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Segment Reporting | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Segment Reporting [Abstract] |
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company's reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities and Development/Redevelopment Communities. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change.
• | Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the prior year. The Established Communities for the year ended December 31, 2016, are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2015, are not conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or planned for disposition within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.
• | Other Stabilized Communities includes all other consolidated completed communities that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above. Other Stabilized Communities do not include communities that are conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year.
• | Development/Redevelopment Communities consists of consolidated communities that are under construction and have not received a certificate of occupancy for the entire community, and where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year and communities under lease-up that had not reached stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2016.
In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment. The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing each segment's performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income (“NOI”) as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of real estate assets, gain on sale of discontinued operations, income from discontinued operations and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income. A reconciliation of NOI to net income for years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
| For the year ended
| 12/31/16 |  | 12/31/15 |  | 12/31/14
Net income | $ | 1,033,708 |  |  | $ | 741,733 |  |  | $ | 697,327 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 61,403 |  |  | 56,973 |  |  | 49,055 |
Investments and investment management expense | 4,822 |  |  | 4,370 |  |  | 4,485 |
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 9,922 |  |  | 6,822 |  |  | (3,717 | )
Interest expense, net (1) | 187,510 |  |  | 175,615 |  |  | 180,618 |
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, net | 7,075 |  |  | (26,736 | ) |  | 412 |
General and administrative expense | 45,771 |  |  | 42,774 |  |  | 41,425 |
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities | (64,962 | ) |  | (70,018 | ) |  | (148,766 | )
Depreciation expense (1) | 531,434 |  |  | 477,923 |  |  | 442,682 |
Income tax expense | 305 |  |  | 1,483 |  |  | 9,368 |
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (3,935 | ) |  | (10,542 | ) |  | — |
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (384,847 | ) |  | (125,272 | ) |  | (85,415 | )
Gain on sale of discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37,869 | )
Income from discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (310 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations (2) | (17,509 | ) |  | (34,133 | ) |  | (49,708 | )
Net operating income | $ | 1,410,697 |  |  | $ | 1,240,992 |  |  | $ | 1,099,587 |
_________________________________
(1) | Includes amounts associated with assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations.
(2) | Represents NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale as of December 31, 2016 that are not classified as discontinued operations.
The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations, for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
| For the year ended
| 12/31/2016 |  | 12/31/2015 |  | 12/31/2014
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations | $ | 28,430 |  |  | $ | 55,674 |  |  | $ | 80,704 |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations | (10,921 | ) |  | (21,541 | ) |  | (30,996 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations | $ | 17,509 |  |  | $ | 34,133 |  |  | $ | 49,708 |
The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget. The following table provides details of the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at the beginning of the given calendar year. Therefore, each year the composition of communities within each business segment is adjusted. Accordingly, the amounts between years are not directly comparable. Segment information for total revenue and NOI the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 have been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016, or otherwise qualify as held for sale and/or discontinued operations as of December 31, 2016, as described in Note 6, “Real Estate Disposition Activities.” Segment information for gross real estate as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 has not been adjusted to exclude real estate assets that were sold or otherwise qualified as held for sale subsequent to December 31, 2015.
| Total revenue |  | NOI |  | % NOI change from prior year |  | Gross real estate (1)
For the year ended December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 239,201 |  |  | $ | 153,669 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | $ | 1,888,524 |
Metro NY/NJ | 379,151 |  |  | 258,950 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 3,212,220 |
Mid-Atlantic | 233,711 |  |  | 162,243 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 2,339,395 |
Pacific Northwest | 79,684 |  |  | 57,494 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 737,289 |
Northern California | 319,121 |  |  | 244,458 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | 2,661,258 |
Southern California | 291,567 |  |  | 207,537 |  |  | 9.1 | % |  | 2,672,691 |
Total Established (2) | 1,542,435 |  |  | 1,084,351 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 13,511,377 |
Other Stabilized (3) | 235,360 |  |  | 165,530 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2,330,503 |
Development / Redevelopment | 233,431 |  |  | 160,816 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 4,755,315 |
Land Held for Future Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 84,293 |
Non-allocated (4) | 5,599 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 74,292 |
Total | $ | 2,016,825 |  |  | $ | 1,410,697 |  |  | 13.7 | % |  | $ | 20,755,780 |
For the year ended December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 182,366 |  |  | $ | 114,717 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | $ | 1,460,746 |
Metro NY/NJ | 361,902 |  |  | 256,907 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 3,152,361 |
Mid-Atlantic | 209,013 |  |  | 145,497 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 2,177,823 |
Pacific Northwest | 67,900 |  |  | 48,833 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | 721,040 |
Northern California | 273,432 |  |  | 210,226 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 2,414,184 |
Southern California | 252,530 |  |  | 173,919 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 2,465,432 |
Total Established (2) | 1,347,143 |  |  | 950,099 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | 12,391,586 |
Other Stabilized | 221,042 |  |  | 145,263 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2,040,269 |
Development / Redevelopment | 222,222 |  |  | 145,630 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 4,238,967 |
Land Held for Future Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 484,377 |
Non-allocated (4) | 9,947 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 73,372 |
Total | $ | 1,800,354 |  |  | $ | 1,240,992 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  | $ | 19,228,571 |
For the year ended December 31, 2014 (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 164,181 |  |  | $ | 104,674 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | $ | 1,333,854 |
Metro NY/NJ | 285,641 |  |  | 203,522 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 2,251,697 |
Mid-Atlantic | 98,590 |  |  | 69,498 |  |  | (2.5 | )% |  | 647,374 |
Pacific Northwest | 46,041 |  |  | 32,012 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 500,247 |
Northern California | 174,527 |  |  | 132,899 |  |  | 8.2 | % |  | 1,402,444 |
Southern California | 139,841 |  |  | 95,626 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 1,225,328 |
Total Established (2) | 908,821 |  |  | 638,231 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 7,360,944 |
Other Stabilized | 497,634 |  |  | 343,477 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 6,057,783 |
Development / Redevelopment | 186,852 |  |  | 117,879 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 3,972,180 |
Land Held for Future Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 180,516 |
Non-allocated (4) | 11,050 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 32,444 |
Total | $ | 1,604,357 |  |  | $ | 1,099,587 |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | $ | 17,603,867 |
_________________________________
(1) | Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $20,846, $39,528 and $245,449 as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(2) | Gross real estate for the Company's Established Communities includes capitalized additions of approximately $85,676, $74,982 and $52,635 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(3) | Total revenue and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes $20,306 in business interruption insurance proceeds related to the Edgewater casualty loss.
(4) | Revenue represents third-party management, accounting, and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.
(5) | Results for the year ended December 31, 2014 reflect the operating segments determined as of January 1, 2014, which include stabilized communities acquired as part of the Archstone Acquisition in the Other Stabilized segment.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 34 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8981-108599 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 41 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e9038-108599 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 33 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8971-108599 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 12 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8595-108599 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8380-108599 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 32 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8933-108599 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 26 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8844-108599 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 35 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8984-108599 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 40 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e9031-108599 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 42 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e9054-108599 Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 10 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8538-108599 Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 29 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8864-108599 Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 31 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8924-108599 Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 30 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68060357&loc=d3e8906-108599 + Details
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