10-Q 1 q3201810-q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
Commission file number 1-12672
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 77-0404318
(State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) |  | Identification No.)

Ballston Tower
671 N. Glebe Rd, Suite 800
Arlington, Virginia 22203
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(703) 329-6300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve (12) months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past ninety (90) days.
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o | Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes o No ý
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date:
138,222,567 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of October 31, 2018.

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| PAGE
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2017 | 1
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017 | 2
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017 | 3
| NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) | 5
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 25
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 48
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 48
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 48
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS | 49
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 50
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 50
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 50
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION | 50
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS | 51
SIGNATURES | 53

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| 9/30/2018 |  | 12/31/2017
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Land and improvements | $ | 4,186,360 |  |  | $ | 4,237,318 |
Buildings and improvements | 15,808,498 |  |  | 15,708,666 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 673,013 |  |  | 615,288 |
| 20,667,871 |  |  | 20,561,272 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (4,585,609 | ) |  | (4,218,379 | )
Net operating real estate | 16,082,262 |  |  | 16,342,893 |
Construction in progress, including land | 1,651,406 |  |  | 1,306,300 |
Land held for development | 116,582 |  |  | 68,364 |
Real estate assets held for sale, net | 79,963 |  |  | — |
Total real estate, net | 17,930,213 |  |  | 17,717,557 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 55,887 |  |  | 67,088 |
Cash in escrow | 225,704 |  |  | 134,818 |
Resident security deposits | 34,132 |  |  | 32,686 |
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities | 173,563 |  |  | 163,475 |
Deferred development costs | 45,869 |  |  | 45,819 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 196,751 |  |  | 253,378 |
Total assets | $ | 18,662,119 |  |  | $ | 18,414,821 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes, net | $ | 6,153,945 |  |  | $ | 5,852,764 |
Variable rate unsecured credit facility | 56,000 |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 1,323,283 |  |  | 1,476,706 |
Dividends payable | 203,624 |  |  | 196,094 |
Payables for construction | 92,323 |  |  | 85,377 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 300,827 |  |  | 308,189 |
Accrued interest payable | 66,546 |  |  | 43,116 |
Resident security deposits | 61,059 |  |  | 58,473 |
Liabilities related to real estate assets held for sale | 1,037 |  |  | — |
Total liabilities | 8,258,644 |  |  | 8,020,719 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 6,077 |  |  | 6,056 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; zero shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 138,222,168 and 138,094,154 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively | 1,382 |  |  | 1,381 |
Additional paid-in capital | 10,249,311 |  |  | 10,235,475 |
Accumulated earnings less dividends | 167,946 |  |  | 188,609 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (21,241 | ) |  | (37,419 | )
Total equity | 10,397,398 |  |  | 10,388,046 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 18,662,119 |  |  | $ | 18,414,821 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 575,070 |  |  | $ | 549,507 |  |  | $ | 1,703,263 |  |  | $ | 1,600,047 |
Management, development and other fees | 912 |  |  | 993 |  |  | 2,752 |  |  | 3,290 |
Total revenue | 575,982 |  |  | 550,500 |  |  | 1,706,015 |  |  | 1,603,337 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 132,918 |  |  | 129,590 |  |  | 396,703 |  |  | 379,319 |
Property taxes | 61,230 |  |  | 57,698 |  |  | 181,120 |  |  | 164,195 |
Interest expense, net | 54,097 |  |  | 47,741 |  |  | 165,795 |  |  | 147,138 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 24,162 |
Depreciation expense | 156,538 |  |  | 144,990 |  |  | 472,282 |  |  | 427,050 |
General and administrative expense | 13,905 |  |  | 11,655 |  |  | 42,013 |  |  | 38,808 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 1,020 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,087 |
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (612 | ) |  | 11,688 |
Total expenses | 420,832 |  |  | 392,463 |  |  | 1,262,727 |  |  | 1,194,447 |
Income before equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, gain (loss) on sale of communities and other real estate, and income taxes | 155,150 |  |  | 158,037 |  |  | 443,288 |  |  | 408,890 |
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities | 10,031 |  |  | 52,568 |  |  | 12,560 |  |  | 70,386 |
Gain on sale of communities | 27,243 |  |  | 27,738 |  |  | 132,444 |  |  | 159,754 |
Gain (loss) on other real estate transactions, net | 12 |  |  | (120 | ) |  | 335 |  |  | 246 |
Income before income taxes | 192,436 |  |  | 238,223 |  |  | 588,627 |  |  | 639,276 |
Income tax expense | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 102 |
Net income | 192,407 |  |  | 238,199 |  |  | 588,540 |  |  | 639,174 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 79 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 174 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 192,486 |  |  | $ | 238,248 |  |  | $ | 588,791 |  |  | $ | 639,348 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedges | — |  |  | 359 |  |  | 11,499 |  |  | (15,654 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 1,466 |  |  | 1,767 |  |  | 4,679 |  |  | 5,301 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 193,952 |  |  | $ | 240,374 |  |  | $ | 604,969 |  |  | $ | 628,995 |
Earnings per common share - basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 4.64 |
Earnings per common share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 4.63 |
Dividends per common share | $ | 1.47 |  |  | $ | 1.42 |  |  | $ | 4.41 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

| For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 588,540 |  |  | $ | 639,174 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation expense | 472,282 |  |  | 427,050 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 6,066 |  |  | 5,729 |
Amortization of debt discount (premium) | 1,259 |  |  | (6,254 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 2,717 |  |  | 24,162 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation | 15,617 |  |  | 13,979 |
Equity in loss (income) of, and return on, unconsolidated real estate entities and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations | 4,514 |  |  | (21,627 | )
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (58 | ) |  | 8,568 |
Abandonment of development pursuits | 725 |  |  | 388 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 4,679 |  |  | 5,301 |
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (141,415 | ) |  | (200,110 | )
Decrease (increase) in resident security deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets | 16,691 |  |  | (27,384 | )
Increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable | 9,742 |  |  | 64,802 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 981,359 |  |  | 933,778 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs | (864,550 | ) |  | (743,275 | )
Acquisition of real estate assets, including partnership interest | (84,088 | ) |  | (228,011 | )
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets | (59,950 | ) |  | (41,809 | )
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets | (2,142 | ) |  | (5,308 | )
Proceeds from sale of real estate, net of selling costs | 466,187 |  |  | 336,542 |
Insurance proceeds for property damage claims | 58 |  |  | 13,268 |
Mortgage note receivable lending | (2,880 | ) |  | (14,244 | )
Mortgage note receivable payments | 50,929 |  |  | — |
Increase (decrease) in payables for construction | 6,946 |  |  | (16,660 | )
Distributions from unconsolidated real estate entities | 2,013 |  |  | 89,305 |
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities | (7,979 | ) |  | (14,560 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (495,456 | ) |  | (624,752 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Issuance of common stock, net | 1,224 |  |  | 110,117 |
Dividends paid | (602,152 | ) |  | (576,685 | )
Net borrowings under unsecured credit facility | 56,000 |  |  | 242,000 |
Issuance of mortgage notes payable | — |  |  | 185,100 |
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties | (157,164 | ) |  | (1,289,234 | )
Issuance of unsecured notes | 299,442 |  |  | 948,616 |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (3,347 | ) |  | (11,743 | )
Payment of capital lease obligation | (802 | ) |  | (18,683 | )
Receipts for termination of forward interest rate swaps | 12,598 |  |  | 391 |
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (10,543 | ) |  | (10,460 | )
Distributions to DownREIT partnership unitholders | (33 | ) |  | (32 | )
Contributions from joint venture and profit-sharing partners | — |  |  | 1,038 |
Distributions to joint venture and profit-sharing partners | (321 | ) |  | (317 | )
Preferred interest obligation redemption and dividends | (1,120 | ) |  | (2,000 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (406,218 | ) |  | (421,892 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 79,685 |  |  | (112,866 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 201,906 |  |  | 329,977 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 281,591 |  |  | $ | 217,111 |
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized | $ | 130,361 |  |  | $ | 124,585 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the nine months ended
|  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 55,887 |  |  | $ | 36,042 |
Cash in escrow |  | 225,704 |  |  | 181,069 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | $ | 281,591 |  |  | $ | 217,111 |

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

• | As described in Note 4, "Equity," 187,010 shares of common stock were issued as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 88,297 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 98,713 shares valued at $15,950,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 1,713 shares valued at $290,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 67,963 shares valued at $10,543,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 4,622 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $679,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• | Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $203,624,000.

• | The Company recorded an increase of $626,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units. For further discussion of the nature and valuation of these items, see Note 10, "Fair Value."

• | The Company reclassified $4,679,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017:

• | The Company issued 201,314 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 128,482 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 72,832 shares valued at $13,079,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 2,466 shares valued at $452,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 60,165 shares valued at $10,514,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 3,045 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $528,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• | Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $196,079,000.

• | The Company recorded an increase of $458,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.

• | The Company recorded an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1,422,000 and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $1,998,000, and a corresponding adjustment to other comprehensive income, and reclassified $5,301,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.

• | As discussed in Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," the Company recognized a non-cash charge of $16,361,000 to write-off the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed by the fire that occurred in February 2017 at Avalon Maplewood community ("Maplewood").

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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Basis of Presentation
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California.
At September 30, 2018, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 271 operating apartment communities containing 78,383 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 15 communities containing 6,242 apartment homes were under redevelopment. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 19 communities under development that are expected to contain an aggregate of 6,107 apartment homes when completed. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 25 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 8,600 apartment homes.
The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.
Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Basic and diluted shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 137,848,788 |  |  | 137,715,192 |  |  | 137,818,076 |  |  | 137,457,293 |
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 466,776 |  |  | 584,354 |  |  | 405,148 |  |  | 541,399 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 138,323,064 |  |  | 138,307,046 |  |  | 138,230,724 |  |  | 138,006,192 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 192,486 |  |  | $ | 238,248 |  |  | $ | 588,791 |  |  | $ | 639,348 |
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares | (555 | ) |  | (672 | ) |  | (1,722 | ) |  | (1,794 | )
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted | $ | 191,931 |  |  | $ | 237,576 |  |  | $ | 587,069 |  |  | $ | 637,554 |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 137,848,788 |  |  | 137,715,192 |  |  | 137,818,076 |  |  | 137,457,293 |
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 1.73 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 4.64 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 192,486 |  |  | $ | 238,248 |  |  | $ | 588,791 |  |  | $ | 639,348 |
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 32 |
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 192,497 |  |  | $ | 238,259 |  |  | $ | 588,824 |  |  | $ | 639,380 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 138,323,064 |  |  | 138,307,046 |  |  | 138,230,724 |  |  | 138,006,192 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 4.63 |

All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and 2017 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of interest expense, net. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive loss. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that the Company has determined qualified as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged. See Note 10, "Fair Value," for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
Legal and Other Contingencies
Edgewater Casualty Loss
In January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community located in Edgewater, New Jersey ("Edgewater"). Edgewater consisted of two residential buildings. One building, containing 240 apartment homes, was destroyed and the Company is completing its reconstruction. The second building, containing 168 apartment homes, suffered minimal damage and has been repaired.
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In conjunction with legal matters associated with the Edgewater casualty loss, the Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.
With regard to the building that was destroyed, three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a settlement which provides a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. In July 2017 the District Court granted final approval of the settlement and all claims have been submitted to the independent claims adjuster. A total of 66 units (consisting of residents who did not previously settle their claims and who did not opt out of the class settlement) are included in the class action settlement and bound by its terms. However, only 44 units submitted claims. The independent claims adjuster is currently reviewing the claims submitted; the submitted claims total approximately $6,900,000 but, based on the Company's review of the initial determinations made by the adjuster on a number of claims, the Company believes that the total amount actually awarded will be significantly less. To date, the claims adjuster has completed his evaluation of 35 of these claims and it is expected that the evaluation of the remaining claims should be completed within the next two months. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, the Company has resolved litigated claims with approximately 60 units. There is currently one remaining resident lawsuit with respect to the destroyed building filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County - Law Division; the Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in that suit. A number of subrogation lawsuits had been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained renters insurance; these lawsuits have been or are expected to be resolved in 2018. A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of a purported class of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage.
Having settled many third party claims as described above, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of and updates about the casualty gains and losses and lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss through the date this Form 10-Q is filed.
Other Matters
The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate
The Company accounts for acquisitions of investments in real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which first requires that the Company determine if the real estate investment is the acquisition of an asset or a business combination. Under either model, the Company must identify and determine the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the allocation of the purchase price is based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be viewed as asset acquisitions.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.
Revenue and Gain Recognition
As of January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective approach, which applies the new standard to contracts that are not completed as of the date of adoption. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized in accordance with the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled for those goods and services. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from this standard and included in the current lease accounting framework, and will be accounted for under ASU 2016-02, Leases, discussed under Recently Issued Accounting Standards below. Revenue streams that are scoped into ASU 2014-09 include:

• | Management fees - The Company has investment interests in real estate joint ventures, for which the Company may manage (i) the venture, (ii) the associated operating communities owned by the ventures and/or (iii) the development or redevelopment of those operating communities. For these activities, the Company receives asset management, property management, development and/or redevelopment fee revenue. The performance obligation is the management of the venture, community or other defined task such as the development or redevelopment of the community. While the individual activities that comprise the performance obligation of the management fees can vary day to day, the nature of the overall performance obligation to provide management service is the same and considered by the Company to be a series of services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and the same method to measure progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue for fees as earned on a monthly basis and has concluded this is appropriate under the new standard.

• | Rental and non-rental related income - The Company recognizes revenue for new rental related income not included as components of a lease, such as reservation and application fees, as well as for non-rental related income, as earned, and has concluded this is appropriate under the new standard.

• | Gains or losses on sales of real estate - The Company accounts for the sale of real estate assets and any related gain recognition in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions, other than retail land sales. The Company recognizes the sale, and associated gain or loss from the disposition, provided that the earnings process is complete and the Company does not have significant continuing involvement. Subsequent to the adoption of the new standard, a gain or loss is recognized when the criteria for an asset to be derecognized are met, which include when (i) a contract exists and (ii) the buyer obtained control of the nonfinancial asset that was sold. As a result, the Company may recognize a gain on a real estate disposition transaction that previously did not qualify as a sale or for full profit recognition due to the timing of the transfer of control or certain forms of continuing involvement. In addition, subsequent to the adoption of the new standard, a gain or loss recognized on the sale of a nonfinancial asset to an unconsolidated entity will be recognized at 100%, and not the Company’s proportionate ownership percentage.

The Company concluded that the adoption of the new standard did not require an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.
The following table provides details of the Company’s revenue streams disaggregated by the Company’s reportable operating segments, further discussed in Note 7, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Segment information for total revenue has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities," (dollars in thousands):
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|  | For the three months ended
|  | Established Communities |  | Other Stabilized Communities |  | Development/ Redevelopment Communities |  | Non- allocated (1) |  | Total
For the period ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 912 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 2,695 |  |  | 1,751 |  |  | 512 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,958 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 2,695 |  |  | 1,751 |  |  | 512 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 5,870 |
Lease income (4) |  | 424,328 |  |  | 64,791 |  |  | 76,987 |  |  | — |  |  | 566,106 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 427,023 |  |  | $ | 66,542 |  |  | $ | 77,499 |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 571,976 |
For the period ended September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 993 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 2,667 |  |  | 1,734 |  |  | 450 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,851 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 2,667 |  |  | 1,734 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 993 |  |  | 5,844 |
Lease income (4) |  | 414,663 |  |  | 51,151 |  |  | 59,067 |  |  | — |  |  | 524,881 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds (5) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,495 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 417,330 |  |  | $ | 52,885 |  |  | $ | 63,012 |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 534,220 |

|  | For the nine months ended
|  | Established Communities |  | Other Stabilized Communities |  | Development/ Redevelopment Communities |  | Non- allocated (1) |  | Total
For the period ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,752 |  |  | $ | 2,752 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 7,823 |  |  | 4,940 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,202 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 7,823 |  |  | 4,940 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | 2,752 |  |  | 16,954 |
Lease income (4) |  | 1,258,243 |  |  | 190,094 |  |  | 215,977 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,664,314 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,266,066 |  |  | $ | 195,034 |  |  | $ | 217,416 |  |  | $ | 2,752 |  |  | $ | 1,681,268 |
For the period ended September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,290 |  |  | $ | 3,290 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 7,798 |  |  | 4,778 |  |  | 1,095 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,671 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 7,798 |  |  | 4,778 |  |  | 1,095 |  |  | 3,290 |  |  | 16,961 |
Lease income (4) |  | 1,228,410 |  |  | 132,961 |  |  | 166,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,528,078 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds (5) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,495 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,236,208 |  |  | $ | 137,739 |  |  | $ | 171,297 |  |  | $ | 3,290 |  |  | $ | 1,548,534 |

__________________________________

(1) | Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2) | Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, including but not limited to, apartment hold fees and application fees, as well as revenue streams not related to leasing activities, including but not limited to, vendor revenue sharing, building advertising, vending and dry cleaning revenue.

(3) | Represents all revenue accounted for under ASC 2014-09.

(4) | Amounts include all revenue streams derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from ASC 2014-09 and accounted for under the lease accounting framework.

(5) | Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 are composed of business interruption insurance proceeds resulting from the final insurance settlement of the Maplewood casualty loss.

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Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there are no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of September 30, 2018.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU expands hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. This update also simplifies the application of hedge accounting guidance and eases the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. This ASU (i) clarifies the scope of the nonfinancial asset guidance and the derecognition of certain businesses and nonprofit activities, (ii) eliminates the exception in the financial asset guidance for transfers of investments (including equity method investments) in real estate entities and supersedes the guidance in the Exchanges of a Nonfinancial Asset for a Noncontrolling Ownership Interest and (iii) provides guidance on the accounting of partial sales of nonfinancial assets and contributions of nonfinancial assets to a joint venture or other noncontrolled investee. The new standard allows for either a retrospective or modified retrospective approach. The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applying the provisions to open contracts as of the date of adoption. See "Revenue and Gain Recognition" above for additional discussion of the impact of adopting the guidance.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2019 and allows for early adoption. The new standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. ASU 2016-02 provides for transition relief, which includes electing to not (i) reassess whether any expired or existing contract is a lease or contains a lease, (ii) reassess the lease classification of any expired or existing leases and (iii) expense any capitalized initial direct costs for any existing leases. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01 and ASU 2018-11 which provides further transition relief by providing (i) an option to not evaluate land easements that exist or have expired prior to the date of adoption under ASC 842, (ii) prospective adoption as a transition method and (iii) a practical expedient for lessors to not separate lease and non-lease components by class of underlying asset when certain conditions are met.
The Company plans to adopt ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 using the prospective adoption method, and plans to apply certain practical expedients allowed under the standard including:

• | not reassessing (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (iii) the accounting for initial direct costs for any existing leases;

• | not evaluating short term leases;

• | not assessing whether existing land easements are, or contain leases; and

• | making an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset, to not separate non-lease components from lease components and instead to account for each separate lease and non- lease component as a single lease component.

The Company anticipates adoption of the standard to have a material impact on its financial position resulting from the recognition of the right to use asset and corresponding lease obligation for its long-term ground leases, currently accounted for as operating leases. The Company will continue to assess the impact of the new standard until adoption in 2019.
Change in Accounting Principle
As of October 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The guidance requires statements of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents, and was adopted retrospectively. The prior period amounts that have been impacted by the new guidance and retrospectively adjusted include (i) an increase in cash in operating escrows (cash provided by operating activities), (ii) an increase in cash in deposit escrows (cash used in investing activities) and (iii) repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties (cash used in financing activities), located on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
The following tables present the impact of the change in accounting principle to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
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| 9/30/2017 (as previously reported) |  | Impact of ASU 2016-18 |  | 9/30/2017 (as adjusted and currently reported)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 917,573 |  |  | $ | 16,205 |  |  | $ | 933,778 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (676,231 | ) |  | 51,479 |  |  | (624,752 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (420,294 | ) |  | (1,598 | ) |  | (421,892 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents | (178,952 | ) |  | 178,952 |  |  | — |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | — |  |  | (112,866 | ) |  | (112,866 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period | 214,994 |  |  | (214,994 | ) |  | — |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | — |  |  | 329,977 |  |  | 329,977 |
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 36,042 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |  |  | $ | 181,069 |  |  | $ | 217,111 |

2. Interest Capitalized
The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $16,277,000 and $16,223,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $44,008,000 and $51,323,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
3. Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
The Company's mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, variable rate unsecured term loans ("Term Loans") and Credit Facility, as defined below, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities").

| 9/30/2018 |  | 12/31/2017
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1) | $ | 5,650,000 |  |  | $ | 5,350,000 |
Variable rate unsecured notes (1) | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
Term Loans (1) | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 534,629 |  |  | 593,987 |
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 813,163 |  |  | 910,326 |
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans | 7,547,792 |  |  | 7,404,313 |
Credit Facility | 56,000 |  |  | — |
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, Term Loans and Credit Facility | $ | 7,603,792 |  |  | $ | 7,404,313 |

_____________________________________

(1) | Balances at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $10,293 and $10,850, respectively, of debt discount, and $35,762 and $36,386, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Balances at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $14,618 and $16,351, respectively, of debt discount, and $9,891 and $11,256, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following debt activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

• | In February 2018, the Company repaid $15,174,000 principal amount of 6.60% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Oaks West in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $426,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $152,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $274,000.

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• | In February 2018, the Company repaid $11,038,000 principal amount of 4.61% fixed rate debt secured by AVA Pasadena at par in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

• | In March 2018, the Company issued $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $296,210,000. The notes mature in April 2048 and were issued at a 4.35% interest rate. The effective interest rate of the notes for the first 10 years is 3.97%, including the impact of an interest rate hedge and offering costs, and for the remainder of the term the effective interest rate is 4.39%.

• | In April 2018, the Company repaid $13,380,000 principal amount of 3.06% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Andover at par at its scheduled maturity date.

• | In June 2018, the Company repaid $15,295,000 principal amount of 6.90% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Orchards in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $635,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $282,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $353,000.

• | In August 2018, the Company repaid $95,859,000 aggregate principal amount of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Calabasas, of which $51,449,000 was repaid at par at its scheduled maturity date, and $44,410,000 was repaid at par in advance of its April 2028 maturity date. The Company recognized a non-cash charge of $1,678,000 for the write-off of unamortized debt discount.

At September 30, 2018, the Company has a $1,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in April 2020. The Company may extend the maturity for up to nine months, provided the Company is not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on the Company's unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by the Company. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (3.08% at September 30, 2018), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on the Company's current credit rating).
The Company had $56,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2018 and no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2017. The Company had $39,760,000 and $47,315,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced the borrowing capacity as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from April 2019 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $2,073,747,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of September 30, 2018).
As of September 30, 2018, the Company has guaranteed a wholly-owned subsidiary's $100,000,000 secured note payable that is consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's fixed rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 3.8% and 4.0% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's variable rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) including the effect of certain financing related fees, was 3.4% and 3.2% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at September 30, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
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Year |  | Secured notes payments |  | Secured notes maturities |  | Unsecured notes maturities |  | Stated interest rate of unsecured notes
2018 |  | 1,638 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
2019 |  | 3,824 |  |  | 114,722 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
2020 |  | 2,682 |  |  | 140,430 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 6.100 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3.625 | %
2021 |  | 2,549 |  |  | 27,844 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 3.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | LIBOR + 0.43% |
2022 |  | 2,723 |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | LIBOR + .90% |
2023 |  | 2,899 |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 4.200 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 2.850 | %
2024 |  | 3,077 |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | LIBOR + 1.50% |
2025 |  | 3,268 |  |  | 84,835 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | 3.450 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
2026 |  | 3,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 2.900 | %
2027 |  | 2,974 |  |  | 185,100 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3.350 | %
Thereafter |  | 127,593 |  |  | 638,149 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 3.900 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 4.150 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 3.200 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 4.350 | %
|  | $ | 156,712 |  |  | $ | 1,191,080 |  |  | $ | 6,200,000 |  |  |  |

The Company was in compliance at September 30, 2018 with customary financial and other covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loans and the Company's fixed rate unsecured notes.
4. Equity
The following summarizes the changes in equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated earnings less dividends |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 1,381 |  |  | $ | 10,235,475 |  |  | $ | 188,609 |  |  | $ | (37,419 | ) |  | $ | 10,388,046 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 588,791 |  |  | — |  |  | 588,791 |
Gain on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,499 |  |  | 11,499 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,679 |  |  | 4,679 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (626 | ) |  | — |  |  | (626 | )
Dividends declared to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | (609,972 | ) |  | — |  |  | (609,972 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 1 |  |  | (11,217 | ) |  | 1,144 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,072 | )
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 25,053 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,053 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 10,249,311 |  |  | $ | 167,946 |  |  | $ | (21,241 | ) |  | $ | 10,397,398 |

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.
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During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company:

i. | issued 5,263 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;

ii. | issued 1,713 common shares through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;

iii. | issued 187,010 common shares in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares;

iv. | withheld 67,963 common shares to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities;

v. | issued 6,613 common shares through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan; and

vi. | canceled 4,622 common shares of restricted stock upon forfeiture.

Any deferred compensation related to the Company's stock option, restricted stock and performance award grants during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is not reflected on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018, and will not be reflected until recognized as compensation cost.
In December 2015, the Company commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company's common stock and determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. In conjunction with CEP IV, the Company engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. The Company expects that, if entered into, it will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case the Company will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, the Company may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, the Company will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of September 30, 2018, there are no outstanding forward sales agreements. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company had no sales under the program. As of September 30, 2018, the Company had $892,915,000 of shares remaining authorized for issuance under this program.
5. Investments in Real Estate Entities
Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities
As of September 30, 2018, the Company had investments in six unconsolidated real estate entities with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 55.0%, excluding joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated real estate entities under the equity method of accounting. The significant accounting policies of the Company's unconsolidated real estate entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.
The Company has an equity interest of 31.3% in AvalonBay Value Added Fund II, L.P. ("Fund II"), and upon achievement of a threshold return, the Company has a right to incentive distributions for its promoted interest based on the current returns earned by Fund II, which currently represents 40.0% of further Fund II distributions, which is in addition to its proportionate share of the remaining 60.0% of distributions. During 2017, Fund II sold its final apartment communities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized income of $925,000 for its promoted interest, which is reported as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund") sold Avalon Kirkland at Carillon, located in Kirkland, WA, containing 131 apartment homes, for $85,500,000. The Company's share of the gain was $8,636,000. In conjunction with the disposition of this community, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the U.S. Fund repaid $27,928,000 of secured indebtedness in advance of its scheduled maturity date. This resulted in a charge for a prepayment penalty and the write-off of deferred financing costs, of which the Company's portion was $89,000, which is reported as a reduction of equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):

| 9/30/2018 |  | 12/31/2017
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Real estate, net | $ | 731,006 |  |  | $ | 695,077 |
Other assets | 90,712 |  |  | 39,976 |
Total assets | $ | 821,718 |  |  | $ | 735,053 |
Liabilities and partners' capital: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net and credit facility | $ | 492,965 |  |  | $ | 523,815 |
Other liabilities | 16,583 |  |  | 10,540 |
Partners' capital | 312,170 |  |  | 200,698 |
Total liabilities and partners' capital | $ | 821,718 |  |  | $ | 735,053 |

The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Rental and other income | $ | 24,535 |  |  | $ | 24,568 |  |  | $ | 68,324 |  |  | $ | 79,999 |
Operating and other expenses | (8,749 | ) |  | (9,378 | ) |  | (26,066 | ) |  | (30,386 | )
Gain on sale of communities | 30,597 |  |  | 107,067 |  |  | 30,597 |  |  | 136,514 |
Interest expense, net | (5,938 | ) |  | (7,867 | ) |  | (17,130 | ) |  | (21,415 | )
Depreciation expense | (6,288 | ) |  | (5,938 | ) |  | (18,704 | ) |  | (20,059 | )
Net income | $ | 34,157 |  |  | $ | 108,452 |  |  | $ | 37,021 |  |  | $ | 144,653 |

In conjunction with the acquisition of the "U.S. Fund", Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the "AC JV") and Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC ("Brandywine"), the Company incurred costs in excess of its equity in the underlying net assets of the respective investments. These costs represent $34,225,000 and $35,402,000 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of the Company's respective investment balances. These amounts are being amortized over the lives of the underlying assets as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities
In September 2018, the Company acquired Avalon Arundel Crossing, a consolidated community, located in Linthicum Heights, MD. Avalon Arundel Crossing contains 310 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $83,000,000.
The Company accounted for this as an asset acquisition and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their relative fair values based on the purchase price and acquisition costs incurred. The Company used third party pricing or internal models for the values of the land, a valuation model for the values of the buildings, and an internal model to determine the fair values of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, debt, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.
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In conjunction with the development of Avalon Brooklyn Bay, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement to construct a mixed-use building that contains rental apartments, for-sale residential condominium units and related common elements. The Company owns a 70.0% interest in the venture, which represents a 100% interest in the rental apartments, and the venture partner owns the remaining 30.0% interest, which represents a 100% interest in the for-sale residential condominium units. The Company was responsible for the development and construction of the structure, and provided a loan to the venture partner for the venture partner's share of costs. The development of Avalon Brooklyn Bay was completed during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The Company has a receivable from the venture partner in the form of a variable rate mortgage note, secured by the remaining for-sale residential condominium units. Beginning in 2018, the mortgage note is being repaid by the venture partner with the proceeds the venture partner receives from the sales of the residential condominium units. The balance as of September 30, 2018 was $14,001,000, representing outstanding principal and interest, net of repayments, and as of December 31, 2017, was $44,831,000, representing outstanding principal and interest. These amounts are reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes interest income on the accrual basis. The venture is considered a VIE, and the Company consolidates its interest in the rental apartments and common areas.
Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs and Casualty and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which the Company currently believes future development is probable ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Initial pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are expensed. The Company expensed costs related to the abandonment of Development Rights and costs for pursuits where development is not yet considered probable, as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition or disposition of assets for which such acquisition and disposition activity did not occur, in the amounts of $1,020,000 and $789,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2,709,000 and $2,087,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.
The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property or long-lived asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the property or long-lived asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the property or long-lived asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses for wholly-owned operating real estate assets, and did not record any impairment losses other than those related to the impairment on land held for investment and casualty gains and losses from property damage, as discussed below.
The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for both development and investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $9,350,000 relating to a land parcel which the Company had acquired for development in 2004 and sold during 2017. This charge was determined as the excess of the Company's carrying basis over the expected sale price for the parcel, and is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. There were no impairment losses recognized on the Company's investment in land during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both the extent and amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. There were no other than temporary impairment losses recognized by any of the Company's investments in unconsolidated real estate entities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
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Casualty Gains and Losses
During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized a gain of $554,000 for legal settlement proceeds relating to construction defects at a community acquired as part of the Archstone acquisition, which is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a casualty loss of $19,481,000 composed of a charge of $16,361,000 to write-off the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed in the Maplewood casualty loss, and an accrual for demolition and additional incident expenses of $3,120,000. The casualty loss was partially offset by $17,143,000 of property damage insurance proceeds. The net casualty loss of $2,338,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company reached a final insurance settlement for the property damage and lost income for the Maplewood casualty loss of $19,696,000, after self-insurance and deductibles. Of this amount, the Company received $7,076,000 and $13,268,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. As part of the settlement, the Company recognized $3,495,000 as business interruption insurance proceeds for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, which is recorded as a component of rental and other income on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
6. Real Estate Disposition Activities
The following real estate sales occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

• | In May 2018, the Company sold Avalon Blue Hills and Avalon Canton at Blue Hills, located in Randolph, MA, and Canton, MA, respectively, containing an aggregate of 472 apartment homes for $131,250,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $57,666,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | In May 2018, the Company sold Eaves North Quincy, located in Quincy, MA, containing 224 apartment homes for $64,250,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $18,055,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | In June 2018, the Company sold Avalon Anaheim Stadium, located in Anaheim, CA, containing 251 apartment homes for $111,600,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $29,490,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | In August 2018, the Company sold Avalon Ballston Place, located in Arlington, VA, containing 383 apartment homes for $169,000,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $27,215,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The sale of Avalon Ballston Place was part of a tax deferred exchange, under which the Company had restricted $85,828,000 of the cash proceeds in an escrow account, classified as cash in escrow on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

At September 30, 2018, the Company had three communities and one land parcel that qualified as held for sale.
During 2016, the Company completed the construction of and sold an affordable restricted apartment building, containing 77 apartment homes. The Company received consideration for the sale in the form of a mortgage note secured by the underlying real estate. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company received a payment of $16,627,000, of which $15,900,000 represents a repayment of substantially all of the outstanding principal, with the balance representing interest income on the note.
7. Segment Reporting
The Company's reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, and Development/Redevelopment Communities. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change.
In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.
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The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing each segment's performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.
A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Net income | $ | 192,407 |  |  | $ | 238,199 |  |  | $ | 588,540 |  |  | $ | 639,174 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 18,855 |  |  | 15,752 |  |  | 55,850 |  |  | 48,472 |
Investments and investment management expense | 1,726 |  |  | 1,501 |  |  | 4,898 |  |  | 4,277 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 1,020 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,087 |
Interest expense, net | 54,097 |  |  | 47,741 |  |  | 165,795 |  |  | 147,138 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 24,162 |
General and administrative expense | 13,905 |  |  | 11,655 |  |  | 42,013 |  |  | 38,808 |
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities | (10,031 | ) |  | (52,568 | ) |  | (12,560 | ) |  | (70,386 | )
Depreciation expense | 156,538 |  |  | 144,990 |  |  | 472,282 |  |  | 427,050 |
Income tax expense | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 102 |
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (612 | ) |  | 11,688 |
Gain on sale of communities | (27,243 | ) |  | (27,738 | ) |  | (132,444 | ) |  | (159,754 | )
(Gain) loss on other real estate transactions, net | (12 | ) |  | 120 |  |  | (335 | ) |  | (246 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (2,545 | ) |  | (10,340 | ) |  | (15,913 | ) |  | (35,162 | )
Net operating income | $ | 399,870 |  |  | $ | 370,125 |  |  | $ | 1,173,027 |  |  | $ | 1,077,410 |

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 4,006 |  |  | $ | 16,280 |  |  | $ | 24,747 |  |  | $ | 54,803 |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (1,461 | ) |  | (5,940 | ) |  | (8,834 | ) |  | (19,641 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 2,545 |  |  | $ | 10,340 |  |  | $ | 15,913 |  |  | $ | 35,162 |

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.
The following table provides details of the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2018. Segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended |  |
| Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 60,690 |  |  | $ | 40,005 |  |  | $ | 178,841 |  |  | $ | 117,008 |  |  | $ | 2,006,671 |
Metro NY/NJ | 106,341 |  |  | 74,562 |  |  | 315,683 |  |  | 219,396 |  |  | 3,729,612 |
Mid-Atlantic | 59,752 |  |  | 41,432 |  |  | 177,342 |  |  | 123,056 |  |  | 2,223,386 |
Pacific Northwest | 22,014 |  |  | 15,681 |  |  | 64,609 |  |  | 45,753 |  |  | 726,752 |
Northern California | 92,292 |  |  | 70,465 |  |  | 274,206 |  |  | 209,866 |  |  | 2,983,019 |
Southern California | 85,934 |  |  | 60,931 |  |  | 255,385 |  |  | 182,875 |  |  | 2,916,530 |
Total Established | 427,023 |  |  | 303,076 |  |  | 1,266,066 |  |  | 897,954 |  |  | 14,585,970 |
Other Stabilized | 66,542 |  |  | 45,196 |  |  | 195,034 |  |  | 132,498 |  |  | 2,740,944 |
Development / Redevelopment | 77,499 |  |  | 51,598 |  |  | 217,416 |  |  | 142,575 |  |  | 4,895,487 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 116,582 |
Non-allocated (2) | 912 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2,752 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 96,876 |
Total | $ | 571,976 |  |  | $ | 399,870 |  |  | $ | 1,681,268 |  |  | $ | 1,173,027 |  |  | $ | 22,435,859 |
For the period ended September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 58,872 |  |  | $ | 38,635 |  |  | $ | 174,018 |  |  | $ | 113,423 |  |  | $ | 1,988,987 |
Metro NY/NJ | 105,225 |  |  | 71,864 |  |  | 311,301 |  |  | 215,187 |  |  | 3,617,773 |
Mid-Atlantic | 58,561 |  |  | 40,020 |  |  | 174,653 |  |  | 120,186 |  |  | 2,213,522 |
Pacific Northwest | 21,531 |  |  | 15,692 |  |  | 62,833 |  |  | 45,632 |  |  | 723,674 |
Northern California | 89,798 |  |  | 68,731 |  |  | 267,316 |  |  | 205,168 |  |  | 2,966,133 |
Southern California | 83,343 |  |  | 59,013 |  |  | 246,087 |  |  | 177,326 |  |  | 2,901,525 |
Total Established | 417,330 |  |  | 293,955 |  |  | 1,236,208 |  |  | 876,922 |  |  | 14,411,614 |
Other Stabilized | 52,885 |  |  | 34,746 |  |  | 137,739 |  |  | 88,946 |  |  | 2,477,846 |
Development / Redevelopment (3) | 63,012 |  |  | 41,424 |  |  | 171,297 |  |  | 111,542 |  |  | 3,847,578 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 85,863 |
Non-allocated (2) | 993 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 3,290 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 93,778 |
Real estate disposed or held for sale (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 629,970 |
Total | $ | 534,220 |  |  | $ | 370,125 |  |  | $ | 1,548,534 |  |  | $ | 1,077,410 |  |  | $ | 21,546,649 |

__________________________________

(1) | Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $109,900 and $53,723 as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) | Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(3) | Total revenue and NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes $3,495 in business interruption insurance proceeds related to the Maplewood casualty loss.

(4) | Represents real estate sold or held for sale during the period of September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2018, which is not allocated to a reportable segment.

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8. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
As part of its long term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock. Details of the outstanding awards and activity are presented below.
Information with respect to stock options granted under the Company's 1994 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "1994 Plan") and its Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, is as follows:

|  | 2009 Plan shares |  | Weighted average exercise price per share |  | 1994 Plan shares |  | Weighted average exercise price per share
Options Outstanding, December 31, 2017 |  | 149,973 |  |  | $ | 126.77 |  |  | 7,778 |  |  | $ | 48.60 |
Exercised |  | (3,000 | ) |  | 130.23 |  |  | (2,263 | ) |  | 48.60 |
Granted (1) |  | 6,995 |  |  | 161.10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Options Outstanding, September 30, 2018 |  | 153,968 |  |  | $ | 128.26 |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 48.60 |
Options Exercisable, September 30, 2018 |  | 146,973 |  |  | $ | 126.70 |  |  | 5,515 |  |  | $ | 48.60 |

__________________________________

(1) | Options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are a result of recipient elections to receive a portion of earned performance awards and time-vesting restricted stock in the form of stock options.

Information with respect to performance awards granted is as follows:

|  | Performance awards |  | Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 251,770 |  |  | $ | 155.25 |
Granted (1) |  | 100,965 |  |  | 155.31 |
Change in awards based on performance (2) |  | 5,990 |  |  | 148.79 |
Converted to restricted stock or options |  | (88,477 | ) |  | 148.79 |
Forfeited |  | (2,309 | ) |  | 158.52 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2018 |  | 267,939 |  |  | $ | 157.23 |

__________________________________

(1) | The amount of restricted stock that ultimately may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics related to the Company's common stock for 62,043 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 38,922 performance awards.

(2) | Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on actual performance achievement for the performance period.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

|  | 2018
Dividend yield |  | 3.7%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1) |  | 11.8% - 18.7%
Risk free rate |  | 1.86% - 2.46%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure |  | $151.67

__________________________________

(1) | Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on the grant date fair value of $161.10, and the Company's estimate of corporate achievement for the financial metrics.
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Information with respect to restricted stock granted is as follows:

|  | Restricted stock shares |  | Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share |  | Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 133,633 |  |  | $ | 172.33 |  |  | 233,928 |
Granted - restricted stock shares |  | 98,713 |  |  | 161.58 |  |  | 88,297 |
Vested - restricted stock shares |  | (66,764 | ) |  | 171.31 |  |  | (112,230 | )
Forfeited |  | (3,865 | ) |  | 166.70 |  |  | (757 | )
Outstanding at September 30, 2018 |  | 161,717 |  |  | $ | 166.32 |  |  | 209,238 |

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $15,189,000 and $13,245,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $8,391,000 and $7,644,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At September 30, 2018, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $34,159,000 for unvested restricted stock and performance awards, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.7 years.
9. Related Party Arrangements
Unconsolidated Entities
The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $912,000 and $993,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2,752,000 and $3,290,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, the Company has outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management role of $2,966,000 and $2,449,000 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Director Compensation
The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards in the amount of $454,000 and $368,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1,200,000 and $1,127,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards to non-employee directors was $928,000 and $525,000 on September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
10. Fair Value
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of counterparty nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of its net position with a given counterparty, as well as any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group. As part of its on-going control procedures, the Company monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity, thus reducing credit risk concentration. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of September 30, 2018, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
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The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Non-designated Hedges |  | Cash Flow Hedges
Notional balance | $ | 589,470 |  |  | $ | 34,378 |
Weighted average interest rate (1) | 3.3 | % |  | 4.8 | %
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate | 6.6 | % |  | 5.9 | %
Earliest maturity date | Apr 2020 |  |  | Apr 2019 |
Latest maturity date | Sep 2022 |  |  | Apr 2019 |

____________________________________

(1) | Represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, in conjunction with the Company's March 2018 unsecured note issuance, the Company settled $300,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the forecasted issuance of the unsecured notes, receiving a payment of $12,598,000. The Company has deferred the effective portion of the fair value change of these swaps in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and will recognize the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the next 10 years. As of September 30, 2018, the Company has no outstanding forward interest rate swap agreements.
Excluding derivatives executed to hedge secured debt on communities classified as held for sale, the Company had one derivative designated as a cash flow hedge and 10 derivatives not designated as hedges at September 30, 2018. Fair value changes for derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were not material. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company deferred $11,499,000 of gains for cash flow hedges reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
The following table summarizes the deferred losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of interest expense, net (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | 4,679 |  |  | $ | 5,301 |

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $5,752,000 of net hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months to offset the variability of cash flows of the hedged item during this period. The Company did not have any derivatives designated as fair value hedges as of September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The Company provided redemption options (the "Puts") that allow joint venture partners of the Company to require the Company to purchase their interests in the investment at a guaranteed minimum amount related to three ventures. The Puts are payable in cash. The Company determines the fair value of the Puts based on unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in pricing the obligations, applying a guaranteed rate of return to the joint venture partners' net capital contribution balances as of period end. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs, the valuations are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company issued units of limited partnership interest in DownREITs which provide the DownREIT limited partners the ability to present all or some of their units for redemption for cash as determined by the partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreements, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company's common stock on or about the date of redemption. In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares of the Company's common stock. The limited partnership units in the DownREITs are valued using the market price of the Company's common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy.
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Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
Other Financial Instruments
Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.
The Company values its unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Term Loans using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its notes payable and amounts outstanding under its Credit Facility and Term Loans are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

|  | 9/30/2018
Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |
Puts |  | (3,245 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,245 | )
DownREIT units |  | (1,359 | ) |  | (1,359 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes |  | (5,499,043 | ) |  | (5,499,043 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness |  | (1,699,182 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,699,182 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (7,202,827 | ) |  | $ | (5,500,402 | ) |  | $ | (1,699,180 | ) |  | $ | (3,245 | )

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|  | 12/31/2017
Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets |  | 2,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | — |
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities |  | (1,171 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,171 | ) |  | — |
Puts |  | (3,245 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,245 | )
DownREIT units |  | (1,338 | ) |  | (1,338 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes |  | (5,446,604 | ) |  | (5,446,604 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness |  | (1,849,851 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,849,851 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (7,299,937 | ) |  | $ | (5,447,942 | ) |  | $ | (1,848,750 | ) |  | $ | (3,245 | )

11. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.
In October and November 2018, the Company:

• | entered into an agreement to contribute five wholly-owned operating communities located in New York, NY, to a newly formed joint venture. The Company will retain a 20.0% equity interest in the venture and act as the managing member and property manager for the assets. The Company will account for its investment in the joint venture under the equity method of accounting. The five communities contain an aggregate of 1,301 apartment homes, approximately 58,000 square feet of retail space and have an aggregate net real estate basis of $516,214,000 as of September 30, 2018. The execution of this agreement resulted in the communities qualifying as held for sale subsequent to September 30, 2018. The Company expects to complete the transaction in December 2018.

• | sold three wholly-owned operating communities, Avalon at Fairway Hills - Fields, a single phase of a three phase community located in Columbia, MD, Avalon Fashion Valley, located in San Diego, CA, and Avalon Andover, located in Andover, MA. In the aggregate, these three communities contain 468 apartment homes and were sold for $142,650,000.

• | acquired two communities, Alexander Apartments and Lofts, located in West Palm Beach, FL, and Ironwood at Red Rocks, located in Littleton, CO. In the aggregate, these two communities contains 546 apartment homes and were acquired for a purchase price of $178,400,000.

In addition, in October 2018, the AC JV sold Avalon Woodland Park, located in Herndon, VA, containing 392 apartment homes for a sales price of $94,250,000.
As of November 2, 2018, the Company has $175,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility.
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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" included in this report. Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" as well as the risk factors described in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the "Form 10-K").
Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Executive Overview
Business Description
We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate multifamily apartment communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California. We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe are characterized by growing employment in high wage sectors of the economy, lower housing affordability and a diverse and vibrant quality of life. We believe these market characteristics offer the opportunity for superior risk-adjusted returns on apartment community investments relative to other markets that do not have these characteristics. We believe that the Denver, Colorado, and Southeast Florida markets share these characteristics, and we are pursuing opportunities to invest in these markets through acquisitions and developments. We seek to create long-term shareholder value by accessing capital on cost effective terms; deploying that capital to develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in our selected markets; operating apartment communities; and selling communities when they no longer meet our long-term investment strategy or when pricing is attractive.
Our strategic vision is to be the leading apartment company in select U.S. markets, providing a range of distinctive living experiences that customers value. We pursue this vision by targeting what we believe are among the best markets and submarkets, leveraging our strategic capabilities in market research and consumer insight and being disciplined in our capital allocation and balance sheet management. Our communities are predominately upscale and generally command among the highest rents in their markets. However, we also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services. We regularly evaluate the allocation of our investments by the amount of invested capital and by product type within our individual markets.
Third Quarter 2018 Highlights

• | Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $192,486,000, a decrease of $45,762,000, or 19.2%, as compared to the prior year period. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in joint venture real estate sales and related gains, including our promoted interest, from the prior year period, as well as an increase in depreciation expense, partially offset by increased NOI across the portfolio.

• | Established Communities NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $303,076,000, an increase of $9,121,000, or 3.1%, over the prior year period. This increase was driven by an increase in rental revenue of 2.3%, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses of 0.5% compared to the prior year period.

At September 30, 2018, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in:

• | 19 communities under construction, which are expected to contain 6,107 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $2,738,000,000; and

• | land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 25 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain 8,600 apartment homes, and will be developed for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $3,572,000,000.

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During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we sold Avalon Ballston Place, a wholly-owned operating community located in Arlington, VA, containing 383 apartment homes. Avalon Ballston Place was sold for $169,000,000, and our gain in accordance with GAAP was $27,215,000.
In September 2018, we acquired Avalon Arundel Crossing, a wholly-owned operating community located in Linthicum Heights, MD. Avalon Arundel Crossing contains 310 apartment homes and was acquired for a purchase price of $83,000,000.
In October and November 2018, through the date this Form 10-Q was filed, we sold three wholly-owned operating communities containing an aggregate of 468 apartment homes for $142,650,000, and acquired two wholly-owned operating communities containing an aggregate of 546 apartment homes for $178,400,000.
In October 2018, we entered into an agreement to contribute five wholly-owned operating communities located in New York, NY, to a newly formed joint venture for estimated net proceeds of approximately $460,000,000 (the "NY Joint Venture"). We will retain a 20.0% interest in the venture and act as the managing member and property manager for the assets. The five communities contain an aggregate of 1,301 apartment homes and approximately 58,000 square feet of retail space. The transaction is expected to close in December 2018.
We expect to be able to meet our reasonably foreseeable liquidity needs, as they arise, through a combination of one or more of the following sources: existing cash on hand; operating cash flows; borrowings under our Credit Facility; secured debt; the issuance of corporate securities (which could include unsecured debt, preferred equity and/or common equity); the sale of apartment communities; or through the formation of joint ventures including the activity discussed above. See the discussion under "Liquidity and Capital Resources".
Communities Overview
Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities, communities in various stages of development ("Development Communities") and Development Rights (as defined below). Our current operating communities are further distinguished as Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, Lease-Up Communities, Redevelopment Communities and Unconsolidated Communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change. The following is a description of each category:
Current Communities are categorized as Established, Other Stabilized, Lease-Up, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:

• | Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. For the nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Established Communities are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2017, are not conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale as of September 30, 2018 or planned for disposition to unrelated third parties within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.

• | Other Stabilized Communities are all other completed consolidated communities that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of the beginning of the current calendar year. Other Stabilized Communities do not include communities that are conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year.

• | Lease-Up Communities are consolidated communities where construction has been complete for less than one year and where physical occupancy has not reached 95%.

• | Redevelopment Communities are consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community's pre-redevelopment basis and is expected to have a material impact on the operations of the community, including occupancy levels and future rental rates.

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• | Unconsolidated Communities are communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.

Development Communities are communities that are under construction and for which a certificate or certificates of occupancy for the entire community have not been received. These communities may be partially complete and operating.
Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.
We currently lease our corporate headquarters located in Arlington, Virginia, as well as our other regional and administrative offices under operating leases.
As of September 30, 2018, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:

|  | Number of communities |  | Number of apartment homes
Current Communities |  |  |  |  |  |
Established Communities: |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | 35 |  |  | 8,301 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 40 |  |  | 11,690 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 28 |  |  | 9,274 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 14 |  |  | 3,256 |
Northern California |  | 36 |  |  | 10,798 |
Southern California |  | 46 |  |  | 12,883 |
Total Established |  | 199 |  |  | 56,202 |
Other Stabilized Communities: |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | 5 |  |  | 1,279 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 6 |  |  | 1,303 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 8 |  |  | 2,785 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 2 |  |  | 860 |
Northern California |  | 3 |  |  | 751 |
Southern California |  | 8 |  |  | 1,967 |
Expansion Markets |  | 2 |  |  | 622 |
Non Core |  | 3 |  |  | 1,014 |
Total Other Stabilized |  | 37 |  |  | 10,581 |
Lease-Up Communities |  | 9 |  |  | 2,608 |
Redevelopment Communities (1) |  | 15 |  |  | 6,242 |
Unconsolidated Communities |  | 11 |  |  | 2,750 |
Total Current Communities |  | 271 |  |  | 78,383 |
Development Communities |  | 19 |  |  | 6,107 |
Total Communities |  | 290 |  |  | 84,490 |
Development Rights |  | 25 |  |  | 8,600 |

_________________________

(1) | Redevelopment Communities include the reconstruction of the building destroyed in the Edgewater casualty loss. Due to the nature of this reconstruction, the 240 apartment homes we expect the new building to contain upon completion are not included in the apartment home count presented, and will be included upon completion.

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Results of Operations
Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in NOI of our Established Communities; NOI derived from acquisitions and development completions; the loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. A comparison of our operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 575,070 |  |  | $ | 549,507 |  |  | $ | 25,563 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  | $ | 1,703,263 |  |  | $ | 1,600,047 |  |  | $ | 103,216 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Management, development and other fees | 912 |  |  | 993 |  |  | (81 | ) |  | (8.2 | )% |  | 2,752 |  |  | 3,290 |  |  | (538 | ) |  | (16.4 | )%
Total revenue | 575,982 |  |  | 550,500 |  |  | 25,482 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | 1,706,015 |  |  | 1,603,337 |  |  | 102,678 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 111,415 |  |  | 111,330 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 333,174 |  |  | 323,263 |  |  | 9,911 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Property taxes | 61,230 |  |  | 57,698 |  |  | 3,532 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 181,120 |  |  | 164,195 |  |  | 16,925 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Total community operating expenses | 172,645 |  |  | 169,028 |  |  | 3,617 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 514,294 |  |  | 487,458 |  |  | 26,836 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses | 19,777 |  |  | 16,759 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | 18.0 | % |  | 58,631 |  |  | 51,779 |  |  | 6,852 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Investments and investment management expense | 1,726 |  |  | 1,501 |  |  | 225 |  |  | 15.0 | % |  | 4,898 |  |  | 4,277 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 14.5 | %
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 1,020 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 29.3 | % |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,087 |  |  | 622 |  |  | 29.8 | %
Interest expense, net | 54,097 |  |  | 47,741 |  |  | 6,356 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 165,795 |  |  | 147,138 |  |  | 18,657 |  |  | 12.7 | %
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,678 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 2,717 |  |  | 24,162 |  |  | (21,445 | ) |  | (88.8 | )%
Depreciation expense | 156,538 |  |  | 144,990 |  |  | 11,548 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 472,282 |  |  | 427,050 |  |  | 45,232 |  |  | 10.6 | %
General and administrative expense | 13,905 |  |  | 11,655 |  |  | 2,250 |  |  | 19.3 | % |  | 42,013 |  |  | 38,808 |  |  | 3,205 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (554 | ) |  | (100.0 | )% |  | (612 | ) |  | 11,688 |  |  | (12,300 | ) |  | N/A (1) |
Total other expenses | 248,187 |  |  | 223,435 |  |  | 24,752 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 748,433 |  |  | 706,989 |  |  | 41,444 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities | 10,031 |  |  | 52,568 |  |  | (42,537 | ) |  | (80.9 | )% |  | 12,560 |  |  | 70,386 |  |  | (57,826 | ) |  | (82.2 | )%
Gain on sale of communities | 27,243 |  |  | 27,738 |  |  | (495 | ) |  | (1.8 | )% |  | 132,444 |  |  | 159,754 |  |  | (27,310 | ) |  | (17.1 | )%
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | 12 |  |  | (120 | ) |  | 132 |  |  | N/A (1) |  |  | 335 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 36.2 | %
Income before income taxes | 192,436 |  |  | 238,223 |  |  | (45,787 | ) |  | (19.2 | )% |  | 588,627 |  |  | 639,276 |  |  | (50,649 | ) |  | (7.9 | )%
Income tax expense | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 20.8 | % |  | 87 |  |  | 102 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (14.7 | )%
Net income | 192,407 |  |  | 238,199 |  |  | (45,792 | ) |  | (19.2 | )% |  | 588,540 |  |  | 639,174 |  |  | (50,634 | ) |  | (7.9 | )%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 79 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 61.2 | % |  | 251 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 44.3 | %
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 192,486 |  |  | $ | 238,248 |  |  | $ | (45,762 | ) |  | (19.2 | )% |  | $ | 588,791 |  |  | $ | 639,348 |  |  | $ | (50,557 | ) |  | (7.9 | )%

_________________________

(1) | Percent change is not meaningful.

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Net income attributable to common stockholders decreased $45,762,000, or 19.2%, to $192,486,000 and $50,557,000, or 7.9%, to $588,791,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to a decrease in joint venture real estate sales and related gains, including our promoted interest, from the prior year period, as well as an increase in depreciation expense, partially offset by increased NOI across the portfolio. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to decreases in joint venture and wholly-owned real estate sales and related gains, including our promoted interest, coupled with increases in depreciation and interest expense, partially offset by increased NOI across the portfolio, and a loss on extinguishment of debt and a net casualty and impairment loss in the prior year period.
NOI is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale.
NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Reconciliations of NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Net income | $ | 192,407 |  |  | $ | 238,199 |  |  | $ | 588,540 |  |  | $ | 639,174 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 18,855 |  |  | 15,752 |  |  | 55,850 |  |  | 48,472 |
Investments and investment management expense | 1,726 |  |  | 1,501 |  |  | 4,898 |  |  | 4,277 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 1,020 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | 2,087 |
Interest expense, net | 54,097 |  |  | 47,741 |  |  | 165,795 |  |  | 147,138 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 24,162 |
General and administrative expense | 13,905 |  |  | 11,655 |  |  | 42,013 |  |  | 38,808 |
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities | (10,031 | ) |  | (52,568 | ) |  | (12,560 | ) |  | (70,386 | )
Depreciation expense | 156,538 |  |  | 144,990 |  |  | 472,282 |  |  | 427,050 |
Income tax expense | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 102 |
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net | (554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (612 | ) |  | 11,688 |
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (27,243 | ) |  | (27,738 | ) |  | (132,444 | ) |  | (159,754 | )
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (12 | ) |  | 120 |  |  | (335 | ) |  | (246 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (2,545 | ) |  | (10,340 | ) |  | (15,913 | ) |  | (35,162 | )
Net operating income | $ | 399,870 |  |  | $ | 370,125 |  |  | $ | 1,173,027 |  |  | $ | 1,077,410 |

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The NOI changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year periods, consist of changes in the following categories (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2018
Established Communities | $ | 9,121 |  |  | $ | 21,032 |
Other Stabilized Communities | 10,450 |  |  | 43,552 |
Development and Redevelopment Communities (1) | 10,174 |  |  | 31,033 |
Total | $ | 29,745 |  |  | $ | 95,617 |

____________________________

(1) | NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes $3,495 in business interruption insurance proceeds related to the casualty loss at Avalon Maplewood ("Maplewood").

Rental and other income increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the prior year periods due to additional rental income generated from newly developed, acquired and existing operating communities and an increase in rental rates at our Established Communities, discussed below.
Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes increased to 72,579 apartment homes for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 69,284 homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $2,605 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $2,557 in the prior year period.
Established Communities — Rental revenue increased $29,723,000, or 2.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in average rental rates of 2.4% to $2,602 per apartment home and economic occupancy remained consistent a 96.2%. Economic occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue. Economic occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at leased rates and vacant homes at market rents.
The Metro New York/New Jersey region accounted for 24.9% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 1.4% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 1.5% to $3,117 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.1% decrease in economic occupancy to 96.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We expect operating conditions in the Metro New York/New Jersey region to remain bifurcated between New York City and surrounding suburban submarkets for the remainder of 2018. We believe elevated levels of new apartment deliveries in New York City are limiting our ability to increase rental rates, while surrounding suburban submarkets are more insulated from this new competition.
The Northern California region accounted for 21.6% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 2.6% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 2.5% to $2,922 per apartment home, and economic occupancy increased 0.1% to 96.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We expect improving job and income growth in Northern California to support rental rate growth for the remainder of 2018.
The Southern California region accounted for 20.2% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 3.8% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 3.7% to $2,290 per apartment home, and economic occupancy increased 0.1% to 96.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We believe stable job and improving income growth will support favorable operating conditions in Southern California for the remainder of 2018.
The New England region accounted for 14.2% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 2.8% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 3.0% to $2,499 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.2% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We expect the operating environment in New England to remain more favorable in the suburban submarkets than in the urban submarkets due to higher levels of new apartment deliveries in the urban submarkets.
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The Mid-Atlantic region accounted for 14.0% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 1.5% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 1.5% to $2,213 per apartment home, and economic occupancy remained consistent at 95.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We believe elevated levels of new apartment deliveries in the Mid-Atlantic region will continue to limit our ability to increase rental rates for the remainder of 2018.
The Pacific Northwest region accounted for 5.1% of Established Community rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 2.7% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 2.7% to $2,289 per apartment home, and economic occupancy remained consistent at 96.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We believe accelerating levels of new apartment deliveries in the Pacific Northwest will limit our ability to increase rental rates for the remainder of 2018.
Management, development and other fees decreased $538,000, or 16.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the prior year period. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to lower property and asset management fees earned as a result of dispositions from Fund II and the U.S. Fund.
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes increased $9,911,000, or 3.1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the prior year period. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities.
For Established Communities, direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, decreased $663,000, or 0.8%, and increased $2,038,000, or 0.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to decreased land lease expense from the purchase in December 2017 of land previously subject to a ground lease and lower marketing and property insurance costs. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is primarily due to increased compensation expense, repair and maintenance costs and utilities, partially offset by decreased land lease expense as described above.
Property taxes increased $3,532,000, or 6.1%, and $16,925,000, or 10.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, coupled with increased assessments across our portfolio and successful appeals in the prior year periods.
For Established Communities, property taxes increased $1,235,000, or 3.0%, and $6,788,000, or 5.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to increased assessments in the current year periods and successful appeals in the prior year periods. For communities in California, property tax changes are determined by the change in the California Consumer Price Index, with increases limited by law (Proposition 13). We evaluate property tax increases internally and also engage third-party consultants to assist in our evaluations. We appeal property tax increases when appropriate.
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses increased $3,018,000, or 18.0%, and $6,852,000, or 13.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to advocacy contributions, spending on corporate initiatives and increased compensation related costs in the current year periods.
Interest expense, net increased $6,356,000, or 13.3%, and $18,657,000, or 12.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, and interest income. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to a decrease in amounts of interest capitalized and an increase in outstanding unsecured indebtedness, partially offset by a decrease in secured indebtedness.
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Loss on extinguishment of debt, net reflects prepayment penalties, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and premiums and discounts from our debt repurchase and retirement activity, and payments to acquire our outstanding debt at amounts above or below the carrying basis of the debt acquired. The losses of $1,678,000 and $2,717,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, were due to the non-cash write-off of unamortized discount, deferred financing costs and prepayment penalties on the repayment of secured debt during the periods. The loss of $24,162,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was primarily due to prepayment penalties of $33,515,000 and the non-cash write-off of deferred financing costs of $1,450,000 associated with the repayment of $556,313,000 aggregate principal amount of fixed rate mortgage notes secured by 12 wholly-owned operating communities in advance of their May 2019 maturity dates. This was partially offset by a gain of $10,839,000, primarily composed of the write-off of unamortized premium on the repayment of $670,590,000 principal amount of fixed rate mortgage notes secured by 11 wholly-owned operating communities in advance of their November 2017 maturity dates.
Depreciation expense increased $11,548,000, or 8.0%, and $45,232,000, or 10.6%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities.
General and administrative expense increased $2,250,000, or 19.3%, and $3,205,000, or 8.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to an increase in compensation related expenses, legal costs and professional fees. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is partially offset by decreased sales and use tax expense.
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 consists of an impairment charge recognized for a land parcel we had acquired for development in 2004 and sold in July 2017 and the Maplewood casualty loss.
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities decreased $42,537,000, or 80.9%, and $57,826,000, or 82.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are primarily due to gains on the sale of communities in various ventures and the recognition of income for the Company's promoted interest from Fund II in the prior year periods, coupled with the resulting decreased NOI from the ventures in the current year periods, due to disposition activity in 2017.
Gain on sale of communities decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the prior year period. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area.
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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® ("NAREIT"), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders ("FFO") as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:

• | gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;

• | cumulative effect of change in accounting principle;

• | impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;

• | write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;

• | depreciation of real estate assets; and

• | similar adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or "Core FFO," as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. In calculating FFO, we exclude gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and exclude real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. FFO can help one compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of our core business operations, Core FFO allows one to compare the core operating performance of the Company between periods. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be examined with net income as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:

• | joint venture gains, non-core business costs, and promoted interests;

• | casualty and impairment losses or gains, net;

• | gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;

• | abandoned pursuits;

• | business interruption insurance proceeds and the related lost NOI that is covered by the business interruption insurance proceeds;

• | property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlements;

• | gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation;

• | advocacy contributions, representing payments to promote our business interests;

• | hedge ineffectiveness;

• | severance related costs;

• | expensed transaction costs; and

• | other non-core items.

FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.
The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common stockholders and to Core FFO attributable to common stockholders (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 192,486 |  |  | $ | 238,248 |  |  | $ | 588,791 |  |  | $ | 639,348 |
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments | 156,204 |  |  | 144,409 |  |  | 470,976 |  |  | 426,494 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 32 |
Gain on sale of unconsolidated entities holding previously depreciated real estate | (8,636 | ) |  | (31,413 | ) |  | (8,636 | ) |  | (40,110 | )
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate | (27,243 | ) |  | (27,738 | ) |  | (132,444 | ) |  | (159,754 | )
FFO attributable to common stockholders | 312,822 |  |  | 323,517 |  |  | 918,720 |  |  | 866,010 |
Adjusting items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joint venture losses (1) | 307 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 811 |
Joint venture promote (2) | — |  |  | (19,977 | ) |  | (925 | ) |  | (26,742 | )
Impairment loss on real estate (3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,350 |
Casualty (gain) loss, net on real estate (4) | (554 | ) |  | — |  |  | (612 | ) |  | 2,338 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds (5) | — |  |  | (3,495 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,495 | )
Lost NOI from casualty losses covered by business interruption insurance (6) | — |  |  | 2,375 |  |  | 1,730 |  |  | 6,242 |
Loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt | 1,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 24,162 |
Advocacy contributions | 843 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | — |
Hedge ineffectiveness | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (753 | )
Severance related costs | 80 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 153 |
Development pursuit write-offs and expensed transaction costs, net | 188 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 1,174 |
(Gain) loss on other real estate transactions, net | (12 | ) |  | 120 |  |  | (335 | ) |  | (246 | )
Legal settlements | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 91 |
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders | $ | 315,352 |  |  | $ | 303,334 |  |  | $ | 924,765 |  |  | $ | 879,095 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 138,323,064 |  |  | 138,307,046 |  |  | 138,230,724 |  |  | 138,006,192 |
EPS per common share - diluted | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 4.26 |  |  | $ | 4.63 |
FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.26 |  |  | $ | 2.34 |  |  | $ | 6.65 |  |  | $ | 6.28 |
Core FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.28 |  |  | $ | 2.19 |  |  | $ | 6.69 |  |  | $ | 6.37 |

_________________________

(1) | Amounts are primarily composed of (i) our proportionate share of yield maintenance charges incurred for the early repayment of debt associated with joint venture disposition activity and (ii) the write-off of asset management fee intangibles primarily associated with the disposition of communities in the U.S. Fund.

(2) | Amounts represent our promoted interest in Fund II.

(3) | Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is composed of an impairment charge for a land parcel we had acquired for development in 2004 and sold in July 2017.

(4) | Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 include $554 in legal settlement proceeds relating to construction defects at a community acquired as part of the Archstone acquisition. Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 represents the Maplewood net casualty loss.

(5) | Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 are composed of business interruption insurance proceeds resulting from the final insurance settlement of the Maplewood casualty loss.

(6) | Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 relate to the Maplewood casualty loss in Q1 2017, for which the Company recognized $3,495 in business interruption insurance proceeds in Q3 2017. Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily relate to the Edgewater casualty loss, for which we received $20,306 in business interruption insurance proceeds in Q1 2016, and also include amounts related to the Maplewood casualty loss.

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FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.
A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands) and a discussion of "Liquidity and Capital Resources" can be found later in this report:

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 (1) |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 9/30/2017 (1)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 356,062 |  |  | $ | 358,122 |  |  | $ | 981,359 |  |  | $ | 933,778 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | (178,775 | ) |  | $ | (371,028 | ) |  | $ | (495,456 | ) |  | $ | (624,752 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (245,593 | ) |  | $ | (63,136 | ) |  | $ | (406,218 | ) |  | $ | (421,892 | )

_________________________

(1) | Amounts for 2017 reflect retrospective adjustments to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows discussed in Note 1, "Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, Change in Accounting Principle," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost effective alternative available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal short-term liquidity needs are to fund:

• | development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged;

• | the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;

• | debt service and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity; and

• | normal recurring operating expenses and corporate overhead expenses.

Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Operating cash flow has historically been determined by: (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels and (iv) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage, as well as our plans for development, redevelopment, acquisition and disposition activity, are affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. We regularly review our liquidity needs, the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.
We had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $281,591,000 at September 30, 2018, an increase of $79,685,000 from $201,906,000 at December 31, 2017. As presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included elsewhere in this report, the following discussion relates to changes in cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.
Operating Activities — Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $981,359,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $933,778,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The change was driven primarily by increased NOI from existing, acquired and newly developed communities.
Investing Activities — Net cash used in investing activities totaled $495,456,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The net cash used was primarily due to:

• | investment of $864,550,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities;

• | acquisition of one wholly-owned operating community for $84,088,000; and

• | capital expenditures of $62,092,000 for our operating communities and non-real estate assets.

These amounts are partially offset by proceeds from dispositions of $466,187,000, of which $85,828,000 was held in escrow related to a subsequent tax deferred exchange.
Financing Activities — Net cash used in financing activities totaled $406,218,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The net cash used was primarily due to:
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• | payment of cash dividends in the amount of $602,152,000; and

• | the repayment of mortgage notes payable in the amount of $157,164,000.

These amount are partially offset by:

• | proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $299,442,000, less deferred financing costs for the issuance activity of $3,347,000; and

• | borrowings under the Credit Facility of $56,000,000.

Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility
We have a $1,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in April 2020. We may extend the maturity for up to nine months, provided we are not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on our unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by us. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (3.13% at October 31, 2018), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on our current credit rating).
We had $241,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $39,510,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of October 31, 2018.
Financial Covenants
We are subject to financial and other covenants contained in the Credit Facility, the Term Loans and the indentures under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:

• | limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;

• | limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and

• | minimum levels of debt service coverage.

We were in compliance with these covenants at September 30, 2018.
In addition, our secured borrowings may include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were originated.
Continuous Equity Offering Program
In December 2015, we commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which we may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations of the appropriate sources of funding. In conjunction with CEP IV, we engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. We expect that, if entered into, we will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case we will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, we may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, we will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of October 31, 2018, there are no outstanding forward sales agreements. As of October 31, 2018, we had $892,915,000 of shares remaining authorized for issuance under this program.
Forward Interest Rate Swap Agreements
In conjunction with our March 2018 unsecured note issuance, we settled $300,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the forecasted issuance of the unsecured notes, receiving a payment of $12,598,000. As of September 30, 2018, we have no outstanding forward interest rate swap agreements.
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Future Financing and Capital Needs — Debt Maturities
One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity. For both our unsecured and secured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.
The following debt activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

• | In February 2018, we repaid $15,174,000 principal amount of 6.60% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Oaks West in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $426,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $152,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $274,000.

• | In February 2018, we repaid $11,038,000 principal amount of 4.61% fixed rate debt secured by AVA Pasadena at par in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

• | In March 2018, we issued $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $296,210,000. The notes mature in April 2048 and were issued at a 4.35% interest rate. The effective interest rate of the notes for the first 10 years is 3.97%, including the impact of an interest rate hedge and offering costs, and for the remainder of the term the effective interest rate is 4.39%.

• | In April 2018, we repaid $13,380,000 principal amount of 3.06% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Andover at par at its scheduled maturity date.

• | In June 2018, we repaid $15,295,000 principal amount of 6.90% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Orchards in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $635,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $282,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $353,000.

• | In August 2018, we repaid $95,859,000 aggregate principal amount of variable debt secured by Avalon Calabasas, of which $51,449,000 was repaid at par at its scheduled maturity date, and $44,410,000 was repaid at par in advance of its April 2028 maturity date. We recognized a non-cash charge of $1,678,000 for the write-off of unamortized debt discount.

In November 2018, through the date this Form 10-Q was filed, we had net borrowings of $175,000,000 on our Credit Facility.
The following table details our consolidated debt maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest.
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|  | All-In interest rate (1) |  | Principal maturity date |  | Balance Outstanding (2) |  | Scheduled Maturities
Community |  |  |  | 12/31/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Thereafter
Tax-exempt bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon Oaks West |  | 7.55 | % |  | Apr-2043 | (3) | $ | 15,213 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Avalon at Chestnut Hill |  | 6.16 | % |  | Oct-2047 |  | 38,097 |  |  | 37,698 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 35,107 |
Avalon Westbury |  | 3.86 | % |  | Nov-2036 | (4) | 62,200 |  |  | 62,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,200 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 115,510 |  |  | 99,898 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 97,307 |
Variable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Eaves Mission Viejo |  | 2.47 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 7,635 |  |  | 7,635 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,635 |
AVA Nob Hill |  | 2.53 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 20,800 |  |  | 20,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,800 |
Avalon Campbell |  | 2.91 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 38,800 |  |  | 38,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,800 |
Eaves Pacifica |  | 2.92 | % |  | Jun-2025 | (5) | 17,600 |  |  | 17,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,600 |
Avalon Bowery Place I |  | 4.24 | % |  | Nov-2037 | (5) | 93,800 |  |  | 93,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,800 |
Avalon Acton |  | 2.85 | % |  | Jul-2040 | (5) | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,000 |
Avalon Morningside Park |  | 3.36 | % |  | May-2046 | (4) | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 99,250 |
Avalon Clinton North |  | 3.25 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (5) | 147,000 |  |  | 147,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,000 |
Avalon Clinton South |  | 3.25 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (5) | 121,500 |  |  | 121,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,500 |
Avalon Midtown West |  | 3.16 | % |  | May-2029 | (5) | 100,500 |  |  | 100,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,500 |
Avalon San Bruno I |  | 3.14 | % |  | Dec-2037 | (5) | 64,450 |  |  | 64,450 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,450 |
Avalon Calabasas |  | 2.68 | % |  | Apr-2028 | (3) | 44,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  | 801,495 |  |  | 757,085 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 756,335 |
Conventional loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$250 million unsecured notes |  | 6.19 | % |  | Mar-2020 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$250 million unsecured notes |  | 4.04 | % |  | Jan-2021 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Sep-2022 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |
$250 million unsecured notes |  | 3.00 | % |  | Mar-2023 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |
$400 million unsecured notes |  | 3.78 | % |  | Oct-2020 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$350 million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Dec-2023 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.66 | % |  | Nov-2024 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$525 million unsecured notes |  | 3.55 | % |  | Jun-2025 |  | 525,000 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 525,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.62 | % |  | Nov-2025 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$475 million unsecured notes |  | 3.35 | % |  | May-2026 |  | 475,000 |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.01 | % |  | Oct-2026 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$350 million unsecured notes |  | 3.95 | % |  | Oct-2046 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |
$400 million unsecured notes |  | 3.50 | % |  | May-2027 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 4.09 | % |  | Jul-2047 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 3.32 | % |  | Jan-2028 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.97 | % |  | Apr-2048 |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
Avalon Orchards |  | 7.80 | % |  | Jul-2033 | (3) | 15,579 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 4.00 | % |  | Jul-2066 |  | 3,557 |  |  | 3,699 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,699 |
AVA Pasadena |  | 4.06 | % |  | Jun-2018 | (3) | 11,073 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Eaves Los Feliz |  | 3.68 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 41,400 |  |  | 41,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,400 |
Eaves Woodland Hills |  | 3.67 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 111,500 |  |  | 111,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111,500 |
Avalon Russett |  | 3.77 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 32,200 |  |  | 32,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,200 |
Avalon San Bruno II |  | 3.85 | % |  | Apr-2021 |  | 29,533 |  |  | 29,136 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 27,844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Westbury |  | 4.88 | % |  | Nov-2036 | (4) | 16,450 |  |  | 15,440 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 1,430 |  |  | 1,495 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 8,939 |
Avalon San Bruno III |  | 3.18 | % |  | Jun-2020 |  | 53,315 |  |  | 52,401 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | 50,826 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Andover |  | 3.28 | % |  | Apr-2018 |  | 13,498 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Natick |  | 3.15 | % |  | Apr-2019 |  | 13,831 |  |  | 13,571 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 13,483 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Hoboken |  | 3.55 | % |  | Dec-2020 |  | 67,904 |  |  | 67,904 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,904 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Columbia Pike |  | 3.24 | % |  | Nov-2019 |  | 68,637 |  |  | 67,480 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 67,085 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,828,477 |  |  | 6,084,731 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 83,826 |  |  | 770,816 |  |  | 279,419 |  |  | 451,655 |  |  | 4,497,738 |

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|  | All-In interest rate (1) |  | Principal maturity date |  | Balance Outstanding (2) |  | Scheduled Maturities
Community |  |  |  | 12/31/2017 |  | 9/30/2018 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Thereafter
Variable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon Calabasas |  | 2.40 | % |  | Aug-2018 |  | 52,092 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Natick |  | 4.79 | % |  | Apr-2019 | (5) | 35,039 |  |  | 34,378 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 34,154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Archstone Lexington |  | 3.82 | % |  | Oct-2020 |  | 21,700 |  |  | 21,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Term Loan - $100 million |  | 3.17 | % |  | Feb-2022 |  | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |
Term Loan - $150 million |  | 3.71 | % |  | Feb-2024 |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 2.95 | % |  | Jan-2021 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 658,831 |  |  | 606,078 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 34,154 |  |  | 21,700 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 150,000 |
Total indebtedness - excluding Credit Facility |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,404,313 |  |  | $ | 7,547,792 |  |  | $ | 1,638 |  |  | $ | 118,546 |  |  | $ | 793,112 |  |  | $ | 580,393 |  |  | $ | 552,723 |  |  | $ | 5,501,380 |

_________________________

(1) | Rates are given as of September 30, 2018 and include credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark to market amortization and other fees.

(2) | Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured notes of $46,055 and $47,236 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and deferred financing costs and debt discount associated with secured notes of $24,509 and $27,607 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.

(3) | During 2018, we repaid this borrowing in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

(4) | Maturity date reflects the contractual maturity of the underlying bond. There is also an associated earlier credit enhancement maturity date.

(5) | Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.

Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Capital Markets Activity
During the remainder of 2018, we expect to meet our liquidity needs from one or more of a variety of internal and external sources, which may include (i) real estate dispositions, (ii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iii) borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility and (iv) secured and unsecured debt financings and includes the NY Joint Venture and other activity in October and November 2018 as discussed in this Form 10-Q. Additional sources of liquidity in 2018 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects.
Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we intend to plan adequate financing to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may have to abandon Development Rights, write-off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.
From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures primarily to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities and new markets where our partners bring development and operational expertise and/or experience to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.
In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over our ownership periods and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop and redevelop communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. We believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not have a material impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.
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Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Unconsolidated Investments
As of September 30, 2018, we had investments in unconsolidated real estate accounted for under the equity method of accounting shown in the following table, excluding Fund II, which sold its final apartment community in 2017, and joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition. Refer to Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report, which includes information on the aggregate assets, liabilities and equity, as well as operating results, and our proportionate share of their operating results. For ventures holding operating apartment communities as of September 30, 2018, detail of the real estate and associated funding underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).

|  | Company ownership percentage |  | # of Apartment homes |  | Total capitalized cost (1) |  | Debt (2)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Interest rate (3) |  | Maturity date
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments |  |  |  |  | Amount |  | Type |  |
U.S. Fund |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon Studio 4121 - Studio City, CA |  |  |  |  | 149 |  |  | $ | 57,091 |  |  | $ | 28,455 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.34 | % |  | Nov 2022
2. Avalon Marina Bay - Marina del Rey, CA (4) |  |  |  |  | 205 |  |  | 77,187 |  |  | 51,300 |  |  | Fixed |  | 1.56 | % |  | Dec 2020
3. Avalon Venice on Rose - Venice, CA |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 57,399 |  |  | 28,554 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.28 | % |  | Jun 2020
4. Avalon Station 250 - Dedham, MA |  |  |  |  | 285 |  |  | 97,306 |  |  | 55,448 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.73 | % |  | Sep 2022
5. Avalon Grosvenor Tower - Bethesda, MD |  |  |  |  | 237 |  |  | 80,191 |  |  | 42,978 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.74 | % |  | Sep 2022
Total U.S. Fund |  | 28.6 | % |  | 946 |  |  | 369,174 |  |  | 206,735 |  |  |  |  | 3.08 | % |  |
AC JV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon North Point - Cambridge, MA (5) |  |  |  |  | 426 |  |  | 188,494 |  |  | 111,653 |  |  | Fixed |  | 6.00 | % |  | Aug 2021
2. Avalon Woodland Park - Herndon, VA (5)(6) |  |  |  |  | 392 |  |  | 86,555 |  |  | 50,647 |  |  | Fixed |  | 6.00 | % |  | Aug 2021
3. Avalon North Point Lofts - Cambridge, MA |  |  |  | 103 |  |  | 26,849 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  |  | N/A
Total AC JV |  | 20.0 | % |  | 921 |  |  | 301,898 |  |  | 162,300 |  |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |
North Point II JV, LP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. AVA North Point - Cambridge, MA (7) |  |  |  | 265 |  |  | 105,397 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  |  | N/A
Total North Point II JV, LP |  | 55.0 | % |  | 265 |  |  | 105,397 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |
Other Operating Joint Ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. MVP I, LLC |  | 25.0 | % |  | 313 |  |  | 125,413 |  |  | 103,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.24 | % |  | Jul 2025
2. Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC |  | 28.7 | % |  | 305 |  |  | 19,617 |  |  | 22,338 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.40 | % |  | Jun 2028
Total Other Joint Ventures |  |  |  | 618 |  |  | 145,030 |  |  | 125,338 |  |  |  |  | 3.27 | % |  |
Total Unconsolidated Investments |  |  |  | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 921,499 |  |  | $ | 494,373 |  |  |  |  | 4.09 | % |  |

_____________________________

(1) | Represents total capitalized cost as of September 30, 2018.

(2) | We have not guaranteed the debt of unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment.

(3) | Represents weighted average rate on outstanding debt as of September 30, 2018.

(4) | Borrowing on this community is a variable rate loan which has been converted to a fixed rate borrowing with an interest rate swap.

(5) | Borrowing is comprised of loans made by the equity investors in the venture in proportion to their equity interests.

(6) | In October 2018, this community was sold for a sales price of $94,250, with the venture repaying the associated partner loan.

(7) | Development of this community was completed during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the U.S. Fund sold one community containing 131 apartment homes for a sales price of $85,500,000. Our share of the gain was $8,636,000. In conjunction with the disposition of this community, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the U.S. Fund repaid $27,928,000 of secured indebtedness in advance
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of its scheduled maturity date. This resulted in a charge for a prepayment penalty and the write-off of deferred financing costs, of which our portion was $89,000.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In addition to our investment interests in consolidated and unconsolidated real estate entities, we have certain off-balance sheet arrangements with the entities in which we invest. Additional discussion of these entities can be found in Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We have not guaranteed the debt of our unconsolidated real estate entities, as referenced in the table above, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should the unconsolidated real estate entities be unable to do so. In the future, in the event the unconsolidated real estate entities were unable to meet their obligations under a loan, we cannot predict at this time whether we would provide any voluntary support, or take any other action, as any such action would depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of support required and the possibility that such support could enhance the return of the unconsolidated real estate entities and/or our returns by providing time for performance to improve.
There are no other material lines of credit, side agreements, financial guarantees or any other derivative financial instruments related to or between our unconsolidated real estate entities and us. In evaluating our capital structure and overall leverage, management takes into consideration our proportionate share of the indebtedness of unconsolidated entities in which we have an interest.
Contractual Obligations
We currently have contractual obligations consisting primarily of long-term debt obligations and lease obligations for certain land parcels and regional and administrative office space. As of September 30, 2018, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in our Form 10-K.
Development Communities
As of September 30, 2018, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 19 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 6,107 apartment homes to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $2,738,000,000. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. You should carefully review Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with development activity.
The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities. We hold a fee simple ownership interest in these communities (directly or through a wholly-owned subsidiary) unless otherwise noted in the table.
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| Number of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Construction start |  | Initial projected occupancy (2) |  | Estimated completion |  | Estimated stabilized operations (3)
1. |  | Avalon Boonton Boonton, NJ | 350 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | Q3 2016 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
2. |  | 15 West 61st Street (4)(5) New York, NY | 172 |  |  | 604 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020
3. |  | Avalon Belltown Towers (4) Seattle, WA | 273 |  |  | 147 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020
4. |  | Avalon Public Market Emeryville, CA | 289 |  |  | 163 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020
5. |  | Avalon Teaneck Teaneck, NJ | 248 |  |  | 73 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
6. |  | AVA Hollywood (4) Hollywood, CA | 695 |  |  | 365 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q2 2020 |  | Q4 2020
7. |  | AVA Esterra Park Redmond, WA | 323 |  |  | 91 |  |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q1 2020
8. |  | Avalon at the Hingham Shipyard II Hingham, MA | 190 |  |  | 64 |  |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019
9. |  | Avalon Piscataway Piscataway, NJ | 360 |  |  | 90 |  |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019
10. |  | Avalon Sudbury Sudbury, MA | 250 |  |  | 85 |  |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q2 2018 |  | Q1 2019 |  | Q3 2019
11. |  | Avalon Towson Towson, MD | 371 |  |  | 114 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q2 2021
12. |  | Avalon Yonkers Yonkers, NY | 590 |  |  | 188 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q3 2021
13. |  | Avalon Walnut Creek II Walnut Creek, CA | 200 |  |  | 109 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020 |  | Q4 2020
14. |  | Avalon North Creek Bothell, WA | 316 |  |  | 84 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
15. |  | Avalon Saugus (4) Saugus, MA | 280 |  |  | 93 |  |  | Q2 2018 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
16. |  | Avalon Doral Doral, FL | 350 |  |  | 111 |  |  | Q2 2018 |  | Q2 2020 |  | Q1 2021 |  | Q3 2021
17 |  | Avalon Norwood Norwood, MA | 198 |  |  | 61 |  |  | Q2 2018 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
18. |  | Avalon Harbor East Baltimore, MD | 400 |  |  | 139 |  |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q1 2022
19. |  | Avalon Old Bridge Old Bridge, NJ | 252 |  |  | 66 |  |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q1 2021
|  | Total | 6,107 |  |  | $ | 2,738 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees. Projected total capitalized cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount.

(2) | Initial projected occupancy dates are estimates. There can be no assurance that we will pursue to completion any or all of these proposed developments.

(3) | Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.

(4) | Development communities containing at least 10,000 square feet of retail space include 15 West 61st Street (67,000 square feet), Avalon Belltown Towers (11,000 square feet), AVA Hollywood (19,000 square feet) and Avalon Saugus (23,000 square feet).

(5) | We are exploring a potential for-sale strategy of individual condominium units for the residential portion of 15 West 61st Street. As a result, we may commence the sales process for the residential units in the first half of 2019, subject to future market conditions. We intend to own and operate the retail portion of the development, which is expected to complete construction during 2019.

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During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we completed the development of the following communities:

| Number of apartment homes |  | Total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Approximate rentable area (sq. ft.) |  | Total capitalized cost per sq. ft.
1. |  | Avalon Dogpatch San Francisco, CA | 326 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | 262,478 |  |  | $ | 777 |
2. |  | AVA North Point (2) Cambridge, MA | 265 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 226,912 |  |  | $ | 485 |
|  | Total | 591 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  |  |  |

__________________________________

(1) | Total capitalized cost is as of September 30, 2018. We generally anticipate incurring additional costs associated with these communities that are customary for new developments.

(2) | We developed this project within an unconsolidated joint venture that was formed in July 2016, in which we own a 55.0% interest. The projected total capitalized cost above represents the total cost for the venture.

We anticipate commencing the construction of four apartment communities during the balance of 2018, which, if completed as expected, will contain 1,327 apartment homes and be constructed for a total capitalized cost of $511,000,000.
Redevelopment Communities
As of September 30, 2018, there were 15 communities under active redevelopment. We expect the total capitalized cost to redevelop these communities to be $373,000,000, excluding costs incurred prior to redevelopment. We have found that the cost to redevelop an existing apartment community is more difficult to budget and estimate than the cost to develop a new community. Accordingly, we expect that actual costs may vary from our budget by a wider range than for a new Development Community. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for reconstruction completion or for attaining restabilized operations, or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. We anticipate maintaining or increasing our current level of redevelopment activity related to communities in our current operating portfolio for the remainder of 2018. You should carefully review Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with redevelopment activity.
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The following presents a summary of these Redevelopment Communities:

|  |  |  | Number of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost ($ millions) (1)(2) |  | Reconstruction start |  | Estimated reconstruction completion (2) |  | Estimated restabilized operations (3)
1. |  | AVA Toluca Hills Los Angeles, CA |  | 1,151 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019
2. |  | Avalon Prudential Center II Boston, MA |  | 266 |  |  | 19 |  |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020
3. |  | Avalon Midtown West New York, NY |  | 550 |  |  | 39 |  |  | Q1 2017 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020
4. |  | Avalon at Edgewater II (4) Edgewater, NJ |  | 240 |  |  | 60 |  |  | Q2 2017 |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q1 2019
5. |  | Avalon at Florham Park Florham Park, NJ |  | 270 |  |  | 13 |  |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q2 2019
6. |  | AVA Van Ness Washington, D.C. |  | 269 |  |  | 20 |  |  | Q3 2017 |  | Q1 2019 |  | Q3 2019
7. |  | Avalon Ballston Square Arlington, VA |  | 714 |  |  | 25 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q1 2020
8. |  | Eaves Los Feliz Los Angeles, CA |  | 263 |  |  | 6 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q2 2019
9. |  | Eaves Seal Beach Seal Beach, CA |  | 549 |  |  | 32 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q2 2020
10. |  | Avalon Walnut Ridge II Walnut Creek, CA |  | 360 |  |  | 7 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q2 2019
11. |  | Eaves Redmond Campus Redmond, WA |  | 422 |  |  | 24 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019
12. |  | Eaves Fairfax Towers Falls Church, VA |  | 415 |  |  | 6 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q4 2019
13. |  | Avalon Prudential Center I Boston, MA |  | 243 |  |  | 18 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q3 2020
14. |  | Avalon Court Melville, NY |  | 494 |  |  | 15 |  |  | Q1 2018 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q1 2020
15. |  | Avalon Studio City Studio City, CA |  | 276 |  |  | 10 |  |  | Q2 2018 |  | Q1 2019 |  | Q3 2019
|  | Total |  | 6,482 |  |  | $ | 373 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

____________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost does not include capitalized costs incurred prior to redevelopment.

(2) | Projected total capitalized costs represent the aggregate of any multiple phase redevelopments and the estimated reconstruction completion dates reflect all planned phases.

(3) | Estimated restabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of redevelopment.

(4) | Redevelopment Communities includes the reconstruction of the building destroyed in the Edgewater casualty loss. Due to the nature of this reconstruction, the 240 apartment homes that we expect the new building to contain upon completion are not included in the apartment home count presented elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, and will be included upon completion.

Development Rights
At September 30, 2018, we had $116,582,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in land parcels we own, and $45,869,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 25 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The cumulative capitalized costs for land held for development as of September 30, 2018 includes $91,196,000 in original land acquisition costs. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 8,600 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.
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For 19 Development Rights, we control the land through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the parcel. While we generally prefer to hold Development Rights through conditional agreements or options to acquire land, for three Development Rights we either currently own the land, have an ownership interest in a joint venture that owns the land or have executed a long term land lease for the parcel of land on which a community would be built if we proceeded with development. During the next 12 months we expect to commence construction of apartment communities on the three Development Rights for which we currently own the land, with a carrying basis of $116,582,000. In addition, three Development Rights are additional development phases of existing stabilized operating communities we own, and will be constructed on land currently associated with those operating communities.
The properties comprising the Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred a charge of approximately $3,327,000 for development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable to be developed.
You should carefully review Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with Development Rights.
The following presents a summary of the Development Rights as of September 30, 2018:

Market |  | Number of rights |  | Estimated number of homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost ($ millions) (1)
New England |  | 4 |  |  | 922 |  |  | $ | 356 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 7 |  |  | 2,970 |  |  | 1,263 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 2 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 159 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 3 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 270 |
Northern California |  | 5 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 829 |
Southern California |  | 3 |  |  | 1,282 |  |  | 580 |
Denver |  | 1 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 115 |
Total |  | 25 |  |  | 8,600 |  |  | $ | 3,572 |

____________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred to date (if any) and projected to be incurred to develop the respective community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees.

Inflation and Deflation
Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally minimize our risk from the adverse effects of inflation, although these leases generally permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term and therefore expose us to the effect of a decline in market rents. Similarly, in a deflationary rent environment, we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under these shorter-term leases.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "assume," "project," "plan," "may," "shall," "will" and other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:

• | our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;

• | the timing and cost of completion of apartment communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;

• | the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of apartment communities;

• | the pursuit of land on which we are considering future development;

• | the anticipated operating performance of our communities;

• | cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;

• | our declaration or payment of dividends;

• | our joint venture and discretionary fund activities;

• | our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;

• | our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code;

• | the real estate markets in Northern and Southern California and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, New England, Metro New York/New Jersey and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;

• | the availability of debt and equity financing;

• | interest rates;

• | general economic conditions including the potential impacts from current economic conditions;

• | trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations; and

• | the impact of legal proceedings relating to the Edgewater casualty loss and related matters, including liability to third parties resulting therefrom.

We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the discussion under Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for further discussion of risks associated with forward-looking statements.
Some of the factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third-parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;

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• | we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;

• | construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;

• | we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;

• | occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;

• | financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;

• | our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;

• | we may be unsuccessful in our management of the U.S. Fund, the AC JV or the REIT vehicles that are used with each respective joint venture;

• | we may be unsuccessful in managing changes in our portfolio composition; and

• | our expectations, estimates and assumptions as of the date of this filing regarding the outcome of investigations and/or legal proceedings resulting from the Edgewater casualty loss are subject to change.

Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements. Our critical accounting policies consist primarily of the following: (i) principles of consolidation, (ii) cost capitalization, (iii) abandoned pursuit costs and asset impairment, (iv) REIT status and (v) acquisition of investments in real estate. Additionally, as discussed in this Form 10-Q in Note 1, "Organization, Basis and Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Revenue and Gain Recognition," to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as of January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies resulting from the adoption of this new standard. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the discussion of our significant accounting policies found in Management's Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations in our Form 10-K.
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ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk since December 31, 2017.

ITEM 4. | CONTROL AND PROCEDURES

(a) | Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.
We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

(b) | Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.

As of January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company implemented internal controls related to the revenue recognition process, but there were no significant changes to the internal control over financial reporting due to the adoption of this new standard.

PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As discussed in this Form 10-Q in Note 1, "Organization, Basis and Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Legal and Other Contingencies," to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, in January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community in Edgewater, NJ. The Company believes that the fire was caused by sparks from a torch used during repairs being performed by a Company employee who was not a licensed plumber. The Company has since revised its maintenance policies to require that non-flame tools be used for plumbing repairs where possible or, where not possible inside the building envelope, that a qualified third party vendor perform the work in accordance with the Company's policies.
The Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. Through the date of this Form 10-Q, of the 229 occupied apartments destroyed in the fire, the residents of approximately 95 units have settled claims with the Company's insurer through this claims process.
With regard to the building that was destroyed, three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a settlement which provides a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. In July 2017 the District Court granted final approval of the class action settlement and all claims have been submitted to the independent claims adjuster. A total of 66 units (consisting of residents who did not previously settle their claims and who did not opt out of the class settlement) are included in the class action settlement and bound by its terms. However, only 44 units submitted claims. The independent claims adjuster is currently reviewing the claims submitted; the submitted claims total approximately $6,900,000 but, based on the Company's review of initial determinations made by the adjuster on a number of claims, the Company believes that the total amount actually awarded will be significantly less. To date, the claims adjuster completed his evaluation of 35 of these claims and it is expected that the evaluation of the remaining claims should be completed within the next two
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months. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, the Company has resolved litigated claims with approximately 60 units. There is currently one remaining resident lawsuit with respect to the destroyed building- filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County - Law Division; the Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in that suit. A number of subrogation lawsuits had been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained renters insurance; these lawsuits have been resolved (including by way of settlements in principle of four lawsuits in October 2018). A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of a purported class of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage; in October 2018 the court certified the class and the case will continue as a class action.
Having settled many third party claims as described above, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter.
The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in our Form 10-K in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." The risks described in our Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since December 31, 2017.
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ITEM 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | (b) Average Price Paid Per Share |  | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (d) Maximum Dollar Amount that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)
July 1 - July 31, 2018 |  | 109 |  |  | $ | 171.89 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
August 1 - August 31, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
September 1 - September 30, 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |

___________________________________

(1) | Reflects shares surrendered to the Company in connection with exercise of stock options as payment of exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants.

(2) | As disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, represents amounts outstanding under the Company's $500,000,000 Stock Repurchase Program. There is no scheduled expiration date to this program.

ITEM 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  |  |  | Description
3(i).1 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).2 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).3 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2013.)
3(ii).1 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on November 12, 2015. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed February 26, 2016.)
3(ii).2 |  | — |  | Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on February 16, 2017. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K of the Company filed February 21, 2017.)
3(ii).3 |  | — |  | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, dated November 9, 2017. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K of the Company filed November 13, 2017.)
4.1 |  | — |  | Indenture for Senior Debt Securities, dated as of January 16, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.2 |  | — |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 20, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.3 |  | — |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.4 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 10, 2000, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.5 |  | — |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2006, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.6 |  | — |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 21, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed November 21, 2014.)
4.7 |  | — |  | Indenture for Debt Securities, dated as of February 23, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-223183), filed February 23, 2018.)
4.8 |  | — |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed May 4, 2018,)
4.9 |  | — |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 29, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 29, 2018.)
4.10 |  | — |  | Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to the prospectus contained in the Registration Statement on Form S-3DPOS of the Company (File No. 333-87063), filed February 23, 2018.)

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31.1 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.)
31.2 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.)
32 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.)
101 |  | — |  | XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) condensed consolidated balance sheets, (ii) condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, (iii) condensed consolidated statements of cash flows and (iv) notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
Date: | November 2, 2018 | /s/ Timothy J. Naughton
|  | Timothy J. Naughton
|  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | November 2, 2018 | /s/ Kevin P. O'Shea
|  | Kevin P. O'Shea
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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