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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020
Commission file number 1-12672
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

|  | Maryland |  |  | 77-0404318 |
| (State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer |
| incorporation or organization) |  | Identification No.) |

4040 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1000
Arlington, Virginia 22203
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(703) 329-6300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | AVB |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve (12) months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past ninety (90) days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
| Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date:
140,743,559 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of July 31, 2020.

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| PAGE
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF JUNE 30, 2020 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2019 | 1
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019 | 2
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019 | 3
| NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) | 6
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 26
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 50
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 50
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 50
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS | 50
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 53
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 53
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 53
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION | 53
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS | 54
SIGNATURES | 55

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| 6/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Land and improvements | $ | 4,361,878 |  |  | $ | 4,299,162 |
Buildings and improvements | 16,916,054 |  |  | 16,668,496 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 888,633 |  |  | 829,242 |
| 22,166,565 |  |  | 21,796,900 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (5,489,485 | ) |  | (5,164,398 | )
Net operating real estate | 16,677,080 |  |  | 16,632,502 |
Construction in progress, including land | 1,272,171 |  |  | 1,303,751 |
Land held for development | 39,829 |  |  | — |
For-sale condominium inventory | 311,236 |  |  | 457,809 |
Real estate assets held for sale, net | — |  |  | 38,927 |
Total real estate, net | 18,300,316 |  |  | 18,432,989 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 322,817 |  |  | 39,687 |
Cash in escrow | 92,877 |  |  | 87,927 |
Resident security deposits | 33,805 |  |  | 34,224 |
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities | 176,352 |  |  | 165,806 |
Deferred development costs | 81,395 |  |  | 70,486 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 184,023 |  |  | 164,971 |
Right of use lease assets | 159,905 |  |  | 124,961 |
Total assets | $ | 19,351,490 |  |  | $ | 19,121,051 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured notes, net | $ | 6,698,438 |  |  | $ | 6,358,648 |
Variable rate unsecured credit facility | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 931,772 |  |  | 937,642 |
Dividends payable | 226,126 |  |  | 215,414 |
Payables for construction | 80,588 |  |  | 92,135 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 252,627 |  |  | 274,013 |
Lease liabilities | 183,507 |  |  | 140,468 |
Accrued interest payable | 44,337 |  |  | 47,154 |
Resident security deposits | 60,536 |  |  | 61,752 |
Liabilities related to real estate assets held for sale | — |  |  | 375 |
Total liabilities | 8,477,931 |  |  | 8,127,601 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 2,754 |  |  | 3,252 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; zero shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 140,743,120 and 140,643,962 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively | 1,407 |  |  | 1,406 |
Additional paid-in capital | 10,742,796 |  |  | 10,736,733 |
Accumulated earnings less dividends | 172,304 |  |  | 282,913 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (46,317 | ) |  | (31,503 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 10,870,190 |  |  | 10,989,549 |
Noncontrolling interests | 615 |  |  | 649 |
Total equity | 10,870,805 |  |  | 10,990,198 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 19,351,490 |  |  | $ | 19,121,051 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
1

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 575,479 |  |  | $ | 576,149 |  |  | $ | 1,176,123 |  |  | $ | 1,141,194 |
Management, development and other fees | 926 |  |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,933 |  |  | 2,252 |
Total revenue | 576,405 |  |  | 577,263 |  |  | 1,178,056 |  |  | 1,143,446 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 131,090 |  |  | 132,924 |  |  | 263,083 |  |  | 256,378 |
Property taxes | 67,013 |  |  | 62,187 |  |  | 134,039 |  |  | 123,516 |
Interest expense, net | 53,399 |  |  | 50,010 |  |  | 109,313 |  |  | 97,902 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 268 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 9,438 |  |  | 509 |
Depreciation expense | 176,249 |  |  | 162,693 |  |  | 354,160 |  |  | 324,749 |
General and administrative expense | 15,573 |  |  | 18,965 |  |  | 32,893 |  |  | 32,671 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 388 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 3,722 |  |  | 2,388 |
Total expenses | 443,980 |  |  | 428,774 |  |  | 906,648 |  |  | 838,113 |
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated real estate entities | 512 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 1,687 |  |  | (863 | )
Gain on sale of communities | 35,295 |  |  | 20,530 |  |  | 59,731 |  |  | 35,365 |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | 156 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 300 |
Gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs | 1,348 |  |  | (945 | ) |  | 4,808 |  |  | (1,418 | )
Income before income taxes | 169,736 |  |  | 168,305 |  |  | 337,833 |  |  | 338,717 |
Income tax benefit | 1,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | 6 |
Net income | 170,869 |  |  | 168,305 |  |  | 338,875 |  |  | 338,723 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (41 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | (76 | ) |  | (76 | )
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 170,828 |  |  | $ | 168,281 |  |  | $ | 338,799 |  |  | $ | 338,647 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on cash flow hedges | (1,461 | ) |  | (2,888 | ) |  | (19,064 | ) |  | (10,119 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 2,301 |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | 4,250 |  |  | 3,079 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 171,668 |  |  | $ | 167,004 |  |  | $ | 323,985 |  |  | $ | 331,607 |
Earnings per common share - basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.41 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |
Earnings per common share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.41 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
2

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

| For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 338,875 |  |  | $ | 338,723 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation expense | 354,160 |  |  | 324,749 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 3,720 |  |  | 3,565 |
Amortization of debt discount | 833 |  |  | 789 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 9,438 |  |  | 509 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation | 11,870 |  |  | 13,719 |
Equity in loss of, and return on, unconsolidated real estate entities and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations | 3,705 |  |  | 10,131 |
Abandonment of development pursuits | 2,095 |  |  | 1,285 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 4,250 |  |  | 3,079 |
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (59,930 | ) |  | (35,665 | )
Gain on for-sale condominiums | (7,446 | ) |  | — |
Increase in resident security deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets | (13,595 | ) |  | (24,241 | )
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable | (19,058 | ) |  | 1,089 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 628,917 |  |  | 637,732 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs | (383,139 | ) |  | (560,385 | )
Acquisition of real estate assets, including partnership interest | — |  |  | (152,260 | )
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets | (51,858 | ) |  | (48,006 | )
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets | (14,461 | ) |  | (4,222 | )
(Decrease) increase in payables for construction | (11,547 | ) |  | 7,562 |
Proceeds from sale of real estate, net of selling costs | 132,882 |  |  | 168,034 |
Proceeds from the sale of for-sale condominiums, net of selling costs | 155,217 |  |  | — |
Mortgage note receivable lending | (209 | ) |  | (507 | )
Mortgage note receivable payments | 2,238 |  |  | 978 |
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities | (14,251 | ) |  | (1,218 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (185,128 | ) |  | (590,024 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Issuance of common stock, net | 1,613 |  |  | 206,193 |
Dividends paid | (437,326 | ) |  | (415,295 | )
Issuance of mortgage notes payable | 51,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties | (56,852 | ) |  | (137,653 | )
Issuance of unsecured notes | 1,296,581 |  |  | 449,803 |
Repayment of unsecured notes, including prepayment penalties | (958,680 | ) |  | — |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (11,276 | ) |  | (10,668 | )
Payment for termination of forward interest rate swaps | (25,135 | ) |  | (12,309 | )
(Payment to) contribution from noncontrolling interest | (42 | ) |  | 337 |
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (14,750 | ) |  | (14,286 | )
Distributions to DownREIT partnership unitholders | (24 | ) |  | (23 | )
Distributions to joint venture and profit-sharing partners | (218 | ) |  | (227 | )
Preferred interest obligation redemption and dividends | (600 | ) |  | (1,400 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (155,709 | ) |  | 64,472 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 288,080 |  |  | 112,180 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 127,614 |  |  | 217,864 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 415,694 |  |  | $ | 330,044 |
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized | $ | 103,328 |  |  | $ | 88,948 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the six months ended
|  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 322,817 |  |  | $ | 243,576 |
Cash in escrow |  | 92,877 |  |  | 86,468 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | $ | 415,694 |  |  | $ | 330,044 |

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
During the six months ended June 30, 2020:

• | As described in Note 4, "Equity," 164,526 shares of common stock were issued as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 96,317 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 68,209 shares valued at $15,150,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 1,183 shares valued at $217,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 73,089 shares valued at $14,750,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 4,050 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $685,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• | Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $224,482,000.

• | The Company recorded a decrease of $325,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding increase to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units. For further discussion of the nature and valuation of these items, see Note 11, "Fair Value."

• | The Company recorded an increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities of $98,000, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $178,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss, and reclassified $4,250,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.

• | The Company recorded $46,875,000 of lease liabilities and offsetting right of use lease assets related to the execution of two new office leases.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019:

• | The Company issued 150,359 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 73,072 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 77,287 shares valued at $15,145,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 1,092 shares valued at $208,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 75,195 shares valued at $14,206,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 1,438 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $250,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• | Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $212,822,000.

• | The Company recorded an increase of $269,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.

• | The Company recorded an increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities of $4,198,000, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $18,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss, and reclassified $3,079,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.

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• | The Company recorded $122,276,000 of lease liabilities and offsetting right of use lease assets for its ground and office leases, upon the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases, as of January 1, 2019.

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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Basis of Presentation
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion markets in Southeast Florida and Denver, Colorado (the "Expansion Markets").
At June 30, 2020, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 276 operating apartment communities containing 80,182 apartment homes in 11 states and the District of Columbia. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 19 communities under development that are expected to contain an aggregate of 6,198 apartment homes when completed, as well as The Park Loggia, which contains 172 for-sale residential condominiums, of which 52 have been sold as of June 30, 2020, and 67,000 square feet of retail space, of which 64% has been leased as of June 30, 2020. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 28 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 9,786 apartment homes.
The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.
Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Basic and diluted shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 140,450,744 |  |  | 139,113,390 |  |  | 140,413,857 |  |  | 138,724,479 |
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 279,916 |  |  | 497,341 |  |  | 330,974 |  |  | 495,397 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 140,738,160 |  |  | 139,618,231 |  |  | 140,752,331 |  |  | 139,227,376 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 170,828 |  |  | $ | 168,281 |  |  | $ | 338,799 |  |  | $ | 338,647 |
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares | (390 | ) |  | (435 | ) |  | (817 | ) |  | (935 | )
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted | $ | 170,438 |  |  | $ | 167,846 |  |  | $ | 337,982 |  |  | $ | 337,712 |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 140,450,744 |  |  | 139,113,390 |  |  | 140,413,857 |  |  | 138,724,479 |
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.41 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 170,828 |  |  | $ | 168,281 |  |  | $ | 338,799 |  |  | $ | 338,647 |
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 23 |
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 170,840 |  |  | $ | 168,293 |  |  | $ | 338,823 |  |  | $ | 338,670 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 140,738,160 |  |  | 139,618,231 |  |  | 140,752,331 |  |  | 139,227,376 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.41 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |

All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of interest expense, net. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive loss. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that the Company has determined qualified as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged. See Note 11, "Fair Value," for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
Legal and Other Contingencies
The Company is involved in various claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
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Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate
The Company accounts for acquisitions of investments in real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which first requires that the Company determine if the real estate investment is the acquisition of an asset or a business combination. Under either model, the Company must identify and determine the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the allocation of the purchase price is based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be viewed as asset acquisitions.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.
For-Sale Condominium Inventory
The Company presents for-sale condominium inventory at historical cost and evaluates the condominium inventory for impairment when potential indicators exist, as further discussed in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."
Leases
The Company is party to leases as both a lessor and a lessee, primarily as follows:

• | lessor of residential and retail space within its apartment communities; and

• | lessee under (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and (ii) office leases for its corporate headquarters and regional offices.

Lessee Considerations
The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments, which are based on an index or rate such as the consumer price index (CPI) or percentage rents based on total sales. Lease payments included in the lease liability include only payments that depend on an index or rate. For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determined the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease by lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of each of the lease agreements.
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Lessor Considerations
The Company evaluates leases in which it is the lessor, which are composed of residential and retail leases at its apartment communities, and determined these leases to be operating leases. For lease agreements that provide for rent concessions and/or scheduled fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s retail leases have fixed-price renewal options, and the lessee may be able to exercise its renewal option at an amount less than the fair value of the rent at such time. The Company only includes renewal options in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option.
Revenue and Gain Recognition
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized in accordance with the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to for those goods and services. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are accounted for under ASC 842, Leases, discussed above. The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for under ASC 842 include (i) management fees, (ii) rental and non-rental related income and (iii) gains or losses on the sale of real estate.
The following table provides details of the Company’s revenue streams disaggregated by the Company’s reportable operating segments, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Segment information for total revenue has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2020, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities" (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the three months ended
|  | Established Communities |  | Other Stabilized Communities |  | Development/ Redevelopment Communities (1) |  | Non- allocated (2) |  | Total
For the period ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 926 |
Rental and non-rental related income (3) |  | 1,870 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,482 |
Total non-lease revenue (4) |  | 1,870 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 926 |  |  | 3,408 |
Lease income (5) |  | 521,558 |  |  | 34,360 |  |  | 16,397 |  |  | — |  |  | 572,315 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 523,531 |  |  | $ | 34,677 |  |  | $ | 16,692 |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 575,826 |
For the period ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,114 |  |  | $ | 1,114 |
Rental and non-rental related income (3) |  | 2,154 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,358 |
Total non-lease revenue (4) |  | 2,154 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 1,114 |  |  | 3,472 |
Lease income (5) |  | 536,916 |  |  | 25,369 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | — |  |  | 564,644 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds |  | 435 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 435 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 539,505 |  |  | $ | 25,522 |  |  | $ | 2,410 |  |  | $ | 1,114 |  |  | $ | 568,551 |

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|  | For the six months ended
|  | Established Communities |  | Other Stabilized Communities |  | Development/ Redevelopment Communities (1) |  | Non- allocated (2) |  | Total
For the period ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | 1,933 |
Rental and non-rental related income (3) |  | 3,478 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 527 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,798 |
Total non-lease revenue (4) |  | 3,478 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 1,933 |  |  | 6,731 |
Lease income (5) |  | 1,067,906 |  |  | 69,374 |  |  | 31,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,169,218 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,071,487 |  |  | $ | 70,167 |  |  | $ | 32,465 |  |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | 1,176,052 |
For the period ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,252 |  |  | $ | 2,252 |
Rental and non-rental related income (3) |  | 3,986 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,687 |
Total non-lease revenue (4) |  | 3,986 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | 6,939 |
Lease income (5) |  | 1,066,742 |  |  | 46,914 |  |  | 2,892 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,116,548 |
Business interruption insurance proceeds |  | 607 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 607 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,071,335 |  |  | $ | 47,548 |  |  | $ | 2,959 |  |  | $ | 2,252 |  |  | $ | 1,124,094 |

__________________________________

(1) | The Company had no Redevelopment Communities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

(2) | Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(3) | Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, including but not limited to, apartment hold fees and application fees, as well as revenue streams not related to leasing activities, including but not limited to, vendor revenue sharing, building advertising, vending and dry cleaning revenue.

(4) | Represents all revenue accounted for under ASU 2014-09.

(5) | Amounts include all revenue streams derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are accounted for under ASC 842.

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there are no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2020.
COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, the World Health Organization designated COVID-19 as a pandemic. While the Company has taken various actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ultimate impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and liquidity will depend on (i) the duration and severity of the pandemic, (ii) the duration and nature of governmental responses to contain the spread of the disease and assist consumers and businesses and (iii) how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Because of this uncertainty, the Company is not able to estimate the expected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, or liquidity for the year ending December 31, 2020 at this time.
As of June 30, 2020, the Company assessed the collectibility of the outstanding lease income receivables as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its residential and retail lease portfolios. The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue for its residential and retail portfolios of $20,099,000 and $24,279,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, under ASC 842 and ASC 450, Contingencies.
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Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU requires entities to estimate a lifetime expected credit loss for most financial assets, including (i) trade and other receivables, (ii) other long term financings including available for sale and held-to-maturity debt securities and (iii) loans. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which amends the scope of ASU 2016-13 and clarified that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of the standard and should continue to be accounted for in accordance with the leases standard (Topic 842). The new standard was adopted on January 1, 2020 and does not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
2. Interest Capitalized
The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $11,019,000 and $17,127,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $22,517,000 and $34,716,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
3. Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
The Company's mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, variable rate unsecured term loans (the "Term Loans") and Credit Facility, as defined below, as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities").

| 6/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1) | $ | 6,500,000 |  |  | $ | 5,850,000 |
Variable rate unsecured notes (1) | — |  |  | 300,000 |
Term Loans (1) | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 478,070 |  |  | 479,221 |
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 471,450 |  |  | 476,150 |
Total mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes and Term Loans | 7,699,520 |  |  | 7,355,371 |
Credit Facility | — |  |  | — |
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, Term Loans and Credit Facility | $ | 7,699,520 |  |  | $ | 7,355,371 |

_____________________________________

(1) | Balances at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 exclude $11,183 and $8,610, respectively, of debt discount, and $40,379 and $32,742, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | Balances at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 exclude $14,618 and $14,464, respectively, of debt discount, and $3,130 and $3,265, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following debt activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

• | In February 2020, the Company issued $700,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $694,701,000. The notes mature in March 2030 and were issued at a 2.30% interest rate.

• | In February 2020, the Company refinanced the secured borrowing for Avalon San Bruno III. The secured borrowing had a fixed interest rate of 3.08% and was refinanced for a principal balance of $51,000,000, with a fixed interest rate of 2.38% and maturity date of March 2027.

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• | In March 2020, the Company repaid (i) $400,000,000 principal amount of its 3.625% unsecured notes in advance of the October 2020 scheduled maturity and (ii) $250,000,000 principal amount of its 3.95% unsecured notes in advance of the January 2021 scheduled maturity. In conjunction with these repayments, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $9,170,000 for prepayment penalties and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs.

• | In May 2020, the Company issued $600,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $593,430,000. The notes mature in January 2031 and were issued at a 2.45% interest rate.

• | In May 2020, the Company repaid $300,000,000 principal amount of its variable rate unsecured notes in advance of the January 2021 scheduled maturity, recognizing a charge of $268,000 for the non-cash write-off of deferred financing costs.

At June 30, 2020, the Company had a $1,750,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the “Credit Facility”) which matures in February 2024. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on (i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.) and (ii) the rating levels issued for our unsecured notes. The current stated pricing for drawn borrowings is LIBOR plus 0.775% per annum (0.94% at June 30, 2020), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $2,188,000 annually based on the $1,750,000,000 facility size and based on the Company's current credit rating).
The Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Company had $4,952,000 and $11,488,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced the borrowing capacity as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. In addition, the Company had $32,322,000 and $24,939,000 outstanding in additional letters of credit on a separate facility unrelated to the Credit Facility as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from December 2020 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $1,576,478,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of June 30, 2020).
The weighted average interest rate of the Company's fixed rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 3.8% and 3.9% at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's variable rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) including the effect of certain financing related fees, was 1.7% and 3.2% at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at June 30, 2020 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
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Year |  | Secured notes principal payments |  | Secured notes maturities |  | Unsecured notes and Term Loans maturities |  | Stated interest rate of unsecured notes and Term Loans
2020 |  | $ | 2,756 |  |  | $ | 67,904 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |
2021 |  | 9,304 |  |  | 27,844 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |
2022 |  | 9,918 |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | LIBOR + 0.90% |
2023 |  | 10,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 4.200 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 2.850 | %
2024 |  | 11,577 |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | LIBOR + 0.85% |
2025 |  | 12,508 |  |  | — |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | 3.450 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
2026 |  | 13,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 2.900 | %
2027 |  | 14,980 |  |  | 236,100 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3.350 | %
2028 |  | 20,607 |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 3.200 | %
2029 |  | 11,742 |  |  | 66,250 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 3.300 | %
Thereafter |  | 189,162 |  |  | 244,584 |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | 2.300 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 2.450 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 3.900 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 4.150 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 4.350 | %
|  | $ | 306,838 |  |  | $ | 642,682 |  |  | $ | 6,750,000 |  |  |  |

The Company was in compliance at June 30, 2020 with customary financial covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loans and the Company's fixed rate unsecured notes.
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4. Equity
The following summarizes the changes in equity for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (dollars in thousands):

| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated earnings less dividends |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total AvalonBay stockholder's equity |  | Noncontrolling interests |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | 10,736,733 |  |  | $ | 282,913 |  |  | $ | (31,503 | ) |  | $ | 10,989,549 |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 10,990,198 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,971 |  |  | — |  |  | 167,971 |  |  | — |  |  | 167,971 |
Loss on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,603 | ) |  | (17,603 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17,603 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,949 |  |  | 1,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,949 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |
Noncontrolling interests income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (35 | )
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (224,083 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224,083 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224,083 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 1 |  |  | (12,492 | ) |  | (1,616 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14,107 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14,107 | )
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 7,781 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,781 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,781 |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 10,732,022 |  |  | $ | 225,656 |  |  | $ | (47,157 | ) |  | $ | 10,911,928 |  |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 10,912,542 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 170,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 170,828 |
Loss on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,461 | ) |  | (1,461 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,461 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,301 |  |  | 2,301 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,301 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (146 | ) |  | — |  |  | (146 | ) |  | — |  |  | (146 | )
Noncontrolling interests income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (224,172 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224,172 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224,172 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | — |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 138 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,188 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 9,724 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,724 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,724 |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 10,742,796 |  |  | $ | 172,304 |  |  | $ | (46,317 | ) |  | $ | 10,870,190 |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  | $ | 10,870,805 |

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The following summarizes the changes in equity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated earnings less dividends |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total AvalonBay stockholder's equity |  | Noncontrolling interests |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 1,385 |  |  | $ | 10,306,588 |  |  | $ | 350,777 |  |  | $ | (26,144 | ) |  | $ | 10,632,606 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,632,606 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 170,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 170,366 |
Loss on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,231 | ) |  | (7,231 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,231 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,468 |  |  | 1,468 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,468 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (224 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224 | ) |  | — |  |  | (224 | )
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.52 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (212,166 | ) |  | — |  |  | (212,166 | ) |  | — |  |  | (212,166 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 9 |  |  | 143,202 |  |  | (1,892 | ) |  | — |  |  | 141,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 141,319 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 7,861 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,861 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,861 |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 1,394 |  |  | $ | 10,457,651 |  |  | $ | 306,861 |  |  | $ | (31,907 | ) |  | $ | 10,733,999 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,733,999 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 168,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 168,281 |
Loss on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,888 | ) |  | (2,888 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,888 | )
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,611 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45 | )
Noncontrolling interests income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 530 |  |  | 530 |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.52 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (212,549 | ) |  | — |  |  | (212,549 | ) |  | — |  |  | (212,549 | )
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 3 |  |  | 50,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,806 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,806 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 10,785 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,785 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,785 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 10,519,239 |  |  | $ | 262,548 |  |  | $ | (33,184 | ) |  | $ | 10,750,000 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 10,750,530 |

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.
During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company:

i. | issued 1,902 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;

ii. | issued 1,183 common shares through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;

iii. | issued 164,526 common shares in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares;

iv. | withheld 73,089 common shares to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities;

v. | issued 8,686 common shares through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan; and

vi. | canceled 4,050 common shares of restricted stock upon forfeiture.

Any deferred compensation related to the Company's stock option, restricted stock and performance award grants during the six months ended June 30, 2020 is not reflected on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020, and will not be reflected until recognized as compensation cost.
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In May 2019, the Company commenced a fifth continuous equity program ("CEP V") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company's common stock and determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. In conjunction with CEP V, the Company engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 1.5% of the gross sales price for shares sold. The Company expects that, if entered into, it will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case the Company will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, the Company may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, the Company will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 1.5% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company had no sales under the program. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had $752,878,000 remaining authorized for issuance under this program.
5. Investments in Real Estate Entities
Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities
As of June 30, 2020, the Company had investments in seven unconsolidated real estate entities with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 50.0%. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated real estate entities under the equity method of accounting. The significant accounting policies of the Company's unconsolidated real estate entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.
The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):

| 6/30/2020 |  | 12/31/2019
| (unaudited) |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Real estate, net | $ | 1,203,277 |  |  | $ | 1,204,470 |
Other assets | 198,997 |  |  | 196,488 |
Total assets | $ | 1,402,274 |  |  | $ | 1,400,958 |
Liabilities and partners' capital: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net (1) | $ | 780,217 |  |  | $ | 782,257 |
Other liabilities | 154,881 |  |  | 157,379 |
Partners' capital | 467,176 |  |  | 461,322 |
Total liabilities and partners' capital | $ | 1,402,274 |  |  | $ | 1,400,958 |

_________________________________

(1) | The Company has not guaranteed the debt, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should the unconsolidated entity be unable to do so.

The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Rental and other income | $ | 30,427 |  |  | $ | 35,998 |  |  | $ | 63,499 |  |  | $ | 71,253 |
Operating and other expenses | (11,732 | ) |  | (13,885 | ) |  | (23,912 | ) |  | (28,089 | )
Gain on sale of communities | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net | (8,053 | ) |  | (8,543 | ) |  | (16,109 | ) |  | (17,096 | )
Depreciation expense | (8,713 | ) |  | (18,346 | ) |  | (17,402 | ) |  | (40,042 | )
Net income (loss) | $ | 1,969 |  |  | $ | (4,776 | ) |  | $ | 6,116 |  |  | $ | (13,974 | )
Company's share of net income (loss) | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | 730 |  |  | $ | 2,746 |  |  | $ | 202 |
Amortization of excess investment and other | (529 | ) |  | (533 | ) |  | (1,059 | ) |  | (1,065 | )
Equity in income (loss) from unconsolidated real estate investments | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 1,687 |  |  | $ | (863 | )

Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs
The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which the Company currently believes future development is probable ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Initial pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any non-recoverable capitalized pre-development costs are expensed. The Company expensed costs related to development pursuits not yet considered probable for development and the abandonment of Development Rights, as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition or disposition of assets for which such acquisition and disposition activity did not occur, in the amounts of $388,000 and $1,766,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $3,722,000 and $2,388,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.
Casualty and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
In the Company's evaluation of its real estate portfolio for impairment, as discussed below, it considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and did not identify any indicators of impairment as a result.
The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property or long-lived asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the property or long-lived asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the property or long-lived asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.
The Company evaluates its for-sale condominium inventory for potential indicators of impairment, considering whether the fair value of the for-sale condominium units exceeds the carrying value. For-sale condominium inventory is stated at cost, unless the carrying amount of the inventory is not recoverable when compared to the fair value. The Company determines the fair value of its for-sale condominium inventory as the estimated sales price less direct costs to sell. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment for its for-sale condominium inventory.
The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for both development and investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not recognize any impairment charges on its investment in land.
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The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both the extent and amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. There were no other than temporary impairment losses recognized for any of the Company's investments in unconsolidated real estate entities, or impairments recognized by those entities, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.
6. Real Estate Disposition Activities
The following real estate sales occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

• | In January 2020, the Company sold Avalon Shelton, located in Shelton, CT, containing 250 apartment homes for $64,750,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $24,413,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• | In May 2020, the Company sold Avalon Tinton Falls, located in Tinton Falls, NJ, containing 216 apartment homes for $64,900,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $35,297,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

At June 30, 2020, the Company had no real estate assets that qualified as held for sale.
The Park Loggia
The Park Loggia, located in New York, NY, contains 172 for-sale residential condominiums and 67,000 square feet of retail space. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company sold 16 and 52 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, for gross proceeds of $61,207,000 and $166,814,000, respectively, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $2,544,000 and $7,447,000, respectively, included in gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company incurred $1,196,000 and $945,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $2,639,000 and $1,418,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in marketing and administrative costs associated with The Park Loggia, included in gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of June 30, 2020, the for-sale residential condominiums have an aggregate carrying value of $311,236,000, presented as for-sale condominium inventory on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Obligations
The Company owns 11 apartment communities, one community under development and two commercial properties, located on land subject to ground leases expiring between October 2026 and March 2142. The ground leases for 10 of 11 of the apartment communities and the rest of the ground leases are accounted for as operating leases, with rental expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition, the Company is party to 14 leases for its corporate and regional offices with varying terms through 2031, all of which are accounted for as operating leases.
As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company has total operating lease assets of $138,113,000 and $103,063,000, respectively, and total operating lease obligations of $163,321,000 and $120,261,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company incurred costs of $4,240,000 and $3,568,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $8,157,000 and $7,105,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to operating leases.
The Company has one apartment community located on land subject to a ground lease as well as two leases for portions of parking garages, one adjacent to an apartment community and one adjacent to a community under development, that are accounted for as finance leases. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company has total finance lease assets of $21,791,000 and $21,898,000, respectively, and total finance lease obligations of $20,186,000 and $20,207,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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8. Segment Reporting
The Company's reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, and Development/Redevelopment Communities. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change. In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.
The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing each segment's performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, (gain) loss on other real estate transactions, net, gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.
A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Net income | $ | 170,869 |  |  | $ | 168,305 |  |  | $ | 338,875 |  |  | $ | 338,723 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 23,407 |  |  | 23,018 |  |  | 46,206 |  |  | 42,740 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 388 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 3,722 |  |  | 2,388 |
Interest expense, net | 53,399 |  |  | 50,010 |  |  | 109,313 |  |  | 97,902 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 268 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 9,438 |  |  | 509 |
General and administrative expense | 15,573 |  |  | 18,965 |  |  | 32,893 |  |  | 32,671 |
Equity in (income) loss of unconsolidated real estate entities | (512 | ) |  | (197 | ) |  | (1,687 | ) |  | 863 |
Depreciation expense | 176,249 |  |  | 162,693 |  |  | 354,160 |  |  | 324,749 |
Income tax benefit | (1,133 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,042 | ) |  | (6 | )
Gain on sale of communities | (35,295 | ) |  | (20,530 | ) |  | (59,731 | ) |  | (35,365 | )
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (156 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (199 | ) |  | (300 | )
Gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs | (1,348 | ) |  | 945 |  |  | (4,808 | ) |  | 1,418 |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (336 | ) |  | (5,075 | ) |  | (1,232 | ) |  | (11,281 | )
Net operating income | $ | 401,373 |  |  | $ | 400,095 |  |  | $ | 825,908 |  |  | $ | 795,011 |

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 8,712 |  |  | $ | 2,004 |  |  | $ | 19,352 |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (243 | ) |  | (3,637 | ) |  | (772 | ) |  | (8,071 | )
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 5,075 |  |  | $ | 1,232 |  |  | $ | 11,281 |

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.
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The following table provides details of the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2020. Segment information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2020, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended |  |
| Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 79,729 |  |  | $ | 52,835 |  |  | $ | 161,398 |  |  | $ | 106,515 |  |  | $ | 2,768,509 |
Metro NY/NJ | 113,942 |  |  | 78,080 |  |  | 234,673 |  |  | 162,564 |  |  | 4,339,998 |
Mid-Atlantic | 87,970 |  |  | 61,644 |  |  | 179,687 |  |  | 127,953 |  |  | 3,552,832 |
Pacific Northwest | 27,678 |  |  | 19,626 |  |  | 56,414 |  |  | 40,464 |  |  | 992,976 |
Northern California | 101,263 |  |  | 77,844 |  |  | 205,623 |  |  | 158,295 |  |  | 3,271,293 |
Southern California | 107,091 |  |  | 74,601 |  |  | 221,901 |  |  | 157,056 |  |  | 4,147,828 |
Expansion Markets | 5,858 |  |  | 3,561 |  |  | 11,791 |  |  | 6,989 |  |  | 320,683 |
Total Established | 523,531 |  |  | 368,191 |  |  | 1,071,487 |  |  | 759,836 |  |  | 19,394,119 |
Other Stabilized | 34,677 |  |  | 23,108 |  |  | 70,167 |  |  | 46,604 |  |  | 1,593,551 |
Development / Redevelopment (2) | 16,692 |  |  | 10,074 |  |  | 32,465 |  |  | 19,468 |  |  | 2,346,168 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 39,829 |
Non-allocated (3) | 926 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 1,933 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 416,134 |
Total | $ | 575,826 |  |  | $ | 401,373 |  |  | $ | 1,176,052 |  |  | $ | 825,908 |  |  | $ | 23,789,801 |
For the period ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Established |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 79,566 |  |  | $ | 52,474 |  |  | $ | 158,254 |  |  | $ | 104,557 |  |  | $ | 2,728,480 |
Metro NY/NJ | 120,427 |  |  | 84,420 |  |  | 238,804 |  |  | 167,404 |  |  | 4,316,859 |
Mid-Atlantic | 90,115 |  |  | 63,241 |  |  | 178,486 |  |  | 126,157 |  |  | 3,517,332 |
Pacific Northwest | 28,224 |  |  | 20,605 |  |  | 56,026 |  |  | 40,815 |  |  | 987,121 |
Northern California | 102,435 |  |  | 78,093 |  |  | 203,695 |  |  | 156,808 |  |  | 3,252,502 |
Southern California | 112,821 |  |  | 80,180 |  |  | 224,287 |  |  | 160,096 |  |  | 4,106,419 |
Expansion Markets | 5,917 |  |  | 3,403 |  |  | 11,783 |  |  | 6,916 |  |  | 319,695 |
Total Established | 539,505 |  |  | 382,416 |  |  | 1,071,335 |  |  | 762,753 |  |  | 19,228,408 |
Other Stabilized | 25,522 |  |  | 17,237 |  |  | 47,548 |  |  | 31,966 |  |  | 1,257,613 |
Development / Redevelopment (2) | 2,410 |  |  | 442 |  |  | 2,959 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 1,589,009 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 18,606 |
Non-allocated (3) | 1,114 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 539,073 |
Total | $ | 568,551 |  |  | $ | 400,095 |  |  | $ | 1,124,094 |  |  | $ | 795,011 |  |  | $ | 22,632,709 |

__________________________________

(1) | Does not include gross real estate either sold or classified as held for sale subsequent to June 30, 2019 of $209,170.

(2) | The Company had no Redevelopment Communities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

(3) | Revenue represents third-party management, accounting, and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment. Gross real estate includes the for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, as discussed in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

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9. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
As part of its long-term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock.
Information with respect to performance awards granted is as follows:

|  | Performance awards |  | Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 253,432 |  |  | $ | 176.27 |
Granted (1) |  | 76,164 |  |  | 238.86 |
Change in awards based on performance (2) |  | 18,112 |  |  | 177.26 |
Converted to restricted stock |  | (96,317 | ) |  | 177.26 |
Forfeited |  | (8,004 | ) |  | 183.45 |
Outstanding at June 30, 2020 |  | 243,387 |  |  | $ | 195.31 |

__________________________________

(1) | The amount of restricted stock that ultimately may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics related to the Company's common stock for 38,314 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 37,850 performance awards.

(2) | Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on performance achievement for the performance period.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted in 2020 for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

|  | 2020
Dividend yield |  | 2.8%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1) |  | 11.1% - 15.5%
Risk free rate |  | 1.45% - 1.62%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure |  | $254.72

__________________________________

(1) | Estimated volatility of the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2020 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on a grant date value of $225.59, and the Company's estimate of corporate achievement for the financial metrics.
Information with respect to restricted stock granted is as follows:

|  | Restricted stock shares |  | Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share |  | Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 148,326 |  |  | $ | 181.29 |  |  | 163,111 |
Granted - restricted stock shares |  | 68,209 |  |  | 222.12 |  |  | 96,317 |
Vested - restricted stock shares |  | (76,893 | ) |  | 178.57 |  |  | (109,758 | )
Forfeited |  | (3,456 | ) |  | 191.73 |  |  | (594 | )
Outstanding at June 30, 2020 |  | 136,186 |  |  | $ | 203.00 |  |  | 149,076 |

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $11,624,000 and $13,129,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $6,174,000 and $5,374,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At June 30, 2020, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $39,406,000 for unvested restricted stock and performance awards, which does not include forfeitures, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.
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10. Related Party Arrangements
Unconsolidated Entities
The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $926,000 and $1,114,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $1,933,000 and $2,252,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In addition, the Company had outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management role of $1,795,000 and $3,924,000 as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Director Compensation
The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock units in the amount of $446,000 and $405,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $901,000 and $830,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock units to non-employee directors was $1,389,000 and $594,000 on June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
11. Fair Value
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of counterparty nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of its net position with a given counterparty, as well as any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group. As part of its on-going control procedures, the Company monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity, thus reducing credit risk concentration. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of June 30, 2020, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at June 30, 2020 (dollars in thousands):

| Non-designated Hedges Interest Rate Caps |  | Cash Flow Hedges Interest Rate Swaps
Notional balance | $ | 441,368 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |
Weighted average interest rate (1) | 1.7 | % |  | N/A |
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate | 6.5 | % |  | 0.7 | %
Earliest maturity date | January 2021 |  |  | May 2021 |
Latest maturity date | November 2021 |  |  | May 2021 |

____________________________________

(1) | For interest rate caps, represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt.

The following activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

• | The Company settled an aggregate of $600,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements, making aggregate payments of $25,135,000. Of the positions settled by the Company, $250,000,000 were forward interest swaps that the Company had entered into during 2020.

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◦ | In conjunction with the issuance of the Company's $700,000,000 unsecured notes due 2030 in February 2020, the Company settled $350,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of the unsecured notes, making a payment of $20,314,000.

◦ | In conjunction with the issuance of the Company's $600,000,000 unsecured notes due 2031 in May 2020, the Company settled $250,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of the unsecured notes, making a payment of $4,821,000.

The Company has deferred these amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and is recognizing the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the term of the respective hedged debt.

• | The Company entered into an additional $100,000,000 of new forward interest rate swap agreements executed to reduce the impact of variability of interest rates on a portion of the Company's expected debt issuance activity in 2021.

At the maturity of the remaining outstanding swap agreements, the Company expects to cash settle the contracts and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that the Company issues the debt as expected, the hedging impact from these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.
The Company had two derivatives designated as cash flow hedges and five derivatives not designated as hedges at June 30, 2020. Fair value changes for derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were not material. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company deferred $19,064,000 of losses for cash flow hedges reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.
The following table summarizes the deferred losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of interest expense, net (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | $ | 2,301 |  |  | $ | 1,611 |  |  | $ | 4,250 |  |  | $ | 3,079 |

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $9,467,000 of net hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months as an offset to the hedged item during this period. The Company did not have any derivatives designated as fair value hedges as of June 30, 2020 and 2019.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The Company is party to investments in two consolidated ventures, which contain redemption options (the "Puts") that allow joint venture partners of the Company to require the Company to purchase their interests in the investment at a guaranteed minimum amount. The Puts are payable in cash. The Company determines the fair value of the Puts based on unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in pricing the obligations, applying a guaranteed rate of return to the joint venture partners' net capital contribution balances as of period end. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs, the valuations are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company issued units of limited partnership interest in a DownREIT which provides the DownREIT limited partners the ability to present all or some of their units for redemption for cash as determined by the partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreement, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company's common stock on or about the date of redemption. In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares of the Company's common stock. The limited partnership units in the DownREIT are valued using the market price of the Company's common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy.
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Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
Other Financial Instruments
Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.
The Company values its unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Term Loans using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its notes payable and amounts outstanding under its Credit Facility and Term Loans are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

|  | 6/30/2020
Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |  |  | — |
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities |  | (98 | ) |  | — |  |  | (98 | ) |  | — |
Puts |  | (121 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (121 | )
DownREIT units |  | (1,160 | ) |  | (1,160 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate unsecured notes |  | (7,247,946 | ) |  | (7,247,946 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Secured notes and variable rate unsecured indebtedness |  | (1,128,029 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,128,029 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (8,377,171 | ) |  | $ | (7,249,106 | ) |  | $ | (1,127,944 | ) |  | $ | (121 | )

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|  | 12/31/2019
Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities |  | (6,379 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,379 | ) |  | — |
Puts |  | (206 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (206 | )
DownREIT units |  | (1,573 | ) |  | (1,573 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate unsecured notes |  | (6,197,771 | ) |  | (6,197,771 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Secured notes and variable rate unsecured indebtedness |  | (1,398,147 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,398,147 | ) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (7,603,688 | ) |  | $ | (6,199,344 | ) |  | $ | (1,404,138 | ) |  | $ | (206 | )

12. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.
In July 2020, the Company entered into a joint venture which will develop, own and operate AVA Arts District. AVA Arts District is expected to be a 475 apartment home community in Los Angeles, CA, that will be developed for a projected total capitalized cost to the joint venture of $279,000,000. The Company owns a 25.0% interest in the venture, and the venture partner owns the remaining 75.0% interest. The venture expects to obtain a $167,000,000 construction loan to fund the development of AVA Arts District. The Company's total expected equity investment is approximately $28,000,000, of which $13,000,000 has already been spent.
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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" included in this report. Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" as well as the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the "Form 10-K") and in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report.
Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Executive Overview
Business Description
We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate multifamily apartment communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in our expansion markets in Southeast Florida and Denver, Colorado (the "Expansion Markets"). We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe historically have been characterized by growing employment in high wage sectors of the economy, higher cost of home ownership and a diverse and vibrant quality of life. We believe these market characteristics have offered and will continue in the future to offer the opportunity for superior risk-adjusted returns over the long-term on apartment community investments relative to other markets that do not have these characteristics. We seek to create long-term shareholder value by accessing capital on cost effective terms; deploying that capital to develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in our selected markets; operating apartment communities; and selling communities when they no longer meet our long-term investment strategy or when pricing is attractive.
Our strategic vision is to be the leading apartment company in select U.S. markets, providing a range of distinctive living experiences that customers value. We pursue this vision by targeting what we believe are among the best markets and submarkets, leveraging our strategic capabilities in market research and consumer insight and being disciplined in our capital allocation and balance sheet management. Our communities are predominately upscale and generally command among the highest rents in their markets. However, we also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services. We regularly evaluate the allocation of our investments by the amount of invested capital and by product type within our individual markets.
Second Quarter 2020 Highlights

• | Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was $170,828,000, an increase of $2,547,000, or 1.5%, as compared to the prior year period. The increase is primarily due to an increase in NOI from Development and Other Stabilized Communities, as well as increases in gains on real estate dispositions in the current year period. These amounts were partially offset by a decrease in NOI from Established Communities, and increases in depreciation expense, property taxes and interest expense in the current year period.

• | Established Communities NOI for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was $368,191,000, a decrease of $14,225,000, or 3.7%, from the prior year period, due primarily to a reduction in revenues from uncollectible lease revenue, which increased $14,214,000 over the prior year period.

COVID-19 Pandemic
The Company has taken various actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to adjust our business operations and to address the needs of our residents and associates. We are committed to the health and safety of our residents and associates. During the first and second quarters of 2020 we adopted certain measures to help mitigate the financial impact arising from the national emergency on our residents, including providing flexible lease renewal options at no rent increase for leases expiring through June 30, 2020, creating payment plans for residents who are unable to pay their rent because they are impacted by this national emergency and waiving late fees and certain other customary fees associated with apartment rentals. We may discontinue these measures at any time except where required by law.
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The ultimate impact on our consolidated results of operations from COVID-19 for 2020 and periods beyond will depend on the duration and severity of the pandemic, the duration and nature of governmental responses to contain the spread of the disease and cushion the impact on consumers, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. The current and potential future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, particularly on (i) rent levels, collectibility of rents, occupancy and the extent to which we waive certain other customary fees associated with our apartment rental business and (ii) development timing and volume, mean that our historical results of operations and financial condition are not necessarily indicative of future results of operations and financial condition. Because those factors are beyond our control and knowledge, the adverse impact of the pandemic on our results of operations for 2020 and beyond cannot be reasonably estimated, and could be material.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our rental operations including (i) revenues and expenses, as well as (ii) our collections and associated outstanding receivables. For further discussion of the impact on revenues and expenses see "Results of Operations." The following table presents the percentage of (i) apartment base rent charged to residents and (ii) other rentable items, including parking and storage rent, along with pet and other fees in accordance with residential leases, that has been collected ("Collected Residential Revenue") for Established Communities for the three months ended June 30, 2020 (unaudited). Collected Residential Revenue excludes transactional and other fees.

| At month end (1)(2) |  | At July 31, 2020 (3)
April 2020 | 93.9 | % |  | 97.7 | %
May 2020 | 92.8 | % |  | 96.4 | %
June 2020 | 93.6 | % |  | 95.5 | %
July 2020 | 93.9 | % |  | 93.9 | %

_________________________

(1) | Excludes retail revenue, which was 1.4% of our 2019 Established Communities' total revenue. As of June 30, 2020, we collected 56.5% of billed retail revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2020.

(2) | The percentage of Collected Residential Revenue as of the last calendar day for each month.

(3) | The percentage of Collected Residential Revenue as of July 31, 2020 for each month.

The collection rates are based on individual resident and retail tenant activity as reflected in our property management systems, and are presented to provide information about collections trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the collections information provided was not routinely produced for internal use by senior management or publicly disclosed by the Company and is a result of analysis that is not subject to internal controls over financial reporting. This information is not prepared in accordance with GAAP, does not reflect GAAP revenue or cash flow metrics and may be subject to adjustment in preparing GAAP revenue and cash flow metrics. Additionally, this information should not be interpreted as predicting the Company’s financial performance, results of operations or liquidity for any period. At June 30, 2020, our outstanding rent receivable balance for residential and retail tenants, net of reserves, increased to $20,197,000 from $11,594,000 at December 31, 2019. The net receivable at June 30, 2020 includes $4,643,000 of residential receivables subject to payment plans.
Second Quarter 2020 Development Highlights
At June 30, 2020, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in:

• | 19 communities under construction, which are expected to contain 6,198 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $2,399,000,000.

During the three months ended June 30, 2020, construction at six of these Development Communities had been temporarily suspended after considering state and local regulations and/or advisories and the construction at many of the remaining Development Communities had been slowed due to the impact of safety precautions on labor availability and inspection constraints. As of June 30, 2020, construction has been restarted at all six Development Communities that had been temporarily suspended, and construction work at our remaining sites that had been slowed was largely back to normal pace. We may be required to, or may at our discretion, temporarily suspend ongoing construction at one or more of our Development Communities as a result of either governmental actions or social or economic conditions arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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• | Land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 28 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain 9,786 apartment homes, and will be developed for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $4,202,000,000.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have not started the construction of any new development communities through June 30, 2020. In July 2020 we entered into a joint venture to develop AVA Arts District, as discussed under "Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements." We will evaluate future starts on an individual basis, based on evolving economic and market conditions. In addition, we have substantially reduced our planned redevelopment and other non-essential capex investment. We expect to be able to meet our reasonably foreseeable liquidity needs, as they arise, through a combination of one or more of the following sources: existing cash on hand; operating cash flows; borrowings under our Credit Facility; secured debt; the issuance of corporate securities which could include unsecured debt, preferred equity and/or common equity; the sale of apartment communities; or through the formation of joint ventures. See the discussion under "Liquidity and Capital Resources."
During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we sold one wholly-owned operating community containing 216 apartment homes for $64,900,000, and our gain in accordance with GAAP was $35,297,000. In addition, we sold 16 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, for gross proceeds of $61,207,000, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $2,544,000.
Communities Overview
Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities, communities in various stages of development ("Development Communities") and Development Rights (as defined below). Our current operating communities are further classified as Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, Lease-Up Communities, Redevelopment Communities and Unconsolidated Communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change. The following is a description of each category:
Current Communities are categorized as Established, Other Stabilized, Lease-Up, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:

• | Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are consolidated communities in the markets where we have a significant presence (New England, New York/New Jersey, Mid-Atlantic, Pacific Northwest, Northern and Southern California and our expansion markets of Southeast Florida and Denver, Colorado), and where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. For the six month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, Established Communities are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2019, are not conducting or are not probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale as of June 30, 2020 or probable for disposition to unrelated third parties within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.

• | Other Stabilized Communities are all other completed consolidated communities that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2020, or which were acquired subsequent to January 1, 2019. Other Stabilized Communities excludes communities that are conducting or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year, as defined below.

• | Lease-Up Communities are consolidated communities where construction has been complete for less than one year and that do not have stabilized occupancy.

• | Redevelopment Communities are consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is probable to begin during the current year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when (i) capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community's pre-redevelopment gross cost basis and (ii) physical occupancy is below or is expected to be below 90% during, or as a result of, the redevelopment activity. We had no Redevelopment Communities at June 30, 2020.

• | Unconsolidated Communities are communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.

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Development Communities are communities that are under construction and for which a certificate or certificates of occupancy for the entire community have not been received. These communities may be partially complete and operating.
Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.
We currently lease our corporate headquarters located in Arlington, Virginia, as well as our other regional and administrative offices under operating leases.
As of June 30, 2020, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:

|  | Number of communities |  | Number of apartment homes
Current Communities |  |  |  |  |  |
Established Communities: |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | 40 |  |  | 10,055 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 47 |  |  | 13,268 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 39 |  |  | 13,838 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 16 |  |  | 4,116 |
Northern California |  | 40 |  |  | 11,362 |
Southern California |  | 56 |  |  | 16,379 |
Expansion Markets |  | 3 |  |  | 912 |
Total Established |  | 241 |  |  | 69,930 |
Other Stabilized Communities: |  |  |  |  |  |
New England |  | 3 |  |  | 705 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 2 |  |  | 854 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 1 |  |  | 151 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 2 |  |  | 745 |
Northern California |  | 1 |  |  | 873 |
Southern California |  | 2 |  |  | 681 |
Expansion Markets |  | 5 |  |  | 1,388 |
Total Other Stabilized |  | 16 |  |  | 5,397 |
Lease-Up Communities |  | 6 |  |  | 1,666 |
Redevelopment Communities |  | — |  |  | — |
Unconsolidated Communities |  | 13 |  |  | 3,189 |
Total Current Communities |  | 276 |  |  | 80,182 |
Development Communities (1) |  | 19 |  |  | 6,198 |
Total Communities |  | 295 |  |  | 86,380 |
Development Rights (2) |  | 28 |  |  | 9,786 |

_________________________

(1) | Development Communities includes Avalon Alderwood Mall, expected to contain 328 apartment homes, which is being developed within an unconsolidated joint venture.

(2) | Development Rights includes AVA Arts District, expected to contain 475 apartments homes, which will be developed within an unconsolidated joint venture.

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Results of Operations
As discussed above under “Executive Overview - COVID-19 Pandemic” and elsewhere in this report, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected our business, and may continue to do so. See also Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in NOI of our Established Communities; NOI derived from acquisitions, development completions and development under construction and in lease-up; the loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. A comparison of our operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 575,479 |  |  | $ | 576,149 |  |  | $ | (670 | ) |  | (0.1 | )% |  | $ | 1,176,123 |  |  | $ | 1,141,194 |  |  | $ | 34,929 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Management, development and other fees | 926 |  |  | 1,114 |  |  | (188 | ) |  | (16.9 | )% |  | 1,933 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | (319 | ) |  | (14.2 | )%
Total revenue | 576,405 |  |  | 577,263 |  |  | (858 | ) |  | (0.1 | )% |  | 1,178,056 |  |  | 1,143,446 |  |  | 34,610 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 106,753 |  |  | 108,777 |  |  | (2,024 | ) |  | (1.9 | )% |  | 214,934 |  |  | 211,362 |  |  | 3,572 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Property taxes | 67,013 |  |  | 62,187 |  |  | 4,826 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 134,039 |  |  | 123,516 |  |  | 10,523 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Total community operating expenses | 173,766 |  |  | 170,964 |  |  | 2,802 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 348,973 |  |  | 334,878 |  |  | 14,095 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses | 24,337 |  |  | 24,147 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 48,149 |  |  | 45,016 |  |  | 3,133 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 388 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | (1,378 | ) |  | (78.0 | )% |  | 3,722 |  |  | 2,388 |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 55.9 | %
Interest expense, net | 53,399 |  |  | 50,010 |  |  | 3,389 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 109,313 |  |  | 97,902 |  |  | 11,411 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 268 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  | 9,438 |  |  | 509 |  |  | 8,929 |  |  | 1,754.2 | %
Depreciation expense | 176,249 |  |  | 162,693 |  |  | 13,556 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 354,160 |  |  | 324,749 |  |  | 29,411 |  |  | 9.1 | %
General and administrative expense | 15,573 |  |  | 18,965 |  |  | (3,392 | ) |  | (17.9 | )% |  | 32,893 |  |  | 32,671 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Total other expenses | 270,214 |  |  | 257,810 |  |  | 12,404 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 557,675 |  |  | 503,235 |  |  | 54,440 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated real estate entities | 512 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 159.9 | % |  | 1,687 |  |  | (863 | ) |  | 2,550 |  |  | N/A (1) |
Gain on sale of communities | 35,295 |  |  | 20,530 |  |  | 14,765 |  |  | 71.9 | % |  | 59,731 |  |  | 35,365 |  |  | 24,366 |  |  | 68.9 | %
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | 156 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 358.8 | % |  | 199 |  |  | 300 |  |  | (101 | ) |  | (33.7 | )%
Gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs | 1,348 |  |  | (945 | ) |  | 2,293 |  |  | N/A (1) |  |  | 4,808 |  |  | (1,418 | ) |  | 6,226 |  |  | N/A (1) |
Income before income taxes | 169,736 |  |  | 168,305 |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 337,833 |  |  | 338,717 |  |  | (884 | ) |  | (0.3 | )%
Income tax benefit | 1,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,042 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | N/A (1) |
Net income | 170,869 |  |  | 168,305 |  |  | 2,564 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 338,875 |  |  | 338,723 |  |  | 152 |  |  | — | %
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (41 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | 70.8 | % |  | (76 | ) |  | (76 | ) |  | — |  |  | — | %
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 170,828 |  |  | $ | 168,281 |  |  | $ | 2,547 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | $ | 338,799 |  |  | $ | 338,647 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | — | %

_________________________

(1) | Percent change is not meaningful.

Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $2,547,000, or 1.5%, to $170,828,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and increased $152,000 to $338,799,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are primarily due to increases in NOI from Development and Other Stabilized Communities, as well as increases in gains on real estate dispositions in the current year periods. These amounts were partially offset by decreases in NOI from Established Communities, and increases in depreciation expense, property taxes and interest expense in the current year periods.
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NOI is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, (gain) loss on other real estate transactions, net, gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale.
NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Reconciliations of NOI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Net income | $ | 170,869 |  |  | $ | 168,305 |  |  | $ | 338,875 |  |  | $ | 338,723 |
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 23,407 |  |  | 23,018 |  |  | 46,206 |  |  | 42,740 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 388 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 3,722 |  |  | 2,388 |
Interest expense, net | 53,399 |  |  | 50,010 |  |  | 109,313 |  |  | 97,902 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 268 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 9,438 |  |  | 509 |
General and administrative expense | 15,573 |  |  | 18,965 |  |  | 32,893 |  |  | 32,671 |
Equity in (income) loss of unconsolidated real estate entities | (512 | ) |  | (197 | ) |  | (1,687 | ) |  | 863 |
Depreciation expense | 176,249 |  |  | 162,693 |  |  | 354,160 |  |  | 324,749 |
Income tax benefit | (1,133 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,042 | ) |  | (6 | )
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (35,295 | ) |  | (20,530 | ) |  | (59,731 | ) |  | (35,365 | )
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (156 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (199 | ) |  | (300 | )
Gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs | (1,348 | ) |  | 945 |  |  | (4,808 | ) |  | 1,418 |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (336 | ) |  | (5,075 | ) |  | (1,232 | ) |  | (11,281 | )
Net operating income | $ | 401,373 |  |  | $ | 400,095 |  |  | $ | 825,908 |  |  | $ | 795,011 |

The NOI changes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods, consist of changes in the following categories (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2020
Established Communities | $ | (14,225 | ) |  | $ | (2,917 | )
Other Stabilized Communities | 5,871 |  |  | 14,638 |
Development / Redevelopment (1) | 9,632 |  |  | 19,176 |
Total | $ | 1,278 |  |  | $ | 30,897 |

_________________________

(1) | We had no Redevelopment Communities at June 30, 2020.

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Rental and other income decreased $670,000, or 0.1%, and increased $34,929,000, or 3.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the prior year periods. The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 2020 is primarily due to an increase of $16,791,000 in residential and retail uncollectible lease revenue as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as decreased occupancy and rental rates at our Established Communities, partially offset by additional rental income generated from development completions, development under construction and in lease-up and acquired operating communities. The increase for the six months ended June 30, 2020 is due to additional rental income generated from development completions, development under construction and in lease-up and acquired operating communities and an increase in rental rates at our Established Communities, partially offset by an increase of $18,159,000 in residential and retail uncollectible lease revenue as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
As discussed elsewhere in this report, the COVID-19 impact and related economic, regulatory and operating impacts are likely to continue to adversely affect our rental revenue, and comparisons to prior year periods, during the COVID-19 pandemic. If job losses in our markets and nationally continue, this would likely continue to decrease our ability to maintain and/or increase rents and/or maintain occupancy at our historical levels. Deteriorating financial conditions among our residents and retail tenants, as well as regulations that limit our ability to quickly evict residents and tenants, may continue to result in higher than normal uncollectible lease revenue. The pandemic may also continue to depress demand among consumers for our apartments for a variety of other reasons, including the following: consumers whose income has declined, who are working from home remotely or who cannot freely access neighborhood amenities like restaurants, gyms and entertainment venues, may decide during the pandemic to live in markets or submarkets that are less costly than ours; and low interest rates that are caused by government response to the pandemic may encourage consumers who would otherwise rent to seek out single family ownership; and various sources of demand for our apartments (e.g., students, corporate apartment homes, seasonal job-related demand as in the entertainment industry) may remain below pre-pandemic levels if institutions of higher learning turn to online education or business activity and travel remain at lower levels than before the pandemic.
Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes increased to 74,079 apartment homes for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to 72,323 homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $2,642 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $2,626 in the prior year period.
For Established Communities, rental revenue decreased $15,670,000, or 2.9%, and increased $540,000, or 0.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the prior year periods. Residential and retail uncollectible lease revenue contributed an aggregate of $14,214,000 and $15,227,000 to the changes in rental revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the prior year periods.
The following table presents the change in rental revenue, including the attribution of the change between rental rates and Economic Occupancy, for Established Communities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (unaudited).

| For the six months ended June 30, 2020
| Rental revenue (000s) |  | Average rental rates |  | Economic Occupancy (1)
|  |  |  | $ Change | % Change |  |  |  |  | % Change |  |  | % Change |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 to 2019 |  | 2020 to 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 to 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 to 2019
New England | $ | 161,542 |  |  | $ | 158,369 |  |  | $ | 3,173 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | $ | 2,821 |  |  | $ | 2,758 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 94.9 | % |  | 95.2 | % |  | (0.3 | )%
Metro NY/NJ | 234,472 |  |  | 238,351 |  |  | (3,879 | ) |  | (1.6 | )% |  | 3,085 |  |  | 3,116 |  |  | (1.0 | )% |  | 95.5 | % |  | 96.1 | % |  | (0.6 | )%
Mid-Atlantic | 179,507 |  |  | 178,181 |  |  | 1,326 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 2,264 |  |  | 2,232 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 95.5 | % |  | 96.2 | % |  | (0.7 | )%
Pacific Northwest | 56,178 |  |  | 55,807 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 2,361 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 96.3 | % |  | 96.4 | % |  | (0.1 | )%
Northern California | 205,342 |  |  | 203,473 |  |  | 1,869 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 3,133 |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | 96.1 | % |  | 96.3 | % |  | (0.2 | )%
Southern California | 221,675 |  |  | 224,004 |  |  | (2,329 | ) |  | (1.0 | )% |  | 2,358 |  |  | 2,381 |  |  | (1.0 | )% |  | 95.7 | % |  | 95.7 | % |  | — | %
Expansion Markets | 11,790 |  |  | 11,781 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 2,307 |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 93.4 | % |  | 94.9 | % |  | (1.5 | )%
Total Established | $ | 1,070,506 |  |  | $ | 1,069,966 |  |  | $ | 540 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 2,669 |  |  | $ | 2,658 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 95.9 | % |  | (0.3 | )%

_________________________________

(1) | Economic occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue. Economic occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at leased rates and vacant homes at market rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current market rents.

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The following table presents the change in rental revenue for Established Communities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods (unaudited):

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2020
Residential rental revenue |  |  |
Lease rates | 1.8 | % |  | 2.2 | %
Concessions and other discounts | (0.2 | )% |  | — | %
Economic occupancy | (1.2 | )% |  | (0.4 | )%
Other rental revenue | (0.6 | )% |  | (0.3 | )%
Uncollectible lease revenue | (2.0 | )% |  | (1.1 | )%
Total residential rental revenue | (2.2 | )% |  | 0.4 | %
Retail rental revenue (1) | (0.7 | )% |  | (0.3 | )%
Total Established Communities change in rental revenue | (2.9 | )% |  | 0.1 | %

_________________________________

(1) | Consists primarily of the impact of uncollectible retail lease revenue.

Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, decreased $2,024,000, or 1.9%, and increased $3,572,000, or 1.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the prior year periods. The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 2020 is primarily due to the deferral or cancellation of repairs and maintenance projects due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase for the six months ended June 30, 2020 is primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by decreased costs related to the deferral or cancellation of repairs and maintenance projects due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
For Established Communities, direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, decreased $4,113,000, or 4.1%, and $2,327,000, or 1.2%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the prior year periods. The decreases are primarily due to decreased costs related to the deferral or cancellation of repairs and maintenance projects due to the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by an increase in COVID-19 related costs for personal protective equipment and cleaning. The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 2020 is also due to decreased compensation expense.
Property taxes increased $4,826,000, or 7.8%, and $10,523,000, or 8.5%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities and increased assessments for the Company's stabilized portfolio, partially offset by decreased property taxes from dispositions.
For Established Communities, property taxes increased $2,365,000, or 4.1%, and $5,397,000, or 4.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are primarily due to increased assessments and rates across the portfolio in the current year periods. The increase for the six months ended June 30, 2020 is also due to successful appeals in the prior year period in excess of those in the current year period. For communities in California, property tax changes are determined by the change in the California Consumer Price Index, with increases limited by law (Proposition 13). We evaluate property tax increases internally and also engage third-party consultants to assist in our evaluations. We appeal property tax increases when appropriate.
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses increased $3,133,000, or 7.0%, for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increased compensation related costs and advocacy contributions in the current year period.
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries primarily reflect costs incurred for development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as the abandonment of Development Rights or abandoned acquisition and disposition pursuits. These costs can be volatile, particularly in periods of increased acquisition pursuit activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, and therefore may vary significantly from year to year. Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, decreased $1,378,000, or 78.0%, and increased $1,334,000, or 55.9%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the prior year periods.
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Interest expense, net increased $3,389,000, or 6.8%, and $11,411,000, or 11.7%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt and interest income. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were primarily due to a decrease in capitalized interest. The increase for the three months ended June 30, 2020 is partially offset by lower overall effective rates on unsecured indebtedness, and a combination of a decrease in variable rates on, and amounts of, secured indebtedness. The increase for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was also due to an increase in outstanding unsecured indebtedness, partially offset by a decrease in variable rates on, and amounts of, outstanding secured indebtedness.
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net reflects prepayment penalties, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and premiums and discounts from our debt repurchase and retirement activity, and payments to acquire our outstanding debt at amounts above or below the carrying basis of the debt acquired. The losses of $268,000 and $9,438,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were due to the repayments of unsecured debt during the periods.
Depreciation expense increased $13,556,000, or 8.3%, and $29,411,000, or 9.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by dispositions.
General and administrative expense decreased $3,392,000, or 17.9%, for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a decrease in compensation related expenses, including severance costs.
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated real estate entities increased $315,000, or 159.9%, and $2,550,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are primarily due non-cash charges for the depreciation of in-place leases associated with purchase accounting within the NYTA MF Investors LLC unconsolidated venture (the "NYC Joint Venture") in the prior year periods.
Gain on sale of communities increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the prior year periods. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area.
Gain on for-sale condominiums, net of marketing and administrative costs is a gain of $1,348,000 and $4,808,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and a loss of $945,000 and $1,418,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, and is comprised of the net gain before taxes on the sale of condominiums at The Park Loggia, net of marketing and administrative costs associated with the for-sale condominiums. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we sold 16 and 52 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, for gross proceeds of $61,207,000 and $166,814,000, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $2,544,000 and $7,447,000, respectively. In addition, we incurred $1,196,000 and $945,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $2,639,000 and $1,418,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in marketing and administrative costs associated with The Park Loggia.
Income tax benefit of $1,133,000 and $1,042,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was primarily due to provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, allowing for further carryback of net operating losses.
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® ("NAREIT"), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders ("FFO") as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:

• | gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;

• | cumulative effect of change in accounting principle;

• | impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;

• | write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;

• | depreciation of real estate assets; and

• | similar adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, including those from a change in control.

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FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or "Core FFO," as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. In calculating FFO, we exclude gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and exclude real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. FFO can help one compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of our core business operations, Core FFO allows one to compare the core operating performance of the Company between periods. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be examined with net income as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:

• | joint venture gains (if not adjusted through FFO), non-core costs and promoted interests;

• | casualty and impairment losses or gains, net on non-depreciable real estate;

• | gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;

• | abandoned pursuits;

• | business interruption insurance proceeds and the related lost NOI that is covered by the expected business interruption insurance proceeds;

• | property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlements;

• | gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation;

• | advocacy contributions, representing payments to promote our business interests;

• | hedge ineffectiveness;

• | severance related costs;

• | expensed transaction costs;

• | for-sale condominium activity, including gains, marketing and administrative costs and imputed carry cost;

• | income taxes; and

• | other non-core items.

FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.
The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common stockholders and to Core FFO attributable to common stockholders (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 170,828 |  |  | $ | 168,281 |  |  | $ | 338,799 |  |  | $ | 338,647 |
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments | 175,558 |  |  | 164,830 |  |  | 352,986 |  |  | 329,576 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 23 |
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate | (35,295 | ) |  | (20,530 | ) |  | (59,731 | ) |  | (35,365 | )
FFO attributable to common stockholders | 311,103 |  |  | 312,593 |  |  | 632,078 |  |  | 632,881 |
Adjusting items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business interruption insurance proceeds | (103 | ) |  | (435 | ) |  | (103 | ) |  | (607 | )
Lost NOI from casualty losses covered by business interruption insurance | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |
Loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt | 268 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 9,438 |  |  | 509 |
Advocacy contributions | 1,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | — |
Severance related costs | 89 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 2,040 |  |  | 1,372 |
Development pursuit write-offs and expensed transaction costs, net | 269 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 3,389 |  |  | 1,604 |
Gain on for-sale condominiums (1)(2) | (2,544 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,447 | ) |  | — |
For-sale condominium marketing and administrative costs (2) | 1,196 |  |  | 945 |  |  | 2,639 |  |  | 1,418 |
For-sale condominium imputed carry cost (3) | 2,824 |  |  | 506 |  |  | 6,433 |  |  | 506 |
Gain on other real estate transactions | (156 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (199 | ) |  | (301 | )
Legal settlements | (67 | ) |  | 38 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | (978 | )
Income tax benefit | (1,133 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,042 | ) |  | (6 | )
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders | $ | 313,259 |  |  | $ | 316,522 |  |  | $ | 649,016 |  |  | $ | 636,398 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 140,738,160 |  |  | 139,618,231 |  |  | 140,752,331 |  |  | 139,227,376 |
EPS per common share - diluted | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 2.41 |  |  | $ | 2.43 |
FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.21 |  |  | $ | 2.24 |  |  | $ | 4.49 |  |  | $ | 4.55 |
Core FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.23 |  |  | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 4.61 |  |  | $ | 4.57 |

_________________________

(1) | Amount for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 includes the sale of 16 and 52 residential condominiums, respectively, at The Park Loggia.

(2) | The aggregate impact of (i) gain on for-sale condominiums and (ii) for-sale condominium marketing and administrative costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are gains of $1,348 and $4,808, respectively, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 are losses of $945 and $1,418, respectively.

(3) | Represents the imputed carry cost of for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia. We compute this adjustment by multiplying the total capitalized cost of completed and unsold for-sale residential condominiums by our weighted average unsecured debt rate.

FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.
A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands) and a discussion of "Liquidity and Capital Resources" can be found later in this report:

| For the three months ended |  | For the six months ended
| 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 6/30/2019
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 287,213 |  |  | $ | 275,946 |  |  | $ | 628,917 |  |  | $ | 637,732 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (49,061 | ) |  | $ | (276,838 | ) |  | $ | (185,128 | ) |  | $ | (590,024 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | $ | (690,879 | ) |  | $ | 135,729 |  |  | $ | (155,709 | ) |  | $ | 64,472 |

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost effective alternative available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal focus on near-term and intermediate-term liquidity is to ensure we have adequate capital to fund:

• | development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged or in which we plan to engage;

• | the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;

• | debt service and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity; and

• | normal recurring operating expenses and corporate overhead expenses.

Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Cash flows from operations are determined by operating activities and factors including but not limited to (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels, (iv) uncollectible lease revenue levels or interruptions in collections caused by market conditions and (iv) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage is affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. Our plans for development, redevelopment, non-routine capital expenditure, acquisition and disposition activity are affected by market conditions and capital availability. We frequently review our liquidity needs, especially in periods with volatile market conditions, as well as the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.
We had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $415,694,000 at June 30, 2020, an increase of $288,080,000 from $127,614,000 at December 31, 2019. As presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included elsewhere in this report, the following discussion relates to changes in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.
Operating Activities — Net cash provided by operating activities decreased to $628,917,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 from $637,732,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019.
Investing Activities — Net cash used in investing activities totaled $185,128,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The net cash used was primarily due to:

• | investment of $383,139,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities; and

• | capital expenditures of $66,319,000 for our operating communities and non-real estate assets.

These amounts are partially offset by:
•net proceeds from the sale of for-sale residential condominiums of $155,217,000; and
•net proceeds from the disposition of two operating communities of $132,882,000.
Financing Activities — Net cash used in financing activities totaled $155,709,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The net cash provided by was primarily due to:

• | repayments of unsecured notes in the amount of $958,680,000;

• | payment of cash dividends in the amount of $437,326,000; and

• | repayment of a mortgage note payable in the amount of $56,852,000 that was subsequently refinanced, as discussed below.

These amounts are partially offset by:

• | proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $1,296,581,000; and

• | the issuance of a secured note that was part of a refinancing, as discussed above, in the amount of $51,000,000.

Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility
We have a $1,750,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the “Credit Facility”) which matures in February 2024. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on (i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.) and (ii) the rating levels issued for our unsecured notes. The current stated pricing for drawn borrowings
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is LIBOR plus 0.775% per annum (0.93% at July 31, 2020), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $2,188,000 annually based on the $1,750,000,000 facility size and based on our current credit rating).
We had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $4,852,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of July 31, 2020. In addition, we had $32,322,000 outstanding in additional letters of credit on a separate facility unrelated to the Credit Facility as of July 31, 2020.
Financial Covenants
We are subject to financial covenants contained in the Credit Facility, Term Loans and the indentures under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:

• | limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;

• | limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and

• | minimum levels of debt service coverage.

We were in compliance with these covenants at June 30, 2020.
In addition, some of our secured borrowings include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were secured.
Continuous Equity Offering Program
In May 2019, we commenced a fifth continuous equity program ("CEP V") under which we may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations of the appropriate sources of funding. In conjunction with CEP V, we engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 1.5% of the gross sales price for shares sold. We expect that, if entered into, we will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case we will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, we may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, we will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 1.5% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of July 31, 2020, there are no outstanding forward sales agreements. As of July 31, 2020, we had $752,878,000 remaining authorized for issuance under this program.
Forward Interest Rate Swap Agreements
The following activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

• | We settled an aggregate of $600,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements, making aggregate payments of $25,135,000. Of the positions settled, $250,000,000 were forward interest swaps that we had entered into during 2020.

◦ | In conjunction with the issuance of our $700,000,000 unsecured notes due 2030 in February 2020, we settled $350,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of the unsecured notes, making a payment of $20,314,000.

◦ | In conjunction with the issuance of our $600,000,000 unsecured notes due 2031 in May 2020, we settled $250,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of the unsecured notes, making a payment of $4,821,000.

• | We entered into an additional $100,000,000 of new forward interest rate swap agreements executed to reduce the impact of variability of interest rates on a portion of our expected debt issuance activity in 2021.

In July 2020, we entered into $50,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements executed to reduce the impact of variability of interest rates on a portion of our expected debt issuance activity in 2021.
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At maturity of the outstanding swap agreements, we expect to cash settle the contracts and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that we issue the debt as expected, the hedging impact from these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.
Stock Repurchase Program
In July 2020, our Board of Directors voted to terminate our prior $500,000,000 Stock Repurchase Program (the "Amended 2005 Stock Repurchase Program") and approved a new stock repurchase program under which we may acquire shares of our common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000 (the "2020 Stock Repurchase Program"). Purchases of common stock under the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program may be exercised from time to time in our discretion and in such amounts as market conditions warrant. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2020 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. We intend that funds used for the stock repurchase program will be matched over time with the proceeds from sales of existing apartment communities and in some cases with newly issued debt, but initially may be funded from existing cash balances, retained cash flow and/or our Credit Facility. There have been no stock repurchases under this program through the date on which this report was filed.
Future Financing and Capital Needs — Debt Maturities
One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity. For both our unsecured and secured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that capital from additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory, especially in light of the uncertain impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on capital markets.
The following debt activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

• | In February 2020, we issued $700,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $694,701,000. The notes mature in March 2030 and were issued at a 2.30% interest rate.

• | In February 2020, we refinanced the secured borrowing for Avalon San Bruno III. The secured borrowing had a fixed interest rate of 3.08% and was refinanced for a principal balance of $51,000,000, with a fixed interest rate of 2.38% and maturity date of March 2027.

• | In March 2020, we repaid (i) $400,000,000 principal amount of our 3.625% unsecured notes in advance of the October 2020 scheduled maturity and (ii) $250,000,000 principal amount of our 3.95% unsecured notes in advance of the January 2021 scheduled maturity. In conjunction with these repayments, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $9,170,000 for prepayment penalties and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs.

• | In May 2020, we issued $600,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $593,430,000. The notes mature in January 2031 and were issued at a 2.45% interest rate.

• | In May 2020, we repaid $300,000,000 principal amount of variable rate unsecured notes in advance of the January 2021 scheduled maturity, recognizing a charge of $268,000 for the non-cash write-off of deferred financing costs.

The following table details our consolidated debt maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest.
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|  | All-In interest rate (1) |  | Principal maturity date |  | Balance Outstanding (2) |  | Scheduled Maturities
Community |  |  |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 6/30/2020 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Thereafter
Tax-exempt bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon at Chestnut Hill |  | 6.16 | % |  | Oct-2047 |  | $ | 36,995 |  |  | $ | 36,701 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 737 |  |  | $ | 33,671 |
Avalon Westbury |  | 3.86 | % |  | Nov-2036 | (3) | 62,200 |  |  | 62,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,200 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 99,195 |  |  | 98,901 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 699 |  |  | 737 |  |  | 95,871 |
Variable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon Acton |  | 1.13 | % |  | Jul-2040 | (4) | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,000 |
Avalon Clinton North |  | 1.78 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (4) | 147,000 |  |  | 147,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,000 |
Avalon Clinton South |  | 1.78 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (4) | 121,500 |  |  | 121,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,500 |
Avalon Midtown West |  | 1.70 | % |  | May-2029 | (4) | 98,200 |  |  | 93,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,200 |  |  | 5,600 |  |  | 6,100 |  |  | 6,800 |  |  | 69,800 |
Avalon San Bruno I |  | 1.67 | % |  | Dec-2037 | (4) | 64,450 |  |  | 64,450 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 2,200 |  |  | 2,200 |  |  | 54,750 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 476,150 |  |  | 471,450 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 7,100 |  |  | 7,600 |  |  | 8,300 |  |  | 9,000 |  |  | 438,050 |
Conventional loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$250 million unsecured notes |  | 4.04 | % |  | Jan-2021 | (5) | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Sep-2022 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$250 million unsecured notes |  | 3.00 | % |  | Mar-2023 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$400 million unsecured notes |  | 3.78 | % |  | Oct-2020 | (5) | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$350 million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Dec-2023 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.66 | % |  | Nov-2024 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |
$525 million unsecured notes |  | 3.55 | % |  | Jun-2025 |  | 525,000 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 525,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.62 | % |  | Nov-2025 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$475 million unsecured notes |  | 3.35 | % |  | May-2026 |  | 475,000 |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.01 | % |  | Oct-2026 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$350 million unsecured notes |  | 3.95 | % |  | Oct-2046 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |
$400 million unsecured notes |  | 3.50 | % |  | May-2027 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 4.09 | % |  | Jul-2047 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 3.32 | % |  | Jan-2028 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.97 | % |  | Apr-2048 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 3.66 | % |  | Jun-2029 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |
$700 million unsecured notes |  | 2.69 | % |  | Mar-2030 |  | — |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 700,000 |
$600 million unsecured notes |  | 2.65 | % |  | Jan-2031 |  | — |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600,000 |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 4.00 | % |  | Jul-2066 |  | 3,847 |  |  | 3,847 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,847 |
Eaves Los Feliz |  | 3.68 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 41,400 |  |  | 41,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,400 |
Eaves Woodland Hills |  | 3.67 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 111,500 |  |  | 111,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111,500 |
Avalon Russett |  | 3.77 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 32,200 |  |  | 32,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,200 |
Avalon San Bruno II |  | 3.85 | % |  | Apr-2021 |  | 28,435 |  |  | 28,143 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 27,844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Westbury |  | 4.88 | % |  | Nov-2036 | (3) | 13,665 |  |  | 12,925 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 1,740 |  |  | 1,840 |  |  | 5,360 |
Avalon San Bruno III |  | 3.18 | % |  | Jun-2020 | (6) | 50,825 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon San Bruno III |  | 2.38 | % |  | Mar-2027 | (6) | — |  |  | 51,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,000 |
Avalon Hoboken |  | 3.55 | % |  | Dec-2020 |  | 67,904 |  |  | 67,904 |  |  | 67,904 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Avalon Cerritos |  | 3.35 | % |  | Aug-2029 |  | 30,250 |  |  | 30,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,250 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,230,026 |  |  | 6,879,169 |  |  | 68,958 |  |  | 29,419 |  |  | 451,655 |  |  | 601,740 |  |  | 301,840 |  |  | 5,425,557 |
Variable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan - $100 million |  | 2.03 | % |  | Feb-2022 |  | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Term Loan - $150 million |  | 1.96 | % |  | Feb-2024 |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 2.45 | % |  | Jan-2021 | (7) | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 550,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |
Total indebtedness - excluding Credit Facility |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,355,371 |  |  | $ | 7,699,520 |  |  | $ | 70,660 |  |  | $ | 37,148 |  |  | $ | 559,918 |  |  | $ | 610,739 |  |  | $ | 461,577 |  |  | $ | 5,959,478 |

_________________________

(1) | Rates are given as of June 30, 2020 and include credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark to market amortization and other fees.

(2) | Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured notes of $51,562 and $41,352 as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and deferred financing costs and debt discount

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associated with secured notes of $17,748 and $17,729 as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.

(3) | Maturity date reflects the contractual maturity of the underlying bond. There is also an associated earlier credit enhancement maturity date.

(4) | Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.

(5) | In March 2020, we repaid these borrowings in advance of their scheduled maturity date.

(6) | In February 2020, we repaid a borrowing secured by this community and subsequently refinanced the secured borrowing.

(7) | In May 2020, we repaid this borrowing in advance of the scheduled maturity date.

Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Capital Markets Activity
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to monitor the availability of our various capital raising alternatives. During the remainder of 2020, we expect to meet our liquidity needs from one or more of a variety of internal and external sources, which may include (i) real estate dispositions, (ii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iii) borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility and (iv) secured and unsecured debt financings. Additional sources of liquidity in 2020 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects. In addition, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on capital markets, including the availability and costs of debt and equity capital, remain uncertain and may have material adverse effects on our access to capital on attractive terms.
As discussed in this Form 10-Q, as of June 30, 2020, construction has been restarted at all six Development Communities where construction previously had been temporarily suspended, and construction work at our remaining sites that had been slowed is largely back to normal pace. Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity in 2020, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we intend to plan adequate financing to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may have to abandon Development Rights, write-off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.
From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures primarily to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities and new markets where our partners bring development and operational expertise and/or experience to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.
In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over our ownership periods and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop and redevelop communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. We believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not have a material impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.
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Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Unconsolidated Investments
As of June 30, 2020, we had investments in unconsolidated real estate entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting shown in the following table, excluding development joint ventures. Refer to Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report, which includes information on the aggregate assets, liabilities and equity, as well as operating results, and our proportionate share of their operating results. For ventures holding operating apartment communities as of June 30, 2020, detail of the real estate and associated indebtedness underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).

|  | Company ownership percentage |  | # of Apartment homes |  | Total capitalized cost (1) |  | Debt (2)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Interest rate (3) |  | Maturity date
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments |  |  |  |  | Amount |  | Type |  |
NYC Joint Venture |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon Bowery Place I - New York, NY |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | $ | 209,076 |  |  | $ | 93,800 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
2. Avalon Bowery Place II - New York, NY |  |  |  | 90 |  |  | 90,775 |  |  | 39,639 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
3. Avalon Morningside - New York, NY (4) |  |  |  | 295 |  |  | 210,847 |  |  | 112,500 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.55 | % |  | Jan 2029/May 2046
4. Avalon West Chelsea - New York, NY (5) |  |  |  | 305 |  |  | 127,740 |  |  | 66,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
5. AVA High Line - New York, NY (5) |  |  |  | 405 |  |  | 121,223 |  |  | 84,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
Total NYC Joint Venture |  | 20.0 | % |  | 1,301 |  |  | 759,661 |  |  | 395,939 |  |  |  |  | 3.88 | % |  |
Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund") |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon Studio 4121 - Studio City, CA |  |  |  |  | 149 |  |  | 57,179 |  |  | 27,324 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.34 | % |  | Nov 2022
2. Avalon Venice on Rose - Venice, CA |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 57,455 |  |  | 27,245 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.28 | % |  | Sep 2020 (6)
3. Avalon Station 250 - Dedham, MA |  |  |  |  | 285 |  |  | 98,189 |  |  | 53,229 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.73 | % |  | Sep 2022
4. Avalon Grosvenor Tower - Bethesda, MD |  |  |  |  | 237 |  |  | 80,591 |  |  | 41,261 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.74 | % |  | Sep 2022
Total U.S. Fund |  | 28.6 | % |  | 741 |  |  | 293,414 |  |  | 149,059 |  |  |  |  | 3.58 | % |  |
Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the “AC JV”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon North Point - Cambridge, MA (7) |  |  |  |  | 426 |  |  | 190,173 |  |  | 111,653 |  |  | Fixed |  | 6.00 | % |  | Aug 2021
2. Avalon North Point Lofts - Cambridge, MA |  |  |  | 103 |  |  | 26,888 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  |  | N/A
Total AC JV |  | 20.0 | % |  | 529 |  |  | 217,061 |  |  | 111,653 |  |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |
Other Operating Joint Ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. MVP I, LLC |  | 25.0 | % |  | 313 |  |  | 126,906 |  |  | 103,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.24 | % |  | Jul 2025
2. Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC |  | 28.7 | % |  | 305 |  |  | 19,383 |  |  | 21,310 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.40 | % |  | Jun 2028
Total Other Joint Ventures |  |  |  | 618 |  |  | 146,289 |  |  | 124,310 |  |  |  |  | 3.27 | % |  |
Total Unconsolidated Investments |  |  |  | 3,189 |  |  | $ | 1,416,425 |  |  | $ | 780,961 |  |  |  |  | 4.03 | % |  |

_____________________________

(1) | Represents total capitalized cost as of June 30, 2020.

(2) | We have not guaranteed the debt of unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment.

(3) | Represents weighted average rate on outstanding debt as of June 30, 2020.

(4) | Borrowing on this community is comprised of two mortgage loans.

(5) | Borrowing on this dual-branded community is comprised of a single mortgage loan.

(6) | The original maturity date of the borrowing was July 2020, which was extended to September 2020 through a forbearance agreement.

(7) | Borrowing is comprised of loans made by the equity investors in the venture in proportion to their equity interests.

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In July 2020, we entered into a joint venture which will develop, own and operate AVA Arts District. AVA Arts District is expected to be a 475 apartment home community in Los Angeles, CA, that will be developed for a projected total capitalized cost to the joint venture of $279,000,000. We own a 25.0% interest in the venture, and the venture partner owns the remaining 75.0% interest. The venture expects to obtain a $167,000,000 construction loan to fund the development of AVA Arts District. Our total expected equity investment is approximately $28,000,000, of which $13,000,000 has already been spent.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In addition to our investment interests in consolidated and unconsolidated real estate entities, we have certain off-balance sheet arrangements with the entities in which we invest. Additional discussion of these entities can be found in Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We have not guaranteed the debt of our unconsolidated real estate entities, as referenced in the table above, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should the unconsolidated real estate entities be unable to do so. In the future, in the event the unconsolidated real estate entities were unable to meet their obligations under a loan, we cannot predict at this time whether we would provide any voluntary support, or take any other action, as any such action would depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of support required and the possibility that such support could enhance the return of the unconsolidated real estate entities and/or our returns by providing time for performance to improve.
There are no other material lines of credit, side agreements, financial guarantees or any other derivative financial instruments related to or between our unconsolidated real estate entities and us. In evaluating our capital structure and overall leverage, management takes into consideration our proportionate share of the indebtedness of unconsolidated entities in which we have an interest.
Contractual Obligations
We currently have contractual obligations consisting primarily of long-term debt obligations and lease obligations for certain land parcels and regional and administrative office space. As of June 30, 2020, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in our Form 10-K.
Development Communities
As of June 30, 2020, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 19 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 6,198 apartment homes and 64,000 square feet of retail space to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $2,399,000,000. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. You should carefully review Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K, as well as the discussion under Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for a discussion of the risks associated with development activity.
The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities. We hold a fee simple ownership interest in these communities (directly or through a wholly-owned subsidiary) unless otherwise noted in the table.
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| Number of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Construction start |  | Initial projected or actual occupancy (2) |  | Estimated completion |  | Estimated stabilized operations (3)
1. |  | Avalon Public Market Emeryville, CA | 289 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q4 2020
2. |  | Avalon Yonkers Yonkers, NY | 590 |  |  | 196 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q3 2019 |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q4 2021
3. |  | AVA Hollywood (4) Hollywood, CA | 695 |  |  | 375 |  |  | Q4 2016 |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q1 2021 |  | Q3 2021
4. |  | Avalon Towson Towson, MD | 371 |  |  | 114 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q1 2020 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q2 2021
5. |  | Avalon Walnut Creek II Walnut Creek, CA | 200 |  |  | 113 |  |  | Q4 2017 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q2 2021
6. |  | Avalon Doral Doral, FL | 350 |  |  | 116 |  |  | Q2 2018 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q3 2021
7. |  | Avalon 555 President Baltimore, MD | 400 |  |  | 139 |  |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q4 2021
8. |  | Avalon Old Bridge Old Bridge, NJ | 252 |  |  | 72 |  |  | Q3 2018 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q3 2021
9. |  | Avalon Newcastle Commons II Newcastle, WA | 293 |  |  | 107 |  |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q1 2022
10. |  | Twinbrook Station Rockville, MD | 238 |  |  | 66 |  |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q4 2021
11. |  | Avalon Harrison (4) Harrison, NY | 143 |  |  | 77 |  |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q3 2022
12. |  | Avalon Brea Place Brea, CA | 653 |  |  | 290 |  |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q1 2021 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q3 2022
13. |  | Avalon Foundry Row Owings Mill, MD | 437 |  |  | 100 |  |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q1 2021 |  | Q1 2022 |  | Q3 2022
14. |  | Avalon Marlborough II Marlborough, MA | 123 |  |  | 42 |  |  | Q2 2019 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q1 2021
15. |  | Avalon Acton II Acton, MA | 86 |  |  | 31 |  |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q1 2021 |  | Q1 2021
16. |  | Avalon Woburn Woburn, MA | 350 |  |  | 121 |  |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q3 2022
17. |  | AVA RiNo Denver, CO | 246 |  |  | 87 |  |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q1 2022 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q4 2022
18. |  | Avalon Monrovia Monrovia, CA | 154 |  |  | 68 |  |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q1 2021 |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q4 2021
19. |  | Avalon Alderwood Mall (5) Lynnwood, WA | 328 |  |  | 110 |  |  | Q4 2019 |  | Q4 2021 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q4 2022
|  | Total | 6,198 |  |  | $ | 2,399 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, as well as costs incurred for first generation retail tenants such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions. Projected total capitalized cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount unless otherwise noted.

(2) | Initial projected occupancy dates are estimates. There can be no assurance that we will pursue to completion any or all of these proposed developments.

(3) | Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.

(4) | Development Communities containing at least 10,000 square feet of retail space include AVA Hollywood (19,000 square feet) and Avalon Harrison (27,000 square feet).

(5) | We are developing this project within an unconsolidated joint venture that was formed in December 2019, in which we own a 50.0% interest. The information above represents the total cost for the venture.

During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we did not complete any developments.
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Development Rights
At June 30, 2020, we had $39,829,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in land parcels we own, and $81,395,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 28 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The cumulative capitalized costs for land held for development as of June 30, 2020 includes $28,900,000 in original land acquisition costs, net of any impairment loss recognized. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 9,786 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.
For 22 Development Rights, we control the land through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the parcel. For the other six Development Rights, we own the land, of which four are additional development phases of existing stabilized operating communities we own and which will be constructed on land currently adjacent to or directly associated with those operating communities.
The properties comprising the Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any unrecoverable capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we incurred a charge of $3,722,000 for expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, which include development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable of being developed.
You should carefully review Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K, as well as the discussion under Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for a discussion of the risks associated with Development Rights.
The following presents a summary of the Development Rights as of June 30, 2020:

Market |  | Number of rights |  | Estimated number of homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost ($ millions) (1)
New England |  | 3 |  |  | 394 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 13 |  |  | 5,366 |  |  | 2,246 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pacific Northwest |  | 3 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 441 |
Northern California |  | 4 |  |  | 1,198 |  |  | 661 |
Southern California |  | 1 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 278 |
Southeast Florida |  | 1 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 95 |
Denver, CO |  | 3 |  |  | 978 |  |  | 325 |
Total |  | 28 |  |  | 9,786 |  |  | $ | 4,202 |

____________________________________

(1) | Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred to date (if any) and projected to be incurred to develop the respective community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, as well as costs incurred for first generation retail tenants such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions.

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Insurance and Risk of Uninsured Losses
We maintain commercial general liability insurance and property insurance with respect to all of our communities. These policies, along with other insurance policies we maintain, have policy specifications, insured and self-insured limits, exclusions and deductibles that we consider commercially reasonable. There are, however, certain types of losses (including, but not limited to, losses arising from nuclear liability, pandemic or acts of war) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical. You should carefully review the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for a discussion of risks associated with an uninsured property or casualty loss.
Many of our West Coast communities are located in the general vicinity of active earthquake faults. Many of our communities are near, and thus susceptible to, the major fault lines in California, including the San Andreas Fault, the Hayward Fault or other geological faults that are known or unknown. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than our current insured levels. We procure property damage and resulting business interruption insurance coverage with a loss limit of $175,000,000 for any single occurrence and in the annual aggregate for losses resulting from earthquakes. However, for any losses resulting from earthquakes at communities located in California or Washington, the loss limit is $200,000,000 for any single occurrence and in the annual aggregate. The deductible applicable to losses resulting from earthquakes occurring in California is five percent of the insured value of each damaged building subject to a minimum of $100,000 and a maximum of $25,000,000 per loss. Limits, deductibles, self-insured retentions and coverages may increase or decrease annually during the insurance renewal process which occurs on different dates throughout the calendar year.
Our communities are insured for certain property damage and business interruption losses through a combination of community specific insurance policies and/or a master property insurance program which covers the majority of our communities. This master property program provides a $400,000,000 limit for any single occurrence, subject to certain sublimits and exclusions. Under the master property program, we are subject to a $100,000 deductible per occurrence, as well as additional self-insured retention for the next $350,000 of loss, per occurrence, until the aggregate incurred self-insured retention exceeds $1,500,000 for the policy year.
Our communities are insured for third-party liability losses through a combination of community specific insurance policies and/or coverage provided under a master commercial general liability and umbrella/excess insurance program. The master commercial general liability and umbrella/excess insurance policies cover the majority of our communities and are subject to certain coverage limitations and exclusions, and they require a self-insured retention of $500,000 per occurrence.
We also maintain certain casualty policies (general liability, umbrella/excess and workers compensation) for construction related risks which have various exclusions and deductibles that, in management’s view, are commercially reasonable. Certain projects are insured through our master insurance policies while others are insured through project-specific insurance policies. The limits vary by project and may be subject to deductibles up to $1,500,000 per occurrence.
We utilize a wholly-owned captive insurance company to insure certain types and amounts of risks, which includes property damage and resulting business interruption losses, general liability insurance and other construction related liability risks. In addition to our potential liability for the various policy self-insured retentions and deductibles, our captive insurance company is directly responsible for (i) 100% of the first $25,000,000 of losses (per occurrence) and 10% of the second $25,000,000 of losses (per occurrence) incurred by the master property insurance policy and (ii) covered liability claims arising out of our primary commercial general liability policy, subject to a $2,000,000 per occurrence loss limit. The captive is utilized to insure other limited levels of risk, which may be in part reinsured by third party insurance.
Just as with office buildings, transportation systems and government buildings, there have been reports that apartment communities could become targets of terrorism. Our communities are insured for terrorism related losses through the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (“TRIPRA”) program. This coverage extends to most of our casualty exposures (subject to deductibles and insured limits) and certain property insurance policies. We have also purchased private-market insurance for property damage due to terrorism with limits of $600,000,000 per occurrence and in the annual aggregate that includes certain coverages (not covered under TRIPRA) such as domestic-based terrorism. This insurance, often referred to as “non-certified” terrorism insurance, is subject to deductibles, limits and exclusions.
An additional consideration for insurance coverage and potential uninsured losses is mold growth or other environmental contamination. Mold growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. If a significant mold problem arises at one of our communities, we could be required to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected community and could be exposed to other liabilities. For further discussion of the risks and our related prevention and
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remediation activities, please refer to the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors - We may incur costs due to environmental contamination or non-compliance” of our Form 10-K. We cannot provide assurance that we will have coverage under our existing policies for property damage or liability to third parties arising as a result of exposure to mold or a claim of exposure to mold at one of our communities.
We also carry crime policies (also commonly referred to as a fidelity policy or employee dishonesty policy) and limited cyber liability insurance. The crime policies protect us, up to $30,000,000 per occurrence (subject to sublimits and exclusions), from employee theft of money, securities or property. The limited cyber liability insurance is part of our professional liability coverage and has limits of $15,000,000 per occurrence and in the annual aggregate. The cyber liability coverage protects us from certain claims arising out of data breach, wrongful acts, data privacy issues and media liability.
The amount or types of insurance we maintain may not be sufficient to cover all losses.
Inflation and Deflation
Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally minimize our risk from the adverse effect of inflation, although these leases generally permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term and therefore expose us to the effect of a decline in market rents. Similarly, in a deflationary rent environment, we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under these shorter-term leases.
Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "assume," "project," "plan," "may," "shall," "will" and other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:

• | our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;

• | the timing and cost of completion of apartment communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;

• | the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of apartment communities;

• | the timing and net sales proceeds of condominium sales;

• | the pursuit of land on which we are considering future development;

• | the anticipated operating performance of our communities;

• | cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;

• | the impact of landlord-tenant laws and rent regulations;

• | our declaration or payment of dividends;

• | our joint venture and discretionary fund activities;

• | our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;

• | our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code;

• | the real estate markets in Northern and Southern California, Denver, Colorado, and Southeast Florida, and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, New England, Metro New York/New Jersey and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;

• | the availability of debt and equity financing;

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• | interest rates;

• | general economic conditions including the potential impacts from current economic conditions and the COVID-19 pandemic;

• | trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations; and

• | the impact of outstanding legal proceedings.

We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for further discussion of risks associated with forward-looking statements.
Risks and uncertainties that might cause such differences include those related to the COVID-19 pandemic, about which there are many uncertainties, including (i) the duration and severity of the pandemic and (ii) the effect on the multifamily industry and the general economy of measures taken by businesses and the government to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus and relieve economic distress of consumers, such as governmental limitations on the ability of multifamily owners to evict residents who are delinquent in the payment of their rent. Due to this uncertainty we are not able at this time to estimate the effect of these factors on our business, but the adverse impact of the pandemic on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be material. In addition, the effects of the pandemic are likely to heighten the following risks, which we routinely face in our business:

• | we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third-parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;

• | we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;

• | construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;

• | we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;

• | the timing and net proceeds of condominium sales may not equal our current expectations;

• | occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;

• | financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;

• | the impact of new landlord-tenant laws and rent regulations may be greater than we expected;

• | our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;

• | we may be unsuccessful in our management of joint ventures and the REIT vehicles that are used with certain joint ventures;

• | we may be unsuccessful in managing changes in our portfolio composition;

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• | laws and regulations implementing rent control or rent stabilization, or otherwise limiting our ability to increase rents, charge fees or evict tenants, may impact our revenue or increase our costs;

• | our expectations, estimates and assumptions as of the date of this filing regarding outstanding legal proceedings are subject to change; and

• | the likelihood that we may choose to pay dividends in our stock instead of cash, which may result in stockholders having to pay taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash received, if any.

Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements. Our critical accounting policies consist of the following: (i) cost capitalization and (ii) abandoned pursuit costs and asset impairment. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the discussion of our significant accounting policies found in Management's Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations in our Form 10-K.
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ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk since December 31, 2019.

ITEM 4. | CONTROL AND PROCEDURES

(a) | Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.
We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

(b) | Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.

None.

PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Following the filing of a petition by Local 30 of the International Union of Operating Engineers ("Local 30"), on April 23, 2019 an election was held among our non-management, onsite maintenance associates at our Westchester County, New York operating communities, and the associates elected to be represented by Local 30 in collective bargaining. The Company is contesting the election on various grounds. On May 28, 2020, the Company filed a request with the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) in Washington D.C. asking it to review the decisions by the local hearing officer and a regional director for the NLRB that rejected the Company’s objections. The Company does not believe that this matter and the possible representation by Local 30 of our maintenance associates in Westchester County will have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or its results of operations.
The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." The risks described in our Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future. The risk factors set forth below update, and should be read together with, the risk factors described in our 2019 Form 10-K.
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The current COVID-19 pandemic, or the future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases, could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance.
Since its discovery in December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus has spread from China to many other countries, including the United States, and has caused the spread of the COVID-19 respiratory disease. As a result of the outbreak, the World Health Organization has declared a pandemic, the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary has declared a public health emergency in the United States which was most recently renewed as of July 25, 2020, and many state governors, including in the states where we do business, have declared states of emergency. Considerable uncertainty still surrounds the ultimate impact and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effectiveness of any responses taken on a national and local level, the availability of supplies and testing to address the pandemic, the response time for obtaining test results, the potential and timing for development of effective treatments or vaccines and the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, measures taken to date to limit the impact and spread of COVID-19, including social distancing and other restrictions on travel, congregation and business operations, have already resulted in significant negative economic impacts, including the impacts on the Company described in this report. The long-term impact of COVID-19 on the United States and world economies remains uncertain, and the duration, scope and significance of any resulting economic downturn cannot currently be predicted.
The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, and the ongoing extent of its effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain or mitigate its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and related containment measures, among others. The COVID-19 pandemic presents material uncertainty and risk with respect to our performance, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance. Moreover, many of the risk factors set forth in the Form 10-K should be interpreted as heightened risks as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, if in the future there is an outbreak of another highly infectious or contagious disease, the Company and our properties may be subject to similar risks as posed by COVID-19.
Impact of COVID-19 on Our Operations
Our operating results depend, in large part, on revenues derived from leasing apartment homes in our communities to residential tenants, the ability of our residents to earn sufficient income to pay their rents in a timely manner, the extent to which we waive late and other customary fees associated with the apartment rental process, and our ability to limit uncollectible lease revenue and maintain operating results by evicting and re-leasing apartment homes when residents remain delinquent in their payment of rent. The market and economic challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic, and governmental measures implemented to prevent its spread and cushion the economic impact on consumers, may adversely affect our revenues, net income and NOI, returns on investment and profitability and, as a result, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders or to realize appreciation in the value of our properties. Operating impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic include the following:

• | The spread of the COVID-19 virus and related government actions could result in further increases in unemployment, and residents that experience deteriorating financial conditions as a result of the pandemic may be unwilling or unable to pay rent in full on a timely basis. In some cases, we may have to restructure tenants’ rent obligations and may not be able to do so on terms as favorable to us as those currently in place. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous state, local, and federal efforts have also imposed restrictions, for varying times and to varying degrees, on our ability to enforce residents’ contractual lease obligations, and this will affect our ability (until a restriction is lifted or expires) to collect rent or enforce all our remedies (such as eviction) for the failure to pay rent. In addition to these regulatory limits on evictions, in practical terms many of the housing courts and sheriff’s offices on which we rely to enforce our rights are not operating at the same level of volume or effectiveness as before the pandemic.

• | In the event of resident nonpayment, default or bankruptcy, the uncollectibility of rent could increase and we may not be able to re-lease apartment homes at current or projected rents. Our occupancy levels and pricing across our portfolio may decline due to changes in demand or logistical challenges in showing or leasing apartment homes to prospective residents, including restrictions inhibiting our employees’ ability to meet with existing or potential residents.

• | Various state, local and federal rules have required us, in some jurisdictions or for some properties, to waive late fees and certain other customary fees associated with our apartment rental business, and may do so in the future. We have elected at times to also waive these fees even where or when not required, and may do so in the future. These requirements or practices have resulted, and to the extent implemented or continued, may in the future result in foregone revenue.

• | Our properties may also incur significant costs or losses related to shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders, quarantines, infection, clean-up costs or other related factors.

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• | The pandemic may depress demand among consumers for our apartments for a variety of reasons. Consumers whose income has declined, who are working remotely or who cannot freely access neighborhood amenities like restaurants, gyms and entertainment venues, may decide during the pandemic to live somewhere other than our markets. Low interest rates that are caused by the pandemic and government responses may encourage consumers who would otherwise rent to seek out single family ownership. Additionally, during the pandemic we expect that demand from students and corporate apartment homes may remain below pre-pandemic levels if institutions of higher learning turn to online education or business activity and travel remain at lower levels than before the pandemic.

• | Social distancing and other measures in response to the pandemic have caused us to revise the manner in which we meet with prospective residents and serve current residents. For example, many prospective residents are visiting apartments virtually or on a self-tour rather than being accompanied by a leasing consultant. In addition, in many communities various common area amenities are closed. These factors may affect resident satisfaction and leasing velocity.

In addition to renting apartment homes directly to residents, we also lease ancillary retail space at our communities and lease apartment homes to corporate apartment home providers. In 2019, 1.4% of our total revenue was from commercial retail tenants and 3.4% of our total residential revenue was from corporate apartment home providers. We are experiencing a higher rate of delinquency from commercial retail and corporate apartment home tenants than from residential tenants. There may also be a greater risk of bankruptcy and default from commercial retail and corporate apartment home providers.
Until such time as the virus is contained or eradicated and commerce and employment return to more customary levels, we may experience material reductions in our operating revenue and NOI.
Emergency orders shutting down non-essential businesses, limiting congregations of people, and requiring social distancing have also disrupted our development and construction activity. At times we have had to temporarily cease or slow down construction at various of our Development Communities. To the extent we experience cessations or delays in construction, our construction costs may increase and we may not achieve, on the schedule we originally planned, the cash flows that we expect when we begin leasing a completed property. We may also delay the start of construction of additional development communities which, if constructed and leased as originally planned, would have been a source of future additional cash flow.
The same factors as described immediately above as impacting the pace of our development may also impact our workforce. Many associates, particularly in overhead positions, are working remotely. This disruption in the normal operations of our workforce, as well as the possibility of illness among our key associates or a substantial portion of our workforce, could also adversely affect our operations.
Impact of COVID-19 on Liquidity and Financing
As a result of the current economic downturn, the real estate market may be unable to attract the same level of capital investment that it attracted before the COVID-19 pandemic, and there may be a reduction in the number of companies seeking to acquire properties, which may result in the value of our properties not appreciating, or decreasing significantly below the amount for which we acquired or developed them. This may also limit our ability to sell our properties, realize a cash return on our investment and reinvest the sales proceeds in new properties.
In light of the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, bank lending, capital and other financial markets and sources may deteriorate and our access to capital and other sources of funding may become constrained, which could adversely affect the availability and terms of future borrowings, renewals or refinancings. A constriction on lending by financial institutions could reduce the number of properties we can develop, redevelop or acquire, our cash flow from operations and our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.
We may in the future choose to pay taxable dividends in our stock instead of cash, in which case stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of the cash dividends they receive. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors - We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case stockholders may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash they receive" of our Form 10-K for discussion.
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ITEM 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | (b) Average Price Paid Per Share |  | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (d) Maximum Dollar Amount that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)(3)
April 1 - April 30, 2020 |  | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 147.17 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
May 1 - May 31, 2020 |  | 86 |  |  | $ | 158.44 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
June 1 - June 30, 2020 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |

___________________________________

(1) | Reflects shares surrendered to the Company in connection with exercise of stock options as payment of exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants.

(2) | As of July 31, 2020, the maximum dollar amount that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs was $500,000,000.

(3) | As disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, represents remaining repurchase authority as of the indicated month end under the Amended 2005 Stock Repurchase Program. In July 2020, the Board of Directors voted to terminate the Amended 2005 Stock Repurchase Program and approve the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program, under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000. Purchases of common stock under the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program may be exercised from time to time in the Company’s discretion and in such amounts as market conditions warrant. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2020 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice.

ITEM 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  |  |  | Description
3(i).1 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).2 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).3 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2013.)
3(i).4 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 14, 2020. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).4 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 15, 2020.)
3(ii).1 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on November 12, 2015, and as further amended on February 16, 2017, November 9, 2017, and May 6, 2019. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii).1 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 6, 2019.)
31.1 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.)
31.2 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.)
32 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.)
101 |  | — |  | The following financial materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (iv) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (Filed herewith.)
104 |  | — |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). (Filed herewith.)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
Date: | August 5, 2020 | /s/ Timothy J. Naughton
|  | Timothy J. Naughton
|  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | August 5, 2020 | /s/ Kevin P. O'Shea
|  | Kevin P. O'Shea
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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