 |  |  | $ | 4,682 |  |  | $ | 4,401 |

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $6,978,000 of hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months to offset the variability of cash flows of the hedged item during this period.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The Company provided redemption options (the “Puts”) that allow joint venture partners of the Company to require the Company to purchase their interests in the investment at a guaranteed minimum amount related to three ventures. The Puts are payable in cash. The Company determines the fair value of the Puts based on unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in pricing the obligations, applying a guaranteed rate of return to the joint venture partners’ net capital contribution balances as of period end. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs, the valuations are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
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The Company issued units of limited partnership interest in DownREITs which provide the DownREIT limited partners the ability to present all or some of their units for redemption for cash as determined by the partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreements, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company’s common stock on or about the date of redemption. In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares of the Company’s common stock. The limited partnership units in the DownREITs are valued using the market price of the Company’s common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy.
Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within principal protected accounts. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
Other Financial Instruments
Rents and other receivables, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.
The Company values its unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Term Loan using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company’s nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its notes payable and amounts outstanding under its Credit Facility and Term Loan are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | 9/30/2016
Non-Designated Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | (53,591 | ) |  | — |  |  | (53,591 | ) |  | — |
Puts |  | (8,181 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,181 | )
DownREIT units |  | (1,334 | ) |  | (1,334 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes |  | (3,988,324 | ) |  | (3,988,324 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, Credit Facility and Term Loan |  | (2,985,133 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,985,133 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (7,036,547 | ) |  | $ | (3,989,658 | ) |  | $ | (3,038,708 | ) |  | $ | (8,181 | )

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Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
|  | 12/31/2015
Non-Designated Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | 5,422 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,422 |  |  | — |
Puts |  | (8,181 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,181 | )
DownREIT units |  | (1,381 | ) |  | (1,381 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes |  | (3,668,417 | ) |  | (3,668,417 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, Credit Facility and Term Loan |  | (2,700,341 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,700,341 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (6,372,867 | ) |  | $ | (3,669,798 | ) |  | $ | (2,694,888 | ) |  | $ | (8,181 | )

11. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.
In October 2016, the Company issued the following unsecured notes in public offerings under its existing shelf registration statement.

• | $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes were issued for net proceeds of approximately $297,117,000. The notes mature in October 2026 and were issued at a 2.90% coupon interest rate.

• | $350,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes were issued for net proceeds of approximately $345,520,000. The notes mature in October 2046 and were issued at a 3.90% coupon interest rate.

In October 2016, the Company issued a redemption notice for $250,000,000 principal amount of its 5.70% coupon unsecured notes in advance of the March 2017 scheduled maturity. The Company expects to complete the redemption of the unsecured notes in November 2016.
In October 2016, the Company sold two wholly-owned communities. Avalon Brandemoor I and II, located in Lynnwood, WA, contain an aggregate of 506 apartment homes and were sold for $132,000,000.
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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under “Forward-Looking Statements” included in this report. Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under “Forward-Looking Statements” as well as the risk factors described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (the “Form 10-K”).
Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Executive Overview
Business Description
We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate multifamily apartment communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California. We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe are characterized by growing employment in high wage sectors of the economy, lower housing affordability and a diverse and vibrant quality of life. We believe these market characteristics offer the opportunity for superior risk-adjusted returns on apartment community investment relative to other markets. We seek to create long-term shareholder value by accessing capital on cost effective terms; deploying that capital to develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in our selected markets; operating apartment communities; and selling communities when they no longer meet our long-term investment strategy or when pricing is attractive.
Our strategic vision is to be the leading apartment company in select US markets, providing a range of distinctive living experiences that customers value. We pursue this vision by targeting what we believe are the best markets and submarkets, leveraging our strategic capabilities in market research and consumer insight and being disciplined in our capital allocation and balance sheet management. Our communities are predominately upscale and generally command among the highest rents in their markets. However, we also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services. We regularly evaluate the allocation of our investments by the amount of invested capital and by product type within our individual markets.
Third Quarter 2016 Highlights
We experienced favorable operating performance in the third quarter of 2016:

• | Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was $356,392,000, an increase of $150,250,000, or 72.9%, as compared to the prior year period. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in NOI from newly developed, acquired and existing operating communities and an increase in real estate sales and related gains, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense, a decrease in equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated real estate entities related to the timing of gains from dispositions, and a gain on extinguishment of debt that occurred in the prior year period.

• | Established Communities NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was $271,574,000, an increase of $11,258,000, or 4.3%, over the prior year period. This increase was driven by an increase in rental revenue of 3.8%, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses of 2.2% compared to the prior year period.

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we completed the construction of two communities with an aggregate of 376 apartment homes for a total capitalized cost of $111,200,000. We also started construction of one community expected to contain 350 apartment homes with an expected total capitalized cost of $91,200,000. At September 30, 2016, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 22 communities under construction expected to contain 7,454 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of approximately $2,697,400,000. In addition, as of September 30, 2016, we held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 28 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 9,550 apartment homes, and will be developed for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $3,872,000,000, a decrease of $140,000,000 from our position as of June 30, 2016.
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During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we sold three wholly-owned operating communities:

• | Eaves Nanuet, located in Nanuet, NY, containing 504 homes was sold for $147,000,000, and our gain in accordance with GAAP was $118,008,000.

• | Avalon Shrewsbury, located in Shrewsbury, MA, containing 251 homes was sold for $60,500,000, and our gain in accordance with GAAP was $33,350,000.

• | Avalon at Freehold, located in Freehold, NJ, containing 296 homes was sold for $68,000,000, and our gain in accordance with GAAP was $46,482,000.

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we acquired two consolidated communities:

• | Avalon Columbia Pike, located in Arlington, VA, contains 269 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $102,000,000. In conjunction with the acquisition, we assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $70,507,000 and a contractual interest rate of 3.38% maturing in November 2019.

• | Studio 77, located in North Hollywood, CA, contains 156 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $72,100,000.

We expect to be able to meet our reasonably foreseeable liquidity needs, as they arise, through a combination of one or more of the following sources: existing cash on hand; operating cash flows; borrowings under our Credit Facility; secured debt; the issuance of corporate securities (which could include unsecured debt, preferred equity and/or common equity); the sale of apartment communities; or through the formation of joint ventures. See the discussion under Liquidity and Capital Resources.
Communities Overview
Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities, communities in various stages of development (“Development Communities”) and Development Rights (as defined below). Our current operating communities are further distinguished as Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, Lease-Up Communities, Redevelopment Communities and Unconsolidated Communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we intend to update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change during the year. The following is a description of each category:
Current Communities are categorized as Established, Other Stabilized, Lease-Up, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:

• | Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. For the nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Established Communities are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2015, are not conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or planned for disposition within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.

• | Other Stabilized Communities are all other completed communities that we own and that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, and that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above. Other Stabilized Communities do not include communities that are conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year.

• | Lease-Up Communities are consolidated communities where construction has been complete for less than one year and where physical occupancy has not reached 95%.

• | Redevelopment Communities are consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community’s pre-redevelopment

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basis and is expected to have a material impact on the operations of the community, including occupancy levels and future rental rates.

• | Unconsolidated Communities are communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.

Development Communities are communities that are under construction and for which a certificate or certificates of occupancy for the entire community have not been received. These communities may be partially complete and operating.
Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.
We currently lease our corporate headquarters located in Arlington, Virginia, as well as our other regional and administrative offices under operating leases.
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As of September 30, 2016, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:

|  | Number of communities |  | Number of apartment homes
Current Communities |  |  |  |  |  |
Established Communities: |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | 39 |  |  | 8,775 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 35 |  |  | 11,084 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 27 |  |  | 9,575 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 13 |  |  | 3,221 |
Northern California |  | 33 |  |  | 9,987 |
Southern California |  | 43 |  |  | 12,032 |
Total Established |  | 190 |  |  | 54,674 |
Other Stabilized Communities: |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | 4 |  |  | 995 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 6 |  |  | 1,313 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 5 |  |  | 1,607 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 3 |  |  | 873 |
Northern California |  | 4 |  |  | 745 |
Southern California |  | 10 |  |  | 3,419 |
Non Core |  | 3 |  |  | 1,014 |
Total Other Stabilized |  | 35 |  |  | 9,966 |
Lease-Up Communities |  | 12 |  |  | 2,867 |
Redevelopment Communities |  | 8 |  |  | 3,363 |
Unconsolidated Communities |  | 16 |  |  | 4,384 |
Total Current Communities |  | 261 |  |  | 75,254 |
Development Communities (1) |  | 22 |  |  | 7,454 |
Total Communities |  | 283 |  |  | 82,708 |
Development Rights |  | 28 |  |  | 9,550 |

_________________________

(1) | Development Communities includes AVA North Point, expected to contain 265 apartment homes, which we will develop within a joint venture.

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Results of Operations
Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in NOI of our Established Communities; NOI derived from acquisitions and development completions; the loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. A comparison of our operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 514,891 |  |  | $ | 473,199 |  |  | $ | 41,692 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | $ | 1,522,705 |  |  | $ | 1,367,473 |  |  | $ | 155,232 |  |  | 11.4 | %
Management, development and other fees | 1,320 |  |  | 2,161 |  |  | (841 | ) |  | (38.9 | )% |  | 4,310 |  |  | 7,714 |  |  | (3,404 | ) |  | (44.1 | )%
Total revenue | 516,211 |  |  | 475,360 |  |  | 40,851 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 1,527,015 |  |  | 1,375,187 |  |  | 151,828 |  |  | 11.0 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 107,298 |  |  | 98,793 |  |  | 8,505 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 305,423 |  |  | 285,730 |  |  | 19,693 |  |  | 6.9 | %
Property taxes | 52,338 |  |  | 50,416 |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 153,512 |  |  | 143,505 |  |  | 10,007 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Total community operating expenses | 159,636 |  |  | 149,209 |  |  | 10,427 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | 458,935 |  |  | 429,235 |  |  | 29,700 |  |  | 6.9 | %
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses | 16,286 |  |  | 15,695 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 51,350 |  |  | 51,497 |  |  | (147 | ) |  | (0.3 | )%
Investments and investment management expense | 1,205 |  |  | 1,167 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 3,545 |  |  | 3,274 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 3,804 |  |  | 3,391 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 12.2 | % |  | 8,702 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 3,451 |  |  | 65.7 | %
Interest expense, net | 47,871 |  |  | 43,234 |  |  | 4,637 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | 137,862 |  |  | 133,398 |  |  | 4,464 |  |  | 3.3 | %
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net | — |  |  | (18,987 | ) |  | 18,987 |  |  | (100.0 | )% |  | 2,461 |  |  | (26,736 | ) |  | 29,197 |  |  | N/A (1) |
Depreciation expense | 131,729 |  |  | 120,184 |  |  | 11,545 |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | 391,414 |  |  | 355,664 |  |  | 35,750 |  |  | 10.1 | %
General and administrative expense | 11,928 |  |  | 10,464 |  |  | 1,464 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 35,343 |  |  | 31,266 |  |  | 4,077 |  |  | 13.0 | %
Casualty and impairment loss (gain), net | — |  |  | 658 |  |  | (658 | ) |  | (100.0 | )% |  | (3,935 | ) |  | (10,668 | ) |  | 6,733 |  |  | (63.1 | )%
Total other expenses | 212,823 |  |  | 175,806 |  |  | 37,017 |  |  | 21.1 | % |  | 626,742 |  |  | 542,946 |  |  | 83,796 |  |  | 15.4 | %
Equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities | (342 | ) |  | 20,554 |  |  | (20,896 | ) |  | (101.7 | )% |  | 54,779 |  |  | 68,925 |  |  | (14,146 | ) |  | (20.5 | )%
Gain on sale of communities | 202,163 |  |  | 35,216 |  |  | 166,947 |  |  | 474.1 | % |  | 284,582 |  |  | 106,151 |  |  | 178,431 |  |  | 168.1 | %
Gain on sale of other real estate | 10,778 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,778 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 10,921 |  |  | 9,647 |  |  | 1,274 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Income before taxes | 356,351 |  |  | 206,115 |  |  | 150,236 |  |  | 72.9 | % |  | 791,620 |  |  | 587,729 |  |  | 203,891 |  |  | 34.7 | %
Income tax expense | 22 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | (43.6 | )% |  | 95 |  |  | 1,348 |  |  | (1,253 | ) |  | (93.0 | )%
Net income | 356,329 |  |  | 206,076 |  |  | 150,253 |  |  | 72.9 | % |  | 791,525 |  |  | 586,381 |  |  | 205,144 |  |  | 35.0 | %
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 63 |  |  | 66 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (4.5 | )% |  | 242 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 356,392 |  |  | $ | 206,142 |  |  | $ | 150,250 |  |  | 72.9 | % |  | $ | 791,767 |  |  | $ | 586,610 |  |  | $ | 205,157 |  |  | 35.0 | %

_________________________

(1) | Percent change is not meaningful.

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Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $150,250,000, or 72.9%, to $356,392,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and $205,157,000, or 35.0%, to $791,767,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 as compared to the respective prior year periods. The increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily attributable to an increase in NOI from newly developed, acquired and existing operating communities and an increase in real estate sales and related gains, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense, a decrease in equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated real estate entities related to the timing of gains from dispositions, and a gain on extinguishment of debt that occurred in the prior year periods. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is also partially offset by a decrease in casualty and impairment gain, net.
NOI is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment loss (gain), net, gain on sale of real estate assets and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale.
NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Reconciliations of NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Net income | $ | 356,329 |  |  | $ | 206,076 |  |  | $ | 791,525 |  |  | $ | 586,381 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 14,946 |  |  | 13,427 |  |  | 46,960 |  |  | 43,642 |
Investments and investment management expense | 1,205 |  |  | 1,167 |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 3,274 |
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 3,804 |  |  | 3,391 |  |  | 8,702 |  |  | 5,251 |
Interest expense, net | 47,871 |  |  | 43,234 |  |  | 137,862 |  |  | 133,398 |
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net | — |  |  | (18,987 | ) |  | 2,461 |  |  | (26,736 | )
General and administrative expense | 11,928 |  |  | 10,464 |  |  | 35,343 |  |  | 31,266 |
Equity in loss (income) of unconsolidated real estate entities | 342 |  |  | (20,554 | ) |  | (54,779 | ) |  | (68,925 | )
Depreciation expense | 131,729 |  |  | 120,184 |  |  | 391,414 |  |  | 355,664 |
Income tax expense | 22 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 1,348 |
Casualty and impairment loss (gain), net | — |  |  | 658 |  |  | (3,935 | ) |  | (10,668 | )
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (212,941 | ) |  | (35,216 | ) |  | (295,503 | ) |  | (115,798 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale (1) | (5,525 | ) |  | (9,180 | ) |  | (19,751 | ) |  | (28,248 | )
Net operating income | $ | 349,710 |  |  | $ | 314,703 |  |  | $ | 1,043,939 |  |  | $ | 909,849 |

____________________________

(1) | Represents NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale as of September 30, 2016 that are not otherwise classified as discontinued operations.

The NOI changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year periods, consist of changes in the following categories (unaudited, dollars in thousands):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2016
Established Communities | $ | 11,258 |  |  | $ | 42,361 |
Other Stabilized Communities (1) | 5,696 |  |  | 48,551 |
Development and Redevelopment Communities | 18,053 |  |  | 43,178 |
Total | $ | 35,007 |  |  | $ | 134,090 |

____________________________

(1) | NOI for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes $20,306 in business interruption insurance proceeds related to the Edgewater casualty loss.

Rental and other income increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the prior year periods due to additional rental income generated from newly developed, acquired and existing operating communities and an increase in rental rates at our Established Communities, discussed below. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is also due to business interruption insurance proceeds received due to the final settlement of the Edgewater casualty loss.
Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes increased to 67,628 apartment homes for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to 63,944 homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $2,464 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $2,369 in the prior year period.
Established Communities — Rental revenue increased $14,225,000, or 3.8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in average rental rates of 3.9% to $2,488 per apartment home, partially offset by a 0.1% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.2%. Rental revenue increased $51,462,000, or 4.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in average rental rates of 4.9% to $2,444 per apartment home, partially offset by a 0.2% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.5%. Economic occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community’s gross revenue. Economic occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at leased rates and vacant homes at market rents.
The Metro New York/New Jersey region accounted for approximately 24.6% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 3.0% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 2.9% to $2,964 per apartment home, and economic occupancy increased 0.1% to 95.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year period. Sequential revenue increased from the prior quarter by 1.6% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. While New York City is absorbing a larger pipeline of new apartment deliveries, suburban markets surrounding the city are more insulated from this new competition, and we expect to see continued growth over the prior year in the Metro New York/New Jersey region in 2016.
The Northern California region accounted for approximately 20.8% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 7.9% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 8.3% to $2,790 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.4% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year period. Sequential revenue increased over the prior quarter by 1.4% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. Although we project job growth to moderate and new apartment deliveries to remain elevated, we expect the Northern California region will continue to produce healthy, but moderating, revenue growth in 2016.
The Southern California region accounted for approximately 19.0% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 6.6% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 6.9% to $2,099 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.3% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year period. Sequential revenue increased over the prior quarter by 1.9% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. Southern California has seen steady job growth and limited new apartment supply, which we expect will continue to support favorable operating results during 2016.
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The Mid-Atlantic region accounted for approximately 15.2% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 1.5% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 1.7% to $2,129 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.2% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year period. Sequential revenue increased over the prior quarter by 0.8% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. Although new apartment supply will remain elevated, accelerating job growth is expected to support continued modest growth in 2016.
The New England region accounted for approximately 15.2% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 3.7% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 3.9% to $2,316 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.2% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year period. Sequential revenue increased from the prior quarter by 2.2% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. Stable job growth in the Boston metro area is expected to support apartment demand in 2016. The Fairfield market continues to experience moderate economic growth due to the area’s greater exposure to the financial services sector, which has experienced slower job growth during this recovery than other industries.
The Pacific Northwest region accounted for approximately 5.2% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 6.2% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 6.4% to $2,156 per apartment home, and were partially offset by 0.2% decrease in economic occupancy to 94.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to the prior year period. Sequential revenue increased over the prior quarter by 1.5% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. We believe that healthy rental revenue growth will continue in 2016, although it may be tempered by the delivery of new apartment homes.
In accordance with GAAP, cash concessions are amortized as an offset to rental revenue over the lease term, which is generally one year. As a supplemental measure, we also present rental revenue with concessions stated on a cash basis to help investors evaluate the impact of both current and historical concessions on GAAP based rental revenue and to more readily enable comparisons to revenue as reported by other companies. Rental revenue with concessions stated on a cash basis also allows investors to understand historical trends in cash concessions, as well as current rental market conditions.
The following table reconciles total rental revenue in conformity with GAAP to total rental revenue adjusted to state concessions on a cash basis for our Established Communities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

|  | For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
|  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Rental revenue (GAAP basis) |  | $ | 388,615 |  |  | $ | 374,390 |  |  | $ | 1,147,985 |  |  | $ | 1,096,523 |
Concessions amortized |  | 317 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 2,266 |
Concessions granted |  | (443 | ) |  | (169 | ) |  | (964 | ) |  | (678 | )
Rental revenue adjusted to state concessions on a cash basis |  | $ | 388,489 |  |  | $ | 374,714 |  |  | $ | 1,147,743 |  |  | $ | 1,098,111 |
Year-over-year % change — GAAP revenue |  |  |  |  | 3.8 | % |  |  |  | 4.7 | %
Year-over-year % change — cash concession based revenue |  |  |  |  | 3.7 | % |  |  |  | 4.5 | %

Management, development and other fees decreased $841,000, or 38.9%, and $3,404,000, or 44.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to lower property and asset management fees earned as a result of dispositions from AvalonBay Value Added Fund II, L.P. ("Fund II") and the Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund"). The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is also due to asset management and disposition fees earned in the prior year period not present in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 from joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition.
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes increased $8,505,000, or 8.6%, and $19,693,000, or 6.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is partially offset by a decrease in snow removal and other costs related to the severe winter storms in our Northeast markets that occurred during the first quarter of 2015.
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For Established Communities, direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $2,484,000, or 3.3%, and $3,466,000, or 1.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to increased bad debt expense, compensation and community repairs and maintenance costs. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is also partially offset by a decrease in snow removal and other costs related to the severe winter storms in our Northeast markets that occurred during the first quarter of 2015, as well as decreased utility costs.
Property taxes increased $1,922,000, or 3.8%, and $10,007,000, or 7.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, coupled with increased assessments across our portfolio.
For Established Communities, property taxes increased $77,000, or 0.2%, and $4,984,000, or 4.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to increased assessments and successful appeals and reversal of supplemental accruals in the prior year period in our West Coast markets. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2016 is partially offset by successful appeals in our West Coast markets in the current year period. We expect property taxes to continue to increase for the balance of 2016 over 2015. For communities in California, property tax changes are determined by the change in the California Consumer Price Index, with increases limited by law (Proposition 13). Massachusetts also has laws in place to limit property tax increases. We evaluate property tax increases internally and also engage third-party consultants to assist in our evaluations. We appeal property tax increases when appropriate.
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses increased $591,000, or 3.8%, and decreased $147,000, or 0.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily due to an increase in compensation related costs. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily due to a decrease in marketing related costs and severance charges in the prior year period, partially offset by an increase in compensation related costs in the current year period.
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries primarily reflect the costs incurred related to our asset investment activity, as well as abandoned pursuit costs. Abandoned pursuit costs include costs incurred for development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as the abandonment of Development Rights and disposition pursuits, and also includes costs related to acquisition pursuits. These costs can be volatile, particularly in periods of increased acquisition activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, and the costs may vary significantly from period to period. These costs increased $413,000, or 12.2%, and $3,451,000, or 65.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to acquisition costs related to communities acquired in 2016. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is also due to the non-cash write-off of asset management fee intangibles associated with the disposition of communities in the U.S. Fund.
Interest expense, net increased $4,637,000, or 10.7%, and $4,464,000, or 3.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, and interest income. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are due to an increase in outstanding unsecured indebtedness.
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net reflects prepayment penalties, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and discounts/premiums from our debt repurchase and retirement activity, or payments to acquire our outstanding debt at amounts above or below the carrying basis of the debt acquired, excluding costs related to debt secured by assets sold or held for sale. The loss of $2,461,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is due to the non-cash write-off of deferred financing costs associated with the early repayment of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Walnut Creek. The gains of $18,987,000 and $26,736,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively, are primarily due to gains on early debt extinguishment representing the excess of the non-cash write-off of unamortized premium resulting from debt assumed in the Archstone acquisition, partially offset by prepayment penalties.
Depreciation expense increased $11,545,000, or 9.6%, and $35,750,000, or 10.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities.
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General and administrative expense (“G&A”) increased $1,464,000, or 14.0%, and $4,077,000, or 13.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to an increase in compensation related expenses and legal fees.
Casualty and impairment loss (gain), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, consists of property damage insurance proceeds from the final insurance settlement for the Edgewater casualty loss and net third-party insurance proceeds related to severe winter storms that occurred in 2015 in our Northeast markets, partially offset by impairment charges recognized for ancillary land parcels. For the three months ended September 30, 2015, casualty and impairment loss (gain), net consists of additional incident expenses from the Edgewater casualty loss. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, casualty and impairment loss (gain), net consists of Edgewater insurance proceeds received, partially offset by additional incident expenses and the write-off of the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed in the fire at Edgewater, and property and casualty damage incurred related to the severe winter storms in our Northeast markets.
Equity in (loss) income of unconsolidated real estate entities decreased $20,896,000, or 101.7%, and $14,146,000, or 20.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily due to the timing of the gains on the sale of communities in various ventures in 2016 compared to the prior year periods.
Gain on sale of communities increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the prior year periods. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area.
Gain on sale of other real estate increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the prior year periods. The gains of $10,778,000 and $10,921,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are primarily composed of the gain on the land we sold to an unconsolidated joint venture. The gain of $9,647,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is primarily due to the sale of air rights, representing the right to increase density for future residential development, and two undeveloped land parcels.
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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® (“NAREIT”), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders (“FFO”) as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:

• | gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;

• | cumulative effect of change in accounting principle;

• | impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;

• | write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;

• | depreciation of real estate assets; and

• | adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or "Core FFO," as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. In calculating FFO, we exclude gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and exclude real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. FFO can help one compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of our core business operations, Core FFO allows one to compare the core operating performance of the Company between periods. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be examined with net income as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:

• | joint venture gains, costs, and promoted interests;

• | casualty and impairment losses or gains, net;

• | gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;

• | acquisition costs and abandoned pursuits;

• | business interruption and property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlements;

• | gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation;

• | severance related costs; and

• | other non-core items.

FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.
The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO and to Core FFO (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 356,392 |  |  | $ | 206,142 |  |  | $ | 791,767 |  |  | $ | 586,610 |
Depreciation - real estate assets, including discontinued operations and joint venture adjustments | 135,275 |  |  | 121,018 |  |  | 397,834 |  |  | 359,195 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, including discontinued operations | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 28 |
Gain on sale of unconsolidated entities holding previously depreciated real estate | — |  |  | (20,074 | ) |  | (53,172 | ) |  | (30,947 | )
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate | (202,163 | ) |  | (35,216 | ) |  | (284,582 | ) |  | (106,151 | )
Casualty and impairment (recovery) loss, net on real estate (1) (5) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,195 | ) |  | 4,195 |
FFO attributable to common stockholders | 289,514 |  |  | 271,879 |  |  | 847,682 |  |  | 812,930 |
Adjusting items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joint venture losses (gains) (2) | 195 |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | 5,763 |  |  | (8,671 | )
Impairment loss on real estate (3) (5) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,500 |  |  | 800 |
Casualty loss (gain), net on real estate (4) (5) | — |  |  | 658 |  |  | (10,239 | ) |  | (15,663 | )
Business interruption insurance proceeds (6) | (78 | ) |  | (357 | ) |  | (20,422 | ) |  | (511 | )
Lost NOI from casualty losses covered by business interruption insurance (7) | 1,877 |  |  | 1,738 |  |  | 5,580 |  |  | 5,072 |
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt | — |  |  | (18,987 | ) |  | 2,461 |  |  | (26,736 | )
Acquisition costs | 635 |  |  | 2,514 |  |  | 2,564 |  |  | 3,454 |
Severance related costs | 346 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 1,784 |
Development pursuit and other write-offs | 2,998 |  |  | 609 |  |  | 3,769 |  |  | 1,072 |
Joint venture promote (8) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,447 | ) |  | (21,969 | )
Gain on sale of other real estate | (10,778 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,921 | ) |  | (9,647 | )
Income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 997 |
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders | $ | 284,709 |  |  | $ | 259,785 |  |  | $ | 834,197 |  |  | $ | 742,912 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 137,505,054 |  |  | 134,709,460 |  |  | 137,442,306 |  |  | 133,663,770 |
EPS per common share - diluted | $ | 2.59 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |  |  | $ | 5.76 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |
FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.11 |  |  | $ | 2.02 |  |  | $ | 6.17 |  |  | $ | 6.08 |
Core FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 1.93 |  |  | $ | 6.07 |  |  | $ | 5.56 |

_________________________

(1) | During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we recognized an impairment on depreciable real estate of $4,195 from the severe winter storms that occurred in our Northeast markets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we received insurance proceeds, net of additional costs incurred, of $5,732 related to the winter storms, and recognized $4,195 of this recovery as an offset to the loss recognized in the prior year period. The balance of the net insurance proceeds received in 2016 of $1,537 is recognized as a casualty gain and is included in the reconciliation of FFO to Core FFO.

(2) | Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily composed of our proportionate share of yield maintenance charges incurred for the early repayment of debt associated with joint venture disposition activity and the write-off of asset management fee intangibles primarily associated with the disposition of communities in the U.S. Fund. Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is primarily composed of our proportionate share of gains and operating results for joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition.

(3) | Amounts include impairment charges relating to ancillary land parcels.

(4) | Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes $8,702 in property damage insurance proceeds for the Edgewater casualty loss, and $1,537 in insurance proceeds in excess of the total recognized loss related to severe winter storms in our Northeast markets that occurred in 2015. Amount for the three months ended September 30, 2015 consists of demolition and additional incident expenses for the Edgewater casualty loss and amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 includes $44,142 of Edgewater insurance proceeds received partially offset by $28,479 for the write-off of real estate and related costs.

(5) | The aggregate impact of (i) casualty and impairment (recovery) loss, net on real estate, (ii) impairment loss on real estate and (iii) casualty gain, net on real estate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is a gain of $3,935.

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(6) | Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is composed primarily of business interruption insurance proceeds resulting from the final insurance settlement of the Edgewater casualty loss.

(7) | Amounts relate to lost NOI resulting from the Edgewater casualty loss, for which we received $20,306 in business interruption insurance proceeds in the first quarter of 2016.

(8) | Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is for the recognition of our promoted interest in Fund II. Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is primarily for the modification of the joint venture agreement for the entity that owns Avalon at Mission Bay II to eliminate our promoted interest in future distributions.

FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, they are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.
A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands) and a discussion of “Liquidity and Capital Resources” can be found later in this report:

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 9/30/2015
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 306,149 |  |  | $ | 302,370 |  |  | $ | 851,668 |  |  | $ | 794,272 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (154,100 | ) |  | $ | (292,166 | ) |  | $ | (866,591 | ) |  | $ | (986,515 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | $ | (268,456 | ) |  | $ | 243,227 |  |  | $ | (319,685 | ) |  | $ | 1,340 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost effective alternative then available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal short-term liquidity needs are to fund:

• | development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged;

• | the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;

• | debt service and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity; and

• | normal recurring operating expenses and corporate overhead expenses.

Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Operating cash flow has historically been determined by: (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels and (iv) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage, as well as our plans for development, redevelopment, acquisition and disposition activity, are affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. We regularly review our liquidity needs, the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.
We had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $65,899,000 at September 30, 2016, a decrease of $334,608,000 from $400,507,000 at December 31, 2015. As presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included elsewhere in this report, the following discussion relates to changes in cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.
Operating Activities — Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $851,668,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 from $794,272,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. The change was driven primarily by increased NOI from existing and newly developed communities and the receipt of business interruption insurance proceeds.
Investing Activities — Net cash used in investing activities totaled $866,591,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The net cash used was primarily due to:

• | investment of $869,342,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities;

• | acquisition of five operating communities for $393,916,000; and

• | capital expenditures of $48,533,000 for our operating communities and non-real estate assets.

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These amounts are partially offset by:

• | proceeds from dispositions net of amounts held in escrow related to a planned tax deferred exchange of $345,468,000;

• | net distributions from unconsolidated real estate entities of $92,299,000; and

• | insurance recoveries from property damage claims related to Edgewater and the severe winter storms in our Northeast markets that occurred in 2015 in the aggregate amount of $17,196,000.

Financing Activities — Net cash used in financing activities totaled $319,685,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The net cash used was primarily due to:

• | payment of cash dividends in the amount of $541,485,000;

• | repayment of unsecured notes in the amount of $250,000,000;

• | repayment of secured notes in the amount of $161,095,000; and

• | payment of $14,847,000 upon settlement of $400,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements.

These amounts are partially offset by:

• | proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $474,838,000; and

• | borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility of $170,000,000.

Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility
In January 2016, we extended the maturity of the Credit Facility from April 2017 to April 2020, and amended other provisions in the Credit Facility. In addition, pursuant to an option available under the terms of the Credit Facility, with the approval of the syndicate of lenders, we increased the aggregate facility size from $1,300,000,000 to $1,500,000,000 (the "Credit Facility Increase"). We may further extend the term for up to nine months, provided we are not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. In connection with the Credit Facility Increase, the applicable margin over reference rates used to determine the applicable interest rates on our borrowings from time to time decreased. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on the our unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by us. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (1.36% at October 31, 2016), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The stated spread over LIBOR can vary from LIBOR plus 0.80% to LIBOR plus 1.55% based on our credit ratings. In addition, a competitive bid option is available for borrowings up to 65% of the Credit Facility amount, which allows banks that are part of the lender consortium to bid to make loans at a rate that is lower than the stated rate if market conditions allow. In connection with the Credit Facility Increase, the annual facility fee was also amended to lower the fee to 0.125% from 0.15%, resulting in a fee of approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on our current credit rating.
We had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $49,821,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of October 31, 2016.
Financial Covenants
We are subject to financial and other covenants contained in the Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the indenture under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:

• | limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;

• | limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and

• | minimum levels of debt service coverage.

We were in compliance with these covenants at September 30, 2016.
In addition, our secured borrowings may include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were secured.
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Continuous Equity Offering Program
In December 2015, we commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which we may sell up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations of the appropriate sources of funding. In conjunction with CEP IV, we engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. CEP IV also allows us to enter into forward sale agreements up to $1,000,000,000 in aggregate sales price of our common stock. We expect that we will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case we will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, we may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, we will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of October 31, 2016, we had $1,000,000,000 remaining authorized for issuance under this program.
Forward Interest Rate Swap Agreements
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we entered into $600,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements to reduce the impact of variability in interest rates on a portion of our expected debt issuance activity in 2016 and 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we settled $400,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements in conjunction with the May 2016 unsecured notes issuance, making a payment of $14,847,000. At maturity of the remaining outstanding forward interest rate swap agreements, we expect to cash settle the contracts and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that we issue the debt as expected, the impact from settling these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.
Future Financing and Capital Needs — Debt Maturities
One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity. For both our unsecured and secured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.
The following debt activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2016:

• | In January 2016, in conjunction with the disposition of Eaves Trumbull, Avalon at Stratford was substituted as collateral for the outstanding fixed rate mortgage note secured by Eaves Trumbull.

• | In January 2016, in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Hoboken, we assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $67,904,000 and a contractual interest rate of 4.18% maturing in December 2020.

• | In February 2016, we repaid the $16,212,000 fixed rate mortgage note secured by Archstone Lexington, with an effective interest rate of 3.32% at par and without penalty in advance of its March 2016 maturity date. Upon repayment, Archstone Lexington was substituted as collateral for the outstanding fixed rate mortgage note secured by Avalon Walnut Ridge I.

• | In April 2016, we repaid $134,500,000 of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Walnut Creek at par in advance of its March 2046 maturity date, recognizing a non-cash charge of $2,461,000 for the write-off of deferred financing costs.

• | In May 2016, we issued $475,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $471,751,000. The notes mature in May 2026 and were issued at a 2.95% coupon rate. The notes have an effective interest rate of approximately 3.35%, including the effect of an interest rate hedge and offering costs.

• | In August 2016, Avalon Wilshire, Avalon Mission Oaks and Avalon Encino were substituted as collateral for the outstanding fixed rate mortgage notes secured by Eaves Nanuet, Avalon Shrewsbury and Avalon at Freehold, respectively.

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• | In September 2016, we repaid $250,000,000 principal amount of our 5.75% coupon unsecured notes pursuant to the scheduled maturity.

• | In September 2016, in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Columbia Pike, we assumed a fixed rate secured mortgage note with a principal balance of $70,507,000 and a contractual interest rate of 3.38% maturing in November 2019.

In addition, the following debt activity occurred in October 2016:

• | We issued $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $297,117,000. The notes mature in October 2026 and were issued at a 2.90% coupon interest rate.

• | We issued $350,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $345,520,000. The notes mature in October 2046 and were issued at a 3.90% coupon interest rate.

• | We issued a redemption notice for $250,000,000 principal amount of our 5.70% coupon unsecured notes in advance of the March 2017 scheduled maturity. We expect to complete the redemption of the unsecured notes in November 2016.

The following table details our consolidated debt maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest.
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|  | All-In interest rate (1) |  | Principal maturity date |  | Balance Outstanding |  | Scheduled Maturities
Community |  |  |  | 12/31/2015 |  | 9/30/2016 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | Thereafter
Tax-exempt bonds (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon Oaks West |  | 7.54 | % |  | Apr-2043 |  | 15,649 |  |  | 15,492 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 14,440 |
Avalon at Chestnut Hill |  | 6.16 | % |  | Oct-2047 |  | 39,088 |  |  | 38,729 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 509 |  |  | 536 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 36,399 |
Avalon Westbury |  | 4.13 | % |  | Nov-2036 | (3) | 62,200 |  |  | 62,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,200 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 116,937 |  |  | 116,421 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 823 |  |  | 871 |  |  | 113,039 |
Variable rate (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon at Mountain View |  | 1.35 | % |  | Feb-2017 | (5) | 17,700 |  |  | 17,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves Mission Viejo |  | 1.88 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 7,635 |  |  | 7,635 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,635 |
AVA Nob Hill |  | 1.79 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 20,800 |  |  | 20,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,800 |
Avalon Campbell |  | 2.12 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 38,800 |  |  | 38,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,800 |
Eaves Pacifica |  | 2.13 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 17,600 |  |  | 17,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,600 |
Avalon Bowery Place |  | 3.68 | % |  | Nov-2037 | (5) | 93,800 |  |  | 93,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,800 |
Avalon Acton |  | 2.42 | % |  | Jul-2040 | (5) | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,000 |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 1.50 | % |  | Mar-2046 | (6) | 116,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 1.50 | % |  | Mar-2046 | (6) | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Morningside Park |  | 1.74 | % |  | May-2046 | (3) | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |
Avalon Clinton North |  | 2.53 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (5) | 147,000 |  |  | 147,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,000 |
Avalon Clinton South |  | 2.53 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (5) | 121,500 |  |  | 121,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,500 |
Avalon Midtown West |  | 2.44 | % |  | May-2029 | (5) | 100,500 |  |  | 100,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,500 |
Avalon San Bruno |  | 2.42 | % |  | Dec-2037 | (5) | 64,450 |  |  | 64,450 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,450 |
Avalon Calabasas |  | 2.35 | % |  | Apr-2028 | (5) | 44,410 |  |  | 44,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,410 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 945,195 |  |  | 818,895 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 801,495 |
Conventional loans (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$250 Million unsecured notes |  | 5.89 | % |  | Sep-2016 | (7) | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$250 Million unsecured notes |  | 5.82 | % |  | Mar-2017 | (8) | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$250 Million unsecured notes |  | 6.19 | % |  | Mar-2020 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |
$250 Million unsecured notes |  | 4.04 | % |  | Jan-2021 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |
$450 Million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Sep-2022 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |
$250 Million unsecured notes |  | 3.00 | % |  | Mar-2023 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |
$400 Million unsecured notes |  | 3.78 | % |  | Oct-2020 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |
$350 Million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Dec-2023 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |
$300 Million unsecured notes |  | 3.66 | % |  | Nov-2024 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$525 Million unsecured notes |  | 3.55 | % |  | Jun-2025 |  | 525,000 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 525,000 |
$300 Million unsecured notes |  | 3.62 | % |  | Nov-2025 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$475 Million unsecured notes |  | 3.35 | % |  | May-2026 |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |
Avalon Orchards |  | 7.80 | % |  | Jul-2033 |  | 16,621 |  |  | 16,247 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 13,720 |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 4.00 | % |  | Jul-2066 |  | 3,289 |  |  | 3,420 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,420 |
Avalon Mission Oaks |  | 6.03 | % |  | May-2019 | (9) | 19,867 |  |  | 19,629 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 18,831 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon at Stratford |  | 6.02 | % |  | May-2019 | (10) | 38,852 |  |  | 38,385 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 36,828 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
AVA Belltown |  | 6.00 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 61,769 |  |  | 61,027 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 1,075 |  |  | 1,140 |  |  | 58,551 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Encino |  | 6.06 | % |  | May-2019 | (9) | 34,441 |  |  | 34,027 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 32,647 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Run East |  | 5.95 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 36,904 |  |  | 36,461 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 642 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 34,982 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Wilshire |  | 6.18 | % |  | May-2019 | (9) | 62,279 |  |  | 61,531 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  | 59,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon at Foxhall |  | 6.06 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 55,484 |  |  | 54,817 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | 52,594 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon at Gallery Place |  | 6.06 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 43,110 |  |  | 42,592 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 40,864 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon at Traville |  | 5.91 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 73,057 |  |  | 72,180 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | 1,348 |  |  | 69,252 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Bellevue |  | 5.92 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 25,103 |  |  | 24,801 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 23,795 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon on the Alameda |  | 5.91 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 50,754 |  |  | 50,145 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 883 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 48,110 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon at Mission Bay |  | 5.90 | % |  | May-2019 |  | 68,890 |  |  | 68,063 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 1,198 |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 65,302 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
AVA Pasadena |  | 4.06 | % |  | Jun-2018 |  | 11,489 |  |  | 11,339 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 11,074 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon La Jolla Colony |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 27,176 |  |  | 26,682 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,682 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves Old Town Pasadena |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 15,669 |  |  | 14,120 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves Thousand Oaks |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 27,411 |  |  | 26,392 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,392 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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Archstone Lexington |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11)(12) | — |  |  | 21,601 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,601 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Walnut Ridge I |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (12) | 20,754 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves Los Feliz |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 43,258 |  |  | 41,302 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,302 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Oak Creek |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 85,288 |  |  | 69,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Del Mar Station |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 76,471 |  |  | 70,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,854 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Courthouse Place |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 140,332 |  |  | 118,112 |  |  | — |  |  | 118,112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Pasadena |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 28,079 |  |  | 25,805 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,805 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves West Valley |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 83,087 |  |  | 146,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves Woodland Hills |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 104,694 |  |  | 98,732 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,732 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Russett |  | 3.36 | % |  | Nov-2017 | (11) | 39,972 |  |  | 32,199 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,199 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon San Bruno II |  | 3.85 | % |  | Apr-2021 |  | 30,514 |  |  | 30,163 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 506 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 27,844 |
Avalon Westbury |  | 4.13 | % |  | Nov-2036 | (3) | 18,975 |  |  | 18,055 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 1,293 |  |  | 1,358 |  |  | 1,426 |  |  | 1,499 |  |  | 12,166 |
Archstone Lexington |  | 3.32 | % |  | Mar-2016 | (13) | 16,255 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon San Bruno III |  | 3.17 | % |  | Jun-2020 |  | 55,650 |  |  | 54,796 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | 50,825 |  |  | — |
Avalon Andover |  | 3.28 | % |  | Apr-2018 |  | 14,179 |  |  | 13,929 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 13,497 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Natick |  | 3.14 | % |  | Apr-2019 |  | 14,499 |  |  | 14,253 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Hoboken |  | 3.66 | % |  | Dec-2020 | (14) | — |  |  | 67,904 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,904 |  |  | — |
Avalon Columbia Pike |  | 3.24 | % |  | Nov-2019 | (15) | — |  |  | 70,382 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 1,505 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | 66,957 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,019,172 |  |  | 5,356,337 |  |  | 3,854 |  |  | 958,045 |  |  | 40,703 |  |  | 625,103 |  |  | 771,482 |  |  | 2,957,150 |
Variable rate (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 1.88 | % |  | Mar-2046 | (6) | 8,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Calabasas |  | 2.41 | % |  | Aug-2018 | (5) | 54,756 |  |  | 53,618 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 52,098 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Natick |  | 2.73 | % |  | Apr-2019 | (5) | 36,731 |  |  | 36,108 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 884 |  |  | 34,156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Term Loan |  | 2.06 | % |  | Mar-2021 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 399,987 |  |  | 389,726 |  |  | 505 |  |  | 2,083 |  |  | 52,982 |  |  | 34,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
Total indebtedness - excluding Credit Facility |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,481,291 |  |  | $ | 6,681,379 |  |  | $ | 4,536 |  |  | $ | 978,262 |  |  | $ | 94,462 |  |  | $ | 660,082 |  |  | $ | 772,353 |  |  | $ | 4,171,684 |

_________________________

(1) | Includes credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees’ fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark to market amortization and other fees.

(2) | Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured notes of $29,753 and $29,326 as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and deferred financing costs net of premium associated with secured notes of $5,656 as of September 30, 2016, and premium associated with secured notes net of deferred financing costs of $4,983 as of December 31, 2015, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.

(3) | Maturity date reflects the contractual maturity of the underlying bond. There is also an associated earlier credit enhancement maturity date.

(4) | Variable rates are given as of September 30, 2016.

(5) | Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.

(6) | In May 2016, we repaid this borrowing at par in advance of its maturity date.

(7) | In September 2016, we repaid this borrowing pursuant to its scheduled maturity date.

(8) | In October 2016, we issued a redemption notice in advance of the March 2017 scheduled maturity, and we expect to complete the redemption of the unsecured notes in November 2016.

(9) | In August 2016, Avalon Mission Oaks, Avalon Encino and Avalon Wilshire, were substituted as collateral for the outstanding borrowings secured by Avalon Shrewsbury, Avalon at Freehold and Eaves Nanuet, respectively.

(10) | In January 2016, Avalon at Stratford was substituted as collateral for the outstanding borrowing secured by Eaves Trumbull.

(11) | In conjunction with the substitution of Archstone Lexington for Avalon Walnut Ridge I, the aggregate principal balance from the secured borrowing was reallocated between the communities serving as collateral.

(12) | In February 2016, Archstone Lexington was substituted as collateral for the outstanding borrowing secured by Avalon Walnut Ridge I.

(13) | In February 2016, we repaid this borrowing at par in advance of its maturity date, subsequently substituting the operating community as collateral for another borrowing as discussed in note (12).

(14) | This borrowing was assumed in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Hoboken in January 2016.

(15) | This borrowing was assumed in conjunction with the acquisition of Avalon Columbia Pike in September 2016.

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Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Other Activity
During the remainder of 2016, we expect to meet our liquidity needs from a variety of internal and external sources, including (i) real estate dispositions, (ii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iii) borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility and (iv) secured and unsecured debt financings. Additional sources of liquidity in 2016 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects.
Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we intend to plan adequate financing to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may have to abandon Development Rights, write off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.
From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures primarily to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities where our partners bring development and operational expertise to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.
In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over the past business cycle and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop and redevelop communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. We believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not have a material impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Unconsolidated Investments
Fund II and the U.S. Fund (collectively the “Funds”) were established to engage in real estate acquisition programs through discretionary investment funds. We believe this investment format provides the following attributes: (i) third-party joint venture equity as an additional source of financing to expand and diversify our portfolio; (ii) additional sources of income in the form of property management and asset management fees and, potentially, incentive distributions if the performance of the Funds exceeds certain thresholds; and (iii) additional visibility into the transactions occurring in multifamily assets that helps us with other investment decisions related to our wholly-owned portfolio.
Fund II has six institutional investors, including us. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the general partner of Fund II and, excluding costs incurred in excess of our equity in the underlying net assets of Fund II, we have an equity investment of $24,817,000 (net of distributions), representing a 31.3% combined general partner and limited partner equity interest. Upon achievement of a threshold return, we have a right to incentive distributions for our promoted interest representing 20.0% of further Fund II distributions, which are in addition to our share of the remaining 80.0% of distributions. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recognized income of $3,447,000 for our promoted interest. Fund II served as the exclusive vehicle for acquiring apartment communities from its formation in 2008 through the close of its investment period in August 2011. Fund II has a term that expires in August 2020, assuming the exercise of two, one-year extension options.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, Fund II sold two communities containing an aggregate of 1,304 apartment homes for an aggregate sales price of $321,550,000. Our share of the gain in accordance with GAAP was $36,604,000. In conjunction with the disposition of these communities, Fund II repaid $127,191,000 of secured indebtedness in advance of the scheduled maturity dates, which resulted in charges for prepayment penalties and write-offs of deferred financing costs, of which our portion was $1,670,000.
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The U.S. Fund has six institutional investors, including us. We are the general partner of the U.S. Fund and, excluding costs incurred in excess of our equity in the underlying net assets of the U.S. Fund, we have an equity investment of $50,336,000 (net of distributions), representing a 28.6% combined equity interest. The U.S. Fund was formed in July 2011 and is fully invested. The U.S. Fund has a term that expires in July 2023, assuming the exercise of two, one-year extension options.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the U.S. Fund sold two communities containing an aggregate of 461 apartment homes for an aggregate sales price of $229,300,000. Our share of the gain in accordance with GAAP was $16,568,000. In conjunction with the disposition of these communities, the U.S. Fund repaid $94,822,000 of secured indebtedness in advance of the scheduled maturity dates, which resulted in charges for prepayment penalties and write-offs of deferred financing costs, of which our portion was $2,003,000.
The AC JV has four institutional investors, including us. Excluding costs incurred in excess of our equity in the underlying net assets of the AC JV, we have an equity investment of $51,052,000 (net of distributions), representing a 20.0% equity interest. The AC JV was formed in 2011.
During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we entered into a joint venture to develop, own, and operate AVA North Point, an apartment community located in Cambridge, MA, which is currently under construction and expected to contain 265 apartment homes upon completion. We own a 55.0% interest in the venture, and the venture partner owns the remaining 45.0% interest. AVA North Point is the third phase of a master planned development, the other phases of which are owned through the AC JV. The AC JV’s partnership agreement contains provisions that require us to provide a right of first offer (“ROFO”) to the venture partners in connection with opportunities to acquire or develop additional interests in multifamily real estate assets within a specified geographic radius of the AC JV’s existing assets, generally one mile or less. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we provided the partners of the AC JV the opportunity to acquire the AVA North Point land parcel we owned as required in the ROFO provisions for the AC JV. After certain partners of the AC JV declined to participate, we entered into the new joint venture and sold the land parcel to the venture in exchange for a cash payment and a capital account credit, and we are overseeing the development in exchange for a developer fee. Upon sale of the land parcel, we recognized a gain of $10,621,000.
In May 2016, we entered into a joint venture agreement to facilitate the acquisition of Avalon Clarendon, located in Arlington, VA. Avalon Clarendon is part of a mixed-use development containing residential, retail, office and public parking. We contributed $120,300,000 to the venture for our share of the purchase price. We had shared control of the overall venture, but had all of the rights and obligations associated with the residential component of Avalon Clarendon, containing 300 apartment homes. The joint venture partner had all of the rights and obligations associated with the retail, office and public parking components of the mixed-use development. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we established separate legal ownership of the residential and retail, office and public parking components of the venture with our venture partner, and we retained all of the rights and obligations associated with the residential component. After this legal separation, beginning October 2016, we will report the operating results of Avalon Clarendon as part of our consolidated operations. In conjunction with the consolidation of Avalon Clarendon, we recorded the consolidated assets at fair value, resulting in a gain of $4,322,000 for the difference between the fair value of Avalon Clarendon and our equity interest at the date of consolidation of $115,848,000, primarily attributable to depreciation recognized during the period the community was owned in the joint venture.
As of September 30, 2016, we had investments in unconsolidated real estate accounted for under the equity method of accounting shown in the following table, excluding development joint ventures. Refer to Note 5, “Investments in Real Estate Entities,” of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report, which includes information on the aggregate assets, liabilities and equity, as well as operating results, and our proportionate share of their operating results. For ventures holding operating apartment communities as of September 30, 2016, detail of the real estate and associated funding underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).
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|  | Company ownership percentage |  | # of Apartment homes |  | Total capitalized cost (1) |  | Debt (2)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Interest rate (3) |  | Maturity date
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments |  |  |  |  | Amount |  | Type |  |
Fund II |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Briarwood Apartments - Owings Mills, MD |  |  |  |  | 348 |  |  | $ | 46,045 |  |  | $ | 25,417 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.64 | % |  | Nov 2017
2. Eaves Gaithersburg - Gaithersburg, MD (4) |  |  |  |  | 684 |  |  | 103,068 |  |  | 63,200 |  |  | Fixed |  | 5.42 | % |  | Jan 2018
3. Eaves Rockville - Rockville, MD |  |  |  |  | 210 |  |  | 51,857 |  |  | 29,167 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.26 | % |  | Aug 2019
4. Avalon Watchung - Watchung, NJ |  |  |  |  | 334 |  |  | 66,687 |  |  | 39,839 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.37 | % |  | Apr 2019
Total Fund II |  | 31.3 | % |  | 1,576 |  |  | 267,657 |  |  | 157,623 |  |  |  |  | 4.40 | % |  |
U.S. Fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Eaves Sunnyvale - Sunnyvale, CA (4) |  |  |  |  | 192 |  |  | 67,246 |  |  | 33,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 5.33 | % |  | Nov 2019
2. Avalon Studio 4121 - Studio City, CA |  |  |  |  | 149 |  |  | 56,906 |  |  | 29,670 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.34 | % |  | Nov 2022
3. Avalon Marina Bay - Marina del Rey, CA (5) |  |  |  |  | 205 |  |  | 77,146 |  |  | 51,300 |  |  | Fixed |  | 1.56 | % |  | Dec 2020
4. Avalon Venice on Rose - Venice, CA |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 57,236 |  |  | 29,961 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.28 | % |  | Jun 2020
5. Avalon Station 250 - Dedham, MA |  |  |  |  | 285 |  |  | 96,214 |  |  | 57,813 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.73 | % |  | Sep 2022
6.. Avalon Grosvenor Tower - Bethesda, MD |  |  |  |  | 237 |  |  | 79,716 |  |  | 44,808 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.74 | % |  | Sep 2022
7. Avalon Kirkland at Carillon - Kirkland, WA |  |  |  |  | 131 |  |  | 60,040 |  |  | 29,158 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.75 | % |  | Feb 2019
Total U.S. Fund |  | 28.6 | % |  | 1,269 |  |  | 494,504 |  |  | 275,710 |  |  |  |  | 3.43 | % |  |
AC JV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon North Point - Cambridge, MA (6) |  |  |  |  | 426 |  |  | 187,190 |  |  | 111,653 |  |  | Fixed |  | 6.00 | % |  | Aug 2021
2. Avalon Woodland Park - Herndon, VA (6) |  |  |  |  | 392 |  |  | 85,563 |  |  | 50,647 |  |  | Fixed |  | 6.00 | % |  | Aug 2021
3. Avalon North Point Lofts - Cambridge, MA |  |  |  | 103 |  |  | 26,809 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  |  | N/A
Total AC JV |  | 20.0 | % |  | 921 |  |  | 299,562 |  |  | 162,300 |  |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |
Other Operating Joint Ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. MVP I, LLC |  | 25.0 | % |  | 313 |  |  | 124,806 |  |  | 103,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.24 | % |  | Jul 2025
2. Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC |  | 28.7 | % |  | 305 |  |  | 18,670 |  |  | 23,441 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.40 | % |  | Jun 2028
Total Other Joint Ventures |  |  |  | 618 |  |  | 143,476 |  |  | 126,441 |  |  |  |  | 3.27 | % |  |
Total Unconsolidated Investments |  |  |  | 4,384 |  |  | $ | 1,205,199 |  |  | $ | 722,074 |  |  |  |  | 4.19 | % |  |

_____________________________

(1) | Represents total capitalized cost as of September 30, 2016.

(2) | We have not guaranteed the debt of unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment.

(3) | Represents weighted average rate on outstanding debt as of September 30, 2016.

(4) | Borrowing on this community is comprised of two mortgage loans.

(5) | Borrowing on this community is a variable rate loan which has been converted to a fixed rate borrowing with an interest rate swap.

(6) | Borrowing is comprised of four mortgage loans made by the equity investors in the venture in proportion to their equity interests.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In addition to our investment interests in consolidated and unconsolidated real estate entities, we have certain off-balance sheet arrangements with the entities in which we invest. Additional discussion of these entities can be found in Note 5, “Investments in Real Estate Entities,” of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We have not guaranteed the debt of our unconsolidated real estate entities, as referenced in the table above, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should the unconsolidated real estate entities be unable to do so. In the future, in the event the unconsolidated real estate entities were unable to meet their obligations under a loan, we cannot predict at this time whether we would provide any voluntary support, or take any other action, as any such action would depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of support required and the possibility that such support could enhance the return of the unconsolidated real estate entities and/or our returns by providing time for performance to improve.
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With respect to Fund II, each individual mortgage loan was made to a special purpose, single asset subsidiary of Fund II. Each mortgage loan provides that it is the obligation of the respective subsidiary only, except under exceptional circumstances (such as fraud or misapplication of funds) in which case Fund II could also have obligations with respect to the mortgage loan. In no event do the mortgage loans provide for recourse against investors in Fund II, including against us or our wholly-owned subsidiaries that invest in Fund II. A default by Fund II or a Fund II subsidiary on any loan to it would not constitute a default under any of our loans or any loans of our other non-Fund subsidiaries or affiliates. If Fund II or a subsidiary of Fund II were unable to meet its obligations under a loan, the value of our investment in Fund II would likely decline. If a Fund II subsidiary or Fund II were unable to meet its obligations under a loan, we and/or the other investors might evaluate whether it was in our respective interests to voluntarily support Fund II through additional equity contributions and/or take other actions to avoid a default under a loan or the consequences of a default (such as foreclosure of a Fund II asset).
There are no other material lines of credit, side agreements, financial guarantees or any other derivative financial instruments related to or between our unconsolidated real estate entities and us. In evaluating our capital structure and overall leverage, management takes into consideration our proportionate share of the indebtedness of unconsolidated entities in which we have an interest.
Contractual Obligations
We currently have contractual obligations consisting primarily of long-term debt obligations and lease obligations for certain land parcels and regional and administrative office space. As of September 30, 2016, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in our Form 10-K.
Development Communities
As of September 30, 2016, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 22 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 7,454 apartment homes to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $2,697,400,000. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. You should carefully review Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with development activity.
The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities. We hold a fee simple ownership interest in these communities (directly or through a wholly-owned subsidiary) unless otherwise noted in the table.
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| Number of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Construction start |  | Initial projected occupancy (2) |  | Estimated completion |  | Estimated stabilization (3)
1. |  | Avalon Willoughby Square/AVA DoBro Brooklyn, NY | 826 |  |  | 456.3 |  |  | Q3 2013 |  | Q4 2015 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
2. |  | Avalon Huntington Beach Huntington Beach, CA | 378 |  |  | 120.3 |  |  | Q2 2014 |  | Q1 2016 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
3. |  | Avalon Esterra Park Redmond, WA | 482 |  |  | 137.8 |  |  | Q3 2014 |  | Q1 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2017
4. |  | Avalon Laurel Laurel, MD | 344 |  |  | 72.4 |  |  | Q2 2015 |  | Q2 2016 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
5. |  | Avalon Quincy Quincy, MA | 395 |  |  | 95.3 |  |  | Q2 2015 |  | Q2 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2017
6. |  | Avalon Princeton Princeton, NJ | 280 |  |  | 95.5 |  |  | Q4 2014 |  | Q3 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2017
7. |  | Avalon Hunt Valley Hunt Valley, MD | 332 |  |  | 74.0 |  |  | Q1 2015 |  | Q3 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2017
8. |  | Avalon Chino Hills Chino Hills, CA | 331 |  |  | 96.9 |  |  | Q3 2015 |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q2 2018
9. |  | Avalon Newcastle Commons I Newcastle, WA | 378 |  |  | 110.1 |  |  | Q3 2015 |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q2 2018
10. |  | Avalon Great Neck Great Neck, NY | 191 |  |  | 78.9 |  |  | Q2 2015 |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2017
11. |  | Avalon North Station Boston, MA | 503 |  |  | 257.9 |  |  | Q3 2014 |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q2 2018
12. |  | Avalon West Hollywood West Hollywood, CA | 294 |  |  | 150.0 |  |  | Q2 2014 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q2 2018
13. |  | AVA NoMa Washington, D.C. | 438 |  |  | 148.3 |  |  | Q2 2015 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q3 2018
14. |  | Avalon Sheepshead Bay (4) Brooklyn, NY | 180 |  |  | 86.4 |  |  | Q3 2015 |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q2 2018
15. |  | Avalon Maplewood Maplewood, NJ | 235 |  |  | 66.3 |  |  | Q4 2015 |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q3 2018
16. |  | Avalon Rockville Centre II Rockville Centre, NY | 165 |  |  | 57.8 |  |  | Q4 2015 |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q2 2018
17 |  | AVA Wheaton Wheaton, MD | 319 |  |  | 75.6 |  |  | Q4 2015 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q3 2018
18. |  | Avalon Dogpatch San Francisco, CA | 326 |  |  | 203.4 |  |  | Q4 2015 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q1 2019
19. |  | Avalon Easton Easton, MA | 290 |  |  | 64.0 |  |  | Q1 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q3 2018
20. |  | Avalon Somers Somers, NY | 152 |  |  | 45.1 |  |  | Q2 2016 |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q1 2018
21. |  | AVA North Point (5) Cambridge, MA | 265 |  |  | 113.9 |  |  | Q2 2016 |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q2 2019
22. |  | Avalon Boonton Boonton, NJ | 350 |  |  | 91.2 |  |  | Q3 2016 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
|  | Total | 7,454 |  |  | $ | 2,697.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees. Projected total capitalized cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount.

(2) | Initial projected occupancy dates are estimates. There can be no assurance that we will pursue to completion any or all of these proposed developments.

(3) | Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.

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(4) | We are developing this project with a private development partner. We will own the rental portion of the development on floors 3 through19 and the partner will own the for-sale condominium portion on floors 20 through 30 of the development. The information above represents only our portion of the project. We are providing a construction loan to the development partner, expected to be $48,800,000, which together with the partner's contributed equity is expected to fund the condominium portion of the project.

(5) | We are developing this project within a joint venture that was formed in July 2016, in which we own a 55.0% interest. The information above represents the total cost for the venture.

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we completed the development of the following communities:

| Number of apartment homes |  | Total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Approximate rentable area (sq. ft.) |  | Total capitalized cost per sq. ft.
1. |  | Avalon Dublin Station II Dublin, CA | 252 |  |  | $ | 84.6 |  |  | 243,809 |  |  | $ | 347 |
2. |  | Avalon Alderwood II Lynnwood, WA | 124 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | 119,926 |  |  | $ | 222 |
|  | Total | 376 |  |  | $ | 111.2 |  |  |  |  |  |

__________________________________

(1) | Total capitalized cost is as of September 30, 2016. We generally anticipate incurring additional costs associated with these communities that are customary for new developments.

We anticipate commencing the construction of four apartment communities during the balance of 2016, which, if completed as expected, will contain 1,503 apartment homes and be constructed for a total capitalized cost of $709,200,000.
Redevelopment Communities
As of September 30, 2016, there were eight communities under redevelopment. We expect the total capitalized cost to redevelop these communities to be $143,100,000, excluding costs incurred prior to redevelopment. We have found that the cost to redevelop an existing apartment community is more difficult to budget and estimate than the cost to develop a new community. Accordingly, we expect that actual costs may vary from our budget by a wider range than for a new development community. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for reconstruction completion or for attaining restabilized operations, or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. We anticipate maintaining or increasing our current level of redevelopment activity related to communities in our current operating portfolio for the remainder of 2016. You should carefully review Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with redevelopment activity.
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The following presents a summary of these Redevelopment Communities:

|  |  |  | Number of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Reconstruction start |  | Estimated reconstruction completion |  | Estimated restabilized operations (2)
1. |  | Avalon Towers Long Beach, NY |  | 109 |  |  | $ | 11.4 |  |  | Q4 2014 |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q4 2016
2. |  | Avalon at Arlington Square Arlington, VA |  | 842 |  |  | 32.8 |  |  | Q4 2014 |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q1 2018
3. |  | Avalon Silicon Valley Sunnyvale, CA |  | 710 |  |  | 30.8 |  |  | Q4 2014 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
4. |  | AVA Back Bay Boston, MA |  | 271 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | Q3 2015 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
5. |  | Avalon Studio City I Studio City, CA |  | 450 |  |  | 28.3 |  |  | Q1 2016 |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2017
6. |  | Avalon Riverview North Long Island City, NY |  | 602 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | Q1 2016 |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q2 2017
7. |  | Avalon Towers on the Peninsula Mountain View, CA |  | 211 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | Q2 2016 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
8. |  | Avalon at Edgewater Edgewater, NJ |  | 168 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | Q3 2016 |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q3 2017
|  | Total |  | 3,363 |  |  | $ | 143.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost does not include capitalized costs incurred prior to redevelopment.

(2) | Restabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of redevelopment.

Development Rights
At September 30, 2016, we had $519,626,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in land parcels we own, and $46,188,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 28 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The cumulative capitalized costs for land held for development as of September 30, 2016 includes $447,286,000 in original land acquisition costs. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 9,550 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.
For 21 Development Rights, we control the land through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the parcel. While we generally prefer to hold Development Rights through conditional agreements or options to acquire land, for six Development Rights we either currently own the land, have an ownership interest in a joint venture that owns the land or have executed a long term land lease for the parcel of land on which a community would be built if we proceeded with development. In addition, one Development Right is an additional development phase of an existing stabilized operating community we own, and would be constructed on land currently associated with that operating community. During the next 12 months we expect to commence construction of apartment communities on four of the Development Rights for which we currently own the land, with a carrying basis of $495,181,000.
The properties comprising the Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we incurred a charge of approximately $3,522,000 for development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined would not likely be developed.
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You should carefully review Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with Development Rights.
The following presents a summary of the Development Rights as of September 30, 2016:

Market |  | Number of rights |  | Estimated number of homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost ($ millions) (1)
New England |  | 5 |  |  | 1,159 |  |  | $ | 400 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 11 |  |  | 4,335 |  |  | 1,770 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 2 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 228 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 4 |  |  | 1,186 |  |  | 379 |
Northern California |  | 4 |  |  | 977 |  |  | 500 |
Southern California |  | 2 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | 595 |
Total |  | 28 |  |  | 9,550 |  |  | $ | 3,872 |

____________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred to date (if any) and projected to be incurred to develop the respective community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees.

Other Land and Real Estate Assets
We own land parcels with a carrying value of $47,399,000, on which we do not currently plan to develop and operate an apartment community, of which $21,230,000 is under contract to be sold as of September 30, 2016. These parcels consist of both ancillary parcels acquired in connection with Development Rights that we had not planned to develop and land parcels for which we acquired for development and now intend to sell. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recognized an aggregate impairment charge of $10,500,000 relating to three ancillary land parcels which we now intend to sell. We believe that the current carrying value for all other land parcels is such that there is no indication of impaired value, or further need to record a charge for impairment in the case of assets previously impaired. However, we may be subject to the recognition of further charges for impairment in the event that there are indicators of such impairment and we determine that the carrying value of the assets is greater than the current fair value, less costs to dispose.
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Insurance and Risk of Uninsured Losses
We carry commercial general liability insurance and property insurance with respect to all of our communities. These policies, and other insurance policies we carry, have policy specifications, insured and self-insured limits, exclusions and deductibles that we consider commercially reasonable. There are, however, certain types of losses (such as losses arising from acts of war) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable, or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical. You should carefully review the discussion under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for a discussion of risks associated with an uninsured property or liability loss.
Many of our West Coast communities are located in the general vicinity of active earthquake faults. Many of our communities are near, and thus susceptible to, the major fault lines in California, including the San Andreas Fault, the Hayward Fault or other geological faults that are known or unknown. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than insured levels. We have in place with respect to communities located in California and Washington, for any single occurrence and in the aggregate, $150,000,000 of coverage. Earthquake coverage outside of California and Washington is subject to a $175,000,000 limit for each occurrence and in the aggregate. In California the deductible for each occurrence is five percent of the insured value of each damaged building with a maximum of $25,000,000 per loss. Our earthquake insurance outside of California provides for a $100,000 deductible per occurrence except that the next $350,000 of loss per occurrence outside California will be treated as an additional self-insured retention until the total incurred self-insured retention exceeds $1,500,000. We self-insure a portion of our primary property insurance which includes the earthquake risks.
Through a wholly-owned captive insurance company, we are responsible for 12% of the losses on a per occurrence basis for its property insurance coverage in excess of any applicable deductible up to the first $50,000,000 of loss, with amounts beyond that covered by third-party insurance, subject to maximum amounts. The captive also provides other insurance coverage, which is reinsured by third-party insurance carriers.
Just as with office buildings, transportation systems and government buildings, there have been reports that apartment communities could become targets of terrorism. In December 2007, Congress passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (“TRIPRA”) which is designed to make terrorism insurance available through a federal back-stop program. Congress reauthorized TRIPRA in January 2015 for six years. We have also purchased insurance for property damage due to terrorism up to $400,000,000 including insurance for certain terrorist acts, not covered under TRIPRA, such as domestic-based terrorism, which covers the majority of our communities. This insurance, often referred to as “non-certified” terrorism insurance, is subject to deductibles, limits and exclusions. Our general liability policy provides terrorism coverage through TRIPRA (subject to deductibles and insured limits) for liability to third parties that results from terrorist acts at our communities.
Inflation and Deflation
Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally minimize our risk from the adverse effects of inflation, although these leases generally permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term and therefore expose us to the effect of a decline in market rents. Similarly, in a deflationary rent environment, we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under these shorter-term leases.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “assume,” “project,” “plan,” “may,” “shall,” “will” and other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:

• | our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;

• | the timing and cost of completion of apartment communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;

• | the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of apartment communities;

• | the pursuit of land on which we are considering future development;

• | the anticipated operating performance of our communities;

• | cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;

• | our declaration or payment of distributions;

• | our joint venture and discretionary fund activities;

• | our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;

• | our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code;

• | the real estate markets in Northern and Southern California and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, New England, Metro New York/New Jersey and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;

• | the availability of debt and equity financing;

• | interest rates;

• | general economic conditions including the potential impacts from current economic conditions;

• | trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations; and

• | the impact of legal proceedings relating to the Edgewater casualty loss and related matters, including liability to third parties resulting therefrom.

We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the discussion under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this report, for a discussion of risks associated with forward-looking statements.
Some of the factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third-parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;

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• | we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;

• | construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;

• | we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;

• | occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;

• | financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;

• | our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;

• | we may be unsuccessful in our management of Fund II, the U.S. Fund, the AC JV or the REIT vehicles that are used with each respective joint venture;

• | we may be unsuccessful in managing changes in our portfolio composition; and

• | our expectations, estimates and assumptions as of the date of this filing regarding the outcome of investigations and/or legal proceedings resulting from the Edgewater casualty loss, are subject to change.

Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements. Our critical accounting policies consist primarily of the following: (i) principles of consolidation, (ii) cost capitalization, (iii) abandoned pursuit costs and asset impairment, (iv) REIT status and (v) acquisition of investments in real estate. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the discussion of our significant accounting policies found in Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations in our Form 10-K.
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ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk since December 31, 2015.

ITEM 4. | CONTROL AND PROCEDURES

(a) | Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2016. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

(b) | Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.

None.

PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As discussed in this Form 10-Q in Note 1, "Organization, Basis and Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Legal and Other Contingencies," to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, in January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community in Edgewater, NJ. The Company believes that the fire was caused by sparks from a torch used during repairs being performed by a Company employee who was not a licensed plumber. The Company has since revised its maintenance policies to require that non-flame tools be used for plumbing repairs where possible or, where not possible inside the building envelope, that a qualified third party vendor perform the work in accordance with AvalonBay policies.
The Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. Through the date of this Form 10-Q, of the 229 occupied apartments destroyed in the fire, the residents of approximately 95 units have settled claims with the Company's insurer, and claims from an additional approximate 36 units are being evaluated by the Company's insurer.
Three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants of the destroyed building and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a proposed settlement which would provide a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. On July 8, 2016, class counsel filed with the court a motion for preliminary approval of this class settlement, and the Company did not oppose such motion. The Court administratively terminated this motion without prejudice due to the filing of an appeal of an order denying a motion to intervene in the settlement, but the Company expects that the motion will be re-filed shortly. The Company cannot predict when or if the court will approve the settlement. A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, 20 lawsuits representing approximately 141 individual plaintiffs have been filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen County - Law Division and 19 of these lawsuits are currently pending. All of these state court cases have been consolidated by the court; the Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in all of the suits. There are also three subrogation lawsuits that have
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been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained “renter’s insurance”; it is the Company’s position that in the majority of the applicable leases the residents waived subrogation rights. One of these lawsuits has been dismissed on that basis and the other two are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.
Having settled many third party claims through the insurance claims process, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above, if approved) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company’s insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter.
The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in our Form 10-K in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors.” The risks described in our Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since December 31, 2015.
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ITEM 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | (b) Average Price Paid Per Share |  | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (d) Maximum Dollar Amount that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)
July 1 - July 31, 2016 |  | 59 |  |  | $ | 180.72 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
August 1 - August 31, 2016 |  | 14 |  |  | $ | 177.63 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
September 1 - September 30, 2016 |  | 130 |  |  | $ | 175.81 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |

___________________________________

(1) | Reflects shares surrendered to the Company in connection with exercise of stock options as payment of exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants.

(2) | As disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, represents amounts outstanding under the Company’s $500,000,000 Stock Repurchase Program. There is no scheduled expiration date to this program.

ITEM 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  |  |  | Description
3(i).1 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of AvalonBay Communities (the “Company”), dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed on March 1, 2007.)
3(i).2 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed on March 1, 2007.)
3(i).3 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed on May 22, 2013.)
3(ii).1 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on November 12, 2015. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed on February 26, 2016.)
4.1 |  | — |  | Indenture for Senior Debt Securities, dated as of January 16, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed on January 8, 2007.)
4.2 |  | — |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 20, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed on January 8, 2007.)
4.3 |  | — |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed on January 8, 2007.)
4.4 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 10, 2000, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed on January 8, 2007.)
4.5 |  | — |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2006, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed on January 8, 2007.)
4.6 |  | — |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 21, 2014, between the Company and Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed on November 21, 2014.)
4.7 |  | — |  | Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 8.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-87063), filed on September 14, 1999.)
4.8 |  | — |  | Amendment to the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan filed on December 17, 1999. (Incorporated by reference to the Prospectus Supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 on December 17, 1999.)
4.9 |  | — |  | Amendment to the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan filed on March 26, 2004. (Incorporated by reference to the Prospectus Supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 on March 26, 2004.)
4.10 |  | — |  | Amendment to the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan filed on May 15, 2006. (Incorporated by reference to the Prospectus Supplement filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 on May 15, 2006.)
12.1 |  | — |  | Statements re: Computation of Ratios. (Filed herewith.)
31.1 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.)

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31.2 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.)
32 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.)
101 |  | — |  | XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016, formatted in XBRL: (i) condensed consolidated balance sheets, (ii) condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, (iii) condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, and (iv) notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
Date: | November 4, 2016 | /s/ Timothy J. Naughton
|  | Timothy J. Naughton
|  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | November 4, 2016 | /s/ Kevin P. O’Shea
|  | Kevin P. O’Shea
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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