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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______
Commission file number: 1-12672
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 77-0404318
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4040 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1000
Arlington, Virginia 22203
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(703) 329-6300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | AVB |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve (12) months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date:
139,897,351 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of October 31, 2022.

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| PAGE
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2021 | 1
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 AND 2021 | 2
| CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 AND 2021 | 3
| NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) | 5
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 27
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 52
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 52
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 52
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS | 52
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 53
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 53
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 53
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION | 53
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS | 54
SIGNATURES | 55

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| 9/30/2022 |  | 12/31/2021
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |
Land and improvements | $ | 4,625,920 |  |  | $ | 4,564,723 |
Buildings and improvements | 18,587,869 |  |  | 18,198,584 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 1,130,525 |  |  | 1,036,640 |
| 24,344,314 |  |  | 23,799,947 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (6,671,984) |  |  | (6,208,610) |
Net operating real estate | 17,672,330 |  |  | 17,591,337 |
Construction in progress, including land | 1,014,252 |  |  | 807,101 |
Land held for development | 167,277 |  |  | 147,546 |
For-sale condominium inventory | 38,509 |  |  | 146,535 |
Real estate assets held for sale, net | 56,275 |  |  | 17,065 |
Total real estate, net | 18,948,643 |  |  | 18,709,584 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 200,999 |  |  | 420,251 |
Cash in escrow | 286,127 |  |  | 123,537 |
Resident security deposits | 36,958 |  |  | 33,757 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities | 217,265 |  |  | 216,390 |
Deferred development costs | 54,806 |  |  | 40,414 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 274,272 |  |  | 211,484 |
Right of use lease assets | 145,700 |  |  | 146,599 |
Total assets | $ | 20,164,770 |  |  | $ | 19,902,016 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Unsecured notes, net | $ | 7,254,365 |  |  | $ | 7,349,394 |
Variable rate unsecured credit facility and commercial paper | 49,985 |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, net | 713,609 |  |  | 754,153 |
Dividends payable | 225,437 |  |  | 225,392 |
Payables for construction | 72,585 |  |  | 63,722 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 338,661 |  |  | 296,006 |
Lease liabilities | 165,051 |  |  | 166,497 |
Accrued interest payable | 67,061 |  |  | 50,300 |
Resident security deposits | 63,506 |  |  | 59,787 |
Liabilities related to real estate assets held for sale | 1,067 |  |  | 304 |
Total liabilities | 8,951,327 |  |  | 8,965,555 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 2,855 |  |  | 3,368 |
Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; zero shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 139,828,342 and 139,751,926 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively | 1,399 |  |  | 1,398 |
Additional paid-in capital | 10,738,715 |  |  | 10,716,414 |
Accumulated earnings less dividends | 466,888 |  |  | 240,821 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 3,035 |  |  | (26,106) |
Total stockholders' equity | 11,210,037 |  |  | 10,932,527 |
Noncontrolling interests | 551 |  |  | 566 |
Total equity | 11,210,588 |  |  | 10,933,093 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 20,164,770 |  |  | $ | 19,902,016 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 663,889 |  |  | $ | 580,079 |  |  | $ | 1,920,721 |  |  | $ | 1,691,273 |
Management, development and other fees | 1,399 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 3,054 |  |  | 2,380 |
Total revenue | 665,288 |  |  | 580,774 |  |  | 1,923,775 |  |  | 1,693,653 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 165,580 |  |  | 148,704 |  |  | 473,281 |  |  | 430,377 |
Property taxes | 75,091 |  |  | 72,332 |  |  | 216,695 |  |  | 212,518 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 6,514 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 9,865 |  |  | 1,900 |
Interest expense, net | 57,290 |  |  | 55,987 |  |  | 172,613 |  |  | 164,704 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,646 |  |  | 17,890 |  |  | 1,646 |  |  | 17,768 |
Depreciation expense | 206,658 |  |  | 193,791 |  |  | 607,746 |  |  | 561,560 |
General and administrative expense | 14,611 |  |  | 17,313 |  |  | 53,323 |  |  | 53,130 |
Casualty and impairment loss | — |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,117 |
Total expenses | 527,390 |  |  | 508,374 |  |  | 1,535,169 |  |  | 1,445,074 |
Income from investments in unconsolidated entities | 43,777 |  |  | 6,867 |  |  | 46,574 |  |  | 32,959 |
Gain on sale of communities | 318,289 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 467,493 |  |  | 388,354 |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | 15 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 2,002 |
Net for-sale condominium activity | 304 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 469 |  |  | (1,402) |
Income before income taxes | 500,283 |  |  | 81,026 |  |  | 903,237 |  |  | 670,492 |
Income tax expense | (5,651) |  |  | (2,179) |  |  | (7,963) |  |  | (1,434) |
Net income | 494,632 |  |  | 78,847 |  |  | 895,274 |  |  | 669,058 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 115 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 32 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 494,747 |  |  | $ | 78,914 |  |  | $ | 895,482 |  |  | $ | 669,090 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on cash flow hedges | 8,188 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | 26,102 |  |  | 1,188 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 1,013 |  |  | 7,405 |  |  | 3,039 |  |  | 12,138 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 503,948 |  |  | $ | 88,329 |  |  | $ | 924,623 |  |  | $ | 682,416 |
Earnings per common share - basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 3.54 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | $ | 4.79 |
Earnings per common share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 3.53 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | $ | 4.79 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

| For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 895,274 |  |  | $ | 669,058 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation expense | 607,746 |  |  | 561,560 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 6,022 |  |  | 5,519 |
Amortization of debt discount | 2,080 |  |  | 1,998 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,646 |  |  | 17,768 |
Amortization of stock-based compensation | 26,774 |  |  | 20,660 |
Equity in (income) loss of, and return on, unconsolidated entities and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations | (4,180) |  |  | 4,290 |
Real estate casualty loss | — |  |  | 2,802 |
Abandonment of development pursuits | 4,069 |  |  | 685 |
Unrealized gain on terminated cash flow hedges | — |  |  | (2,654) |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | 3,039 |  |  | 6,874 |
Gain on sale of real estate assets | (505,650) |  |  | (413,661) |
Gain on sale of for-sale condominiums | (2,113) |  |  | (2,051) |
Decrease in resident security deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets | (22,511) |  |  | (20,555) |
Increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable | 68,244 |  |  | 59,449 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,080,440 |  |  | 911,742 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs | (681,937) |  |  | (476,307) |
Acquisition of real estate assets, including partnership interest | (459,695) |  |  | (392,746) |
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets | (117,812) |  |  | (105,621) |
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets | (5,667) |  |  | (4,689) |
Increase (decrease) in payables for construction | 8,863 |  |  | (35,639) |
Proceeds from sale of real estate, net of selling costs | 768,781 |  |  | 576,973 |
Proceeds from the sale of for-sale condominiums, net of selling costs | 111,047 |  |  | 98,752 |
Note receivable lending | (15,584) |  |  | (118) |
Note receivable payments | 4,021 |  |  | 1,556 |
Distributions from unconsolidated entities | 50,990 |  |  | 62,157 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities | (11,496) |  |  | (40,071) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (348,489) |  |  | (315,753) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Issuance of common stock, net | 1,962 |  |  | 7,011 |
Dividends paid | (667,393) |  |  | (666,420) |
Net borrowings under unsecured credit facility and commercial paper | 49,985 |  |  | — |
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties | (43,131) |  |  | (35,688) |
Issuance of unsecured notes | — |  |  | 699,167 |
Repayment of unsecured notes | (100,000) |  |  | (462,147) |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (11,953) |  |  | (5,281) |
Receipt for termination of forward interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 4,751 |
Payment to noncontrolling interest | (38) |  |  | (45) |
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation | (16,872) |  |  | (13,409) |
Distributions to DownREIT partnership unitholders | (36) |  |  | (36) |
Distributions to joint venture and profit-sharing partners | (277) |  |  | (234) |
Preferred interest obligation redemption and dividends | (860) |  |  | (1,340) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (788,613) |  |  | (473,671) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow | (56,662) |  |  | 122,318 |
Cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow, beginning of period | 543,788 |  |  | 313,532 |
Cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow, end of period | $ | 487,126 |  |  | $ | 435,850 |
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized | $ | 144,833 |  |  | $ | 127,575 |

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands):

|  | For the nine months ended
|  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 200,999 |  |  | $ | 322,294 |
Cash in escrow |  | 286,127 |  |  | 113,556 |
Cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | $ | 487,126 |  |  | $ | 435,850 |

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022:
•As described in Note 4, "Equity," the Company issued 136,115 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 54,053 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock, and the remaining 82,062 shares valued at $19,286,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 2,057 shares valued at $461,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 72,132 shares valued at $16,872,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 3,235 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $689,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.
•Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $223,638,000.
•The Company recorded an increase of $33,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.
•The Company recorded (i) an increase to prepaid expenses and other assets of $26,102,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss and (ii) reclassified $3,039,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2021:
•The Company issued 153,379 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 56,545 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock, and the remaining 96,834 shares valued at $17,187,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 2,223 shares valued at $423,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 75,542 shares valued at $13,409,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 3,077 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $595,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.
•Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $223,380,000.
•The Company recorded an increase of $789,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.
•The Company recorded an increase to prepaid expense and other assets of $3,399,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss, and reclassified $6,874,000 and $5,264,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense, net, and loss on extinguishment of debt, net, respectively, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Basis of Presentation
AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries) is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion markets of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado.
At September 30, 2022, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 293 operating apartment communities containing 88,405 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 18 communities were under development and one was under redevelopment. The Company also has an ownership interest in The Park Loggia. The Park Loggia contains 172 for-sale residential condominiums and 66,000 square feet of commercial space, of which 161 condominiums have been sold and the leasing of the commercial space has been completed as of September 30, 2022. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 34 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 11,451 apartment homes.
The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.
Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash in Escrow
Cash and cash equivalents includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Cash in escrow includes principal reserve funds that are restricted for the repayment of specified secured financing and amounts the Company has designated for planned 1031 exchange activity. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow are held at major commercial banks.
Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Basic and diluted shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 139,640,421 |  |  | 139,386,413 |  |  | 139,610,205 |  |  | 139,338,800 |
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |
Effect of dilutive securities | 334,038 |  |  | 343,812 |  |  | 346,467 |  |  | 298,769 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 139,981,959 |  |  | 139,737,725 |  |  | 139,964,172 |  |  | 139,645,069 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 494,747 |  |  | $ | 78,914 |  |  | $ | 895,482 |  |  | $ | 669,090 |
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares | (888) |  |  | (160) |  |  | (1,662) |  |  | (1,443) |
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted | $ | 493,859 |  |  | $ | 78,754 |  |  | $ | 893,820 |  |  | $ | 667,647 |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 139,640,421 |  |  | 139,386,413 |  |  | 139,610,205 |  |  | 139,338,800 |
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 3.54 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | $ | 4.79 |
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 494,747 |  |  | $ | 78,914 |  |  | $ | 895,482 |  |  | $ | 669,090 |
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships, including discontinued operations | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 36 |
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 494,759 |  |  | $ | 78,926 |  |  | $ | 895,518 |  |  | $ | 669,126 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 139,981,959 |  |  | 139,737,725 |  |  | 139,964,172 |  |  | 139,645,069 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 3.53 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | $ | 4.79 |

Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amount of 9,793 were outstanding as of September 30, 2022, but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because such options were anti-dilutive for the period. All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of interest expense, net. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding hedged item. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
Legal and Other Contingencies
The Company is involved in various claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
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Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate
The Company accounts for acquisitions of real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which first requires that the Company determine if the real estate investment is the acquisition of an asset or a business combination. Under either model, the Company must identify and determine the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the allocation of the purchase price is based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be asset acquisitions.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.
For-Sale Condominium Inventory
The Company presents for-sale condominium inventory at historical cost and evaluates the condominiums for impairment when potential indicators exist, as further discussed in Note 5, "Investments."
Income Taxes
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense of $5,651,000 and $7,963,000, respectively, primarily related to the condominium dispositions at The Park Loggia and other taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS") activity.
Leases
The Company is party to leases as both a lessor and a lessee, primarily as follows:
•lessor of residential and commercial space within its apartment communities; and
•lessee under (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and certain commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for its corporate headquarters and regional offices.
Lessee Considerations
The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments. Lease payments included in the lease liability include only fixed lease payments. For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determined the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease by lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of the lease agreements.
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Lessor Considerations
The Company has determined that the residential and commercial leases at its apartment communities are operating leases. For leases that include rent concessions and/or fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s commercial leases have renewal options which the Company will only include in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option.
For the Company’s leases, which are comprised of a lease component and common area maintenance as a non-lease component, the Company determined that (i) the leases are operating leases, (ii) the lease component is the predominant component and (iii) all components of its operating leases share the same timing and pattern of transfer.
Revenue and Gain Recognition
Under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of goods and services to customers for consideration that the Company expects to receive. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and commercial rental and other lease income, which are accounted for as discussed above, under "Leases". The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for under ASC 842, Leases, include (i) management, development and other fees, (ii) rental and non-rental related income and (iii) gains or losses on the sale of real estate.
The following table details the Company’s revenue disaggregated by reportable operating segment, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Segment information for total revenue excludes real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2021 through September 30, 2022, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2022, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities" (dollars in thousands):

|  | Same Store |  | Other Stabilized |  | Development/ Redevelopment |  | Non- allocated (1) |  | Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 1,399 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 2,201 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,341 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 2,201 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 1,399 |  |  | 4,740 |
Lease income (4) |  | 572,581 |  |  | 55,840 |  |  | 24,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 653,233 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 574,782 |  |  | $ | 56,888 |  |  | $ | 24,904 |  |  | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 657,973 |
For the three months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | 695 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 1,883 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,377 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 1,883 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 3,072 |
Lease income (4) |  | 511,898 |  |  | 32,176 |  |  | 11,992 |  |  | — |  |  | 556,066 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 513,781 |  |  | $ | 32,601 |  |  | $ | 12,061 |  |  | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | 559,138 |

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|  | Same Store |  | Other Stabilized |  | Development/ Redevelopment |  | Non- allocated (1) |  | Total
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,054 |  |  | $ | 3,054 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 6,763 |  |  | 2,396 |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,396 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 6,763 |  |  | 2,396 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 3,054 |  |  | 12,450 |
Lease income (4) |  | 1,665,157 |  |  | 148,802 |  |  | 63,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,877,215 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,671,920 |  |  | $ | 151,198 |  |  | $ | 63,493 |  |  | $ | 3,054 |  |  | $ | 1,889,665 |
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,380 |  |  | $ | 2,380 |
Rental and non-rental related income (2) |  | 5,483 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 181 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,964 |
Total non-lease revenue (3) |  | 5,483 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 2,380 |  |  | 9,344 |
Lease income (4) |  | 1,497,270 |  |  | 79,147 |  |  | 27,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,604,320 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,502,753 |  |  | $ | 80,447 |  |  | $ | 28,084 |  |  | $ | 2,380 |  |  | $ | 1,613,664 |

__________________________________
(1)Revenue represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment.
(2)Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, including but not limited to, apartment hold fees and application fees, as well as revenue streams not related to leasing activities, including but not limited to, vendor revenue sharing, building advertising, vending and dry cleaning revenue.
(3)Represents revenue accounted for under ASC 606.
(4)Represents residential and commercial rental and other lease income, accounted for under ASC 842.
Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there were no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of September 30, 2022.
Uncollectible Lease Revenue Reserves
The Company assesses the collectability of its lease revenue and receivables on an on-going basis, (i) assessing the probability of receiving all lease amounts due on a lease by lease basis, (ii) reserving all amounts for those leases where collection of substantially all of the remaining lease payments is not probable and (iii) subsequently, will only recognize revenue to the extent cash is received. If the Company determines that collection of the remaining lease payments becomes probable at a future date, the Company will recognize the cumulative revenue that would have been recorded under the original lease agreement.
In addition to the specific reserves recognized under ASC 842, the Company also evaluates its lease receivables for collectability at a portfolio level under ASC 450, Contingencies – Loss Contingencies. The Company recognizes a reserve under ASC 450 when the uncollectible revenue is probable and reasonably estimable. The Company applies this reserve to the population of the Company’s revenue and receivables not specifically addressed as part of the specific ASC 842 reserve.
The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs, for its residential and commercial portfolios of $10,607,000 and $8,586,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $31,267,000 and $42,295,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, under ASC 842 and ASC 450.
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2. Interest Capitalized
The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $9,131,000 and $7,862,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $24,424,000 and $25,023,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
3. Debt
The Company's debt, which consists of unsecured notes, variable rate unsecured term loans (the "Term Loans"), mortgage notes payable, the Credit Facility and the Commercial Paper Program, each as defined below, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities").

| 9/30/2022 |  | 12/31/2021
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1) | $ | 7,150,000 |  |  | $ | 7,150,000 |
Term Loans (1) | 150,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 270,677 |  |  | 306,281 |
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2) | 457,350 |  |  | 464,150 |
Total mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes and Term Loans | 8,028,027 |  |  | 8,170,431 |
Credit Facility | — |  |  | — |
Commercial paper | 49,985 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 8,078,012 |  |  | $ | 8,170,431 |

_____________________________________
(1)Balances at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 exclude $8,784 and $10,033, respectively, of debt discount, and $36,851 and $40,573, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2)Balances at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 exclude $12,696 and $13,528, respectively, of debt discount, and $1,722 and $2,750, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following debt activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022:
•In February 2022, the Company repaid its $100,000,000 variable rate unsecured term loan at par upon maturity.
•In March 2022, the Company established an unsecured commercial paper note program (the “Commercial Paper Program”). Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, the Company may issue, from time to time, unsecured commercial paper notes with varying maturities of less than one year. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be issued, repaid and re-issued from time to time, with the maximum aggregate face or principal amount outstanding at any one time not to exceed $500,000,000. The Commercial Paper Program is backstopped by the Company's commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program. The Company had $49,985,000 outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program as of September 30, 2022.
•In September 2022, the Company repaid $35,276,000 principal amount of its secured fixed rate debt with an effective rate of 6.16% in advance of the October 2047 scheduled maturity, recognizing a loss on debt extinguishment of $1,399,000, composed of prepayment penalties and the non-cash write off of unamortized deferred financing costs.
•In September 2022, the Company entered into the Sixth Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of banks, which replaces its prior credit facility dated as of February 28, 2019. The amended and restated Credit Facility (i) increased the borrowing capacity from $1,750,000,000 to $2,250,000,000, (ii) extended the term of the Credit Facility from February 28, 2024 to September 27, 2026, with two six-month extension options available to the Company, provided the Company is not in default and upon payment of a $1,406,000 extension fee, (iii) amended certain provisions, notably to reduce the capitalization rate used to derive certain financial
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covenants from 6.0% to 5.75% and (iv) transitioned the benchmark rate from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). The Company may elect to expand the Credit Facility to $3,000,000,000, provided that one or more banks (from the syndicate or otherwise) voluntarily agree to provide the additional commitment. No member of the syndicate of banks can prohibit the increase, which will only be effective to the extent banks (from the syndicate or otherwise) choose to commit to lend additional funds.
The interest rate that would be applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility is 3.81% at September 30, 2022 and is composed of (i) SOFR, applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.825% per annum, which consists of a 0.10% SOFR adjustment plus 0.725% per annum, assuming a one month term SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.65% to SOFR plus 1.40% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured and unsubordinated long-term indebtedness. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.125% of the borrowing capacity under the facility, which can vary from 0.10% to 0.30% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured and unsubordinated long-term indebtedness. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases by meeting or missing targets related to environmental sustainability, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually beginning in July 2023. The Credit Facility also contains a competitive bid option that is available for borrowings of up to 65% of the Credit Facility amount. This option allows banks that are part of the lender consortium to bid to provide the Company loans at a rate that is lower than the stated pricing provided by the Credit Facility. The competitive bid option may result in lower pricing than the stated rate if market conditions allow.
Prior to the amended and restated Credit Facility, the Company's cost of borrowing was comprised of LIBOR plus 0.775% and an annual facility fee at 0.125%, both as determined by the Company's credit ratings.
The Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $6,914,000 and $11,969,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced the borrowing capacity as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. After taking into account its Commercial Paper Program and letters of credit, the Company had $2,193,101,000 available under the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2022. In addition, the Company had $45,182,000 and $39,581,000 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from March 2027 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $1,189,325,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of September 30, 2022).
The weighted average interest rate of the Company's fixed rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 3.4% and 3.7% at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's variable rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt), including the effect of certain financing related fees, was 4.1% and 1.7% at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
In addition to the Commercial Paper Program, scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at September 30, 2022 were as follows (dollars in thousands):
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Year |  | Secured notes principal payments |  | Secured notes maturities |  | Unsecured notes and Term Loan maturities |  | Stated interest rate of unsecured notes and Term Loan
2022 |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
2023 |  | 8,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 4.200 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 2.850 | %
2024 |  | 9,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | LIBOR + 0.85%
2025 |  | 9,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | 3.450 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 3.500 | %
2026 |  | 10,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | 2.950 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 2.900 | %
2027 |  | 12,900 |  |  | 236,100 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 3.350 | %
2028 |  | 17,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 3.200 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | 1.900 | %
2029 |  | 8,500 |  |  | 66,250 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 3.300 | %
2030 |  | 9,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | 2.300 | %
2031 |  | 9,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 2.450 | %
Thereafter |  | 84,288 |  |  | 245,289 |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | 2.050 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 3.900 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 4.150 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 4.350 | %
|  | $ | 180,388 |  |  | $ | 547,639 |  |  | $ | 7,300,000 |  |  |

The Company was in compliance at September 30, 2022 with customary covenants under the Credit Facility, the Commercial Paper Program, the Term Loan and the indentures under which the Company's unsecured notes were issued.
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4. Equity
The following summarizes the changes in equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated earnings less dividends |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total stockholder's equity |  | Noncontrolling interests |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 1,398 |  |  | $ | 10,716,414 |  |  | $ | 240,821 |  |  | $ | (26,106) |  |  | $ | 10,932,527 |  |  | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | 10,933,093 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 262,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 262,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 262,044 |
Gain on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,155 |  |  | 10,155 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,155 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,013 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |
Noncontrolling interest distribution and income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | (10) |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222,373) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,373) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,373) |
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 1 |  |  | (14,263) |  |  | (1,501) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,763) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,763) |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 9,176 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,176 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 10,711,327 |  |  | $ | 278,948 |  |  | $ | (14,938) |  |  | $ | 10,976,736 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 10,977,292 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 138,691 |  |  | — |  |  | 138,691 |  |  | — |  |  | 138,691 |
Gain on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,759 |  |  | 7,759 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,759 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,013 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |
Noncontrolling interest distribution and income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222,772) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,772) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,772) |
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | — |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,683 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 14,183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,183 |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 10,727,193 |  |  | $ | 195,035 |  |  | $ | (6,166) |  |  | $ | 10,917,461 |  |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 10,918,011 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 494,747 |  |  | — |  |  | 494,747 |  |  | — |  |  | 494,747 |
Gain on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,188 |  |  | 8,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,188 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,013 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (158) |  |  | — |  |  | (158) |  |  | — |  |  | (158) |
Noncontrolling interest distribution and income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222,753) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,753) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,753) |
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | — |  |  | (384) |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | (367) |  |  | — |  |  | (367) |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 11,906 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,906 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,906 |
Balance at September 30, 2022 | $ | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 10,738,715 |  |  | $ | 466,888 |  |  | $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | 11,210,037 |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | 11,210,588 |

The following summarizes the changes in equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (dollars in thousands):
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| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated earnings less dividends |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total stockholder's equity |  | Noncontrolling interests |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 1,395 |  |  | $ | 10,664,416 |  |  | $ | 126,022 |  |  | $ | (40,250) |  |  | $ | 10,751,583 |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 10,752,174 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 142,223 |  |  | — |  |  | 142,223 |  |  | — |  |  | 142,223 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,367 |  |  | 2,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,367 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (273) |  |  | — |  |  | (273) |  |  | — |  |  | (273) |
Noncontrolling interest distribution and income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | (16) |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (221,779) |  |  | — |  |  | (221,779) |  |  | — |  |  | (221,779) |
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | 1 |  |  | (14,037) |  |  | 958 |  |  | — |  |  | (13,078) |  |  | — |  |  | (13,078) |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 7,286 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,286 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,286 |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 1,396 |  |  | $ | 10,657,665 |  |  | $ | 47,151 |  |  | $ | (37,883) |  |  | $ | 10,668,329 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 10,668,904 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 447,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 447,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 447,953 |
Loss on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (822) |  |  | (822) |  |  | — |  |  | (822) |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | 2,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,366 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (255) |  |  | — |  |  | (255) |  |  | — |  |  | (255) |
Noncontrolling interest distribution and income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (7) |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222,451) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,451) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,451) |
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | — |  |  | 2,496 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,496 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,496 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 10,403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,403 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,403 |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | $ | 1,396 |  |  | $ | 10,670,564 |  |  | $ | 272,398 |  |  | $ | (36,339) |  |  | $ | 10,908,019 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | 10,908,587 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,914 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,914 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,914 |
Gain on cash flow hedges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,010 |
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,405 |  |  | 7,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,405 |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (261) |  |  | — |  |  | (261) |  |  | — |  |  | (261) |
Noncontrolling interest distribution and income allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.59 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (222,475) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,475) |  |  | — |  |  | (222,475) |
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings | — |  |  | 4,633 |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,606 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,606 |
Amortization of deferred compensation | — |  |  | 9,442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,442 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,442 |
Balance at September 30, 2021 | $ | 1,396 |  |  | $ | 10,684,639 |  |  | $ | 128,549 |  |  | $ | (26,924) |  |  | $ | 10,787,660 |  |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 10,788,230 |

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.
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During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company:
i.issued 4,304 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;
ii.issued 2,057 shares of common stock through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;
iii.issued 136,115 shares of common stock in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock;
iv.withheld 72,132 shares of common stock to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities;
v.issued 9,307 shares of common stock through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan; and
vi.canceled 3,235 shares of restricted common stock upon forfeiture.
Deferred compensation granted under the Company's Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 does not impact the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements until recognized as compensation cost.
In July 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000 (the "2020 Stock Repurchase Program"). Purchases of common stock under the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program may be exercised at the Company’s discretion with the timing and number of shares repurchased depending on a variety of factors, including price, corporate and regulatory requirements and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2020 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had no repurchases of shares under this program. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $316,148,000 remaining authorized for purchase under this program.
In May 2019, the Company commenced a fifth continuous equity program ("CEP V") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company's common stock and the Company's determinations of the appropriate funding sources. The Company engaged sales agents for CEP V who receive compensation of up to 1.5% of the gross sales price for shares sold. The Company expects that, if entered into, it will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case the Company will receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the forward sale price. However, the Company may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, the Company will pay the forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 1.5% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company had no sales under this program. In December 2021, the Company entered into forward contracts under CEP V to sell 68,577 shares of common stock for approximate proceeds of $16,000,000 net of offering fees and discounts and based on the initial forward price (see Note 12, "Subsequent Events"). The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement after adjustments for the Company's dividends and a daily interest factor. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $705,961,000 remaining authorized for issuance under CEP V, after consideration of the forward contracts.
In addition to CEP V, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 2,000,000 shares of its common stock in connection with forward contracts entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers. Assuming full physical settlement of the forward contracts, which the Company expects to occur no later than December 31, 2023, the Company will receive approximate proceeds of $494,200,000 net of offering fees and discounts and based on the initial forward price. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for the Company's dividends and a daily interest factor during the term of the forward contracts.
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5. Investments
Unconsolidated Investments
As of September 30, 2022, the Company had investments in seven unconsolidated real estate entities with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 50.0% and other unconsolidated investments including property technology and environmentally focused companies and investment management funds. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated entities under the equity method of accounting or under the measurement alternative with the carrying amount of the investment adjusted to fair value when there is an observable transaction for the same or similar investment of the same issuer indicating a change in fair value. The significant accounting policies of the Company's unconsolidated real estate investments are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects. Certain of these investments are subject to various buy‑sell provisions or other rights which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements. The Company and its partners in these entities may initiate these provisions to either sell the Company's interest or acquire the interest from the Company's partner.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund") sold its final three communities:
•Avalon Grosvenor Tower, located in Bethesda, MD, which contains 237 apartment homes and was sold for $95,250,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP was $9,187,000. In conjunction with the disposition of Avalon Grosvenor Tower, the U.S. Fund repaid a $39,060,000 secured note at par.
•Avalon Studio 4121, located in Studio City, CA, which contains 149 apartment homes and was sold for $76,000,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP was $9,236,000. In conjunction with the disposition of Avalon Studio 4121, the U.S. Fund repaid a $25,768,000 secured note at par.
•Avalon Station 250, located in Dedham, MA, which contains 285 apartment homes and was sold for $142,250,000. The Company's share of the gain in accordance with GAAP was $19,639,000. In advance of the disposition of Avalon Station 250, the U.S. Fund repaid a $50,385,000 secured note at par.
The Company has an equity interest of 28.6% in the U.S. Fund, and during the three months ended September 30, 2022, in conjunction with the final dispositions, achieved a threshold return resulting in an incentive distribution for the promoted interest based on the returns earned by the U.S. Fund. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized income of $4,690,000 for the promoted interest, which is reported as a component of income from investments in unconsolidated entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company acquired three wholly-owned communities:
•Avalon Flatirons, located in Lafayette, CO, which contains 207 apartment homes and 16,000 square feet of commercial space, was acquired for $95,000,000.
•Waterford Court, located in Addison, TX, which contains 196 apartment homes, was acquired for $69,500,000.
•Avalon Miramar Park Place, located in Miramar, FL, which contains 650 apartment homes, was acquired for $295,000,000.
The Company accounted for these purchases as asset acquisitions and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their relative fair values based on the purchase price and acquisition costs incurred. The Company used third party pricing or internal models for the value of the land, a valuation model for the value of the building, and an internal model to determine the fair value of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, debt, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.
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Structured Investment Program
In April 2022, the Company established its Structured Investment Program (the “SIP”), a new investment platform through which the Company provides mezzanine loans or preferred equity to third-party multifamily developers. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company entered into commitments for three mezzanine loans of up to $92,375,000 in the aggregate. These commitments are to fund multifamily development projects in the Company's existing markets. At September 30, 2022, the Company had funded $15,514,000 of these commitments.
The Company evaluates each commitment under the SIP to determine the classification as a loan or an investment in a real estate development project. As of September 30, 2022, all of the commitments under the SIP are classified as loans. The Company includes amounts outstanding under the SIP as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates the credit risk for each loan on an ongoing basis, estimating the reserve for credit losses using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Market-based historical credit loss data provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with adjustments, if necessary, for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as the amount of equity capital provided by a borrower, nature of the real estate being developed or other factors.
For the three existing loans, interest is recognized as earned as interest income, included as a component of interest expense, net, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs
The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities when future development is probable ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any non-recoverable capitalized pre-development costs are expensed. The Company expensed $6,514,000 and $417,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $9,865,000 and $1,900,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for costs related to development pursuits not yet considered probable for development and the abandonment of Development Rights, as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition or disposition of assets for which such acquisition and disposition activity did not occur. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The amount for 2022 includes the write-off of $5,335,000 related to a Development Right in the Pacific Northwest that the Company determined is no longer probable. These costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.
Casualty and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized a charge of $1,971,000 for the property and casualty damages across several communities in its East Coast markets related to severe storms, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized a charge of $1,146,000 for the property and casualty damages resulting from a fire at an operating community, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
The Company evaluates its for-sale condominium inventory for potential indicators of impairment, considering whether the fair value of the individual for-sale condominium units exceeds the carrying value of those units. For-sale condominium inventory is stated at the lower of cost or fair value. The Company determines the fair value of its for-sale condominium inventory as the estimated sales price less direct costs to sell. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses on its for-sale condominium inventory.
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The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for both development and investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize any impairment charges on its investment in land.
The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both the extent and amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. There were no other than temporary impairment losses recognized for any of the Company's investments in unconsolidated real estate entities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.
6. Real Estate Disposition Activities
The following real estate sales occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Community name |  | Location |  | Period of sale |  | Apartment homes |  | Gross sales price |  | Gain on disposition (1)
Avalon West Long Branch |  | West Long Branch, NJ |  | Q122 |  | 180 |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 56,434 |
Avalon Ossining |  | Ossining, NY |  | Q122 |  | 168 |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 40,512 |
Avalon East Norwalk |  | Norwalk, CT |  | Q122 |  | 240 |  | $ | 90,000 |  |  | $ | 51,762 |
Avalon Green I/Avalon Green II/Avalon Green III |  | Elmsford, NY |  | Q322 |  | 617 |  | $ | 306,000 |  |  | $ | 196,466 |
Avalon Del Mar Station |  | Pasadena, CA |  | Q322 |  | 347 |  | $ | 172,300 |  |  | $ | 77,141 |
Avalon Sharon |  | Sharon, MA |  | Q322 |  | 156 |  | $ | 65,650 |  |  | $ | 44,355 |

_________________________________
(1) Gain on disposition was reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
At September 30, 2022, the Company had one real estate asset that qualified as held for sale.
The Park Loggia
The Park Loggia, located in New York, NY, contains 172 for-sale residential condominiums and 66,000 square feet of commercial space. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 10 and 38 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia for gross proceeds of $38,991,000 and $120,328,000, respectively, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $644,000 and $2,113,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, there were 11 residential condominiums remaining to be sold. The Company incurred $340,000 and $1,187,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1,644,000 and $3,453,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in marketing, operating and administrative costs. All amounts are included in net for-sale condominium activity, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the unsold for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia had an aggregate carrying value of $38,509,000 and $146,535,000, respectively, presented as for-sale condominium inventory on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Obligations
The Company owns seven apartment communities and two commercial properties, located on land subject to ground leases expiring between July 2046 and April 2106. The Company has purchase options for all ground leases expiring prior to 2062. The ground leases for six of the seven apartment communities and the two commercial properties are operating leases, with rental expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition, the Company is party to 12 leases for its corporate and regional offices with varying terms through 2031, all of which are operating leases.
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As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had total operating lease assets of $117,181,000 and $118,370,000, respectively, and lease obligations of $144,969,000 and $146,377,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company incurred costs of $3,987,000 and $3,905,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and $11,657,000 and $11,628,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to operating leases.
The Company has one apartment community located on land subject to a ground lease and four leases for portions of parking garages adjacent to apartment communities, that are finance leases. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had total finance lease assets of $28,519,000 and $28,229,000, respectively, and total finance lease obligations of $20,082,000 and $20,120,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
8. Segment Reporting
The Company's reportable operating segments include Same Store, Other Stabilized and Development/Redevelopment. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change. In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.
The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") for assessing each segment's performance. The Company's CODM is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Same Store communities and Other Stabilized communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from investments in unconsolidated entities, depreciation expense, income tax expense, casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net, net for-sale condominium activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The CODM evaluates the Company's financial performance on a consolidated residential and commercial basis. The commercial results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other nonresidential operations represent 2.5% and 1.8% of total NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 2.1% and 1.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.
A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Net income | $ | 494,632 |  |  | $ | 78,847 |  |  | $ | 895,274 |  |  | $ | 669,058 |
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 29,374 |  |  | 25,322 |  |  | 88,119 |  |  | 74,110 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 6,514 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 9,865 |  |  | 1,900 |
Interest expense, net | 57,290 |  |  | 55,987 |  |  | 172,613 |  |  | 164,704 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,646 |  |  | 17,890 |  |  | 1,646 |  |  | 17,768 |
General and administrative expense | 14,611 |  |  | 17,313 |  |  | 53,323 |  |  | 53,130 |
Income from investments in unconsolidated entities | (43,777) |  |  | (6,867) |  |  | (46,574) |  |  | (32,959) |
Depreciation expense | 206,658 |  |  | 193,791 |  |  | 607,746 |  |  | 561,560 |
Income tax expense | 5,651 |  |  | 2,179 |  |  | 7,963 |  |  | 1,434 |
Casualty and impairment loss | — |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,117 |
Gain on sale of communities | (318,289) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (467,493) |  |  | (388,354) |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (15) |  |  | (1,543) |  |  | (95) |  |  | (2,002) |
Net for-sale condominium activity | (304) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (469) |  |  | 1,402 |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (4,839) |  |  | (13,147) |  |  | (21,847) |  |  | (48,913) |
Net operating income | $ | 449,152 |  |  | $ | 371,913 |  |  | $ | 1,300,071 |  |  | $ | 1,075,955 |

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 7,315 |  |  | $ | 21,636 |  |  | $ | 34,110 |  |  | $ | 79,989 |
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (2,476) |  |  | (8,489) |  |  | (12,263) |  |  | (31,076) |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | $ | 4,839 |  |  | $ | 13,147 |  |  | $ | 21,847 |  |  | $ | 48,913 |

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.
The following table details the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2022. Segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2021 through September 30, 2022, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2022, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."
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| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended |  |
| Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Total revenue |  | NOI |  | Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 89,107 |  |  | $ | 59,271 |  |  | $ | 254,661 |  |  | $ | 168,041 |  |  | $ | 2,874,594 |
Metro NY/NJ | 120,111 |  |  | 81,824 |  |  | 344,785 |  |  | 237,804 |  |  | 4,108,778 |
Mid-Atlantic | 85,255 |  |  | 56,583 |  |  | 247,977 |  |  | 167,338 |  |  | 3,196,309 |
Southeast Florida | 9,661 |  |  | 6,374 |  |  | 28,171 |  |  | 18,522 |  |  | 398,306 |
Denver, CO | 6,891 |  |  | 4,905 |  |  | 19,869 |  |  | 14,531 |  |  | 321,354 |
Pacific Northwest | 37,379 |  |  | 26,273 |  |  | 107,987 |  |  | 76,596 |  |  | 1,295,468 |
Northern California | 102,955 |  |  | 73,498 |  |  | 300,171 |  |  | 214,269 |  |  | 3,674,996 |
Southern California | 123,423 |  |  | 85,311 |  |  | 368,299 |  |  | 258,552 |  |  | 4,304,711 |
Total Same Store | 574,782 |  |  | 394,039 |  |  | 1,671,920 |  |  | 1,155,653 |  |  | 20,174,516 |
Other Stabilized | 56,888 |  |  | 38,364 |  |  | 151,198 |  |  | 101,175 |  |  | 2,890,645 |
Development / Redevelopment | 24,904 |  |  | 16,749 |  |  | 63,493 |  |  | 43,243 |  |  | 2,177,648 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 167,277 |
Non-allocated (2) | 1,399 |  |  | N/A |  | 3,054 |  |  | N/A |  | 154,266 |
Total | $ | 657,973 |  |  | $ | 449,152 |  |  | $ | 1,889,665 |  |  | $ | 1,300,071 |  |  | $ | 25,564,352 |
For the period ended September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Store |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New England | $ | 77,754 |  |  | $ | 48,696 |  |  | $ | 226,516 |  |  | $ | 144,116 |  |  | $ | 2,840,108 |
Metro NY/NJ | 104,940 |  |  | 70,459 |  |  | 308,252 |  |  | 209,265 |  |  | 4,079,405 |
Mid-Atlantic | 78,284 |  |  | 51,391 |  |  | 231,341 |  |  | 154,252 |  |  | 3,167,632 |
Southeast Florida | 8,152 |  |  | 5,026 |  |  | 23,099 |  |  | 13,772 |  |  | 395,594 |
Denver, CO | 6,070 |  |  | 4,011 |  |  | 17,576 |  |  | 11,965 |  |  | 320,214 |
Pacific Northwest | 32,344 |  |  | 22,079 |  |  | 93,911 |  |  | 63,493 |  |  | 1,286,674 |
Northern California | 92,636 |  |  | 64,562 |  |  | 277,571 |  |  | 195,136 |  |  | 3,629,269 |
Southern California | 113,601 |  |  | 77,831 |  |  | 324,487 |  |  | 220,527 |  |  | 4,250,958 |
Total Same Store | 513,781 |  |  | 344,055 |  |  | 1,502,753 |  |  | 1,012,526 |  |  | 19,969,854 |
Other Stabilized | 32,601 |  |  | 20,612 |  |  | 80,447 |  |  | 47,909 |  |  | 2,092,971 |
Development / Redevelopment | 12,061 |  |  | 7,246 |  |  | 28,084 |  |  | 15,520 |  |  | 1,411,995 |
Land Held for Development | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | 66,769 |
Non-allocated (2) | 695 |  |  | N/A |  | 2,380 |  |  | N/A |  | 278,779 |
Total | $ | 559,138 |  |  | $ | 371,913 |  |  | $ | 1,613,664 |  |  | $ | 1,075,955 |  |  | $ | 23,820,368 |

__________________________________
(1)Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $78,662 as of September 30, 2022 and gross real estate either sold or classified as held for sale subsequent to September 30, 2021 of $555,942.
(2)Revenue represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment. Gross real estate includes the for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, as discussed in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."
9. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
As part of its long-term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock under the 2009 Plan. Details of the outstanding awards and activity under the 2009 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 are presented below.
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Stock Options:

|  | 2009 Plan options |  | Weighted average exercise price per option
Options Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 299,149 |  |  | $ | 178.71 |
Granted (1) |  | 9,793 |  |  | 236.14 |
Exercised |  | (4,304) |  |  | 141.41 |
Forfeited |  | (6,459) |  |  | 180.32 |
Options Outstanding at September 30, 2022 |  | 298,179 |  |  | $ | 181.10 |
Options Exercisable at September 30, 2022 |  | 10,899 |  |  | $ | 151.38 |

__________________________________
(1)Grants are from recipient elections to receive a portion of earned restricted stock awards in the form of stock options.
Performance Awards:

|  | Performance awards |  | Weighted average grant date fair value per award (1)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 284,522 |  |  | $ | 214.73 |
Granted (2) |  | 72,783 |  |  | 254.75 |
Change in awards based on performance (3) |  | (20,356) |  |  | 200.92 |
Converted to shares of common stock |  | (54,053) |  |  | 217.33 |
Forfeited |  | (3,829) |  |  | 230.36 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2022 |  | 279,067 |  |  | $ | 225.46 |

__________________________________
(1)Weighted average grant date fair value per award includes the impact of post grant modifications.
(2)The shares of common stock that may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics for the Company's common stock for 39,972 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 32,811 performance awards.
(3)Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on performance achievement.
The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. For the awards granted in 2022, the assumptions used are as follows:

|  | 2022
Dividend yield |  | 2.7%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1) |  | 16.1% - 36.8%
Risk free rate |  | 0.72% - 1.68%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure |  | $271.98

__________________________________
(1)Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.
For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2022 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on an average grant date value of $233.94, and the Company's estimate of corporate achievement for the financial metrics.
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Restricted Stock:

|  | Restricted stock shares |  | Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share |  | Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 157,066 |  |  | $ | 192.90 |  |  | 74,627 |
Granted - restricted stock shares |  | 82,062 |  |  | 235.02 |  |  | — |
Vested - restricted stock shares |  | (75,880) |  |  | 197.03 |  |  | (48,031) |
Forfeited |  | (3,149) |  |  | 218.12 |  |  | (86) |
Outstanding at September 30, 2022 |  | 160,099 |  |  | $ | 212.03 |  |  | 26,510 |

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $26,958,000 and $19,965,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $8,434,000 and $6,899,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At September 30, 2022, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $40,221,000 for unvested restricted stock, stock options and performance awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. Forfeitures are included in compensation cost as they occur.
10. Related Party Arrangements
Unconsolidated Entities
The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $1,399,000 and $695,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $3,054,000 and $2,380,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the Company had outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management roles of $5,337,000 and $3,964,000 as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Director Compensation
The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock units in the amount of $553,000 and $516,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1,642,000 and $1,457,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock units to non-employee directors was $1,150,000 and $696,000 on September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
11. Fair Value
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses Hedging Derivatives to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group, and monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of September 30, 2022, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
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The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

| Non-designated Hedges | Cash Flow Hedges
| Interest Rate Caps | Interest Rate Swaps
Notional balance | $ | 402,670 | $ | 150,000
Weighted average interest rate (1) | 4.1 | % | N/A
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate | 6.1 | % | 1.4 | %
Earliest maturity date | January 2024 | November 2022
Latest maturity date | November 2026 | November 2022

____________________________________
(1)For debt hedged by interest rate caps, represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt prior to any impact of the associated interest rate caps.
As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $150,000,000 in aggregate outstanding pay fixed interest rate swap agreements that were entered into as hedges of changes in interest rates for our anticipated future debt issuance activity. The Company expects to cash settle the swaps and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that the Company issues the debt as expected, the hedging impact from these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.
The Company had five derivatives not designated as hedges at September 30, 2022 for which the fair value changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were not material. The Company did not have any derivatives designated as fair value hedges as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.
The following table summarizes the deferred losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings (dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings | $ | 1,013 |  |  | $ | 7,405 |  |  | $ | 3,039 |  |  | $ | 12,138 |

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $4,051,000 of net hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months as an offset to the hedged item during this period.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The Company issued and has outstanding 7,500 units of limited partnership interest in a DownREIT which can be presented for cash redemption as determined by the partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreement, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company's common stock on or about the date of redemption. In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares of the Company's common stock. The limited partnership units in the DownREIT are valued using the market price of the Company's common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy.
Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
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Other Financial Instruments
Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.
Indebtedness
The Company values its fixed rate unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its mortgage notes payable, variable rate unsecured notes, including the Term Loans, and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its mortgage notes payable, variable rate unsecured notes, Term Loans and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

|  | 9/30/2022
Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non Designated Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets |  | 29,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,324 |  |  | — |
DownREIT units |  | (1,382) |  |  | (1,382) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate unsecured notes |  | (6,280,228) |  |  | (6,280,228) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable, Commercial Paper Program and variable rate unsecured note |  | (655,522) |  |  | — |  |  | (655,522) |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (6,907,086) |  |  | $ | (6,281,610) |  |  | $ | (625,476) |  |  | $ | — |

|  | 12/31/2021
Description |  | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non Designated Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Caps |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets |  | 3,204 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,204 |  |  | — |
DownREIT units |  | (1,895) |  |  | (1,895) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Indebtedness |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate unsecured notes |  | (7,624,560) |  |  | (7,624,560) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable and variable rate unsecured notes |  | (940,779) |  |  | — |  |  | (940,779) |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (8,563,805) |  |  | $ | (7,626,455) |  |  | $ | (937,350) |  |  | $ | — |

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12. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.
In October 2022, the Company acquired Avalon Highland Creek, a 260 apartment home community in Charlotte, NC, for $76,700,000.
In October 2022, the Company settled the outstanding forward contracts entered into in December 2021 under CEP V, selling 68,577 shares of common stock for $229.34 per share, for net proceeds of $15,727,000.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" included in this report. Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" as well as the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the "Form 10-K") and in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report.
Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
Executive Overview
Business Description
We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate multifamily apartment communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in our expansion markets of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado. We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe historically have been characterized by growing employment in high wage sectors of the economy, higher home ownership cost and a diverse and vibrant quality of life. We believe these market characteristics have offered and will continue to offer the opportunity for superior long-term risk-adjusted returns on apartment community investments relative to other markets that do not have these characteristics. We seek to create long-term shareholder value by accessing cost effective capital; deploying that capital to develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in our markets; leveraging our scale and competencies in technology and data science to operate apartment communities; and selling communities when they no longer meet our long-term investment strategy or when pricing is attractive.
Our strategic vision is to be the leading apartment company in select U.S. markets, providing a range of distinctive living experiences that customers value. We pursue this vision by targeting what we believe are among the best markets and submarkets, leveraging our strategic capabilities in market research and consumer insight with disciplined capital allocation and balance sheet management. Our communities are predominately upscale and generally command among the highest rents in their markets. However, we also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services. We regularly evaluate the market allocation of our investments by current market value and share of total revenue and NOI, as well as relative asset value and submarket positioning.
Third Quarter 2022 Operating Highlights
•Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2022 was $494,747,000, an increase of $415,833,000, or 526.9%, from the prior year period. The increase is primarily due to an increase in real estate sales and related gains and an increase in NOI from communities, over the prior year period.
•Same Store NOI attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue ("Residential"), for the three months ended September 30, 2022 was $388,397,000, an increase of $48,991,000, or 14.4%, over the prior year period. The increase over the prior year period was due to an increase in Residential rental revenues of $60,008,000, or 11.8%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $10,990,000, or 6.5%.
Third Quarter 2022 Development Highlights
At September 30, 2022, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in:
•17 wholly-owned communities under construction, which are expected to contain 5,427 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $2,277,000,000, and one unconsolidated community under construction, which is expected to contain 475 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $276,000,000.
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•Land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 34 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain 11,451 apartment homes and will be developed for an aggregate projected total capitalized cost of $5,115,000,000.
Third Quarter 2022 Real Estate Transaction Highlights
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we sold five wholly-owned communities containing 1,120 apartment homes for $543,950,000 for a gain in accordance with GAAP of $317,962,000.
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we acquired Avalon Miramar Park Place, located in Miramar, FL, which contains 650 apartment homes for a purchase price of $295,000,000.
In addition, in October 2022, we acquired Avalon Highland Creek, located in Charlotte, NC, containing 260 apartment homes for a purchase price of $76,700,000.
Communities Overview
Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities ("Current Communities"), consolidated and unconsolidated communities in various stages of development ("Development" communities and "Unconsolidated Development" communities) and Development Rights (as defined below). Our Current Communities are further classified as Same Store communities, Other Stabilized communities, Lease-Up communities, Redevelopment communities and Unconsolidated communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change. The following is a description of each category:
Current Communities are categorized as Same Store, Other Stabilized, Lease-Up, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:
•Same Store is composed of consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. For the nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Same Store communities are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2021, are not conducting or are not probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale as of September 30, 2022 or probable for disposition to unrelated third parties within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.
•Other Stabilized is composed of completed consolidated communities that we own and that are not Same Store but that had stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2022, or which were acquired subsequent to January 1, 2021. Other Stabilized includes stabilized wholly-owned communities in Charlotte, North Carolina and Dallas, Texas, the two new expansion markets we entered in 2021, but excludes communities that are conducting or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year, as defined below.
•Lease-Up is composed of consolidated communities where construction has been complete for less than one year and that do not have stabilized occupancy.
•Redevelopment is composed of consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is probable to begin during the current year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when (i) capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community's pre-redevelopment basis and (ii) physical occupancy is below or is expected to be below 90% during, or as a result of, the redevelopment activity.
•Unconsolidated is composed of communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.
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Development is composed of consolidated communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.
Unconsolidated Development is composed of communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year, in which we have an indirect ownership interest through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.
Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.
We currently lease our corporate headquarters located in Arlington, Virginia, as well as our other regional and administrative offices, under operating leases.
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As of September 30, 2022, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:

|  | Number of communities |  | Number of apartment homes
Current Communities |  |  |  |
Same Store: |  |  |  |
New England |  | 37 |  |  | 9,618 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 39 |  |  | 11,641 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 37 |  |  | 12,577 |
Southeast Florida |  | 4 |  |  | 1,214 |
Denver, CO |  | 4 |  |  | 1,086 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 18 |  |  | 4,807 |
Northern California |  | 40 |  |  | 12,126 |
Southern California |  | 56 |  |  | 16,422 |
Total Same Store |  | 235 |  |  | 69,491 |
Other Stabilized: |  |  |  |
New England |  | 3 |  |  | 253 |
Metro NY/NJ |  | 3 |  |  | 1,354 |
Mid-Atlantic |  | 5 |  |  | 1,691 |
North Carolina |  | 3 |  |  | 500 |
Southeast Florida |  | 4 |  |  | 1,623 |
Texas |  | 2 |  |  | 621 |
Denver, CO |  | 1 |  |  | 207 |
Pacific Northwest |  | 2 |  |  | 667 |
Northern California |  | 1 |  |  | 200 |
Southern California |  | 2 |  |  | 849 |
Total Other Stabilized |  | 26 |  |  | 7,965 |
Lease-Up |  | 5 |  |  | 2,086 |
Redevelopment |  | 1 |  |  | 714 |
Unconsolidated |  | 8 |  |  | 2,247 |
Total Current |  | 275 |  |  | 82,503 |
Development |  | 17 |  |  | 5,427 |
Unconsolidated Development |  | 1 |  |  | 475 |
Total Communities |  | 293 |  |  | 88,405 |
Development Rights |  | 34 |  |  | 11,451 |

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Results of Operations
Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in Same Store NOI; NOI derived from acquisitions, development completions and development under construction and in lease-up; loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. See also Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” A comparison of our operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental and other income | $ | 663,889 |  |  | $ | 580,079 |  |  | $ | 83,810 |  |  | 14.4 | % |  | $ | 1,920,721 |  |  | $ | 1,691,273 |  |  | $ | 229,448 |  |  | 13.6 | %
Management, development and other fees | 1,399 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 704 |  |  | 101.3 | % |  | 3,054 |  |  | 2,380 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 28.3 | %
Total revenue | 665,288 |  |  | 580,774 |  |  | 84,514 |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | 1,923,775 |  |  | 1,693,653 |  |  | 230,122 |  |  | 13.6 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes | 134,810 |  |  | 122,691 |  |  | 12,119 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 382,119 |  |  | 353,905 |  |  | 28,214 |  |  | 8.0 | %
Property taxes | 75,091 |  |  | 72,332 |  |  | 2,759 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 216,695 |  |  | 212,518 |  |  | 4,177 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total community operating expenses | 209,901 |  |  | 195,023 |  |  | 14,878 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 598,814 |  |  | 566,423 |  |  | 32,391 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses | (30,770) |  |  | (26,013) |  |  | (4,757) |  |  | 18.3 | % |  | (91,162) |  |  | (76,472) |  |  | (14,690) |  |  | 19.2 | %
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | (6,514) |  |  | (417) |  |  | (6,097) |  |  | N/A (1) |  | (9,865) |  |  | (1,900) |  |  | (7,965) |  |  | 419.2 | %
Interest expense, net | (57,290) |  |  | (55,987) |  |  | (1,303) |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | (172,613) |  |  | (164,704) |  |  | (7,909) |  |  | 4.8 | %
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | (1,646) |  |  | (17,890) |  |  | 16,244 |  |  | (90.8) | % |  | (1,646) |  |  | (17,768) |  |  | 16,122 |  |  | (90.7) | %
Depreciation expense | (206,658) |  |  | (193,791) |  |  | (12,867) |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | (607,746) |  |  | (561,560) |  |  | (46,186) |  |  | 8.2 | %
General and administrative expense | (14,611) |  |  | (17,313) |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | (15.6) | % |  | (53,323) |  |  | (53,130) |  |  | (193) |  |  | 0.4 | %
Casualty and impairment loss | — |  |  | (1,940) |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | — |  |  | (3,117) |  |  | 3,117 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Income from investments in unconsolidated entities | 43,777 |  |  | 6,867 |  |  | 36,910 |  |  | 537.5 | % |  | 46,574 |  |  | 32,959 |  |  | 13,615 |  |  | 41.3 | %
Gain on sale of communities | 318,289 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 318,231 |  |  | N/A (1) |  | 467,493 |  |  | 388,354 |  |  | 79,139 |  |  | 20.4 | %
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | 15 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | (1,528) |  |  | (99.0) | % |  | 95 |  |  | 2,002 |  |  | (1,907) |  |  | (95.3) | %
Net for-sale condominium activity | 304 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 92.4 | % |  | 469 |  |  | (1,402) |  |  | 1,871 |  |  | N/A (1)
Income before income taxes | 500,283 |  |  | 81,026 |  |  | 419,257 |  |  | 517.4 | % |  | 903,237 |  |  | 670,492 |  |  | 232,745 |  |  | 34.7 | %
Income tax expense | (5,651) |  |  | (2,179) |  |  | (3,472) |  |  | 159.3 | % |  | (7,963) |  |  | (1,434) |  |  | (6,529) |  |  | 455.3 | %
Net income | 494,632 |  |  | 78,847 |  |  | 415,785 |  |  | 527.3 | % |  | 895,274 |  |  | 669,058 |  |  | 226,216 |  |  | 33.8 | %
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 115 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 71.6 | % |  | 208 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 550.0 | %
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 494,747 |  |  | $ | 78,914 |  |  | $ | 415,833 |  |  | 526.9 | % |  | $ | 895,482 |  |  | $ | 669,090 |  |  | $ | 226,392 |  |  | 33.8 | %

_________________________
(1)Percent change is not meaningful.
Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $415,833,000, or 526.9%, to $494,747,000 and $226,392,000, or 33.8%, to $895,482,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are primarily due to increases in real estate sales and related gains and increases in NOI from communities, over the prior year periods.
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NOI is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from investments in unconsolidated entities, depreciation expense, income tax expense, casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net, net for-sale condominium activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale.
NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Residential NOI represents results attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue. Reconciliations of NOI and Residential NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Net income | $ | 494,632 |  |  | $ | 78,847 |  |  | $ | 895,274 |  |  | $ | 669,058 |
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income | 29,374 |  |  | 25,322 |  |  | 88,119 |  |  | 74,110 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries | 6,514 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 9,865 |  |  | 1,900 |
Interest expense, net | 57,290 |  |  | 55,987 |  |  | 172,613 |  |  | 164,704 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net | 1,646 |  |  | 17,890 |  |  | 1,646 |  |  | 17,768 |
General and administrative expense | 14,611 |  |  | 17,313 |  |  | 53,323 |  |  | 53,130 |
Income from investments in unconsolidated entities | (43,777) |  |  | (6,867) |  |  | (46,574) |  |  | (32,959) |
Depreciation expense | 206,658 |  |  | 193,791 |  |  | 607,746 |  |  | 561,560 |
Income tax expense | 5,651 |  |  | 2,179 |  |  | 7,963 |  |  | 1,434 |
Casualty and impairment loss | — |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,117 |
Gain on sale of communities | (318,289) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (467,493) |  |  | (388,354) |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (15) |  |  | (1,543) |  |  | (95) |  |  | (2,002) |
Net for-sale condominium activity | (304) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (469) |  |  | 1,402 |
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale | (4,839) |  |  | (13,147) |  |  | (21,847) |  |  | (48,913) |
NOI | 449,152 |  |  | 371,913 |  |  | 1,300,071 |  |  | 1,075,955 |
Commercial NOI (1) | (11,005) |  |  | (6,672) |  |  | (26,902) |  |  | (17,381) |
Residential NOI | $ | 438,147 |  |  | $ | 365,241 |  |  | $ | 1,273,169 |  |  | $ | 1,058,574 |

_________________________
(1)Represents results attributable to the commercial and other non-residential operations at our communities ("Commercial").
The Residential NOI changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 consist of changes in the following categories (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2022
Same Store | $ | 48,991 |  |  | $ | 139,367 |
Other Stabilized | 14,648 |  |  | 47,941 |
Development / Redevelopment | 9,267 |  |  | 27,287 |
Total | $ | 72,906 |  |  | $ | 214,595 |

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The increase in our Same Store Residential NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is due to increases in Residential rental revenue of $60,008,000, or 11.8%, and $165,244,000, or 11.1%, respectively, partially offset by increases in Residential property operating expenses of $10,990,000, or 6.5%, and $25,987,000, or 5.3%, over the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
Our results of operations in future periods may be impacted directly or indirectly by uncertainties such as the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (the "Pandemic") and the recent increases in inflation. If the financial condition of our residents and commercial tenants deteriorates, and/or regulations that limit our ability to evict residents and tenants continue or are adopted in response to future developments related to the Pandemic, that may result in higher than normal uncollectible lease revenue. The Pandemic may also depress consumer demand for our apartments for a variety of reasons, including (i) if consumers decide to live in markets that are less costly than ours for one or more reasons, such as a decline in their income or remote working arrangements; (ii) that consumers who would otherwise rent may seek home ownership; and (iii) ongoing downward pressures on demand for certain types of housing (e.g., corporate apartment homes) or by certain consumers (e.g., students or consumers who require seasonal job-related demand such as in the entertainment industry).
Increases in inflation can result in an increase in our operating costs, including utilities and payroll, both at our communities and at the corporate level. Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally reduce our risk from the adverse effect of inflation, although these leases also permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term. In addition, inflation could cause our construction and cost of other capitalized expenditures to increase, impacting the expected economic return of, and expected operating results for, current and planned development activity.
Rental and other income increased $83,810,000, or 14.4%, and $229,448,000, or 13.6%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the increased rental revenue from our stabilized wholly-owned communities, discussed below.
Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes for consolidated communities increased to 77,369 apartment homes for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 75,354 homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly rental revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $2,754 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $2,491 in the prior year period.
The increase in Same Store rental revenue is due to (i) an increase in Same Store Residential rental revenue of $60,008,000, or 11.8%, and $165,244,000, or 11.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, and (ii) an increase in Same Store Commercial rental revenue of $1,018,000, or 18.6%, and $3,811,000, or 26.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods.
The following table presents the change in Same Store Residential rental revenue, including the attribution of the change between average rental revenue per occupied home and Economic Occupancy for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

| For the nine months ended September 30, 2022
| Residential rental revenue |  | Average rental revenue per occupied home |  | Economic Occupancy (1)
|  |  |  | $ Change | % Change |  |  |  |  | % Change |  |  | % Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 to 2021 |  | 2022 to 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 to 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 to 2021
New England | $ | 253,700 |  |  | $ | 226,073 |  |  | $ | 27,627 |  |  | 12.2 | % |  | $ | 3,017 |  |  | $ | 2,716 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 97.1 | % |  | 96.0 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Metro NY/NJ | 340,309 |  |  | 304,461 |  |  | 35,848 |  |  | 11.8 | % |  | 3,370 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 96.4 | % |  | 96.3 | % |  | 0.1 | %
Mid-Atlantic | 245,571 |  |  | 229,366 |  |  | 16,205 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 2,275 |  |  | 2,131 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 95.4 | % |  | 95.1 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Southeast Florida | 28,124 |  |  | 23,055 |  |  | 5,069 |  |  | 22.0 | % |  | 2,692 |  |  | 2,194 |  |  | 22.7 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 96.3 | % |  | (0.7) | %
Denver, CO | 19,867 |  |  | 17,573 |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | 2,119 |  |  | 1,863 |  |  | 13.7 | % |  | 95.9 | % |  | 96.5 | % |  | (0.6) | %
Pacific Northwest | 104,431 |  |  | 90,303 |  |  | 14,128 |  |  | 15.6 | % |  | 2,528 |  |  | 2,190 |  |  | 15.4 | % |  | 95.5 | % |  | 95.3 | % |  | 0.2 | %
Northern California | 296,828 |  |  | 275,155 |  |  | 21,673 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 2,835 |  |  | 2,628 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 95.9 | % |  | 95.9 | % |  | — | %
Southern California | 363,467 |  |  | 321,067 |  |  | 42,400 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 2,547 |  |  | 2,250 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 96.6 | % |  | 96.6 | % |  | — | %
Total Same Store | $ | 1,652,297 |  |  | $ | 1,487,053 |  |  | $ | 165,244 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | $ | 2,745 |  |  | $ | 2,476 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 96.2 | % |  | 96.0 | % |  | 0.2 | %

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(1) Economic Occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue. Economic Occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at leased rates and vacant homes at market rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current market rents.
The following table details the increase in Same Store Residential rental revenue by component, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the prior year periods (unaudited):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2022
Residential rental revenue |  |  |
Lease rates | 9.5 | % |  | 7.3 | %
Concessions and other discounts | 2.4 | % |  | 2.0 | %
Economic Occupancy | (0.2) | % |  | 0.2 | %
Other rental revenue | 0.9 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Uncollectible lease revenue (excluding rent relief) | 0.6 | % |  | (0.5) | %
Rent relief | (1.4) | % |  | 1.2 | %
Total Residential rental revenue | 11.8 | % |  | 11.1 | %

The increase for Same Store Residential rental revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, was impacted by (i) uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs and (ii) concessions.
•Same Store uncollectible lease revenue increased for the three months ended September 30, 2022 by $4,041,000 and decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 by $9,701,000. The change in uncollectible lease revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was impacted by amounts received from government rent relief programs. Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of Same Store Residential rental revenue decreased to 2.90% in the three months ended September 30, 2022 from 3.84% in the three months ended September 30, 2021. Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of Same Store Residential rental revenue increased to 3.56% in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from 3.42% in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. We recognized $5,673,000 and $12,663,000 from government rent relief programs during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We recognized $33,718,000 and $16,371,000 from government rent relief programs during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
•During the Pandemic, we increased our use of residential concessions relative to concessions granted prior to 2020. While concessions granted remained slightly elevated relative to periods prior to 2020, concessions for our Same Store communities granted in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased from the prior year periods by $6,412,000 to $1,932,000 and $31,776,000 to $5,926,000, respectively. We amortize concessions on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective leases (generally one year), reducing the income recognized over the lease term. With the decreased amount of concessions granted, the amortization of residential concessions for our Same Store communities also decreased. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, amortized concessions decreased by $12,502,000 and $30,732,000, respectively, contributing to the increase in revenue as compared to the prior year periods. The remaining net unamortized balance of Same Store residential concessions at September 30, 2022 was $3,713,000.
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $12,119,000, or 9.9%, and $28,214,000, or 8.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities as well as increased operating expenses at our Same Store communities as discussed below.
Same Store Residential direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, represents substantially all of total Same Store operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Same Store Residential direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $9,693,000, or 9.0%, and $22,920,000, or 7.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are primarily due to increased utilities and maintenance costs as well as bad debt associated with resident expense reimbursements.
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Property taxes increased $2,759,000, or 3.8%, and $4,177,000, or 2.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities and increased assessments for our stabilized portfolio, partially offset by decreased property taxes from dispositions.
Same Store Residential property taxes represents substantially all of total Same Store property taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Same Store Residential property taxes increased $1,297,000, or 2.1%, and $3,067,000, or 1.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are due to increased assessments across the portfolio and the expiration of property tax incentive programs at certain of our properties in New York City, partially offset by successful appeals in the current year period in excess of the prior year periods.
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses increased $4,757,000, or 18.3%, and $14,690,000, or 19.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to increased compensation related costs as well as costs related to increased investment in technology initiatives in the current year periods to improve future efficiency in services for residents and prospects.
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries primarily reflect costs incurred for development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as the abandonment of Development Rights and costs related to abandoned acquisition and disposition pursuits and any recoveries of costs incurred. These costs can be volatile, particularly in periods of increased acquisition pursuit activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, and therefore may vary significantly from year to year. In addition, the timing for potential recoveries will not always align with the timing for expensing an abandoned pursuit. Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, increased $6,097,000 and $7,965,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 include the write-off of $5,335,000 related to a Development Right in the Pacific Northwest that we determined is no longer probable.
Interest expense, net increased $1,303,000, or 2.3%, and $7,909,000, or 4.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, interest income, any mark to market impact from derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships and the recognition of the GAAP required estimate of future credit losses for the SIP. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is primarily due to the GAAP required estimate of future credit losses from our SIP and an increase in variable rates on secured indebtedness. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2022 is partially offset by an increase in capitalized interest.
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net reflects prepayment penalties, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and premiums/discounts from our debt repurchase and retirement activity, or payments to acquire our outstanding debt at amounts above or below the carrying basis of the debt acquired. The loss of $1,646,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is due primarily to the repayment of secured debt. The losses of $17,890,000 and $17,768,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, were due to the repayments of unsecured debt.
Depreciation expense increased $12,867,000, or 6.6%, and $46,186,000, or 8.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by dispositions.
General and administrative expense decreased $2,702,000, or 15.6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the prior year period, primarily due to legal settlements recognized in the current year periods, partially offset by an increase in compensation related expenses.
Casualty and impairment loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 of $1,940,000 and $3,117,000, consists of a $1,971,000 charge recognized for the damages across several communities in our East Coast markets related to severe storms. The loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, also consists of a $1,146,000 charge recognized for the property and casualty damages resulting from a fire at an operating community.
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Income from investments in unconsolidated entities increased $36,910,000 and $13,615,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the gain from the sale of the final three communities in the U.S. Fund and includes the recognition of $4,690,000 for the promoted interest associated with the final U.S. Fund dispositions. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was partially offset by the gain from the sale of the final two communities in the Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the “AC JV”) in the prior year period.
Gain on sale of communities increased $318,231,000 and $79,139,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area. The gains of $318,289,000 and $467,493,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, were primarily due to the sale of five and eight wholly-owned communities, respectively. The gain of $388,354,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily due to the sale of seven wholly-owned communities.
Net for-sale condominium activity is a net gain of $304,000 and $469,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and a net gain of $158,000 and net expense of $1,402,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, and is comprised of the net gain before taxes on the sale of condominiums at The Park Loggia and associated marketing, operating and administrative costs. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we sold 10 and 38 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia, for gross proceeds of $38,991,000 and $120,328,000, respectively, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $644,000 and $2,113,000, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we sold 17 and 43 residential condominiums at The Park Loggia for gross proceeds of $54,277,000 and $107,278,000, respectively, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $1,345,000 and $2,051,000, respectively. In addition, we incurred $340,000 and $1,187,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1,644,000 and $3,453,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in marketing, operating and administrative costs.
Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is an expense of $5,651,000 and $7,963,000, respectively, primarily related to the condominium dispositions at The Park Loggia and other TRS activity.
Reconciliation of FFO and Core FFO
Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® ("Nareit"), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders ("FFO") as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:
•gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;
•cumulative effect of change in accounting principle;
•impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;
•write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;
•depreciation of real estate assets; and
•similar adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, including those from a change in control.
FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or "Core FFO," as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. In calculating FFO, we exclude gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and exclude real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. FFO can help with the comparison of the operating and financial performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered by us to be part of our core business operations, Core FFO can help with the comparison of the core operating performance year over year. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be considered in conjunction with net income as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:
•joint venture gains (if not adjusted through FFO), non-core costs and promoted interests from partnerships;
•casualty and impairment losses or gains, net on non-depreciable real estate;
•gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;
•expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries;
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•third-party business interruption insurance proceeds and the related lost NOI that is covered by the expected third party business interruption insurance proceeds;
•property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlement activity;
•gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation and other investment gains or losses;
•advocacy contributions, representing payments to promote our business interests;
•hedge ineffectiveness or gains or losses from derivatives not designated as hedges for accounting purposes;
•expected credit losses associated with the lending commitments under the SIP;
•severance related costs;
•executive transition compensation costs;
•net for-sale condominium activity, including gains, marketing, operating and administrative costs and imputed carry cost;
•income taxes; and
•other non-core items.
FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.
The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common stockholders and to Core FFO attributable to common stockholders (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| For the three months ended |  | For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 494,747 |  |  | $ | 78,914 |  |  | $ | 895,482 |  |  | $ | 669,090 |
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments | 205,489 |  |  | 192,435 |  |  | 604,634 |  |  | 558,006 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 36 |
Gain on sale of unconsolidated entities holding previously depreciated real estate | (38,062) |  |  | — |  |  | (38,062) |  |  | (23,305) |
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate | (318,289) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (467,493) |  |  | (388,354) |
Casualty and impairment loss on real estate | — |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,117 |
FFO attributable to common stockholders | 343,897 |  |  | 273,243 |  |  | 994,597 |  |  | 818,590 |
Adjusting items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unconsolidated entity losses (gains), net (1) | 307 |  |  | (6,924) |  |  | (1,988) |  |  | (9,056) |
Joint venture promote (2) | (4,690) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,690) |  |  | — |
Structured Investment Program loan reserve (3) | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,653 |  |  | — |
Loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt | 1,646 |  |  | 17,890 |  |  | 1,646 |  |  | 17,768 |
Gain on interest rate contract | (64) |  |  | — |  |  | (496) |  |  | (2,654) |
Advocacy contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 534 |  |  | — |
Executive transition compensation costs | 411 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 1,220 |  |  | 2,599 |
Severance related costs | 574 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 386 |
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries (4) | 5,783 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 7,781 |  |  | 575 |
Gain on for-sale condominiums (5) | (644) |  |  | (1,345) |  |  | (2,113) |  |  | (2,051) |
For-sale condominium marketing, operating and administrative costs (5) | 340 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 1,644 |  |  | 3,453 |
For-sale condominium imputed carry cost (6) | 400 |  |  | 1,648 |  |  | 2,035 |  |  | 5,779 |
Gain on other real estate transactions, net | (15) |  |  | (1,543) |  |  | (95) |  |  | (2,002) |
Legal settlements | (3,677) |  |  | 22 |  |  | (3,418) |  |  | 1,100 |
Income tax expense (7) | 5,651 |  |  | 2,179 |  |  | 7,963 |  |  | 1,434 |
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders | $ | 349,964 |  |  | $ | 287,325 |  |  | $ | 1,006,912 |  |  | $ | 835,921 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 139,981,959 |  |  | 139,737,725 |  |  | 139,964,172 |  |  | 139,645,069 |
EPS per common share - diluted | $ | 3.53 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 6.40 |  |  | $ | 4.79 |
FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.46 |  |  | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 7.11 |  |  | $ | 5.86 |
Core FFO per common share - diluted | $ | 2.50 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 7.19 |  |  | $ | 5.99 |

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_________________________
(1)Amount for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes unrealized gains on property technology investments of $1,948. Amounts for the three and nine months September 30, 2021 include unrealized gains on property technology investments of $6,924 and $10,094, respectively. Amount for nine months ended September 30, 2021 was partially offset by the write-off of asset management fee intangibles associated with the disposition of the final two AC JV communities.
(2)Amount for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is for our recognition of our promoted interest in the U.S. Fund.
(3)Amounts represent the change in expected credit losses associated with the lending commitments under our SIP. The timing and amount of actual losses that will be incurred, if any, is to be determined.
(4)Amount for 2022 includes the write-off of $5,335 related to a Development Right in the Pacific Northwest that we determined is no longer probable.
(5)The aggregate impact of (i) gain on for-sale condominiums and (ii) for-sale condominium marketing, operating and administrative costs is a net gain of $304 and $469 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and a net gain of $158 and a net expense of $1,402 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
(6)Represents the imputed carry cost of for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia. We computed this adjustment by multiplying the total capitalized cost of completed and unsold for-sale residential condominiums by our weighted average unsecured debt rate.
(7)Amounts are for the recognition of taxes primarily associated with The Park Loggia and other TRS activity.
FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.
A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands) and a discussion of "Liquidity and Capital Resources" can be found later in this report:

| For the nine months ended
| 9/30/2022 |  | 9/30/2021
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,080,440 |  |  | $ | 911,742 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (348,489) |  |  | $ | (315,753) |
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (788,613) |  |  | $ | (473,671) |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost effective alternative available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal focus on near-term and intermediate-term liquidity is to ensure we have adequate capital to fund:
•development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged or in which we plan to engage;
•the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;
•debt service and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity;
•funding requests for borrowers under our SIP;
•normal recurring operating expenses and corporate overhead expenses; and
•investment in our operating platform, including strategic investments.
Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Cash flows from operations are determined by operating activities and factors including but not limited to (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels, (iv) uncollectible lease revenue levels or interruptions in collections caused by market conditions and (v) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage is affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. Our plans for development, redevelopment, non-routine capital expenditure, acquisition and disposition activity are affected by market conditions and capital availability. We frequently review our liquidity needs, especially in periods with volatile market conditions, as well as the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.
We had cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow of $487,126,000 at September 30, 2022, a decrease of $56,662,000 from $543,788,000 at December 31, 2021. The following discussion relates to changes in cash, cash equivalents and cash in escrow
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due to operating, investing and financing activities, which are presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included elsewhere in this report.
Operating Activities — Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $1,080,440,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from $911,742,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to increases in rental income, including the impact of uncollectible lease revenue.
Investing Activities — Net cash used in investing activities totaled $348,489,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The net cash used was primarily due to:
•investment of $681,937,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities;
•acquisition of three wholly-owned communities for $459,695,000; and
•capital expenditures of $123,479,000 for our wholly-owned communities and non-real estate assets.
These amounts were partially offset by:
•net proceeds from the disposition of eight wholly-owned communities and ancillary real estate of $768,781,000; and
•net proceeds from the sale of for-sale residential condominiums of $111,047,000.
Financing Activities — Net cash used in financing activities totaled $788,613,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The net cash used was primarily due to:
•payment of cash dividends in the amount of $667,393,000;
•the repayment of the $100,000,000 variable rate unsecured term loan; and
•the mortgage note repayment and principal amortization payments in the amount of $43,131,000.
These amounts were partially offset by borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program of $49,985,000.
Commercial Paper Program
In March 2022, we established the Commercial Paper Program. Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, we may issue, from time to time, unsecured commercial paper notes with varying maturities of less than one year. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be issued, repaid and re-issued from time to time, with the maximum aggregate face or principal amount outstanding at any one time not to exceed $500,000,000. The Commercial Paper Program is backstopped by our commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program. As of October 31, 2022, we did not have any amounts outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program.
Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility
In September 2022, we entered into the Sixth Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of banks, which replaces our prior credit facility dated as of February 28, 2019. The amended and restated Credit Facility (i) increased the borrowing capacity from $1,750,000,000 to $2,250,000,000, (ii) extended the term of the Credit Facility from February 28, 2024 to September 27, 2026, with two six-month extension options available to us, provided we are not in default and upon payment of a $1,406,000 extension fee, (iii) amended certain provisions, notably to reduce the capitalization rate used to derive certain financial covenants from 6.0% to 5.75% and (iv) transitioned the benchmark rate from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). We may elect to expand the Credit Facility to $3,000,000,000, provided that one or more banks (from the syndicate or otherwise) voluntarily agree to provide the additional commitment. No member of the syndicate of banks can prohibit the increase, which will only be effective to the extent banks (from the syndicate or otherwise) choose to commit to lend additional funds.
The interest rate applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility is 3.88% at October 31, 2022 and is composed of (i) SOFR, applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.825% per annum, which consists of a 0.10% SOFR adjustment plus 0.725% per annum, assuming a one month term SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.65% to SOFR plus 1.40% based upon the rating of our unsecured and unsubordinated long-term indebtedness. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.125% of the borrowing capacity under the facility, which can vary from 0.10% to 0.30% based upon the rating of our unsecured and unsubordinated long-term indebtedness. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee
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reductions or increases by meeting or missing targets related to environmental sustainability, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually beginning in July 2023. The Credit Facility also contains a competitive bid option that is available for borrowings of up to 65% of the Credit Facility amount. This option allows banks that are part of the lender consortium to bid to provide us loans at a rate that is lower than the stated pricing provided by the Credit Facility. The competitive bid option may result in lower pricing than the stated rate if market conditions allow.
Prior to the amended and restated Credit Facility, our cost of borrowing was comprised of LIBOR plus 0.775% and an annual facility fee at 0.125%, both as determined by our credit ratings.
We had $162,000,000 in borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $1,914,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of October 31, 2022. After taking into account the Commercial Paper Program and letters of credit, we had $2,086,086,000 available under the Credit Facility as of October 31, 2022. We had $48,640,000 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of October 31, 2022. In addition, as discussed below, we maintain capacity under the Credit Facility for outstanding commercial paper.
Financial Covenants
We are subject to financial covenants contained in the Credit Facility and the Commercial Paper Program, Term Loan and the indentures under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:
•limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;
•limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and
•minimum levels of debt service coverage.
We were in compliance with these covenants at September 30, 2022.
In addition, some of our secured borrowings include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were secured.
Continuous Equity Offering Program
In May 2019, we commenced CEP V under which we may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and our determinations of the appropriate funding sources. We engaged sales agents for CEP V who receive compensation of up to 1.5% of the gross sales price for shares sold. We expect that, if entered into, we will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement and to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the forward sale price. However, we may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, we will pay the forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 1.5% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we had no sales under this program. In October 2022, we settled the outstanding forward contracts entered into in December 2021 under CEP V, selling 68,577 shares of common stock for $229.34 per share and net proceeds of $15,727,000. As of October 31, 2022, we had $690,234,000 remaining authorized for issuance under this program, after consideration of the forward contracts.
Forward Equity Offering
In addition to CEP V, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,000,000 shares of common stock offered in connection with forward contracts entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers. Assuming full physical settlement of the forward contracts, which we expect to occur no later than December 31, 2023, we will receive approximate proceeds of $494,200,000 net of offering fees and discounts and based on the initial forward price. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for our dividends and a daily interest factor during the term of the forward contracts.
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Interest Rate Swap Agreements
As of September 30, 2022, we had $150,000,000 in aggregate outstanding pay fixed interest rate swap agreements that were entered into as hedges of changes in interest rates for our anticipated debt issuance activity. We expect to cash settle the swaps and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that we issue the debt as expected, the hedging impact from these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.
Stock Repurchase Program
In July 2020, our Board of Directors approved the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program. Purchases of common stock under the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program may be exercised at our discretion with the timing and number of shares repurchased depending on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2020 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and through October 31, 2022, we had no repurchases of shares under this program. As of October 31, 2022, we had $316,148,000 remaining authorized for purchase under this program.
Future Financing and Capital Needs — Debt Maturities and Material Obligations
One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity. For both our unsecured and secured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility or Commercial Paper Program. In addition, to the extent we have amounts outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, we are obligated to repay the short-term indebtedness at maturity through either current cash on hand or by incurring other indebtedness, including by way of borrowing under our Credit Facility. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that capital from additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.
The following debt activity occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022:
•In February 2022, we repaid our $100,000,000 variable rate unsecured term loan at par upon maturity.
•In September 2022, we repaid $35,276,000 principal amount of secured fixed rate debt with an effective rate of 6.16% in advance of the October 2047 scheduled maturity, recognizing a loss on debt extinguishment of $1,399,000, composed of prepayment penalties and the non-cash write off of unamortized deferred financing costs.
The following table details our consolidated debt obligations, including the effective interest rate and contractual maturity dates, and principal payments for periodic amortization and maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest other than as disclosed related to the AVA Arts District construction loan.
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|  | All-In interest rate (1) |  | Principal maturity date |  | Balance Outstanding (2) |  | Scheduled Maturities
Community |  |  |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | Thereafter
Tax-exempt bonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon at Chestnut Hill |  | — | % |  | Oct-2047 | (3) | $ | 35,770 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
|  |  |  |  |  | 35,770 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Variable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon Acton |  | 3.50 | % |  | Jul-2040 | (4) | 45,000 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,000 |
Avalon Clinton North |  | 4.15 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (4) | 147,000 |  |  | 147,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 147,000 |
Avalon Clinton South |  | 4.15 | % |  | Nov-2038 | (4) | 121,500 |  |  | 121,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,500 |
Avalon Midtown West |  | 4.09 | % |  | May-2029 | (4) | 88,300 |  |  | 82,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,100 |  |  | 6,800 |  |  | 7,300 |  |  | 8,100 |  |  | 54,400 |
Avalon San Bruno I |  | 4.04 | % |  | Dec-2037 | (4) | 62,350 |  |  | 61,150 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 2,200 |  |  | 2,300 |  |  | 2,400 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 50,950 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 464,150 |  |  | 457,350 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 8,300 |  |  | 9,100 |  |  | 9,700 |  |  | 10,600 |  |  | 418,850 |
Conventional loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$250 million unsecured notes |  | 3.00 | % |  | Mar-2023 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$350 million unsecured notes |  | 4.30 | % |  | Dec-2023 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.66 | % |  | Nov-2024 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$525 million unsecured notes |  | 3.55 | % |  | Jun-2025 |  | 525,000 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.62 | % |  | Nov-2025 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
$475 million unsecured notes |  | 3.35 | % |  | May-2026 |  | 475,000 |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475,000 |  |  | — |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.01 | % |  | Oct-2026 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |
$350 million unsecured notes |  | 3.95 | % |  | Oct-2046 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 350,000 |
$400 million unsecured notes |  | 3.50 | % |  | May-2027 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 4.09 | % |  | Jul-2047 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 3.32 | % |  | Jan-2028 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |
$300 million unsecured notes |  | 3.97 | % |  | Apr-2048 |  | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300,000 |
$450 million unsecured notes |  | 3.66 | % |  | Jun-2029 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450,000 |
$700 million unsecured notes |  | 2.69 | % |  | Mar-2030 |  | 700,000 |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 700,000 |
$600 million unsecured notes |  | 2.65 | % |  | Jan-2031 |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 600,000 |
$700 million unsecured notes |  | 2.16 | % |  | Jan-2032 |  | 700,000 |  |  | 700,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 700,000 |
$400 million unsecured notes |  | 2.03 | % |  | Dec-2028 |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
Avalon Walnut Creek |  | 4.00 | % |  | Jul-2066 |  | 4,161 |  |  | 4,327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,327 |
eaves Los Feliz |  | 3.68 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 41,400 |  |  | 41,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,400 |
eaves Woodland Hills |  | 3.67 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 111,500 |  |  | 111,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111,500 |
Avalon Russett |  | 3.77 | % |  | Jun-2027 |  | 32,200 |  |  | 32,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,200 |
Avalon San Bruno III |  | 2.38 | % |  | Mar-2027 |  | 51,000 |  |  | 51,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,000 |
Avalon Cerritos |  | 3.35 | % |  | Aug-2029 |  | 30,250 |  |  | 30,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,250 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 7,420,511 |  |  | 7,420,677 |  |  | — |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 825,000 |  |  | 775,000 |  |  | 4,920,677 |
Variable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan - $100 million |  | — | % |  | Feb-2022 | (5) | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Term Loan - $150 million |  | 3.51 | % |  | Feb-2024 |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total indebtedness - excluding Credit Facility and Commercial Paper |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,170,431 |  |  | $ | 8,028,027 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 608,300 |  |  | $ | 459,100 |  |  | $ | 834,700 |  |  | $ | 785,600 |  |  | $ | 5,339,527 |

_________________________
(1)Rates are given as of September 30, 2022 and include credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark to market amortization and other fees.
(2)Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured notes of $45,635 and $50,606 as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and deferred financing costs and debt discount associated with secured notes of $14,418 and $16,278 as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.
(3)During 2022, we repaid this borrowing in advance of its scheduled maturity date.
(4)Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.
(5)During 2022, we repaid this borrowing at its scheduled maturity date.
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In addition to consolidated debt, we have scheduled contractual obligations associated with (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for our corporate headquarters and regional offices. As of September 30, 2022, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in our Form 10-K.
Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Capital Markets Activity
We invest in various real estate and real estate related investments, which include (i) the acquisition, development and redevelopment of communities both wholly-owned and through the formation of joint ventures, (ii) investments in other real estate-related ventures through direct and indirect investments in property technology and environmentally focused companies and investment management funds and (iii) other indirect investments in real estate through the SIP, all as further discussed below.
In 2022, we expect to continue to meet our liquidity needs from one or more of a variety of internal and external sources, which may include (i) real estate dispositions, (ii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iii) borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, (iv) issuances under the Commercial Paper Program and (v) secured and unsecured debt financings. Additional sources of liquidity in 2022 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity, including the issuance of shares of our common stock under CEP V. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects.
Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we plan to source sufficient capital to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may abandon Development Rights, write-off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.
From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities and new markets where our partners bring development and operational expertise and/or experience to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.
In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over our ownership periods and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop and redevelop communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. We believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not have a material impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.
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Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Unconsolidated Investments - Operating Communities
As of September 30, 2022, we had investments in the following unconsolidated real estate entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting, excluding development joint ventures. See Note 5, "Investments," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. For joint ventures holding operating apartment communities as of September 30, 2022, detail of the real estate and associated indebtedness underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).

|  | Company ownership percentage |  | # of apartment homes |  | Total capitalized cost |  | Debt (1)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Interest rate |  | Maturity date
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments |  |  |  |  | Amount |  | Type |  |
NYTA MF Investors LLC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Avalon Bowery Place I - New York, NY |  |  |  | 206 |  | $ | 213,874 |  |  | $ | 93,800 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
2. Avalon Bowery Place II - New York, NY |  |  |  | 90 |  | 91,155 |  |  | 39,639 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
3. Avalon Morningside - New York, NY (2) |  |  |  | 295 |  | 211,416 |  |  | 111,960 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.55 | % |  | Jan 2029/May 2046
4. Avalon West Chelsea - New York, NY (3) |  |  |  | 305 |  | 128,822 |  |  | 66,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
5. AVA High Line - New York, NY (3) |  |  |  | 405 |  | 122,075 |  |  | 84,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 4.01 | % |  | Jan 2029
Total NYTA MF Investors LLC |  | 20.0 | % |  | 1,301 |  |  | 767,342 |  |  | 395,399 |  |  |  |  | 3.88 | % |  |
Other Operating Joint Ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. MVP I, LLC - Avalon at Mission Bay II - San Francisco, CA |  | 25.0 | % |  | 313 |  |  | 129,280 |  |  | 103,000 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.24 | % |  | Jul 2025
2. Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC - Brandywine - Washington, D.C. |  | 28.7 | % |  | 305 |  |  | 19,383 |  |  | 19,895 |  |  | Fixed |  | 3.40 | % |  | Jun 2028
3. Avalon Alderwood MF Member, LLC - Avalon Alderwood Place - Lynnwood, WA (4) |  | 50.0 | % |  | 328 |  |  | 108,472 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total Other Joint Ventures |  |  |  | 946 |  |  | 257,135 |  |  | 122,895 |  |  |  |  | 3.27 | % |  |
Total Unconsolidated Investments |  |  |  | 2,247 |  |  | $ | 1,024,477 |  |  | $ | 518,294 |  |  |  |  | 3.73 | % |  |

_____________________________
(1)We have not guaranteed the debt of these unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment unless otherwise disclosed.
(2)Borrowing on this community is comprised of two mortgage loans. The interest rate is the weighted average interest rate as of September 30, 2022.
(3)Borrowing on this dual-branded community is comprised of a single mortgage loan.
(4)Development of this community, which contains 284,000 square feet of rentable space, was completed during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the U.S. Fund sold its final three communities containing 671 apartment homes for a sales price of $313,500,000. Our share of the gain in accordance with GAAP was $38,062,000. The U.S. Fund repaid the $115,213,000 of outstanding secured indebtedness at par in advance of the scheduled maturity dates. We have an equity interest of 28.6% in the U.S. Fund and during the three months ended September 30, 2022 in conjunction with the final dispositions, achieved a threshold return, resulting in an incentive distribution for our promoted interest based on the returns earned by the U.S. Fund. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized income of $4,690,000 for our promoted interest included in income from investments in unconsolidated entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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Unconsolidated Investments - Development Communities
The following table presents a summary of the Unconsolidated Development Communities.

Unconsolidated Development Community |  | Company ownership percentage | # of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Construction start |  | Initial projected occupancy |  | Estimated completion
1. |  | AVA Arts District (2)(3) Los Angeles, CA |  | 25.0 | % | 475 |  | $ | 276 |  |  | Q3 2020 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q4 2023

_____________________________
(1)Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be incurred to develop the respective Unconsolidated Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees and other regulatory fees, as well as costs incurred for first generation commercial tenants such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions. Projected total capitalized cost is the total projected joint venture amount.
(2)AVA Arts District is expected to contain 56,000 square feet of commercial space.
(3)As of September 30, 2022, we have contributed our total equity investment in AVA Arts District of $28,660. The venture has secured a variable rate construction loan with a maximum borrowing of $167,147 to fund approximately 60% of the development of AVA Arts District, of which $56,408 has been drawn as of September 30, 2022. The venture commenced draws under the loan subsequent to required equity contributions by the venture partners. We guarantee the construction loan on behalf of the venture, and any obligations we may incur under the guarantee, except for those due to our misconduct, are required capital contributions of the partners based on ownership interest.
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Development Communities
As of September 30, 2022, we owned or held a direct interest in 17 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 5,427 apartment homes and 56,000 square feet of commercial space to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $2,277,000,000. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually, or in the aggregate.
The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities.

| Number of apartment homes |  | Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions) |  | Construction start |  | Initial projected or actual occupancy |  | Estimated completion |  | Estimated stabilized operations (2)
1. |  | Avalon Harrison (3) Harrison, NY | 143 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | Q4 2018 |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q1 2023 |  | Q3 2023
2. |  | Avalon Harbor Isle Island Park, NY | 172 |  |  | 92 |  |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q4 2022 |  | Q2 2023
3. |  | Avalon Somerville Station Somerville, NJ | 374 |  |  | 118 |  |  | Q4 2020 |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q1 2024
4. |  | Avalon North Andover North Andover, MA | 221 |  |  | 78 |  |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q4 2022 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q4 2023
5. |  | Avalon Brighton Boston, MA | 180 |  |  | 89 |  |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q1 2023 |  | Q2 2023 |  | Q4 2023
6. |  | Avalon Merrick Park Miami, FL | 254 |  |  | 101 |  |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q1 2023 |  | Q2 2023 |  | Q4 2023
7. |  | Avalon Amityville I Amityville, NY | 338 |  |  | 131 |  |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q2 2024 |  | Q1 2025
8. |  | Avalon Bothell Commons I Bothell, WA | 467 |  |  | 236 |  |  | Q2 2021 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q3 2024 |  | Q2 2025
9. |  | Avalon Westminster Promenade Westminster, CO | 312 |  |  | 110 |  |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q4 2023 |  | Q1 2024 |  | Q3 2024
10. |  | Avalon West Dublin Dublin, CA | 499 |  |  | 270 |  |  | Q3 2021 |  | Q4 2023 |  | Q1 2025 |  | Q2 2025
11. |  | Avalon Princeton Circle Princeton, NJ | 221 |  |  | 88 |  |  | Q4 2021 |  | Q2 2023 |  | Q1 2024 |  | Q3 2024
12. |  | Avalon Montville Montville, NJ | 349 |  |  | 127 |  |  | Q4 2021 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q3 2024 |  | Q4 2024
13. |  | Avalon Redmond Campus (4) Redmond, WA | 214 |  |  | 80 |  |  | Q4 2021 |  | Q3 2023 |  | Q1 2024 |  | Q2 2024
14. |  | Avalon Governor's Park Denver, CO | 304 |  |  | 135 |  |  | Q1 2022 |  | Q2 2024 |  | Q3 2024 |  | Q1 2025
15. |  | Avalon West Windsor (3) West Windsor, NJ | 535 |  |  | 201 |  |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q3 2024 |  | Q4 2025 |  | Q2 2026
16. |  | Avalon Durham Durham, NC | 336 |  |  | 125 |  |  | Q2 2022 |  | Q2 2024 |  | Q3 2024 |  | Q2 2025
17. |  | Avalon Annapolis Annapolis, MD | 508 |  |  | 202 |  |  | Q3 2022 |  | Q2 2024 |  | Q3 2025 |  | Q4 2025
|  | Total | 5,427 |  |  | $ | 2,277 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_________________________________
(1)Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, as well as costs incurred for first generation commercial tenants such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions.
(2)Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.
(3)Development Communities containing at least 10,000 square feet of commercial space include Avalon Harrison (27,000 square feet) and Avalon West Windsor (19,000 square feet).
(4)Avalon Redmond Campus is a densification of the existing eaves Redmond Campus wholly-owned community, replacing 48 existing older apartment homes that were demolished.
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we did not complete any developments.
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Development Rights
At September 30, 2022, we had $167,277,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in seven land parcels we own. In addition, we had $54,806,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to (i) 23 Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land, as well as (ii) costs incurred for four Development Rights that are additional development phases of existing stabilized operating communities we own and which will be constructed on land currently adjacent to or directly associated with those operating communities for which we own the land. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 34 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 11,451 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.
The Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any unrecoverable capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we incurred a charge of $6,514,000 and $9,865,000, respectively, for expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, which include development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable of being developed. This charge includes the write-off of $5,335,000 related to a Development Right in the Pacific Northwest that we determined is no longer probable.
Structured Investment Program
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we entered into commitments under the SIP for three mezzanine loans of up to $92,375,000 in the aggregate. These commitments are to fund multifamily development projects in our existing markets. As of October 31, 2022, we have funded $18,530,000 of these commitments. See Note 5, "Investments," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
You should carefully review Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K, as well as the discussion under Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for a discussion of the risks associated with our investment activity.
Insurance and Risk of Uninsured Losses
We maintain commercial general liability insurance and property insurance with respect to all of our communities, with insurance policies issued by a combination of third party insurers as well as a wholly-owned captive insurance company. These policies, along with other insurance policies we maintain, have policy specifications, insured and self-insured limits, exclusions and deductibles that we consider commercially reasonable. We utilize a wholly-owned captive insurance company to insure certain types and amounts of risks, which include property damage and resulting business interruption losses, general liability insurance and other construction related liability risks. The captive is utilized to insure other limited levels of risk, which may be in part reinsured by third party insurance. There are, however, certain types of losses (including, but not limited to, losses arising from nuclear liability, pandemic or acts of war) that are not insured, in full or in part, because they are either uninsurable or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical. You should carefully review the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K for a discussion of risks associated with an uninsured property or casualty loss.
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Our communities are insured for certain property damage and business interruption losses through a combination of community specific insurance policies and/or a master property insurance program which covers the majority of our communities. This master property program provides a $400,000,000 limit for any single occurrence and annually in the aggregate, subject to certain sub-limits and exclusions. Under the master property program, we are subject to various deductibles per occurrence, as well as additional self-insured retentions. In addition to our potential liability for the various policy self-insured retentions and deductibles, our captive insurance company is directly responsible for 100% of the first $25,000,000 of losses (per occurrence) and 10% of the second $25,000,000 of losses (per occurrence) incurred by the master property insurance policy. Our master property insurance program includes coverage for losses resulting from customary perils, including but not limited to wildfires and windstorms. Limits, deductibles, self-insured retentions and coverages may increase or decrease annually during the insurance renewal process, which occurs on different dates throughout the calendar year.
Many of our West Coast communities are located within the general vicinity of active earthquake faults. Many of our communities are near, and thus susceptible to, the major fault lines in California, including the San Andreas Fault, the Hayward Fault or other geological faults that are known or unknown. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than our current insured levels. We procure property damage and resulting business interruption insurance coverage with a loss limit of $175,000,000 for any single occurrence and in the annual aggregate for losses resulting from earthquakes subject to deductibles and self-insured retentions. However, for any losses resulting from earthquakes at communities located in California or Washington, the loss limit is $200,000,000 for any single occurrence and in the annual aggregate subject to deductibles and self-insured retentions.
Our Southeast Florida communities could be impacted by significant storm events like hurricanes. We include coverage for losses arising from these types of weather events within our master property insurance program. We cannot assure you that a significant storm event would not cause damage or losses greater than our current insured levels.
Our communities and construction sites are insured for third-party liability losses through a combination of community specific insurance policies and/or coverage provided under a master commercial general liability and umbrella/excess insurance program. The master commercial general liability and umbrella/excess insurance policies cover the majority of our communities and construction sites and are subject to certain coverage limitations and exclusions, which the Company believes are commercially reasonable. After applicable self-insured retentions borne by us, our captive insurance company is directly responsible for the first $2,000,000 of losses (per occurrence) covered by the master general liability insurance policy.
Just as with office buildings, transportation systems and government buildings, apartment communities could become targets of terrorism. Our communities are insured for terrorism related losses through the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (“TRIPRA”) program. This coverage extends to most of our casualty exposures (subject to deductibles and insured limits) and certain property insurance policies. We have also purchased private-market insurance for property damage due to terrorism with limits of $600,000,000 per occurrence and in the annual aggregate that includes certain coverages (not covered under TRIPRA) such as domestic-based terrorism. This insurance, often referred to as “non-certified” terrorism insurance, is subject to deductibles, limits and exclusions.
An additional consideration for insurance coverage and potential uninsured losses is mold growth or other environmental contamination. Mold growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. If a significant mold problem arises at one of our communities, we could be required to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected community and could be exposed to other liabilities. For further discussion of the risks and our related prevention and remediation activities, please refer to the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors - We may incur costs due to environmental contamination or non-compliance” of our Form 10-K. We cannot provide assurance that we will have coverage under our existing policies for property damage or liability to third parties arising as a result of exposure to mold or a claim of exposure to mold at one of our communities.
We also maintain other insurance programs that provide coverage for events including but not limited to employee dishonesty, loss of data, and liability associated with management of certain employee benefit plans. These policies are subject to maximum loss limits and include coverage limitations or exclusion that may preclude us from fully recovering.
The amount or types of insurance we maintain may not be sufficient to cover all losses and we may change our policy limits, coverages, and self-insured retentions or deductibles at any time.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "assume," "project," "plan," "may," "shall," "will," "pursue" and other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:
•the impact of the Pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition;
•our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;
•the timing and cost of completion of apartment communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;
•the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of apartment communities;
•the timing and net sales proceeds of condominium sales;
•the pursuit of land on which we are considering future development;
•the anticipated operating performance of our communities;
•cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;
•the impact of landlord-tenant laws and rent regulations;
•our expansion into new markets;
•our declaration or payment of dividends;
•our joint venture and discretionary fund activities;
•our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;
•our qualification as a REIT under the Code;
•the real estate markets in Metro New York/New Jersey, Northern and Southern California, Denver, Colorado, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas and Charlotte and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, New England and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;
•the availability of debt and equity financing;
•interest rates;
•general economic conditions including the potential impacts from current economic conditions, including rising interest rates and general price inflation, and the Pandemic;
•trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations; and
•the impact of legal proceedings.
We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors"
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of our Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for further discussion of risks associated with forward-looking statements.
Risks and uncertainties that might cause such differences include those related to the Pandemic, including, among other factors, (i) the Pandemic's effect on the multifamily industry and the general economy, including from measures taken by businesses and the government, such as governmental limitations on the ability of multifamily owners to evict residents who are delinquent in the payment of their rent and (ii) the preferences of consumers and businesses for living and working arrangements both during and after the Pandemic. In addition, the effects of the Pandemic are likely to heighten the following risks, which we routinely face in our business.
Some of the factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
•we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third-parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;
•we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;
•construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;
•we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;
•the timing and net proceeds of condominium sales at The Park Loggia may not equal our current expectations;
•occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;
•financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;
•the impact of new landlord-tenant laws and rent regulations may be greater than we expect;
•our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;
•we may be unsuccessful in our management of joint ventures and the REIT vehicles that are used with certain joint ventures;
•laws and regulations implementing rent control or rent stabilization, or otherwise limiting our ability to increase rents, charge fees or evict tenants, may impact our revenue or increase our costs;
•our expectations, estimates and assumptions as of the date of this filing regarding legal proceedings are subject to change;
•the possibility that we may choose to pay dividends in our stock instead of cash, which may result in stockholders having to pay taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash received, if any; and
•investments made under the SIP in either mezzanine debt or preferred equity of third-party multifamily development may not be repaid as expected or the development may not be completed on schedule, which could require us to engage in litigation, foreclosure actions, and/or first party project completion to recover our investment, which may not be recovered in full or at all in such event.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements. Our critical accounting policies consist of the following: (i) cost capitalization and (ii) abandoned pursuit costs and asset impairment. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the discussion of our significant accounting policies found in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Form 10-K.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk as disclosed in Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a)Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.
The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.
We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.
(b)Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.
None.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is involved in various claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." The risks described in our Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since December 31, 2021.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a) None.
(b) Not applicable.
(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | (b) Average Price Paid Per Share |  | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)
July 1 - July 31, 2022 |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 196.25 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 316,148 |
August 1 - August 31, 2022 |  | 2,270 |  |  | $ | 210.13 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 316,148 |
September 1 - September 30, 2022 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 316,148 |
Total |  | 2,298 |  |  | $ | 209.96 |  |  | — |  |  |

___________________________________
(1)Consists of shares surrendered to the Company in connection with exercise of stock options as payment of exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants.
(2)In July 2020, the Board of Directors approved the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program, under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000. Purchases of common stock under the 2020 Stock Repurchase Program may be exercised from time to time in the Company’s discretion and in such amounts as market conditions warrant. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2020 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  |  |  | Description
3(i).1 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).2 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).3 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2013.)
3(i).4 |  | — |  | Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 14, 2020. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).4 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 15, 2020.)
3(ii).1 |  | — |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on November 12, 2015, and as further amended on February 16, 2017, November 9, 2017, and May 6, 2019. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii).1 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed August 6, 2019.)
10.1 |  | — |  | Sixth Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2022, among the Company, as Borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, an issuing bank and a bank, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as an issuing bank, a bank and a syndication agent, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as an issuing bank, a bank and a syndication agent, the co-documentation agents named therein, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as joint bookrunners and joint lead arrangers, and the other bank parties signatory thereto. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed September 29, 2022.)
31.1 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.)
31.2 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.)
32 |  | — |  | Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.)
101 |  | — |  | The following financial materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2022 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (iv) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. (Filed herewith.)
104 |  | — |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). (Filed herewith.)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
Date: | November 8, 2022 | /s/ Benjamin W. Schall
|  | Benjamin W. Schall
|  | Chief Executive Officer and President
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | November 8, 2022 | /s/ Kevin P. O'Shea
|  | Kevin P. O'Shea
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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